timeout.c

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * timeout.c
 *	  Routines to multiplex SIGALRM interrupts for multiple timeout reasons.
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2024, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *	  src/backend/utils/misc/timeout.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include <sys/time.h>

#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "storage/latch.h"
#include "utils/timeout.h"
#include "utils/timestamp.h"


/* Data about any one timeout reason */
typedef struct timeout_params
{
	TimeoutId	index;			/* identifier of timeout reason */

	/* volatile because these may be changed from the signal handler */
	volatile bool active;		/* true if timeout is in active_timeouts[] */
	volatile bool indicator;	/* true if timeout has occurred */

	/* callback function for timeout, or NULL if timeout not registered */
	timeout_handler_proc timeout_handler;

	TimestampTz start_time;		/* time that timeout was last activated */
	TimestampTz fin_time;		/* time it is, or was last, due to fire */
	int			interval_in_ms; /* time between firings, or 0 if just once */
} timeout_params;

/*
 * List of possible timeout reasons in the order of enum TimeoutId.
 */
static timeout_params all_timeouts[MAX_TIMEOUTS];
static bool all_timeouts_initialized = false;

/*
 * List of active timeouts ordered by their fin_time and priority.
 * This list is subject to change by the interrupt handler, so it's volatile.
 */
static volatile int num_active_timeouts = 0;
static timeout_params *volatile active_timeouts[MAX_TIMEOUTS];

/*
 * Flag controlling whether the signal handler is allowed to do anything.
 * This is useful to avoid race conditions with the handler.  Note in
 * particular that this lets us make changes in the data structures without
 * tediously disabling and re-enabling the timer signal.  Most of the time,
 * no interrupt would happen anyway during such critical sections, but if
 * one does, this rule ensures it's safe.  Leaving the signal enabled across
 * multiple operations can greatly reduce the number of kernel calls we make,
 * too.  See comments in schedule_alarm() about that.
 *
 * We leave this "false" when we're not expecting interrupts, just in case.
 */
static volatile sig_atomic_t alarm_enabled = false;

#define disable_alarm() (alarm_enabled = false)
#define enable_alarm()	(alarm_enabled = true)

/*
 * State recording if and when we next expect the interrupt to fire.
 * (signal_due_at is valid only when signal_pending is true.)
 * Note that the signal handler will unconditionally reset signal_pending to
 * false, so that can change asynchronously even when alarm_enabled is false.
 */
static volatile sig_atomic_t signal_pending = false;
static volatile TimestampTz signal_due_at = 0;


/*****************************************************************************
 * Internal helper functions
 *
 * For all of these, it is caller's responsibility to protect them from
 * interruption by the signal handler.  Generally, call disable_alarm()
 * first to prevent interruption, then update state, and last call
 * schedule_alarm(), which will re-enable the signal handler if needed.
 *****************************************************************************/

/*
 * Find the index of a given timeout reason in the active array.
 * If it's not there, return -1.
 */
static int
find_active_timeout(TimeoutId id)
{
	int			i;

	for (i = 0; i < num_active_timeouts; i++)
	{
		if (active_timeouts[i]->index == id)
			return i;
	}

	return -1;
}

/*
 * Insert specified timeout reason into the list of active timeouts
 * at the given index.
 */
static void
insert_timeout(TimeoutId id, int index)
{
	int			i;

	if (index < 0 || index > num_active_timeouts)
		elog(FATAL, "timeout index %d out of range 0..%d", index,
			 num_active_timeouts);

	Assert(!all_timeouts[id].active);
	all_timeouts[id].active = true;

	for (i = num_active_timeouts - 1; i >= index; i--)
		active_timeouts[i + 1] = active_timeouts[i];

	active_timeouts[index] = &all_timeouts[id];

	num_active_timeouts++;
}

/*
 * Remove the index'th element from the timeout list.
 */
static void
remove_timeout_index(int index)
{
	int			i;

	if (index < 0 || index >= num_active_timeouts)
		elog(FATAL, "timeout index %d out of range 0..%d", index,
			 num_active_timeouts - 1);

