TextFormat.java

// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

package com.google.protobuf;

import com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.Descriptor;
import com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.EnumDescriptor;
import com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.EnumValueDescriptor;
import com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FieldDescriptor;
import com.google.protobuf.MessageReflection.MergeTarget;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.nio.CharBuffer;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

/**
 * Provide text parsing and formatting support for proto2 instances. The implementation largely
 * follows google/protobuf/text_format.cc.
 *
 * @author wenboz@google.com Wenbo Zhu
 * @author kenton@google.com Kenton Varda
 */
public final class TextFormat {
  private TextFormat() {}

  private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(TextFormat.class.getName());

  /**
   * Outputs a textual representation of the Protocol Message supplied into the parameter output.
   * (This representation is the new version of the classic "ProtocolPrinter" output from the
   * original Protocol Buffer system)
   *
   * @deprecated Use {@code printer().print(MessageOrBuilder, Appendable)}
   */
  @Deprecated
  public static void print(final MessageOrBuilder message, final Appendable output)
      throws IOException {
    printer().print(message, output);
  }

  /**
   * Outputs a textual representation of {@code fields} to {@code output}.
   *
   * @deprecated Use {@code printer().print(UnknownFieldSet, Appendable)}
   */
  @Deprecated
  public static void print(final UnknownFieldSet fields, final Appendable output)
      throws IOException {
    printer().print(fields, output);
  }

  /**
   * Same as {@code print()}, except that non-ASCII characters are not escaped.
   *
   * @deprecated Use {@code printer().escapingNonAscii(false).print(MessageOrBuilder, Appendable)}
   */
  @Deprecated
  public static void printUnicode(final MessageOrBuilder message, final Appendable output)
      throws IOException {
    printer().escapingNonAscii(false).print(message, output);
  }

  /**
   * Same as {@code print()}, except that non-ASCII characters are not escaped.
   *
   * @deprecated Use {@code printer().escapingNonAscii(false).print(UnknownFieldSet, Appendable)}
   */
  @Deprecated
  public static void printUnicode(final UnknownFieldSet fields, final Appendable output)
      throws IOException {
    printer().escapingNonAscii(false).print(fields, output);
  }

  /**
   * Generates a human readable form of this message, useful for debugging and other purposes, with
   * no newline characters. This is just a trivial wrapper around
   * {@link TextFormat.Printer#shortDebugString(MessageOrBuilder)}.
   */
  public static String shortDebugString(final MessageOrBuilder message) {
    return printer().shortDebugString(message);
  }

  /**
   * Generates a human readable form of the field, useful for debugging and other purposes, with
   * no newline characters.
   *
   * @deprecated Use {@code printer().shortDebugString(FieldDescriptor, Object)}
   */
  @Deprecated
  public static String shortDebugString(final FieldDescriptor field, final Object value) {
    return printer().shortDebugString(field, value);
  }
  //
  /**
   * Generates a human readable form of the unknown fields, useful for debugging and other
   * purposes, with no newline characters.
   *
   * @deprecated Use {@code printer().shortDebugString(UnknownFieldSet)}
   */
  @Deprecated
  public static String shortDebugString(final UnknownFieldSet fields) {
    return printer().shortDebugString(fields);
  }

  /**
   * Like {@code print()}, but writes directly to a {@code String} and returns it.
   *
   * @deprecated Use {@code message.toString()}
   */
  @Deprecated
  public static String printToString(final MessageOrBuilder message) {
    return printer().printToString(message);
  }

  /**
   * Like {@code print()}, but writes directly to a {@code String} and returns it.
   *
   * @deprecated Use {@link UnknownFieldSet#toString()}
   */
  @Deprecated
  public static String printToString(final UnknownFieldSet fields) {
    return printer().printToString(fields);
  }

  /**
   * Same as {@code printToString()}, except that non-ASCII characters in string type fields are not
   * escaped in backslash+octals.
   *
   * @deprecated Use {@code printer().escapingNonAscii(false).printToString(MessageOrBuilder)}
   */
  @Deprecated
  public static String printToUnicodeString(final MessageOrBuilder message) {
    return printer().escapingNonAscii(false).printToString(message);
  }

