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biber.tex
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% To make this maximally compatible with older PDF readers, it uses
% PDF 1.4
\pdfminorversion=4
\documentclass{ltxdockit}
\usepackage{btxdockit}
\usepackage[british]{babel}
\usepackage[strict=true,autostyle=true]{csquotes}
\usepackage{ifthen}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{fixfoot}
\usepackage{color}
\usepackage{listings}
\usepackage{metalogo}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage[retainmissing]{MnSymbol}
\setmainfont[Ligatures=TeX]{CMU Serif}
\setsansfont[Ligatures=TeX]{CMU Sans Serif}
\setmonofont{CMU Typewriter Text}
\def\BibLaTeX{\textsc{Bib}\latex}
\def\BibTeX{\textsc{Bib}\kern-.08em \TeX}
\renewcommand{\labelitemii}{$\circ$}
\newcommand*{\biber}{Biber\xspace}
\newcommand*{\biblatex}{Biblatex\xspace}
\MakeAutoQuote{«}{»}
\gdef\biberversion{2.2} % BIBER VERSION
\gdef\biblatexversion{3.1} % BIBLATEX VERSION
% colour for tables
\definecolor{Gray}{gray}{0.85}
\newcolumntype{a}{>{\columncolor{Gray}}l}
% Set up tikz things
\usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows}
\usetikzlibrary{fit}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\tikzstyle{file} = [rectangle, black, very thick, draw=blue, fill=blue!20,
minimum width=6em, minimum height=3em, align=center]
\tikzstyle{funit} = [rectangle, rounded corners=1ex, black, very thick,
shape border rotate=-90, draw=green, fill=green!20,
minimum size=3em, align=center]
% colours for the .dot examples
\xdefinecolor{centry}{HTML}{A0D0FF}
\xdefinecolor{ncentry}{HTML}{DEEFFF}
\xdefinecolor{doentry}{HTML}{FDFFD9}
\xdefinecolor{section}{HTML}{FCE3FA}
\xdefinecolor{set}{HTML}{E3DADC}
\xdefinecolor{related}{HTML}{AD1741}
\xdefinecolor{clone}{HTML}{AD1741}
\xdefinecolor{crossref}{HTML}{7D7879}
\xdefinecolor{xref}{HTML}{7D7879}
\xdefinecolor{xdata}{HTML}{2CA314}
\DeclareFixedFootnote{\tpb}{Binary maintained by third party. See README in
binary download directory for this platform for support/contact
details. Usually, the binary maintainer is also the binary build
provider for \TeX Live.}
\titlepage{%
title={biber},
subtitle={A backend bibliography processor for biblatex},
url={http://biblatex-biber.sourceforge.net},
author={Philip Kime, François Charette},
email={Philip@kime.org.uk, firmicus@ankabut.net},
revision={biber \biberversion\ (biblatex \biblatexversion)},
date={\today}}
\hypersetup{%
pdftitle={biber},
pdfsubject={A backend bibliography processor for biblatex},
pdfauthor={Philip Kime},
pdfkeywords={biblatex, bibliography}}
% Control list spacing
\usepackage{enumitem}
\setdescription{noitemsep}
\setenumerate{noitemsep}
\setitemize{noitemsep}
\def\biberex#1{\hbox{\hspace{-4em}\texttt{\small \detokenize{#1}}}}
\begin{document}
\definecolor{grey}{rgb}{0.7,0.7,0.7}
\printtitlepage
\tableofcontents
\section{Important Changes}\label{special}
Please see the \verb+Changes+ file which accompanies \biber\ for the
details on changes in each version. This section is just for important
things like incompatible changes which users should be aware of.
\minisec{1.9}
\biber no longer checks the environment for locales to use for sorting. This
was always rather against the spirit of \tex since it means that the same
document might look different when compiled by different people. However,
\biblatex now passes Babel/Polyglossia language identifiers (or real locale
identifiers if you prefer) in the \file{.bcf} and \biber can use these to
set the sorting locale globally or on a per-sortscheme basis. This is better
than using environment variables since Babel/Polyglossia are more \latex
relevant language environments anyway.
\minisec{1.8}
Various option name changes. Old names are retained for backwards
compatibility. See the output of the \opt{--help} option.
\minisec{1.0}
The \opt{--validate-structure} option is now called \opt{--validate-datamodel}
\minisec{0.9.9}
The output format option \opt{--graph} has been moved to a
new option \opt{--output-format}. The option \opt{--graph} should now be
specified as \opt{--output-format=dot} and the \linebreak\opt{--dot-include} option
should be used to specify the elements to include in the DOT output. For
example:
\begin{verbatim}
biber --graph=section,field <file>
\end{verbatim}
\noindent is now:
\begin{verbatim}
biber --output_format=dot --dot_include=section,field <file>
\end{verbatim}
\minisec{1.8}
\textcolor{red}{Several option names have changed}. Several options have
changed names to facilitate better semantic classification of options. The
previous names are supported as legacy aliases. See the \verb+--help+
output of the \biber command.
\minisec{0.9.8}
\textcolor{red}{The \opt{sourcemap} option syntax has changed}.The syntax
was too confusing. It is now simplified and more powerful. It is uses a
sequential processing model to apply mappings to an entry. See section
\ref{ref:map}.
\minisec{0.9.7}
\textcolor{red}{The user config file has a completely new format}.The
reason for this is that the older \verb+Config::General+ format
could not be extended to deal with more sophisticated features like
per-datasource restrictions. An XML format is much better and in
fact easier to understand. The old format of the \opt{map} option
(now called \opt{sourcemap}) was rather confusing because
of limitations in the old config file format. Please see section
\ref{ref:map} and convert your config files to the new format.