	Assert(active_timeouts[index]->active);
	active_timeouts[index]->active = false;

	for (i = index + 1; i < num_active_timeouts; i++)
		active_timeouts[i - 1] = active_timeouts[i];

	num_active_timeouts--;
}

/*
 * Enable the specified timeout reason
 */
static void
enable_timeout(TimeoutId id, TimestampTz now, TimestampTz fin_time,
			   int interval_in_ms)
{
	int			i;

	/* Assert request is sane */
	Assert(all_timeouts_initialized);
	Assert(all_timeouts[id].timeout_handler != NULL);

	/*
	 * If this timeout was already active, momentarily disable it.  We
	 * interpret the call as a directive to reschedule the timeout.
	 */
	if (all_timeouts[id].active)
		remove_timeout_index(find_active_timeout(id));

	/*
	 * Find out the index where to insert the new timeout.  We sort by
	 * fin_time, and for equal fin_time by priority.
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < num_active_timeouts; i++)
	{
		timeout_params *old_timeout = active_timeouts[i];

		if (fin_time < old_timeout->fin_time)
			break;
		if (fin_time == old_timeout->fin_time && id < old_timeout->index)
			break;
	}

	/*
	 * Mark the timeout active, and insert it into the active list.
	 */
	all_timeouts[id].indicator = false;
	all_timeouts[id].start_time = now;
	all_timeouts[id].fin_time = fin_time;
	all_timeouts[id].interval_in_ms = interval_in_ms;

	insert_timeout(id, i);
}

/*
 * Schedule alarm for the next active timeout, if any
 *
 * We assume the caller has obtained the current time, or a close-enough
 * approximation.  (It's okay if a tick or two has passed since "now", or
 * if a little more time elapses before we reach the kernel call; that will
 * cause us to ask for an interrupt a tick or two later than the nearest
 * timeout, which is no big deal.  Passing a "now" value that's in the future
 * would be bad though.)
 */
static void
schedule_alarm(TimestampTz now)
{
	if (num_active_timeouts > 0)
	{
		struct itimerval timeval;
		TimestampTz nearest_timeout;
		long		secs;
		int			usecs;

		MemSet(&timeval, 0, sizeof(struct itimerval));

		/*
		 * If we think there's a signal pending, but current time is more than
		 * 10ms past when the signal was due, then assume that the timeout
		 * request got lost somehow; clear signal_pending so that we'll reset
		 * the interrupt request below.  (10ms corresponds to the worst-case
		 * timeout granularity on modern systems.)  It won't hurt us if the
		 * interrupt does manage to fire between now and when we reach the
		 * setitimer() call.
		 */
		if (signal_pending && now > signal_due_at + 10 * 1000)
			signal_pending = false;

		/*
		 * Get the time remaining till the nearest pending timeout.  If it is
		 * negative, assume that we somehow missed an interrupt, and clear
		 * signal_pending.  This gives us another chance to recover if the
		 * kernel drops a timeout request for some reason.
		 */
		nearest_timeout = active_timeouts[0]->fin_time;
		if (now > nearest_timeout)
		{
			signal_pending = false;
			/* force an interrupt as soon as possible */
			secs = 0;
			usecs = 1;
		}
		else
		{
			TimestampDifference(now, nearest_timeout,
								&secs, &usecs);

			/*
			 * It's possible that the difference is less than a microsecond;
			 * ensure we don't cancel, rather than set, the interrupt.
			 */
			if (secs == 0 && usecs == 0)
				usecs = 1;
		}

		timeval.it_value.tv_sec = secs;
		timeval.it_value.tv_usec = usecs;