  /**
   * Same as {@code printToString()}, except that non-ASCII characters in string type fields are
   * not escaped in backslash+octals.
   *
   * @deprecated Use {@code printer().escapingNonAscii(false).printToString(UnknownFieldSet)}
   */
  @Deprecated
  public static String printToUnicodeString(final UnknownFieldSet fields) {
    return printer().escapingNonAscii(false).printToString(fields);
  }
  //
  /** @deprecated Use {@code printer().printField(FieldDescriptor, Object, Appendable)} */
  @Deprecated
  public static void printField(
      final FieldDescriptor field, final Object value, final Appendable output)
      throws IOException {
    printer().printField(field, value, output);
  }
  //
  /** @deprecated Use {@code printer().printFieldToString(FieldDescriptor, Object)} */
  @Deprecated
  public static String printFieldToString(final FieldDescriptor field, final Object value) {
    return printer().printFieldToString(field, value);
  }
  //
  /**
   * Outputs a unicode textual representation of the value of given field value.
   *
   * <p>Same as {@code printFieldValue()}, except that non-ASCII characters in string type fields
   * are not escaped in backslash+octals.
   *
   * @deprecated Use {@code printer().escapingNonAscii(false).printFieldValue(FieldDescriptor,
   *     Object, Appendable)}
   * @param field the descriptor of the field
   * @param value the value of the field
   * @param output the output to which to append the formatted value
   * @throws ClassCastException if the value is not appropriate for the given field descriptor
   * @throws IOException if there is an exception writing to the output
   */
  @Deprecated
  public static void printUnicodeFieldValue(
      final FieldDescriptor field, final Object value, final Appendable output)
      throws IOException {
    printer().escapingNonAscii(false).printFieldValue(field, value, output);
  }

  /**
   * Outputs a textual representation of the value of given field value.
   *
   * @deprecated Use {@code printer().printFieldValue(FieldDescriptor, Object, Appendable)}
   * @param field the descriptor of the field
   * @param value the value of the field
   * @param output the output to which to append the formatted value
   * @throws ClassCastException if the value is not appropriate for the given field descriptor
   * @throws IOException if there is an exception writing to the output
   */
  @Deprecated
  public static void printFieldValue(
      final FieldDescriptor field, final Object value, final Appendable output) throws IOException {
    printer().printFieldValue(field, value, output);
  }

  /**
   * Outputs a textual representation of the value of an unknown field.
   *
   * @param tag the field's tag number
   * @param value the value of the field
   * @param output the output to which to append the formatted value
   * @throws ClassCastException if the value is not appropriate for the given field descriptor
   * @throws IOException if there is an exception writing to the output
   */
  public static void printUnknownFieldValue(
      final int tag, final Object value, final Appendable output) throws IOException {
    printUnknownFieldValue(tag, value, multiLineOutput(output));
  }

  private static void printUnknownFieldValue(
      final int tag, final Object value, final TextGenerator generator) throws IOException {
    switch (WireFormat.getTagWireType(tag)) {
      case WireFormat.WIRETYPE_VARINT:
        generator.print(unsignedToString((Long) value));
        break;
      case WireFormat.WIRETYPE_FIXED32:
        generator.print(String.format((Locale) null, "0x%08x", (Integer) value));
        break;
      case WireFormat.WIRETYPE_FIXED64:
        generator.print(String.format((Locale) null, "0x%016x", (Long) value));
        break;
      case WireFormat.WIRETYPE_LENGTH_DELIMITED:
        try {
          // Try to parse and print the field as an embedded message
          UnknownFieldSet message = UnknownFieldSet.parseFrom((ByteString) value);
          generator.print("{");
          generator.eol();
          generator.indent();
          Printer.printUnknownFields(message, generator);
          generator.outdent();
          generator.print("}");
        } catch (InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
          // If not parseable as a message, print as a String
          generator.print("\"");
          generator.print(escapeBytes((ByteString) value));
          generator.print("\"");
        }
        break;
      case WireFormat.WIRETYPE_START_GROUP:
        Printer.printUnknownFields((UnknownFieldSet) value, generator);
        break;
      default:
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bad tag: " + tag);
    }
  }