\minisec{0.9.6}
\textcolor{red}{Matching of citation keys and datasource entry keys is now
\emph{case-sensitive}}. This is to enforce consistency across the entire
Bib\latex\ and \biber\ processing chain. All of the usual referencing
mechanisms in \latex\ are case-sensitive and so is the matching in
Bib\latex\ of citations to entries in the \texttt{.bbl} file generated by
\biber. It is inconsistent and messy to enforce case-insensitivity in only
\biber's matching of citations keys to datasource entry keys. If \biber\
detects what looks like a case mismatch between citation keys, it will warn
you.
\noindent \textcolor{red}{Summary of warnings/errors is now a new format}.
When \biber\ finishes writing the \verb+.bbl+, it gives a summary
count of errors/warnings. It used to do this in the same format as
Bib\TeX, for compatibility. Now it uses a more consistent and easier
to parse format which matches all other \biber\ messages. Please note
if you need to support \biber\ in an external tool. I have updated the
notes on AUC\TeX\ support below to reflect this.
\section{Introduction}\label{int}
\subsection{About}
\biber\ is conceptually a \BibTeX\ replacement for
\biblatex. It is written in Perl with the aim of providing a
customised and sophisticated data preparation backend for \biblatex.
You do \emph{not} need to install Perl to use \biber---binaries
are provided for many operating systems via the main \TeX\
distributions (\TeX Live, Mac\TeX, MiK\TeX) and also via download from SourceForge.
Functionally, \biber\ offers a superset of \BibTeX's capabilities but is
tightly coupled with \biblatex\ and cannot be used as a stand-alone tool
with standard \verb+.bst+ styles. \biber's primary role is to support
\biblatex\ by performing the following tasks:
\begin{itemize}
\item Parsing data from datasources
\item Processing cross-references, entry sets, related entries
\item Generating data for name, name list and name/year disambiguation
\item Structural validation according to \biblatex\ data model
\item Sorting reference lists
\item Outputting data to a \verb+.bbl+ for \biblatex\ to consume
\end{itemize}
\biber\ also has the ability to output different formats than \file{.bbl}
and can, for example, output a new \bibtex\ file which contains only
cited entries from the datasources (using the \opt{--output-format=bibtex}
option). There is also a «<tool» mode which operates on datasources instead
of individual documents, allowing you to transform, convert, reformat and
generally change the contents of a datasource (see \ref{ref:tool}).
\subsection{Requirements}\label{ref:req}
\biber\ is distributed primarily as a stand-alone binary and is
included in \TeX Live, Mac\TeX\ and MiK\TeX. If you are using any of these
distributions, you do not need any additional software installed to use
\biber. You do \emph{not} need a Perl installation at all to use
the binary distribution of \biber\footnote{If you prefer, you can run
\biber\ as a normal Perl program and doing this \emph{does} require
you to have a Perl interpreter installed. See section \ref{binaries}.}.
\biber's git repository and bug/feature tracker is on
github\footnote{\url{https://github.com/plk/biber}}. \biber's documentation,
binary downloads and supporting files are on
SourceForge\footnote{\url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/biblatex-biber/}}
\biber\ is included into \TeX Live, the binaries coming from SourceForge.
\subsection{Compatibility Matrix}
\biber\ versions are closely coupled with \biblatex\ versions. You
need to have the right combination of the two. \biber\ will warn you
during processing if it encounters information which comes from a
\biblatex\ version which is incompatible. Table \ref{tab:compat} shows a
compatibility matrix for the recent versions.
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\small
\begin{tabular}{lllll}
\toprule
\biber\ version & \biblatex\ version\\
\midrule
2.2 & 3.1\\
2.1 & 3.0\\
2.0 & 3.0\\
1.9 & 2.9\\
1.8 & 2.8x\\
1.7 & 2.7\\
1.6 & 2.6\\
1.5 & 2.5\\
1.4 & 2.4\\
1.3 & 2.3\\
1.2 & 2.1, 2.2\\
1.1 & 2.1\\
1.0 & 2.0\\
0.9.9 & 1.7x\\
0.9.8 & 1.7x\\
0.9.7 & 1.7x\\
0.9.6 & 1.7x\\
0.9.5 & 1.6x\\
0.9.4 & 1.5x\\
0.9.3 & 1.5x\\
0.9.2 & 1.4x\\
0.9.1 & 1.4x\\
0.9 & 1.4x\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{\biber/\biblatex\ compatibility matrix}
\label{tab:compat}
\end{table}
\subsection{License}
\biber\ is released under the free software Artistic License 2.0\footnote{\url{http://www.opensource.org/licenses/artistic-license-2.0.php}}
\subsection{History}
\BibTeX\ has been the default (only \ldots) integrated choice for
bibliography processing in \TeX\ for a long time. It has well known
limitations which stem from its data format, data model and lack of Unicode
support\footnote{In fact, there is now a Unicode version}. The
\verb+.bst+ language for writing bibliography styles is painful to learn
and use. It is not a general programming language and this makes it really
very hard to do sophisticated automated processing of bibliographies.
\biblatex\ was a major advance for \latex\ users as it moved much
of the bibliography processing into \latex\ macros. However,
\biblatex\ still used \BibTeX\ as a sorting engine for the
bibliography and also to generate various labels for
entries. \BibTeX's capabilities even for this reduced set of
tasks was still quite restricted due to the lack of Unicode support and
the more and more complex programming issues involved in label
preparation and file encoding.