		/*
		 * We must enable the signal handler before calling setitimer(); if we
		 * did it in the other order, we'd have a race condition wherein the
		 * interrupt could occur before we can set alarm_enabled, so that the
		 * signal handler would fail to do anything.
		 *
		 * Because we didn't bother to disable the timer in disable_alarm(),
		 * it's possible that a previously-set interrupt will fire between
		 * enable_alarm() and setitimer().  This is safe, however.  There are
		 * two possible outcomes:
		 *
		 * 1. The signal handler finds nothing to do (because the nearest
		 * timeout event is still in the future).  It will re-set the timer
		 * and return.  Then we'll overwrite the timer value with a new one.
		 * This will mean that the timer fires a little later than we
		 * intended, but only by the amount of time it takes for the signal
		 * handler to do nothing useful, which shouldn't be much.
		 *
		 * 2. The signal handler executes and removes one or more timeout
		 * events.  When it returns, either the queue is now empty or the
		 * frontmost event is later than the one we looked at above.  So we'll
		 * overwrite the timer value with one that is too soon (plus or minus
		 * the signal handler's execution time), causing a useless interrupt
		 * to occur.  But the handler will then re-set the timer and
		 * everything will still work as expected.
		 *
		 * Since these cases are of very low probability (the window here
		 * being quite narrow), it's not worth adding cycles to the mainline
		 * code to prevent occasional wasted interrupts.
		 */
		enable_alarm();

		/*
		 * If there is already an interrupt pending that's at or before the
		 * needed time, we need not do anything more.  The signal handler will
		 * do the right thing in the first case, and re-schedule the interrupt
		 * for later in the second case.  It might seem that the extra
		 * interrupt is wasted work, but it's not terribly much work, and this
		 * method has very significant advantages in the common use-case where
		 * we repeatedly set a timeout that we don't expect to reach and then
		 * cancel it.  Instead of invoking setitimer() every time the timeout
		 * is set or canceled, we perform one interrupt and a re-scheduling
		 * setitimer() call at intervals roughly equal to the timeout delay.
		 * For example, with statement_timeout = 1s and a throughput of
		 * thousands of queries per second, this method requires an interrupt
		 * and setitimer() call roughly once a second, rather than thousands
		 * of setitimer() calls per second.
		 *
		 * Because of the possible passage of time between when we obtained
		 * "now" and when we reach setitimer(), the kernel's opinion of when
		 * to trigger the interrupt is likely to be a bit later than
		 * signal_due_at.  That's fine, for the same reasons described above.
		 */
		if (signal_pending && nearest_timeout >= signal_due_at)
			return;

		/*
		 * As with calling enable_alarm(), we must set signal_pending *before*
		 * calling setitimer(); if we did it after, the signal handler could
		 * trigger before we set it, leaving us with a false opinion that a
		 * signal is still coming.
		 *
		 * Other race conditions involved with setting/checking signal_pending
		 * are okay, for the reasons described above.  One additional point is
		 * that the signal handler could fire after we set signal_due_at, but
		 * still before the setitimer() call.  Then the handler could
		 * overwrite signal_due_at with a value it computes, which will be the
		 * same as or perhaps later than what we just computed.  After we
		 * perform setitimer(), the net effect would be that signal_due_at
		 * gives a time later than when the interrupt will really happen;
		 * which is a safe situation.
		 */
		signal_due_at = nearest_timeout;
		signal_pending = true;

		/* Set the alarm timer */
		if (setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &timeval, NULL) != 0)
		{
			/*
			 * Clearing signal_pending here is a bit pro forma, but not
			 * entirely so, since something in the FATAL exit path could try
			 * to use timeout facilities.
			 */
			signal_pending = false;
			elog(FATAL, "could not enable SIGALRM timer: %m");
		}
	}
}


/*****************************************************************************
 * Signal handler
 *****************************************************************************/

/*
 * Signal handler for SIGALRM
 *
 * Process any active timeout reasons and then reschedule the interrupt
 * as needed.
 */
static void
handle_sig_alarm(SIGNAL_ARGS)
{
	/*
	 * Bump the holdoff counter, to make sure nothing we call will process
	 * interrupts directly. No timeout handler should do that, but these
	 * failures are hard to debug, so better be sure.
	 */
	HOLD_INTERRUPTS();

	/*
	 * SIGALRM is always cause for waking anything waiting on the process
	 * latch.
	 */
	SetLatch(MyLatch);

	/*
	 * Always reset signal_pending, even if !alarm_enabled, since indeed no
	 * signal is now pending.
	 */
	signal_pending = false;