  /** Printer instance which escapes non-ASCII characters. */
  public static Printer printer() {
    return Printer.DEFAULT;
  }

  /** Helper class for converting protobufs to text. */
  public static final class Printer {

    // Printer instance which escapes non-ASCII characters.
    private static final Printer DEFAULT = new Printer(true, TypeRegistry.getEmptyTypeRegistry());

    /** Whether to escape non ASCII characters with backslash and octal. */
    private final boolean escapeNonAscii;

    private final TypeRegistry typeRegistry;

    private Printer(boolean escapeNonAscii, TypeRegistry typeRegistry) {
      this.escapeNonAscii = escapeNonAscii;
      this.typeRegistry = typeRegistry;
    }

    /**
     * Return a new Printer instance with the specified escape mode.
     *
     * @param escapeNonAscii If true, the new Printer will escape non-ASCII characters (this is the
     *     default behavior. If false, the new Printer will print non-ASCII characters as is. In
     *     either case, the new Printer still escapes newlines and quotes in strings.
     * @return a new Printer that clones all other configurations from the current {@link Printer},
     *     with the escape mode set to the given parameter.
     */
    public Printer escapingNonAscii(boolean escapeNonAscii) {
      return new Printer(escapeNonAscii, typeRegistry);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new {@link Printer} using the given typeRegistry. The new Printer clones all other
     * configurations from the current {@link Printer}.
     *
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if a registry is already set.
     */
    public Printer usingTypeRegistry(TypeRegistry typeRegistry) {
      if (this.typeRegistry != TypeRegistry.getEmptyTypeRegistry()) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Only one typeRegistry is allowed.");
      }
      return new Printer(escapeNonAscii, typeRegistry);
    }

    /**
     * Outputs a textual representation of the Protocol Message supplied into the parameter output.
     * (This representation is the new version of the classic "ProtocolPrinter" output from the
     * original Protocol Buffer system)
     */
    public void print(final MessageOrBuilder message, final Appendable output) throws IOException {
      print(message, multiLineOutput(output));
    }

    /** Outputs a textual representation of {@code fields} to {@code output}. */
    public void print(final UnknownFieldSet fields, final Appendable output) throws IOException {
      printUnknownFields(fields, multiLineOutput(output));
    }

    private void print(final MessageOrBuilder message, final TextGenerator generator)
        throws IOException {
      if (message.getDescriptorForType().getFullName().equals("google.protobuf.Any")
          && printAny(message, generator)) {
        return;
      }
      printMessage(message, generator);
    }

    /**
     * Attempt to print the 'google.protobuf.Any' message in a human-friendly format. Returns false
     * if the message isn't a valid 'google.protobuf.Any' message (in which case the message should
     * be rendered just like a regular message to help debugging).
     */
    private boolean printAny(final MessageOrBuilder message, final TextGenerator generator)
        throws IOException {
      Descriptor messageType = message.getDescriptorForType();
      FieldDescriptor typeUrlField = messageType.findFieldByNumber(1);
      FieldDescriptor valueField = messageType.findFieldByNumber(2);
      if (typeUrlField == null
          || typeUrlField.getType() != FieldDescriptor.Type.STRING
          || valueField == null
          || valueField.getType() != FieldDescriptor.Type.BYTES) {
        // The message may look like an Any but isn't actually an Any message (might happen if the
        // user tries to use DynamicMessage to construct an Any from incomplete Descriptor).
        return false;
      }
      String typeUrl = (String) message.getField(typeUrlField);
      // If type_url is not set, we will not be able to decode the content of the value, so just
      // print out the Any like a regular message.
      if (typeUrl.isEmpty()) {
        return false;
      }
      Object value = message.getField(valueField);

