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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Chapter 12 Tools to Maintain Pipelines | A Pragmatic Programmer for Machine Learning</title>
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<meta property="og:title" content="Chapter 12 Tools to Maintain Pipelines | A Pragmatic Programmer for Machine Learning" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Chapter 12 Tools to Maintain Pipelines | A Pragmatic Programmer for Machine Learning" />
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<meta name="author" content="Marco Scutari, Mauro Malvestio" />
<meta name="date" content="2022-07-27" />
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<ul class="summary">
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Preface</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> What is This Book About?</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#intro-ml"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> Machine Learning</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#intro-ds"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2</b> Data Science</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#intro-sweng"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3</b> Software Engineering</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#intro-together"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4</b> How Do They Go Together?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>I Foundations of Scientific Computing</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="hardware.html"><a href="hardware.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Hardware Architectures</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="hardware.html"><a href="hardware.html#hardware-types"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> Types of Hardware</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.1" data-path="hardware.html"><a href="hardware.html#hardware-compute"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.1</b> Compute</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.2" data-path="hardware.html"><a href="hardware.html#hardware-memory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.2</b> Memory</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.3" data-path="hardware.html"><a href="hardware.html#hardware-connections"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.3</b> Connections</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="hardware.html"><a href="hardware.html#hardware-using"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> Making Hardware Live Up to Expectations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="hardware.html"><a href="hardware.html#hardware-cloud"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Local vs Remote Hardware</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="hardware.html"><a href="hardware.html#hardware-choice"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> Choosing the Right Hardware for the Job</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="types-structures.html"><a href="types-structures.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Variable Types and Data Structures</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="types-structures.html"><a href="types-structures.html#variable-types"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Variable Types</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1.1" data-path="types-structures.html"><a href="types-structures.html#integers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1.1</b> Integers</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1.2" data-path="types-structures.html"><a href="types-structures.html#floating-point"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1.2</b> Floating Point</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1.3" data-path="types-structures.html"><a href="types-structures.html#string-types"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1.3</b> Strings</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="types-structures.html"><a href="types-structures.html#data-structures"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Data Structures</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.1" data-path="types-structures.html"><a href="types-structures.html#vectors-lists"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.1</b> Vectors and Lists</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.2" data-path="types-structures.html"><a href="types-structures.html#dataframes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.2</b> Representing Data with Data Frames</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.3" data-path="types-structures.html"><a href="types-structures.html#matrices"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.3</b> Dense and Sparse Matrices</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="types-structures.html"><a href="types-structures.html#right-variables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Choosing the Right Variable Types for the Job</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="types-structures.html"><a href="types-structures.html#right-data-structures"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> Choosing the Right Data Structures for the Job</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="algorithms.html"><a href="algorithms.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Analysis of Algorithms</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="algorithms.html"><a href="algorithms.html#pseudocode"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> Writing Pseudocode</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="algorithms.html"><a href="algorithms.html#bigO-intro"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> Computational Complexity and Big-<span class="math inline">\(O\)</span> Notation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="algorithms.html"><a href="algorithms.html#bigO-benchmark"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> Big-<span class="math inline">\(O\)</span> Notation and Benchmarking</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="algorithms.html"><a href="algorithms.html#bigO-ml"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> Algorithm Analysis for Machine Learning</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5" data-path="algorithms.html"><a href="algorithms.html#bigO-examples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5</b> Some Examples of Algorithm Analysis</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.1" data-path="algorithms.html"><a href="algorithms.html#bigO-lm"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.1</b> Estimating Linear Regression Models</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.2" data-path="algorithms.html"><a href="algorithms.html#bigO-sparsem"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.2</b> Sparse Matrices Representation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.3" data-path="algorithms.html"><a href="algorithms.html#bigO-dags"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.3</b> Uniform Simulations of Directed Acyclic Graphs</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.6" data-path="algorithms.html"><a href="algorithms.html#bigO-performance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.6</b> The Relationship Between Big-<span class="math inline">\(O\)</span> Notation and Real-World Performance</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>II Best Practices for Machine Learning and Data Science</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="design-code.html"><a href="design-code.