	/*
	 * Fire any pending timeouts, but only if we're enabled to do so.
	 */
	if (alarm_enabled)
	{
		/*
		 * Disable alarms, just in case this platform allows signal handlers
		 * to interrupt themselves.  schedule_alarm() will re-enable if
		 * appropriate.
		 */
		disable_alarm();

		if (num_active_timeouts > 0)
		{
			TimestampTz now = GetCurrentTimestamp();

			/* While the first pending timeout has been reached ... */
			while (num_active_timeouts > 0 &&
				   now >= active_timeouts[0]->fin_time)
			{
				timeout_params *this_timeout = active_timeouts[0];

				/* Remove it from the active list */
				remove_timeout_index(0);

				/* Mark it as fired */
				this_timeout->indicator = true;

				/* And call its handler function */
				this_timeout->timeout_handler();

				/* If it should fire repeatedly, re-enable it. */
				if (this_timeout->interval_in_ms > 0)
				{
					TimestampTz new_fin_time;

					/*
					 * To guard against drift, schedule the next instance of
					 * the timeout based on the intended firing time rather
					 * than the actual firing time. But if the timeout was so
					 * late that we missed an entire cycle, fall back to
					 * scheduling based on the actual firing time.
					 */
					new_fin_time =
						TimestampTzPlusMilliseconds(this_timeout->fin_time,
													this_timeout->interval_in_ms);
					if (new_fin_time < now)
						new_fin_time =
							TimestampTzPlusMilliseconds(now,
														this_timeout->interval_in_ms);
					enable_timeout(this_timeout->index, now, new_fin_time,
								   this_timeout->interval_in_ms);
				}

				/*
				 * The handler might not take negligible time (CheckDeadLock
				 * for instance isn't too cheap), so let's update our idea of
				 * "now" after each one.
				 */
				now = GetCurrentTimestamp();
			}

			/* Done firing timeouts, so reschedule next interrupt if any */
			schedule_alarm(now);
		}
	}

	RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}


/*****************************************************************************
 * Public API
 *****************************************************************************/

/*
 * Initialize timeout module.
 *
 * This must be called in every process that wants to use timeouts.
 *
 * If the process was forked from another one that was also using this
 * module, be sure to call this before re-enabling signals; else handlers
 * meant to run in the parent process might get invoked in this one.
 */
void
InitializeTimeouts(void)
{
	int			i;

	/* Initialize, or re-initialize, all local state */
	disable_alarm();

	num_active_timeouts = 0;

	for (i = 0; i < MAX_TIMEOUTS; i++)
	{
		all_timeouts[i].index = i;
		all_timeouts[i].active = false;
		all_timeouts[i].indicator = false;
		all_timeouts[i].timeout_handler = NULL;
		all_timeouts[i].start_time = 0;
		all_timeouts[i].fin_time = 0;
		all_timeouts[i].interval_in_ms = 0;
	}

	all_timeouts_initialized = true;

	/* Now establish the signal handler */
	pqsignal(SIGALRM, handle_sig_alarm);
}

/*
 * Register a timeout reason
 *
 * For predefined timeouts, this just registers the callback function.
 *
 * For user-defined timeouts, pass id == USER_TIMEOUT; we then allocate and
 * return a timeout ID.
 */
TimeoutId
RegisterTimeout(TimeoutId id, timeout_handler_proc handler)
{
	Assert(all_timeouts_initialized);

	/* There's no need to disable the signal handler here. */

	if (id >= USER_TIMEOUT)
	{
		/* Allocate a user-defined timeout reason */
		for (id = USER_TIMEOUT; id < MAX_TIMEOUTS; id++)
			if (all_timeouts[id].timeout_handler == NULL)
				break;
		if (id >= MAX_TIMEOUTS)
			ereport(FATAL,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_CONFIGURATION_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
					 errmsg("cannot add more timeout reasons")));
	}