\biber\ was designed specifically for \biblatex\ in order to
provide a powerful backend engine which could deal with any required
tasks to do with \verb+.bbl+ preparation. Its main features are:
\begin{itemize}
\item Deals with the full range of UTF-8
\item Sorts in a completely customisable manner using, when available,
CLDR collation tailoring
\item Allows for per-entrytype options
\item Automatically encodes the \verb+.bbl+ into any supported encoding
format\footnote{«Supported» here means encodings supported by the
Perl \texttt{Encode} module}
\item Processes all bibliography sections in one pass of the tool
\item Output to GraphViz instead of \verb+.bbl+ in order to help visualise
complex bibliographies with many crossrefs etc. (see section \ref{ref:vis})
\item Handles UTF-8 citekeys and filenames (given a suitable fully
UTF-8 compliant \TeX\ engine)
\item Creates entry sets dynamically and allows easily defined static entry sets,
all processed in one pass
\item «Syntactic» inheritance via new \bibtype{XDATA} entrytype and
field. This can be thought of as a field-based generalisation of the
\BibTeX\ \bibtype{STRING} functionality (which is also supported).
\item «Semantic» inheritance via a generalisation of the \BibTeX\
crossreference mechanism. This is highly customisable by the
user---it is possible to choose which fields to inherit for which
entrytypes and to inherit fields under different names etc. Nested
crossreferences are also supported.
\item Handles complex auto-expansion and contraction of names and
namelists (See section 4.11.4 of the \biblatex\ manual for an excellent
explanation with examples, this is quite an impressive feature \ldots)
\item Extensible modular datasource architecture for ease of adding
more datasource types
\item Support for remote datasources
\item User-definable mapping and suppression of fields and entrytypes in
datasources. You can use this to, for example, ignore all
\bibfield{ABSTRACT} fields completely. See section \ref{ref:map}
\item Support for related entries, to enable generic treatment of things
like «translated as», «reprinted as», «reprint of»
etc.
\item Customisable labels
\item Multiple bibliography lists in the same section with different
sorting and filtering
\item No more restriction to a static data model of specific fields and
entrytypes
\item Structural validation of the data against the data model with a
customisable validation model
\item Tool mode for operations on datasources directly
\end{itemize}
\noindent Figure \ref{fig:overview} shows the main functional units of
processing in \biber. The most difficult tasks which \biber\
performs are the processing of \biblatex's \opt{uniquename} and
\opt{uniquelist} options\footnote{A rather tricky unbounded loop but with
a guaranteed eventual stable exit state.}, the sorting of
lists\footnote{This is a complex, arbitrary multi-field Schwartzian
Transform which has to deal with potentially different case and order
settings for every field.} and the initial data parse and remap into an
internal data model. \biber\ is getting on for around 20,000 lines of
mostly OO Perl and relies on certain splendid Perl modules
such as \verb+Unicode::Collate+, \verb+Text::BibTeX+ and
\verb+XML::LibXML+.
\begin{figure}[!htpb]
\centering\small
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node[file] (dsfiles) {datasources};
\node[file] (bcf) [right of=dsfiles,node distance=8em] {\texttt{.bcf} control file};
\node[funit] (decode) [below of=dsfiles,node distance=8em] {Decode to UTF-8} edge [<-,very thick] (dsfiles) edge [<-,very thick] (bcf);
\node[funit] (mapp) [below of=decode,node distance=6em] {remap/parse} edge [<-,very thick] (decode);
\node[file] (config) [left of=mapp,node distance=12em] {User \texttt{biber.conf} file} edge [->,very thick] (mapp);
\node[funit] (dyn) [below of=mapp,node distance=6em] {Instantiate dynamic sets and\\related entries} edge [<-,very thick] (mapp);
\node[funit] (xdata) [below of=dyn,node distance=6em] {Process XDATA} edge [<-,very thick] (dyn);
\node[funit] (crossrefs) [below of=xdata,node distance=6em] {Process cross-references and\\sets} edge [<-,very thick] (xdata);
\node[funit] (validate) [below of=crossrefs,node distance=6em] {Validate data model} edge [<-,very thick] (crossrefs);
\node[funit] (pre) [below of=validate,node distance=6em] {Resolve label* fields\\generate hashes\\enforce mincrossrefs} edge [<-,very thick] (validate);
\node[funit] (unique) [right of=decode,node distance=16em] {Generate uniqueness data};
\draw[->,very thick] (pre.east) -- ($ (pre.east) + (2em,0) $) -- ($ (unique.west) - (2em,0) $) -- (unique.west);
\node[funit] (visible) [below of=unique,node distance=6em] {Generate name visibility data} edge [<-,very thick] (unique);
\node[funit] (post) [below of=visible,node distance=6em] {Generate more hashes and\\labels} edge [<-,very thick] (visible);
\node[funit] (sort) [below of=post,node distance=6em] {Perform sorting} edge [<-,very thick] (post);
\node[funit] (output) [below of=sort,node distance=6em] {Construct output objects} edge [<-,very thick] (sort);
\node[funit] (encode) [below of=output,node distance=6em] {Encode to output encoding} edge [<-,very thick] (output);
\node[file] (bbl) [below of=encode,node distance=8em] {output file} edge [<-,very thick] (encode);
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Overview of \biber's main functional units}
\label{fig:overview}
\end{figure}
It may be useful to know something about the different routes a datasource
entry can take as it passes through \biber.
\begin{enumerate}
\item\label{list:cited} All cited entries which are subsequently found in a
datasource are instantiated in the internal \biber\ data model.
\item Some uncited entries on which cited entries depend are
instantiated in the internal \biber\ data model:
\begin{itemize}
\item Entries with entrytype \bibtype{XDATA} which are referenced from cited
entries.
