introduction.tex

\chapter{Introduction}\label{introduction1}

\section{Overview of Modelica}\label{overview-of-modelica}

Modelica is a language for modeling of cyber-physical systems, designed to support effective library development and model exchange.
It supports acausal modeling with mathematical equations and object-oriented constructs to facilitate modeling from first principles and reuse of modeling knowledge.
It can be used conveniently for modeling complex systems containing, e.g., mechanical, electrical, electronic, magnetic, hydraulic, thermal, control, electric power or process-oriented subcomponents.

\section{Scope of the Specification}\label{scope-of-the-specification}

The semantics of the Modelica language is specified by means of a set of rules for translating any class described in the Modelica language to a flat Modelica structure.

A class (of specialized class \lstinline!model!, \lstinline!class! or \lstinline!block!) intended to be simulated on its own is called a \firstuse{simulation model}\index{simulation model}.

The flat Modelica structure is also defined for other cases than simulation models; including functions (can be used to provide algorithmic contents), packages (used as a structuring mechanism), and partial models (used as base-models).
This allows correctness to be verified for those classes, before using them to build the simulation model.

There are specific semantic restrictions for a simulation model to ensure that the model is complete; they allow its flat Modelica structure to be further transformed into a set of differential, algebraic and discrete equations (= flat hybrid DAE).
Note that satisfying the semantic restrictions does not guarantee that the model can be initialized from the initial conditions and simulated.

Modelica was designed to facilitate symbolic transformations of models, especially by mapping basically every Modelica language construct to equations in the flat Modelica structure.
Many Modelica models, especially in the associated Modelica Standard Library, are higher index systems, and can only be reasonably simulated if symbolic index reduction is performed, i.e., equations are differentiated and appropriate variables are selected as states, so that the resulting system of equations can be transformed to state space form (at least locally numerically), i.e., a hybrid DAE of index zero.
In order to allow this structural analysis, a tool may reject simulating a model if parameters cannot be evaluated during translation -- due to calls of external functions or initial equations/initial algorithms for \lstinline!fixed = false! parameters.
Accepting such models is a quality of implementation issue.
The Modelica specification does not define how to simulate a model.
However, it defines a set of equations that the simulation result should satisfy as well as possible.

The key issues of the translation (or flattening) are:
\begin{itemize}
\item
  Expansion of inherited base classes
\item
  Parameterization of base classes, local classes and components
\item
  Generation of connection equations from \lstinline!connect!-equations
\end{itemize}

The flat hybrid DAE form consists of:
\begin{itemize}
\item
  Declarations of variables with the appropriate basic types, prefixes and attributes, such as \lstinline!parameter Real v = 5!.
\item
  Equations from equation sections.
\item
  Function invocations where an invocation is treated as a set of equations which involves all input and all result variables (number of equations = number of basic result variables).
\item
  Algorithm sections where every section is treated as a set of equations which involves the variables occurring in the algorithm section (number of equations = number of different assigned variables).
\item
  The \lstinline!when!-clauses where every \lstinline!when!-clause is treated as a set of conditionally evaluated equations, which are functions of the variables occurring in the clause (number of equations = number of different assigned variables).
\end{itemize}

Therefore, a flat hybrid DAE is seen as a set of equations where some of the equations are only conditionally evaluated.
Initial setup of the model is specified using \lstinline!start!-attributes and equations that hold only during initialization.

A Modelica class may also contain annotations, i.e.\ formal comments, which specify graphical representations of the class (icon and diagram), documentation text for the class, and version information.

\section{Some Definitions}\label{some-definitions}

The semantic specification should be read together with the Modelica grammar.
Non-normative text, i.e., examples and comments, are enclosed in {[}\ldots{]} and set in italics.
Explanations of many terms can be found using the document index in \cref{document-index}.
Some important terms are defined below.

\begin{definition}[Component]\index{component}
An element defined by the production \lstinline[language=grammar]!component-clause! in the Modelica grammar (basically a variable or an instance of a class)
\end{definition}

\begin{definition}[Element]\index{element}
Class definition, \lstinline!extends!-clause, or \lstinline[language=grammar]!component-clause! declared in a class (basically a class reference or a component in a declaration).
\end{definition}

\begin{definition}[Flattening]\index{flattening}
The translation of a model described in Modelica to the corresponding model described as a hybrid DAE, involving expansion of inherited base classes, parameterization of base classes, local classes
and components, and generation of connection equations from \lstinline!connect!-equations (basically, mapping the hierarchical structure of a model into a set of differential, algebraic and discrete equations together with the corresponding variable declarations and function definitions from the model).
\end{definition}

% More terms that would be useful to define here:
% - translation (for phrases such as "during translation")
% - deprecated
% - quality of implementation
% - simulator

\section{Notation and Grammar}\label{notation-and-grammar}

The meta symbols (of the extended BNF-grammar) are defined in~\cref{lexical-conventions}.

Boldface denotes keywords of the Modelica language.
Keywords are reserved words and shall not be used as identifiers, with the exception of \lstinline!initial! which is a keyword in section headings, and \lstinline!der! which is a keyword for declaration functions, but it is also possible to call the functions \lstinline!initial! and \lstinline!der!.

See \cref{modelica-concrete-syntax} for a full lexical specification and grammar.