	Assert(all_timeouts[id].timeout_handler == NULL);

	all_timeouts[id].timeout_handler = handler;

	return id;
}

/*
 * Reschedule any pending SIGALRM interrupt.
 *
 * This can be used during error recovery in case query cancel resulted in loss
 * of a SIGALRM event (due to longjmp'ing out of handle_sig_alarm before it
 * could do anything).  But note it's not necessary if any of the public
 * enable_ or disable_timeout functions are called in the same area, since
 * those all do schedule_alarm() internally if needed.
 */
void
reschedule_timeouts(void)
{
	/* For flexibility, allow this to be called before we're initialized. */
	if (!all_timeouts_initialized)
		return;

	/* Disable timeout interrupts for safety. */
	disable_alarm();

	/* Reschedule the interrupt, if any timeouts remain active. */
	if (num_active_timeouts > 0)
		schedule_alarm(GetCurrentTimestamp());
}

/*
 * Enable the specified timeout to fire after the specified delay.
 *
 * Delay is given in milliseconds.
 */
void
enable_timeout_after(TimeoutId id, int delay_ms)
{
	TimestampTz now;
	TimestampTz fin_time;

	/* Disable timeout interrupts for safety. */
	disable_alarm();

	/* Queue the timeout at the appropriate time. */
	now = GetCurrentTimestamp();
	fin_time = TimestampTzPlusMilliseconds(now, delay_ms);
	enable_timeout(id, now, fin_time, 0);

	/* Set the timer interrupt. */
	schedule_alarm(now);
}

/*
 * Enable the specified timeout to fire periodically, with the specified
 * delay as the time between firings.
 *
 * Delay is given in milliseconds.
 */
void
enable_timeout_every(TimeoutId id, TimestampTz fin_time, int delay_ms)
{
	TimestampTz now;

	/* Disable timeout interrupts for safety. */
	disable_alarm();

	/* Queue the timeout at the appropriate time. */
	now = GetCurrentTimestamp();
	enable_timeout(id, now, fin_time, delay_ms);

	/* Set the timer interrupt. */
	schedule_alarm(now);
}

/*
 * Enable the specified timeout to fire at the specified time.
 *
 * This is provided to support cases where there's a reason to calculate
 * the timeout by reference to some point other than "now".  If there isn't,
 * use enable_timeout_after(), to avoid calling GetCurrentTimestamp() twice.
 */
void
enable_timeout_at(TimeoutId id, TimestampTz fin_time)
{
	TimestampTz now;

	/* Disable timeout interrupts for safety. */
	disable_alarm();

	/* Queue the timeout at the appropriate time. */
	now = GetCurrentTimestamp();
	enable_timeout(id, now, fin_time, 0);

	/* Set the timer interrupt. */
	schedule_alarm(now);
}

/*
 * Enable multiple timeouts at once.
 *
 * This works like calling enable_timeout_after() and/or enable_timeout_at()
 * multiple times.  Use this to reduce the number of GetCurrentTimestamp()
 * and setitimer() calls needed to establish multiple timeouts.
 */
void
enable_timeouts(const EnableTimeoutParams *timeouts, int count)
{
	TimestampTz now;
	int			i;

	/* Disable timeout interrupts for safety. */
	disable_alarm();

	/* Queue the timeout(s) at the appropriate times. */
	now = GetCurrentTimestamp();

	for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
	{
		TimeoutId	id = timeouts[i].id;
		TimestampTz fin_time;

		switch (timeouts[i].type)
		{
			case TMPARAM_AFTER:
				fin_time = TimestampTzPlusMilliseconds(now,
													   timeouts[i].delay_ms);
				enable_timeout(id, now, fin_time, 0);
				break;

			case TMPARAM_AT:
				enable_timeout(id, now, timeouts[i].fin_time, 0);
				break;

			case TMPARAM_EVERY:
				fin_time = TimestampTzPlusMilliseconds(now,
													   timeouts[i].delay_ms);
				enable_timeout(id, now, fin_time, timeouts[i].delay_ms);
				break;

			default:
				elog(ERROR, "unrecognized timeout type %d",
					 (int) timeouts[i].type);
				break;
		}
	}

	/* Set the timer interrupt. */
	schedule_alarm(now);
}

/*
 * Cancel the specified timeout.
 *
 * The timeout's I've-been-fired indicator is reset,
 * unless keep_indicator is true.
 *
 * When a timeout is canceled, any other active timeout remains in force.
 * It's not an error to disable a timeout that is not enabled.
 */
void
disable_timeout(TimeoutId id, bool keep_indicator)
{
	/* Assert request is sane */
	Assert(all_timeouts_initialized);
	Assert(all_timeouts[id].timeout_handler != NULL);