      Message.Builder contentBuilder = null;
      try {
        Descriptor contentType = typeRegistry.getDescriptorForTypeUrl(typeUrl);
        if (contentType == null) {
          return false;
        }
        contentBuilder = DynamicMessage.getDefaultInstance(contentType).newBuilderForType();
        contentBuilder.mergeFrom((ByteString) value);
      } catch (InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
        // The value of Any is malformed. We cannot print it out nicely, so fallback to printing out
        // the type_url and value as bytes. Note that we fail open here to be consistent with
        // text_format.cc, and also to allow a way for users to inspect the content of the broken
        // message.
        return false;
      }
      generator.print("[");
      generator.print(typeUrl);
      generator.print("] {");
      generator.eol();
      generator.indent();
      print(contentBuilder, generator);
      generator.outdent();
      generator.print("}");
      generator.eol();
      return true;
    }

    public String printFieldToString(final FieldDescriptor field, final Object value) {
      try {
        final StringBuilder text = new StringBuilder();
        printField(field, value, text);
        return text.toString();
      } catch (IOException e) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(e);
      }
    }

    public void printField(final FieldDescriptor field, final Object value, final Appendable output)
        throws IOException {
      printField(field, value, multiLineOutput(output));
    }

    private void printField(
        final FieldDescriptor field, final Object value, final TextGenerator generator)
        throws IOException {
      // Sort map field entries by key
      if (field.isMapField()) {
        List<MapEntryAdapter> adapters = new ArrayList<>();
        for (Object entry : (List<?>) value) {
          adapters.add(new MapEntryAdapter(entry, field));
        }
        Collections.sort(adapters);
        for (MapEntryAdapter adapter : adapters) {
          printSingleField(field, adapter.getEntry(), generator);
        }
      } else if (field.isRepeated()) {
        // Repeated field.  Print each element.
        for (Object element : (List<?>) value) {
          printSingleField(field, element, generator);
        }
      } else {
        printSingleField(field, value, generator);
      }
    }

    /**
     * An adapter class that can take a MapEntry or a MutableMapEntry and returns its key and entry.
     * This class is created solely for the purpose of sorting map entries by its key and prevent
     * duplicated logic by having a separate comparator for MapEntry and MutableMapEntry.
     */
    private static class MapEntryAdapter implements Comparable<MapEntryAdapter> {
      private Object entry;

      @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes"})
      private MapEntry mapEntry;


      private final FieldDescriptor.JavaType fieldType;

      public MapEntryAdapter(Object entry, FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor) {
        if (entry instanceof MapEntry) {
          this.mapEntry = (MapEntry) entry;
        } else {
          this.entry = entry;
        }
        this.fieldType = extractFieldType(fieldDescriptor);
      }

      private static FieldDescriptor.JavaType extractFieldType(FieldDescriptor fieldDescriptor) {
        return fieldDescriptor.getMessageType().getFields().get(0).getJavaType();
      }

      public Object getKey() {
        if (mapEntry != null) {
          return mapEntry.getKey();
        }
        return null;
      }

      public Object getEntry() {
        if (mapEntry != null) {
          return mapEntry;
        }
        return entry;
      }

      @Override
      public int compareTo(MapEntryAdapter b) {
        if (getKey() == null || b.getKey() == null) {
          logger.info("Invalid key for map field.");
          return -1;
        }
        switch (fieldType) {
          case BOOLEAN:
            return Boolean.compare((boolean) getKey(), (boolean) b.getKey());
          case LONG:
            return Long.compare((long) getKey(), (long) b.getKey());
          case INT:
            return Integer.compare((int) getKey(), (int) b.getKey());
          case STRING:
            String aString = (String) getKey();
            String bString = (String) b.getKey();
            if (aString == null && bString == null) {
              return 0;
            } else if (aString == null && bString != null) {
              return -1;
            } else if (aString != null && bString == null) {
              return 1;
            } else {
              return aString.compareTo(bString);
            }
          default:
            return 0;
        }
      }
    }

