group_by(explode()) produces different output than explode().group_by()

[lightningboltemoji]

Checks

• I have checked that this issue has not already been reported.
• I have confirmed this bug exists on the latest version of Polars.

Reproducible example

import polars as pl

df = pl.DataFrame({"a":[1], "b":[[2,3,4]], "c":[5]})
print(f"{df}\n")
print(f"{df.group_by('a', pl.col('b').explode()).sum()}\n")
print(f"{df.explode('b').group_by('a', 'b').sum()}")

Log output

% POLARS_VERBOSE=1 python3 report.py
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬───────────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b         ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ ---       ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ list[i64] ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═══════════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ [2, 3, 4] ┆ 5   │
└─────┴───────────┴─────┘

keys/aggregates are not partitionable: running default HASH AGGREGATION
shape: (1, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 2   ┆ 5   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

DATAFRAME < 1000 rows: running default HASH AGGREGATION
shape: (3, 3)
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
│ 1   ┆ 3   ┆ 5   │
│ 1   ┆ 4   ┆ 5   │
│ 1   ┆ 2   ┆ 5   │
└─────┴─────┴─────┘

Issue description

When using explode inside of a group_by, I was expecting to get the same result as exploding then grouping. Instead, it feels like only the first element of b was exploded (2) and the other values (3, 4) were dropped.

I noticed that my output shrunk while refactoring and traced it back to this. No reason for using one over the other. Sorry in advance if I'm thinking about this wrong.

Expected behavior

Both forms produce the bottom dataframe (referring to log output).

Installed versions

--------Version info---------
Polars:               0.20.23
Index type:           UInt32
Platform:             macOS-14.4.1-arm64-arm-64bit
Python:               3.12.3 (main, Apr  9 2024, 08:09:14) [Clang 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)]

----Optional dependencies----
adbc_driver_manager:  <not installed>
cloudpickle:          <not installed>
connectorx:           <not installed>
deltalake:            <not installed>
fastexcel:            <not installed>
fsspec:               <not installed>
gevent:               <not installed>
hvplot:               <not installed>
matplotlib:           <not installed>
nest_asyncio:         <not installed>
numpy:                <not installed>
openpyxl:             <not installed>
pandas:               <not installed>
pyarrow:              <not installed>
pydantic:             <not installed>
pyiceberg:            <not installed>
pyxlsb:               <not installed>
sqlalchemy:           <not installed>
xlsx2csv:             <not installed>
xlsxwriter:           <not installed>

[cmdlineluser]

Should this raise a ShapeError?

If the explode is the only group key, it raises:

df.group_by(pl.col("b").explode()).all()
# ShapeError: series used as keys should have the same length as the DataFrame

[deanm0000]

Should this raise a ShapeError?

I think so.