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Designing and Structuring Code</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="design-code.html"><a href="design-code.html#data-as-code"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> Data as Code</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="design-code.html"><a href="design-code.html#technical-debt"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> Technical Debt</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.1" data-path="design-code.html"><a href="design-code.html#data-debt"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.1</b> At the Data Level</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.2" data-path="design-code.html"><a href="design-code.html#model-debt"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.2</b> At the Model Level</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.3" data-path="design-code.html"><a href="design-code.html#architecture-debt"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.3</b> At the Architecture Level</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.4" data-path="design-code.html"><a href="design-code.html#code-debt"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.4</b> At the Code Level</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="design-code.html"><a href="design-code.html#processing-pipeline"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> Machine Learning Pipeline</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.1" data-path="design-code.html"><a href="design-code.html#scoping-pipeline"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.1</b> Project Scoping</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.2" data-path="design-code.html"><a href="design-code.html#baseline-pipeline"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.2</b> Producing a Baseline Implementation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.3" data-path="design-code.html"><a href="design-code.html#data-pipeline"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.3</b> Data Ingestion and Preparation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.4" data-path="design-code.html"><a href="design-code.html#model-pipeline"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.4</b> Model Training, Evaluation and Validation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.5" data-path="design-code.html"><a href="design-code.html#production-pipeline"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.5</b> Deployment, Serving and Inference</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.6" data-path="design-code.html"><a href="design-code.html#monitoring-pipeline"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.6</b> Monitoring, Logging and Reporting</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="writing-code.html"><a href="writing-code.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Writing Code</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="writing-code.html"><a href="writing-code.html#programming-language"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> Choosing Languages and Libraries</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="writing-code.html"><a href="writing-code.html#naming"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> Naming Things</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="writing-code.html"><a href="writing-code.html#coding-standards"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> Coding Styles and Coding Standards</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="writing-code.html"><a href="writing-code.html#filesystem-structure"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> Filesystem Structure</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.5" data-path="writing-code.html"><a href="writing-code.html#versioning"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.5</b> Effective Versioning</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.6" data-path="writing-code.html"><a href="writing-code.html#code-review"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.6</b> Code Review</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.7" data-path="writing-code.html"><a href="writing-code.html#refactoring"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.7</b> Refactoring</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.8" data-path="writing-code.html"><a href="writing-code.html#reworking"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.8</b> Reworking Academic Code: An Example</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="deploying-code.html"><a href="deploying-code.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Packaging and Deploying Code</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="deploying-code.html"><a href="deploying-code.html#deployment-prep"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> Model Packaging</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.1" data-path="deploying-code.html"><a href="deploying-code.html#standalone-packaging"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.1</b> Standalone packaging or self-contained</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.2" data-path="deploying-code.html"><a href="deploying-code.html#distribution-packaging"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.2</b> Packaging for the programming language</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.3" data-path="deploying-code.html"><a href="deploying-code.html#vm-packaging"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.3</b> Virtual machines</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.4" data-path="deploying-code.html"><a href="deploying-code.html#container-and-orchestration-packaging"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.4</b> Containers and Orchestration</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="deploying-code.html"><a href="deploying-code.html#deployment-strategies"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> Model Deployment Strategies || Pattern</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.1" data-path="deploying-code.html"><a href="deploying-code.html#alternative-deployment-patterns"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.1</b> Alternative deployment patterns</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3" data-path="deploying-code.html"><a href="deploying-code.html#deployment-process"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3</b> Model Deploying || Deploying</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4" data-path="deploying-code.html"><a href="deploying-code.html#deployment-monitoring"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4</b> Model Deployment and Runtime Diagnostics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5" data-path="deploying-code.html"><a href="deploying-code.html#deployment-fails"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5</b> What if Something Goes Wrong?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6" data-path="deploying-code.html"><a href="deploying-code.html#deployment-rollback"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6</b> Model Deployment Rollback</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.1" data-path="deploying-code.html"><a href="deploying-code.html#rollback"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.1</b> Rolling Back</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.7" data-path="deploying-code.html"><a href="deploying-code.html#notes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.7</b> NOTES</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="documenting-code.html"><a href="documenting-code.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Documenting Code</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="documenting-code.html"><a href="documenting-code.html#comments"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> Comments</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="documenting-code.html"><a href="documenting-code.html#apidocs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> Documenting Public Interfaces</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="documenting-code.html"><a href="documenting-code.html#designdocs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> Documenting Architecture and Design</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="documenting-code.html"><a href="documenting-code.html#domaindocs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> Documenting Algorithms and Business Cases</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5" data-path="documenting-code.html"><a href="documenting-code.html#usecases"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5</b> Illustrating Practical Use Cases</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="troubleshooting-code.html"><a href="troubleshooting-code.