    /**
     * Outputs a textual representation of the value of given field value.
     *
     * @param field the descriptor of the field
     * @param value the value of the field
     * @param output the output to which to append the formatted value
     * @throws ClassCastException if the value is not appropriate for the given field descriptor
     * @throws IOException if there is an exception writing to the output
     */
    public void printFieldValue(
        final FieldDescriptor field, final Object value, final Appendable output)
        throws IOException {
      printFieldValue(field, value, multiLineOutput(output));
    }

    private void printFieldValue(
        final FieldDescriptor field, final Object value, final TextGenerator generator)
        throws IOException {
      switch (field.getType()) {
        case INT32:
        case SINT32:
        case SFIXED32:
          generator.print(((Integer) value).toString());
          break;

        case INT64:
        case SINT64:
        case SFIXED64:
          generator.print(((Long) value).toString());
          break;

        case BOOL:
          generator.print(((Boolean) value).toString());
          break;

        case FLOAT:
          generator.print(((Float) value).toString());
          break;

        case DOUBLE:
          generator.print(((Double) value).toString());
          break;

        case UINT32:
        case FIXED32:
          generator.print(unsignedToString((Integer) value));
          break;

        case UINT64:
        case FIXED64:
          generator.print(unsignedToString((Long) value));
          break;

        case STRING:
          generator.print("\"");
          generator.print(
              escapeNonAscii
                  ? TextFormatEscaper.escapeText((String) value)
                  : escapeDoubleQuotesAndBackslashes((String) value).replace("\n", "\\n"));
          generator.print("\"");
          break;

        case BYTES:
          generator.print("\"");
          if (value instanceof ByteString) {
            generator.print(escapeBytes((ByteString) value));
          } else {
            generator.print(escapeBytes((byte[]) value));
          }
          generator.print("\"");
          break;

        case ENUM:
          generator.print(((EnumValueDescriptor) value).getName());
          break;

        case MESSAGE:
        case GROUP:
          print((Message) value, generator);
          break;
      }
    }

    /** Like {@code print()}, but writes directly to a {@code String} and returns it. */
    public String printToString(final MessageOrBuilder message) {
      try {
        final StringBuilder text = new StringBuilder();
        print(message, text);
        return text.toString();
      } catch (IOException e) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(e);
      }
    }
    /** Like {@code print()}, but writes directly to a {@code String} and returns it. */
    public String printToString(final UnknownFieldSet fields) {
      try {
        final StringBuilder text = new StringBuilder();
        print(fields, text);
        return text.toString();
      } catch (IOException e) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(e);
      }
    }

    /**
     * Generates a human readable form of this message, useful for debugging and other purposes,
     * with no newline characters.
     */
    public String shortDebugString(final MessageOrBuilder message) {
      try {
        final StringBuilder text = new StringBuilder();
        print(message, singleLineOutput(text));
        return text.toString();
      } catch (IOException e) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(e);
      }
    }

    /**
     * Generates a human readable form of the field, useful for debugging and other purposes, with
     * no newline characters.
     */
    public String shortDebugString(final FieldDescriptor field, final Object value) {
      try {
        final StringBuilder text = new StringBuilder();
        printField(field, value, singleLineOutput(text));
        return text.toString();
      } catch (IOException e) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(e);
      }
    }

    /**
     * Generates a human readable form of the unknown fields, useful for debugging and other
     * purposes, with no newline characters.
     */
    public String shortDebugString(final UnknownFieldSet fields) {
      try {
        final StringBuilder text = new StringBuilder();
        printUnknownFields(fields, singleLineOutput(text));
        return text.toString();
      } catch (IOException e) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(e);
      }
    }

    private static void printUnknownFieldValue(
        final int tag, final Object value, final TextGenerator generator) throws IOException {
      switch (WireFormat.getTagWireType(tag)) {
        case WireFormat.WIRETYPE_VARINT:
          generator.print(unsignedToString((Long) value));
          break;
        case WireFormat.WIRETYPE_FIXED32:
          generator.print(String.format((Locale) null, "0x%08x", (Integer) value));
          break;
        case WireFormat.WIRETYPE_FIXED64:
          generator.print(String.format((Locale) null, "0x%016x", (Long) value));
          break;
        case WireFormat.WIRETYPE_LENGTH_DELIMITED:
          try {
            // Try to parse and print the field as an embedded message
            UnknownFieldSet message = UnknownFieldSet.parseFrom((ByteString) value);
            generator.print("{");
            generator.eol();
            generator.indent();
            printUnknownFields(message, generator);
            generator.outdent();
            generator.print("}");
          } catch (InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
            // If not parseable as a message, print as a String
            generator.print("\"");
            generator.print(escapeBytes((ByteString) value));
            generator.print("\"");
          }
          break;
        case WireFormat.WIRETYPE_START_GROUP:
          printUnknownFields((UnknownFieldSet) value, generator);
          break;
        default:
          throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bad tag: " + tag);
      }
    }

