Remove global pylint ignores

[marvinpfoertner]

Is your issue related to a problem? Please describe.
Several subpackages (e.g. diffeq, statespace, linops) did already resolve all individual pylint ignores on the package level.
However, since we also have many of these ignores are also defined globally in our pyproject.toml file, new pylint errors emerged in the meantime.

Describe the solution you'd like.

• Discuss which ignores should be retained long-term (in discussion Long-term global `pylint` ignores #470)
• Move all other ignores from pyproject.toml into tox.ini
• Reformat pyproject.toml ignores (see example below) and add a short comment for each ignore which gives a reason why this is ignored
• Refactor the script .github/workflows/pylint_check.py in the CI

Sample pyproject.toml format

[tool.pylint.messages_control]
disable = [
    # Exceptions suggested by Black:
    # https://github.com/psf/black/blob/7f75fe3669ebf0627b1b0476a6d02047e909b959/docs/compatible_configs.md#black-compatible-configurations
    "bad-continuation",
    "bad-whitespace",
    # Sometimes we want to use "mathematical notation" to name variables, e.g. `A` for matrices
    "invalid-name",
]

Additional context
I believe that we added these ignores globally in order to keep our local pylint runs from complaining too much when just calling pylint src/.

[marvinpfoertner]

@JonathanWenger @pnkraemer @nathanaelbosch @mmahsereci @alpiges FYI

[marvinpfoertner]

A complete list of pylint disables that require fixing:

• no-member
• import-error
• abstract-method
• abstract-class-instantiated
• arguments-differ
• arguments-renamed
• function-redefined
• redefined-builtin
• redefined-outer-name
• too-many-instance-attributes
• too-many-arguments
• too-many-locals
• too-many-lines
• too-many-statements
• too-many-branches
• too-complex
• too-few-public-methods
• protected-access
• unnecessary-pass
• unused-variable
• unused-argument
• unused-private-member
• attribute-defined-outside-init
• no-else-return
• no-else-raise
• no-self-use
• consider-using-from-import
• duplicate-code
• line-too-long
• missing-module-docstring
• missing-class-docstring
• missing-function-docstring