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> Troubleshooting and Testing Code</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="troubleshooting-code.html"><a href="troubleshooting-code.html#data-problems"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> Data are the Problem</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.1" data-path="troubleshooting-code.html"><a href="troubleshooting-code.html#troubleshooting-large-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.1</b> Large Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.2" data-path="troubleshooting-code.html"><a href="troubleshooting-code.html#troubleshooting-heterogeneous-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.2</b> Heterogeneous Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.3" data-path="troubleshooting-code.html"><a href="troubleshooting-code.html#troubleshooting-dynamic-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.3</b> Dynamic Data</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="troubleshooting-code.html"><a href="troubleshooting-code.html#model-problems"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> Models are the Problem</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.1" data-path="troubleshooting-code.html"><a href="troubleshooting-code.html#troubleshooting-large-models"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.1</b> Large Models</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.2" data-path="troubleshooting-code.html"><a href="troubleshooting-code.html#troubleshooting-black-boxes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.2</b> Black-Box Models</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.3" data-path="troubleshooting-code.html"><a href="troubleshooting-code.html#troubleshooting-costly-models"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.3</b> Costly Models</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.4" data-path="troubleshooting-code.html"><a href="troubleshooting-code.html#troubleshooting-pipelines"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.4</b> Many Models</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="troubleshooting-code.html"><a href="troubleshooting-code.html#signs-of-trouble"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> Common Signs Something is Up</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="troubleshooting-code.html"><a href="troubleshooting-code.html#testing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> Tests are the Solution</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.1" data-path="troubleshooting-code.html"><a href="troubleshooting-code.html#testing-goals"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.1</b> What Do We Want to Achieve?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.2" data-path="troubleshooting-code.html"><a href="troubleshooting-code.html#testing-what"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.2</b> What Should We Test?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.3" data-path="troubleshooting-code.html"><a href="troubleshooting-code.html#offline-vs-online"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.3</b> Offline versus Online Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.4" data-path="troubleshooting-code.html"><a href="troubleshooting-code.html#local-vs-global"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.4</b> Testing Local versus Testing Global</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.5" data-path="troubleshooting-code.html"><a href="troubleshooting-code.html#conceptual-vs-implementation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.5</b> Conceptual Errors versus Implementation Errors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.6" data-path="troubleshooting-code.html"><a href="troubleshooting-code.html#test-coverage-and-priority"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.6</b> Code Coverage and Test Prioritisation</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>III Tools and Technologies</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="development-tools.html"><a href="development-tools.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> Tools for Developing Pipelines</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="development-tools.html"><a href="development-tools.html#data-exploration-and-experiment-tracking"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> Data Exploration and Experiment Tracking</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="development-tools.html"><a href="development-tools.html#code-development"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> Code Development</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="development-tools.html"><a href="development-tools.html#build-and-documentation-tools"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> Build and Documentation Tools</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="production-tools.html"><a href="production-tools.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> Tools to Manage Pipelines in Production</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1" data-path="production-tools.html"><a href="production-tools.html#production-infra"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1</b> Infrastructure Management</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2" data-path="production-tools.html"><a href="production-tools.html#production-software"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2</b> Machine Learning Software and Model Management</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3" data-path="production-tools.html"><a href="production-tools.html#production-dashboard"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3</b> Dashboards and Reporting</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12" data-path="management-tools.html"><a href="management-tools.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12</b> Tools to Maintain Pipelines</a></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>IV A Case Study</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13" data-path="nlp.html"><a href="nlp.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13</b> Recommending Recommendations: A Recommender System Using Natural Language Processing</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1" data-path="nlp.html"><a href="nlp.html#nlp-domain"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1</b> The Domain Problem</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2" data-path="nlp.html"><a href="nlp.html#nlp-model"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2</b> The Machine Learning Model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3" data-path="nlp.html"><a href="nlp.html#nlp-infra"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3</b> The Infrastructure</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.4" data-path="nlp.html"><a href="nlp.html#nlp-architecture"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.4</b> The Architecture of the Pipeline</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="references.html"><a href="references.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>References</a></li>
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<h1><span class="header-section-number">Chapter 12</span> Tools to Maintain Pipelines<a href="management-tools.html#management-tools" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h1>
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<li>monitoring infrastructure
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<li>monitoring systems health</li>
<li>monitoring data feeds health</li>
<li>monitoring model performance</li>
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