    private void printMessage(final MessageOrBuilder message, final TextGenerator generator)
        throws IOException {
      for (Map.Entry<FieldDescriptor, Object> field : message.getAllFields().entrySet()) {
        printField(field.getKey(), field.getValue(), generator);
      }
      printUnknownFields(message.getUnknownFields(), generator);
    }

    private void printSingleField(
        final FieldDescriptor field, final Object value, final TextGenerator generator)
        throws IOException {
      if (field.isExtension()) {
        generator.print("[");
        // We special-case MessageSet elements for compatibility with proto1.
        if (field.getContainingType().getOptions().getMessageSetWireFormat()
            && (field.getType() == FieldDescriptor.Type.MESSAGE)
            && (field.isOptional())
            // object equality
            && (field.getExtensionScope() == field.getMessageType())) {
          generator.print(field.getMessageType().getFullName());
        } else {
          generator.print(field.getFullName());
        }
        generator.print("]");
      } else {
        if (field.getType() == FieldDescriptor.Type.GROUP) {
          // Groups must be serialized with their original capitalization.
          generator.print(field.getMessageType().getName());
        } else {
          generator.print(field.getName());
        }
      }

      if (field.getJavaType() == FieldDescriptor.JavaType.MESSAGE) {
        generator.print(" {");
        generator.eol();
        generator.indent();
      } else {
        generator.print(": ");
      }

      printFieldValue(field, value, generator);

      if (field.getJavaType() == FieldDescriptor.JavaType.MESSAGE) {
        generator.outdent();
        generator.print("}");
      }
      generator.eol();
    }

    private static void printUnknownFields(
        final UnknownFieldSet unknownFields, final TextGenerator generator) throws IOException {
      for (Map.Entry<Integer, UnknownFieldSet.Field> entry : unknownFields.asMap().entrySet()) {
        final int number = entry.getKey();
        final UnknownFieldSet.Field field = entry.getValue();
        printUnknownField(number, WireFormat.WIRETYPE_VARINT, field.getVarintList(), generator);
        printUnknownField(number, WireFormat.WIRETYPE_FIXED32, field.getFixed32List(), generator);
        printUnknownField(number, WireFormat.WIRETYPE_FIXED64, field.getFixed64List(), generator);
        printUnknownField(
            number,
            WireFormat.WIRETYPE_LENGTH_DELIMITED,
            field.getLengthDelimitedList(),
            generator);
        for (final UnknownFieldSet value : field.getGroupList()) {
          generator.print(entry.getKey().toString());
          generator.print(" {");
          generator.eol();
          generator.indent();
          printUnknownFields(value, generator);
          generator.outdent();
          generator.print("}");
          generator.eol();
        }
      }
    }

    private static void printUnknownField(
        final int number, final int wireType, final List<?> values, final TextGenerator generator)
        throws IOException {
      for (final Object value : values) {
        generator.print(String.valueOf(number));
        generator.print(": ");
        printUnknownFieldValue(wireType, value, generator);
        generator.eol();
      }
    }
  }

  /** Convert an unsigned 32-bit integer to a string. */
  public static String unsignedToString(final int value) {
    if (value >= 0) {
      return Integer.toString(value);
    } else {
      return Long.toString(value & 0x00000000FFFFFFFFL);
    }
  }

  /** Convert an unsigned 64-bit integer to a string. */
  public static String unsignedToString(final long value) {
    if (value >= 0) {
      return Long.toString(value);
    } else {
      // Pull off the most-significant bit so that BigInteger doesn't think
      // the number is negative, then set it again using setBit().
      return BigInteger.valueOf(value & 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFL).setBit(63).toString();
    }
  }

  private static TextGenerator multiLineOutput(Appendable output) {
    return new TextGenerator(output, false);
  }

  private static TextGenerator singleLineOutput(Appendable output) {
    return new TextGenerator(output, true);
  }