\item Entries mentioned in the \bibfield{CROSSREF} or
\bibfield{XREF} field of a cited entry (unless they are also cited
themselves in which case they are already instantiated as per item
\ref{list:cited} above).
\item Clones of entries mentioned as a «related» entry of a cited
entry.
\item Members of sets, either explicit \bibtype{SET} entrytype entries or
dynamic sets.
\end{itemize}
\item Some uncited but instantiated entries are promoted to cited
status so that they make it into the output:
\begin{itemize}
\item Entries instantiated by being members of a set.
\item Entries instantiated by being mentioned as a \bibfield{CROSSREF} are
promoted to cited status if \bibfield{CROSSREF}'ed or \bibfield{XREF}'ed at
least \opt{mincrosref} times.
\item Clones of entries mentioned as a «related» entry of a cited entry.
\end{itemize}
\item Some of these auto-cited entries have the «dataonly» option set on
them so that \biblatex\ will only use them for data and will not output
them to the bibliography:
\begin{itemize}
\item Clones of entries mentioned as a «related» entry of a cited entry.
\end{itemize}
\end{enumerate}
\subsection{Performance}
\biber\ can't really be compared with \BibTeX\ in any meaningful
way performance-wise. \biber\ is written in Perl and does a
\emph{great} deal more than \BibTeX\ which is written in C. One of
\biber's test cases is a 2150 entry, 15,000 line \verb+.bib+ file
which references a 630 entry macros file with a resulting 160 or so page (A4)
formatted bibliography. This takes \biber\ under 3 minutes to process on
a reasonable computer. This is perfectly acceptable, especially for a
batch program.
\subsection{Acknowledgements}
François Charette originally wrote a first modest version of \biber. Philip Kime joined in
the development in 2009 and is largely responsible for making it what it is today.
\section{Use}
Firstly, please note that \biber\ will \emph{not} attempt to sanitise
the content of \BibTeX\ datasources. That is, don't expect it to
auto-escape any \TeX\ special characters like «\verb+&+» or «\verb+%+» which
it finds in, for example, your \bibfield{TITLE} fields. It used to do this in
earlier versions in some cases but as of version 0.9, it doesn't because
it's fraught with problems and leads to inconsistent expectations and
behaviour between different datasource types. In your \BibTeX\ data
sources, please make sure your entries are legal \TeX\ code.
Running \opt{biber --help} will display all options and a brief
description of each. This is the most useful brief source of usage
information. \biber\ returns an exit code of 0 on success or 1 if
there was an error.
Most \biber\ options can be specified in long or short format. When
mentioning options below, they are referred to as
«\opt{long form|short form}» when an option has both a long and short
form. As usual with such options, when the option requires an argument, the
long form is followed by an equals sign «\verb+=+» and then the argument,
the short form is followed by a space and then the argument. For example,
the \opt{--configfile|-g} option can be given in two ways:
\begin{verbatim}
biber --configfile=somefile.conf
biber -g somefile.conf
\end{verbatim}
With the \opt{backend=biber} option, \biblatex\ switches its backend
interface and passes all options and information relevant to \biber's
operation in a control file with extension \verb+.bcf+\footnote{\biblatex\ Control
File}. This is conceptually equivalent to the \verb+.aux+ file which
\latex\ uses to pass information to \BibTeX. The \verb+.bcf+ file is
XML and contains many options and settings which configure how \biber\
is to process the bibliography and generate the \verb+.bbl+ file.
The usual way to call \biber\ is simply with the \verb+.bcf+ file
as the only argument. \biblatex\ always writes the control file with
a \verb+.bcf+ extension. Specifying the «\verb+.bcf+» extension to
\biber\ is optional. Assuming a control file called
\verb+test.bcf+, the following two commands are equivalent:
\begin{verbatim}
biber test.bcf
biber test
\end{verbatim}
\noindent Figure \ref{fig:biber-mdf} is a graphical overview of the data flow for
data model information. See Figure \ref{fig:overview} for a more complete
overview of \biber's processing steps.