	/* Disable timeout interrupts for safety. */
	disable_alarm();

	/* Find the timeout and remove it from the active list. */
	if (all_timeouts[id].active)
		remove_timeout_index(find_active_timeout(id));

	/* Mark it inactive, whether it was active or not. */
	if (!keep_indicator)
		all_timeouts[id].indicator = false;

	/* Reschedule the interrupt, if any timeouts remain active. */
	if (num_active_timeouts > 0)
		schedule_alarm(GetCurrentTimestamp());
}

/*
 * Cancel multiple timeouts at once.
 *
 * The timeouts' I've-been-fired indicators are reset,
 * unless timeouts[i].keep_indicator is true.
 *
 * This works like calling disable_timeout() multiple times.
 * Use this to reduce the number of GetCurrentTimestamp()
 * and setitimer() calls needed to cancel multiple timeouts.
 */
void
disable_timeouts(const DisableTimeoutParams *timeouts, int count)
{
	int			i;

	Assert(all_timeouts_initialized);

	/* Disable timeout interrupts for safety. */
	disable_alarm();

	/* Cancel the timeout(s). */
	for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
	{
		TimeoutId	id = timeouts[i].id;

		Assert(all_timeouts[id].timeout_handler != NULL);

		if (all_timeouts[id].active)
			remove_timeout_index(find_active_timeout(id));

		if (!timeouts[i].keep_indicator)
			all_timeouts[id].indicator = false;
	}

	/* Reschedule the interrupt, if any timeouts remain active. */
	if (num_active_timeouts > 0)
		schedule_alarm(GetCurrentTimestamp());
}

/*
 * Disable the signal handler, remove all timeouts from the active list,
 * and optionally reset their timeout indicators.
 */
void
disable_all_timeouts(bool keep_indicators)
{
	int			i;

	disable_alarm();

	/*
	 * We used to disable the timer interrupt here, but in common usage
	 * patterns it's cheaper to leave it enabled; that may save us from having
	 * to enable it again shortly.  See comments in schedule_alarm().
	 */

	num_active_timeouts = 0;

	for (i = 0; i < MAX_TIMEOUTS; i++)
	{
		all_timeouts[i].active = false;
		if (!keep_indicators)
			all_timeouts[i].indicator = false;
	}
}

/*
 * Return true if the timeout is active (enabled and not yet fired)
 *
 * This is, of course, subject to race conditions, as the timeout could fire
 * immediately after we look.
 */
bool
get_timeout_active(TimeoutId id)
{
	return all_timeouts[id].active;
}

/*
 * Return the timeout's I've-been-fired indicator
 *
 * If reset_indicator is true, reset the indicator when returning true.
 * To avoid missing timeouts due to race conditions, we are careful not to
 * reset the indicator when returning false.
 */
bool
get_timeout_indicator(TimeoutId id, bool reset_indicator)
{
	if (all_timeouts[id].indicator)
	{
		if (reset_indicator)
			all_timeouts[id].indicator = false;
		return true;
	}
	return false;
}

/*
 * Return the time when the timeout was most recently activated
 *
 * Note: will return 0 if timeout has never been activated in this process.
 * However, we do *not* reset the start_time when a timeout occurs, so as
 * not to create a race condition if SIGALRM fires just as some code is
 * about to fetch the value.
 */
TimestampTz
get_timeout_start_time(TimeoutId id)
{
	return all_timeouts[id].start_time;
}

/*
 * Return the time when the timeout is, or most recently was, due to fire
 *
 * Note: will return 0 if timeout has never been activated in this process.
 * However, we do *not* reset the fin_time when a timeout occurs, so as
 * not to create a race condition if SIGALRM fires just as some code is
 * about to fetch the value.
 */
TimestampTz
get_timeout_finish_time(TimeoutId id)
{
	return all_timeouts[id].fin_time;
}