  /** An inner class for writing text to the output stream. */
  private static final class TextGenerator {
    private final Appendable output;
    private final StringBuilder indent = new StringBuilder();
    private final boolean singleLineMode;
    // While technically we are "at the start of a line" at the very beginning of the output, all
    // we would do in response to this is emit the (zero length) indentation, so it has no effect.
    // Setting it false here does however suppress an unwanted leading space in single-line mode.
    private boolean atStartOfLine = false;

    private TextGenerator(final Appendable output, boolean singleLineMode) {
      this.output = output;
      this.singleLineMode = singleLineMode;
    }

    /**
     * Indent text by two spaces. After calling Indent(), two spaces will be inserted at the
     * beginning of each line of text. Indent() may be called multiple times to produce deeper
     * indents.
     */
    public void indent() {
      indent.append("  ");
    }

    /** Reduces the current indent level by two spaces, or crashes if the indent level is zero. */
    public void outdent() {
      final int length = indent.length();
      if (length == 0) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(" Outdent() without matching Indent().");
      }
      indent.setLength(length - 2);
    }

    /**
     * Print text to the output stream. Bare newlines are never expected to be passed to this
     * method; to indicate the end of a line, call "eol()".
     */
    public void print(final CharSequence text) throws IOException {
      if (atStartOfLine) {
        atStartOfLine = false;
        output.append(singleLineMode ? " " : indent);
      }
      output.append(text);
    }

    /**
     * Signifies reaching the "end of the current line" in the output. In single-line mode, this
     * does not result in a newline being emitted, but ensures that a separating space is written
     * before the next output.
     */
    public void eol() throws IOException {
      if (!singleLineMode) {
        output.append("\n");
      }
      atStartOfLine = true;
    }
  }

  // =================================================================
  // Parsing

  /**
   * Represents a stream of tokens parsed from a {@code String}.
   *
   * <p>The Java standard library provides many classes that you might think would be useful for
   * implementing this, but aren't. For example:
   *
   * <ul>
   *   <li>{@code java.io.StreamTokenizer}: This almost does what we want -- or, at least, something
   *       that would get us close to what we want -- except for one fatal flaw: It automatically
   *       un-escapes strings using Java escape sequences, which do not include all the escape
   *       sequences we need to support (e.g. '\x').
   *   <li>{@code java.util.Scanner}: This seems like a great way at least to parse regular
   *       expressions out of a stream (so we wouldn't have to load the entire input into a single
   *       string before parsing). Sadly, {@code Scanner} requires that tokens be delimited with
   *       some delimiter. Thus, although the text "foo:" should parse to two tokens ("foo" and
   *       ":"), {@code Scanner} would recognize it only as a single token. Furthermore, {@code
   *       Scanner} provides no way to inspect the contents of delimiters, making it impossible to
   *       keep track of line and column numbers.
   * </ul>
   *
   * <p>Luckily, Java's regular expression support does manage to be useful to us. (Barely: We need
   * {@code Matcher.usePattern()}, which is new in Java 1.5.) So, we can use that, at least.
   * Unfortunately, this implies that we need to have the entire input in one contiguous string.
   */
  private static final class Tokenizer {
    private final CharSequence text;
    private final Matcher matcher;
    private String currentToken;

    // The character index within this.text at which the current token begins.
    private int pos = 0;

    // The line and column numbers of the current token.
    private int line = 0;
    private int column = 0;

    // The line and column numbers of the previous token (allows throwing
    // errors *after* consuming).
    private int previousLine = 0;
    private int previousColumn = 0;

    // We use possessive quantifiers (*+ and ++) because otherwise the Java
    // regex matcher has stack overflows on large inputs.
    private static final Pattern WHITESPACE = Pattern.compile("(\\s|(#.*$))++", Pattern.MULTILINE);
    private static final Pattern TOKEN =
        Pattern.compile(
            "[a-zA-Z_][0-9a-zA-Z_+-]*+|" // an identifier
                + "[.]?[0-9+-][0-9a-zA-Z_.+-]*+|" // a number
                + "\"([^\"\n\\\\]|\\\\.)*+(\"|\\\\?$)|" // a double-quoted string
                + "\'([^\'\n\\\\]|\\\\.)*+(\'|\\\\?$)", // a single-quoted string
            Pattern.MULTILINE);

    private static final Pattern DOUBLE_INFINITY =
        Pattern.compile("-?inf(inity)?", Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE);
    private static final Pattern FLOAT_INFINITY =
        Pattern.compile("-?inf(inity)?f?", Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE);
    private static final Pattern FLOAT_NAN = Pattern.compile("nanf?", Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE);