\begin{figure}[!htpb]
\centering\small
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node[file] (dsfile) {datasource};
\node[funit] (remap) [below of=dsfile, node distance=8em] {remap} edge [<-,dashed] (dsfile);
\node[file] (docremap) [left of=dsfile, node distance=15em] {document data model mapping\\from \texttt{.bcf}} edge [->,dashed] (remap);
\node[file] (defaultremap) [left of=remap, node distance=15em] {default data model mapping\\from \texttt{.bcf}} edge [->,dashed] (remap);
\node[file] (conf) [below of=remap, node distance=7em] {data model mapping\\from \biber\ config file} edge [->,dashed] (remap);
\node[funit] (parser) [right of=remap, node distance=8em] {parser} edge [<-,very thick] (remap);
\node[funit] (validation) [right of=parser, node distance=8em] {validation} edge [<-,very thick] (parser);
\node[file] (hard) [above of=validation, node distance=8em]
{\biblatex\ data\\model from \texttt{.bcf}} edge [->,dashed]
(parser) edge [->,dashed] (remap) edge [->,dashed] (validation);
\node[file] (bbl) [below of=validation, node distance=8em] {output file} edge [<-,very thick] (validation);
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{Model data flow in \biber}
\label{fig:biber-mdf}
\end{figure}
\bigskip
\subsection{Options and config file}\label{conffile}
\biblatex\ options which \biber\ needs to know about are passed
via the \verb+.bcf+ file. See Table \ref{tab:bltxopts} for the \biblatex\
options which \biber\ uses and also for the scopes which are supported
for each option. \biber\ also has its own options which are set using
the following resource chain, given in decreasing precedence order:\\[2ex]
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\small
\begin{tabular}{lllll}
\toprule
\biblatex\ option & Global & Per-type & Per-entry\\
\midrule
alphaothers & \checkmark & \checkmark & \\
dataonly & & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
inheritance & \checkmark & & \\
labelalpha & \checkmark & \checkmark & \\
labelalphatemplate & \checkmark & \checkmark & \\
labeldate & \checkmark & \checkmark & \\
labeldatespec & \checkmark & \checkmark & \\
labelnamespec & \checkmark & \checkmark & \\
labelnumber & \checkmark & \checkmark & \\
labeltitle & \checkmark & \checkmark & \\
labeltitleyear & \checkmark & \checkmark & \\
maxalphanames & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
maxbibnames & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
maxcitenames & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
maxitems & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
minalphanames & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
minbibnames & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
mincitenames & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
minitems & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
presort & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
singletitle & \checkmark & \checkmark & \\
skipbib & & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
skiplab & & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
skiplos & & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
sortalphaothers & \checkmark & \checkmark & \\
sortexclusion & & \checkmark & \\
sortfirstinits & \checkmark & & \\
sorting & \checkmark & & \\
uniquelist & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
uniquename & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
useauthor & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
useeditor & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
useprefix & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
usetranslator & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{\biblatex\ options which \biber\ uses}
\label{tab:bltxopts}
\end{table}
\noindent command line options $\rightarrow$\\
\hspace*{1em}\verb+biber.conf+ file $\rightarrow$\\
\hspace*{2em}\verb+.bcf+ file$\rightarrow$\\
\hspace*{3em}\biber\ hard-coded defaults\\[2ex]
\noindent Users do not need to care directly about the contents or format of the
\verb+.bcf+ file as this is generated from the options which they specify
via \biblatex. The config file is a place to set commonly used
command-line options and also to set options which cannot be set on the
command line.
The configuration file is by default called \verb+biber.conf+ but this can
be changed using the \opt{--configfile|-g} option. Unless
\opt{--configfile|-g} is used, the config file is
looked for in the following places, in decreasing order of preference:\\[2ex]
\noindent \verb+biber.conf+ in the current directory $\rightarrow$\\
\hspace*{1em}\verb+$HOME/.biber.conf+ $\rightarrow$\\
\hspace*{2em}\verb+$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/biber/biber.conf+ $\rightarrow$\\
\hspace*{3em}\verb+$HOME/Library/biber/biber.conf+ (Mac OSX only)\\
\hspace*{3em}\verb+$APPDATA/biber.conf+ (Windows only) $\rightarrow$\\
\hspace*{4em}the output of «\verb+kpsewhich biber.conf+» (if available on the
system)\\[2ex]
\noindent The config file is XML. Here Below is
an example config file which displays the \biber\ defaults:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=xml]
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<config>
<clrmacros>0</clrmacros>
<collate>1</collate>
<collate_options>
<option name="level" value="4"/>
<option name="variable" value="non-ignorable"/>
<option name="normalization" value="prenormalized"/>
</collate_options>
<debug>0</debug>
<decodecharsset>base</decodecharsset>
<fastsort>0</fastsort>
<graph>0</graph>
<input_encoding>UTF-8</input_encoding>
<listsep>and</listsep>
<mincrossrefs>0</mincrossrefs>
<namesep>and</namesep>
<nodieonerror>0</nodieonerror>
<noinit>
<!-- strip lowercase prefices like 'al-' when generating initials -->
<option value="\b\p{Ll}{2}\p{Pd}"/>
<!-- strip diacritics when generating initials -->
<option value="[\x{2bf}\x{2018}]"/>
</noinit>
<nolabel>
<!-- strip punctuation, symbols, separator and control characters -->
<option value="[\p{P}\p{S}\p{C}]+"/>
</nolabel>
<nolog>0</nolog>
<nostdmacros>0</nostdmacros>
<nosort>
<!-- strip prefices like 'El-' when sorting name fields -->
<option name="type_name" value="\A\p{L}{2}\p{Pd}"/>
<!-- strip some diacritics when sorting name fields -->
<option name="type_name" value="[\x{2bf}\x{2018}]"/>
</nosort>
<onlylog>0</onlylog>
<others_string>others</others_string>
<ouput_align>1</output_align>
<output_encoding>UTF-8</output_encoding>
<output_fieldcase>upper</output_fieldcase>
<output_format>bbl</output_format>
<output_indent>2</output_indent>
<output_resolve>0</output_resolve>
<output_safechars>0</output_safechars>
<output_safecharsset>base</output_safecharsset>
<quiet>0</quiet>
<sortcase>true</sortcase>
<sortupper>true</sortupper>
<tool>false</tool>
<trace>false</trace>
<validate_config>0</validate_config>
<validate_control>0</validate_control>
<validate_structure>0</validate_structure>
<wraplines>0</wraplines>
<xsvsep>\s*,\s*</xsvsep>
</config>
\end{lstlisting}
\noindent In practice, the most commonly used options will be set via
\biblatex\ macros in your document and automatically passed to \biber\
via the \verb+.bcf+ file. Certain options apply only to \biber\ and can
only be set in the config file, particularly the more complex
options. Most options are simple tags. Exceptions are the
\opt{nosort}, \opt{noinit} and \opt{collate-options} options which are slightly
more complex and can have sub-options as shown. A much more complex
option is the \opt{sourcemap} option which is not set by default and
which is described in section \ref{ref:map}.
\subsubsection{The \texttt{output-format} option}\label{ref:of}
\biber\ is able to output formats other than \file{.bbl} files for \biblatex\
to consume. It is also able to output other formats such as \file{DOT} for
visualisation of entry dependencies (see section \ref{ref:vis}), the
experimental \verb+biblatexml+ XML format and also \bibtex\ \file{.bib} files.
\file{.bib} output is possible in tool mode, when you are converting an
entire datasource file independently of any particular document (see
section \ref{ref:tool}). It is also useful when you want, instead of a
\file{.bbl}, a new \file{.bib} file containing only the cited entries from
a document so that you can, for example, send a minimally complete package
for typesetting to someone. To do this, you would, after the first \latex
run, call \biber like this:
\begin{verbatim}
biber --output_format=bibtex test.bcf
\end{verbatim}
\noindent This would result in a new \file{.bib} file called
\file{test\_biber.bib} containing all cited entries in \file{test.tex}, in
citation order, formatted according to the various \opt{ouput-*} options.
You could of course also perform more processing like source mapping
(see section \ref{ref:map}), reencoding (see section \ref{ref:enc}) etc. using more
command line options or a config file.
\subsubsection{The \texttt{sourcemap} option}\label{ref:map}
The datasource drivers implement a mapping from datasource
entrytypes and fields into the \biblatex\ data model. If you want to
override or augment the driver mappings you can use the
\opt{sourcemap} option which makes it possible to, for example, have a
datasource with non-standard entrytypes or fields and to have these
automatically mapped into other entrytypes/fields without modifying
your datasource. Essentially, this alters the source data stream
which \biber\ uses to build the internal \biblatex\ data model and is an
automatic way of editing the datasource as it is read by \biber.
Source mappings can be defined at different «levels» which are applied
in a defined order. See the \biblatex\ manual regarding these macros:\\[2ex]
\noindent \texttt{user}-level maps defined with \cmd{DeclareSourcemap}$\rightarrow$\\
\hspace*{1em}\texttt{user}-level maps defined in the \biber\ config file (described below)$\rightarrow$\\
\hspace*{2em}\texttt{style}-level maps defined with \cmd{DeclareStyleSourcemap}$\rightarrow$\\
\hspace*{3em}\texttt{driver}-level maps defined with \cmd{DeclareDriverSourcemap}\\[2ex]
The \opt{sourcemap} option can only be set in the config file
and not on the command line as it has a complex structure. This
option allows you to perform various datasource mapping
tasks which can be useful for pre-processing data which you do not
generate yourself:
\begin{itemize}
\item Map datasource entrytypes to different entrytypes.
\item Map datasource fields to different fields.
\item Add new fields to an entry
\item Remove fields from an entry
\item Modify the contents of a field using standard Perl regular expression
match and replace.
\item Restrict any of the above operations to entries coming from
particular datasources which you defined in \verb+\addresource{}+ macros.
\item Restrict any of the above operations to entries only of a certain
entrytype.
\end{itemize}
\noindent There is in fact, more flexibility than the above suggests,
examples will show this below. The format of the \opt{sourcemap} option
section in the config file is described below, followed by examples which
will make things clearer. Items in \textcolor{red}{red} are not literal,
they are descriptive meta-values which are explained in the accompanying
text. Items in \textcolor{blue}{blue} are optional within their parent
section or element. The general structure is:
\lstset{showspaces=false}
\lstset{showstringspaces=false}
\begin{lstlisting}[language=xml,escapechar=+,mathescape=true]
<sourcemap>
<maps datatype="+\textcolor{red}{driver$_1$}+" map_overwrite="1|0">
<map$_1$ +\textcolor{blue}{map\_overwrite="1|0"}+> ... </map$_1$>
$\vdots$
<map$_n$ +\textcolor{blue}{map\_overwrite="1|0"}+> ... </map$_n$>
</maps>
$\vdots$
<maps datatype="+\textcolor{red}{driver$_n$}+" map_overwrite="1|0">
<map$_1$ +\textcolor{blue}{map\_overwrite="1|0"}+> ... </map$_1$>
$\vdots$
<map$_n$ +\textcolor{blue}{map\_overwrite="1|0"}+> ... </map$_n$>
</maps>
</sourcemap>
\end{lstlisting}
\noindent Here, \textcolor{red}{\texttt{driver$_1$}}\ldots
\textcolor{red}{\texttt{driver$_n$}} are the names of valid \biber\ data
source drivers (see section \ref{dsd}). One thing to note here is the
\opt{map\_overwrite} attribute. This boolean attribute determines whether,
for this driver mapping section, you may overwrite existing fields when
adding new fields or mapping them. This attribute can be overridden on a
per-map basis, see below. A warning will be issued either way saying
whether an existing field will or will not be overwritten. If omitted, it
defaults to «0».
The \opt{map} elements are processed in sequence and contain a number of
\opt{map\_step}s which are also processed in sequence. Each \opt{map\_step}
allows you to do a particular thing or combination of things:
\begin{itemize}
\item Change the entrytype of an entry
\item Change the name of a field
\item Add extra fields the entry
\item Change the contents of a field
\end{itemize}
\noindent These facilities are explained in more detail below, with
examples. A \opt{map} element looks like this:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=xml,escapechar=+,mathescape=true]
<map +\textcolor{blue}{map\_overwrite="0|1"}+>
+\textcolor{blue}{<per\_datasource>\textcolor{red}{datasource}</per\_datasource>}+
+\textcolor{blue}{<per\_type>\textcolor{red}{entrytype}</per\_type>}+
+\textcolor{blue}{<per\_nottype>\textcolor{red}{entrytype}</per\_nottype>}+
<map_step +\textcolor{blue}{map\_type\_source="\textcolor{red}{source-entrytype}"}+
+\textcolor{blue}{map\_field\_source="\textcolor{red}{source-field}"}+
+\textcolor{blue}{map\_type\_target="\textcolor{red}{target-entrytype}"}+
+\textcolor{blue}{map\_field\_target="\textcolor{red}{target-field}"}+
+\textcolor{blue}{map\_match="\textcolor{red}{match-regexp}"}+
+\textcolor{blue}{map\_nomatch="\textcolor{red}{match-regexp}"}+
+\textcolor{blue}{map\_replace="\textcolor{red}{replace-regexp}"}+
+\textcolor{blue}{map\_field\_set="\textcolor{red}{set-field}"}+
+\textcolor{blue}{map\_field\_value="\textcolor{red}{set-value}"}+
+\textcolor{blue}{map\_append="1"}+
+\textcolor{blue}{map\_null="1"}+
+\textcolor{blue}{map\_entry\_null="1"}+
+\textcolor{blue}{map\_entry\_clone="\textcolor{red}{prefix}"}+
+\textcolor{blue}{map\_origfield="1"}+
+\textcolor{blue}{map\_origfieldval="1"}+
+\textcolor{blue}{map\_origentrytype="1"}+
+\textcolor{blue}{map\_final="1"}+/>
</map>
\end{lstlisting}%| <- sometimes emacs highlighting needs this
\begin{itemize}
\item If there are any \textcolor{red}{\texttt{datasource}}s named in
\textcolor{blue}{\texttt{per\_datasource}} elements, this mapping only applies to entries
coming from the named \textcolor{red}{\texttt{datasource}}s. There can be
multiple \textcolor{blue}{\texttt{per\_datasource}} elements each specifying one of the
datasource names given in a \biblatex\ \verb+\addbibresource+ macro.
\item If there are any \textcolor{red}{\texttt{entrytypes}}s named in
\textcolor{blue}{\texttt{per\_type}} elements, this mapping only applies to entries
of the named \textcolor{red}{\texttt{entrytypes}}s.
\item If there are any \textcolor{red}{\texttt{entrytypes}}s named in
\textcolor{blue}{\texttt{per\_nottype}} elements, this mapping only applies to entries
not of the named \textcolor{red}{\texttt{entrytypes}}s.
\item The \texttt{map\_overwrite} attribute can be used to override the
value for this attribute set on the parent \opt{maps} element. If
omitted, it defaults to the parent \opt{maps} attribute value.
\end{itemize}
\noindent Each \opt{map\_step} is looked at in turn and compared with the
datasource entry being processed. A \opt{map\_step} works like this:
\begin{itemize}
\item If \textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_entry\_null}} is set,
processing of the \opt{map} immediately terminates and the current
entry is not created. It is as if it did not exist in the
datasource. Obviously, you should select the entries which you want
to apply this to using prior mapping steps.
\item If \textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_entry\_clone}} is set,
a clone of the entry is created with an entry key prefixed by
\textcolor{red}{\texttt{prefix}}. Obviously this may cause
labelling problems in author/year styles etc. and should be used with
care. It is mainly intended for numbering issues with numeric styles
and multiple bibliographies where the same entries occur in more than one
bibliography.
\item Change the \textcolor{red}{\texttt{source-entrytype}} to
\textcolor{red}{\texttt{target-entrytype}}, if defined. If
\textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_final}} is set then if the entrytype of the
entry is not \textcolor{red}{\texttt{source-entrytype}}, processing of
this \opt{map} immediately terminates.
\item Change the \textcolor{red}{\texttt{source-field}} to
\textcolor{red}{\texttt{target-field}}, if defined. If
\textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_final}} is set, then if there is no
\textcolor{red}{\texttt{source-field}} field in the entry, processing of
this \opt{map} immediately terminates.
\item If \textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_match}} is defined but
\textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_replace}} is not, only apply the
step if the \textcolor{red}{\texttt{source-field}} matches
\textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_match}}. You can use parentheses as usual
to capture parts of the match and can then use these later when setting a \textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_field\_value}}.
\item \textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_notmatch}} is the same as
\textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_match}} but with the logic reversed.
\item Perform a Perl regular expression match and replace on the value of
\textcolor{red}{\texttt{source-field}} if
\textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_match}} and
\textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_replace}} are defined. You may use (and almost certainly
will want to use) parentheses for back-references in \textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_replace}}.
Do not quote the regular expressions in any special (i.e. non-Perly) way---it's not
necessary.
\item If \textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_field\_set}} is defined, then its
value is \textcolor{red}{\texttt{set-field}} which will be set to a value
specified by further attributes. If
\textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_overwrite}} is false for this step and the
field to set already exists then the map step is ignored. If
\textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_final}} is also set on this step, then
processing of the parent map stops at this point. If
\textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_append}} is set, then the value to set is
appended to the current value of \textcolor{red}{\texttt{set-field}}. The
value to set is specified by a mandatory one and only one of the
following attributes:
\begin{itemize}
\item \textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_field\_value}} --- The
\textcolor{red}{\texttt{set-field}} is set to
\textcolor{red}{\texttt{set-value}}
\item \textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_null}} --- The field is ignored, as
if it did not exist in the datasource
\item \textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_origentrytype}} --- The
\textcolor{red}{\texttt{set-field}} is set to the
most recently mentioned \textcolor{red}{\texttt{source-entrytype}} name.
\item \textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_origfield}} --- The
\textcolor{red}{\texttt{set-field}} is set to the most recently
mentioned \textcolor{red}{\texttt{source-field}} name
\item \textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_origfieldval}} --- The
\textcolor{red}{\texttt{set-field}} is set to the most recently
mentioned \textcolor{red}{\texttt{source-field}} value
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\noindent With \bibtex\ and RIS datasources, you can specify the
pseudo-field «entrykey» for \textcolor{red}{\texttt{source-field}}
which is the citation key of the entry. Naturally, this «field» cannot
be changed (used as \textcolor{red}{\texttt{set-field}},
\textcolor{red}{\texttt{target-field}} or changed using
\textcolor{blue}{\texttt{map\_replace}}).
Note that for XML datasources (Endnote, Zotero RDF/XML etc.), the names of
fields and entrytypes are matched in a case sensitive manner. For all other
datasource types (\BibTeX, RIS etc.) entrytype and field name matching is
case insensitive.
\noindent Here are some examples:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=xml,escapechar=+,mathescape=true]
<map>
<per_datasource>example1.bib</per_datasource>
<per_datasource>example2.bib</per_datasource>
<map_step map_field_set="KEYWORDS" map_field_value="keyw1, keyw2"/>
<map_step map_field_source="ENTRYKEY"/>
<map_step map_field_set="NOTE" map_origfieldval="1"/>
</map>
\end{lstlisting}
\noindent This would add a \bibfield{KEYWORDS} field with value «\verb+keyw1, keyw2+»
and set the \bibfield{NOTE} field to citation key for the entry
to all entries which are found in either the
\verb+examples1.bib+ or \verb+examples2.bib+ files. This assumes that the
\biblatex\ source contains \verb+\addresource{example1.bib}+ and
\verb+\addresource{example2.bib}+.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=xml,escapechar=+,mathescape=true]
<map map_overwrite="0">
<map_step map_field_source="TITLE"/>
<map_step map_field_set="NOTE" map_origfieldval="1"/>
</map>
\end{lstlisting}
\noindent Copy the \bibfield{TITLE} field to the \bibfield{NOTE} field unless the
\bibfield{NOTE} field already exists.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=xml,escapechar=:,mathescape=true]
<map map_overwrite="0">
<map_step map_field_source="AUTHOR" />
<map_step map_field_set="SORTNAME" map_origfieldval="1" map_final="1"/>
<map_step map_field_source="SORTNAME" map_match=":\textbackslash A(.+?)\textbackslash s+and.\ast" map\_replace="\$1:"/>
</map>
\end{lstlisting}
\noindent For any entry with an \bibfield{AUTHOR} field, try to set
\bibfield{SORTNAME} to the same as \bibfield{AUTHOR}. If this fails because
\bibfield{SORTNAME} already exists, stop, otherwise truncate
\bibfield{SORTNAME} to just the first name in the name list.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=xml,escapechar=+,mathescape=true]
<map map_overwrite="0">
<map_step map_type_source="CHAT" map_type_target="CUSTOMA" map_final="1"/>
<map_step map_field_set="TYPE" map_origentrytype="1"/>
</map>
\end{lstlisting}
\noindent Any \bibtype{CHAT} entrytypes would become \bibtype{CUSTOMA} entrytypes and
would automatically have a \bibfield{TYPE} field set to
«CHAT» unless the \bibfield{TYPE} field already exists in the entry (because
\opt{map\_overwrite} is false). This mapping applies only to entries of type
\bibtype{CHAT} since the first step has \opt{map\_final} set and so if the
\opt{map\_type\_source} does not match the entry, processing of this
\opt{map} immediately terminates.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=xml,escapechar=+,mathescape=true]
<map>
<per_datasource>examples.bib</per_datasource>
<per_type>ARTICLE</per_type>
<per_type>BOOK</per_type>
<map_step map_field_set="ABSTRACT" map_null="1"/>
<map_step map_field_set="NOTE" map_field_value="Auto-created this field"/>
</map>
\end{lstlisting}
\noindent Any entries of entrytype \bibfield{ARTICLE} or \bibfield{BOOK} from the
«examples.bib» datasource would have their \bibfield{ABSTRACT}
fields removed and a \bibfield{NOTE} field added with value «Auto-created this field».
\begin{lstlisting}[language=xml,escapechar=:,mathescape=true]
<map>
<map_step map_field_set="ABSTRACT" map_null="1"/>
<map_step map_field_source="CONDUCTOR" map_field_target="NAMEA"/>
<map_step map_field_source="GPS" map_field_target="USERA"/>
</map>
\end{lstlisting}
\noindent This removes \bibfield{ABSTRACT} fields from any entry, changes
\bibfield{CONDUCTOR} fields to \bibfield{NAMEA} fields and changes \bibfield{GPS}
fields to \bibfield{USERA} fields
\begin{lstlisting}[language=xml,escapechar=:,mathescape=true]
<map>
<map_step map_field_source="PUBMEDID"
map_field_target="EPRINT"
map_final="1"/>
<map_step map_field_set="EPRINTTYPE" map_origfield="1"/>
<map_step map_field_set="USERD"
map_field_value="Some string of things"/>
</map>
\end{lstlisting}
\noindent Applies only to entries with \bibfield{PUBMED} fields and maps
\bibfield{PUBMEDID} fields to \bibfield{EPRINT} fields, sets the \bibfield{EPRINTTYPE}
field to «PUBMEDID» and also sets the \bibfield{USERD} field to the string
«Some string of things».
\begin{lstlisting}[language=xml,escapechar=:,mathescape=true]
<map>
<map_step map_field_source="SERIES"
map_match=":\textbackslash A\textbackslash d$\ast$(.+):"
map_replace=":\textbackslash L\$1:"/>
</map>
\end{lstlisting}