    /** Construct a tokenizer that parses tokens from the given text. */
    private Tokenizer(final CharSequence text) {
      this.text = text;
      this.matcher = WHITESPACE.matcher(text);
      skipWhitespace();
      nextToken();
    }

    int getPreviousLine() {
      return previousLine;
    }

    int getPreviousColumn() {
      return previousColumn;
    }

    int getLine() {
      return line;
    }

    int getColumn() {
      return column;
    }

    /** Are we at the end of the input? */
    public boolean atEnd() {
      return currentToken.length() == 0;
    }

    /** Advance to the next token. */
    public void nextToken() {
      previousLine = line;
      previousColumn = column;

      // Advance the line counter to the current position.
      while (pos < matcher.regionStart()) {
        if (text.charAt(pos) == '\n') {
          ++line;
          column = 0;
        } else {
          ++column;
        }
        ++pos;
      }

      // Match the next token.
      if (matcher.regionStart() == matcher.regionEnd()) {
        // EOF
        currentToken = "";
      } else {
        matcher.usePattern(TOKEN);
        if (matcher.lookingAt()) {
          currentToken = matcher.group();
          matcher.region(matcher.end(), matcher.regionEnd());
        } else {
          // Take one character.
          currentToken = String.valueOf(text.charAt(pos));
          matcher.region(pos + 1, matcher.regionEnd());
        }

        skipWhitespace();
      }
    }

    /** Skip over any whitespace so that the matcher region starts at the next token. */
    private void skipWhitespace() {
      matcher.usePattern(WHITESPACE);
      if (matcher.lookingAt()) {
        matcher.region(matcher.end(), matcher.regionEnd());
      }
    }

    /**
     * If the next token exactly matches {@code token}, consume it and return {@code true}.
     * Otherwise, return {@code false} without doing anything.
     */
    public boolean tryConsume(final String token) {
      if (currentToken.equals(token)) {
        nextToken();
        return true;
      } else {
        return false;
      }
    }

    /**
     * If the next token exactly matches {@code token}, consume it. Otherwise, throw a {@link
     * ParseException}.
     */
    public void consume(final String token) throws ParseException {
      if (!tryConsume(token)) {
        throw parseException("Expected \"" + token + "\".");
      }
    }

    /** Returns {@code true} if the next token is an integer, but does not consume it. */
    public boolean lookingAtInteger() {
      if (currentToken.length() == 0) {
        return false;
      }

      final char c = currentToken.charAt(0);
      return ('0' <= c && c <= '9') || c == '-' || c == '+';
    }

    /** Returns {@code true} if the current token's text is equal to that specified. */
    public boolean lookingAt(String text) {
      return currentToken.equals(text);
    }

    /**
     * If the next token is an identifier, consume it and return its value. Otherwise, throw a
     * {@link ParseException}.
     */
    public String consumeIdentifier() throws ParseException {
      for (int i = 0; i < currentToken.length(); i++) {
        final char c = currentToken.charAt(i);
        if (('a' <= c && c <= 'z')
            || ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z')
            || ('0' <= c && c <= '9')
            || (c == '_')
            || (c == '.')) {
          // OK
        } else {
          throw parseException("Expected identifier. Found '" + currentToken + "'");
        }
      }

      final String result = currentToken;
      nextToken();
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * If the next token is an identifier, consume it and return {@code true}. Otherwise, return
     * {@code false} without doing anything.
     */
    public boolean tryConsumeIdentifier() {
      try {
        consumeIdentifier();
        return true;
      } catch (ParseException e) {
        return false;
      }
    }

    /**
     * If the next token is a 32-bit signed integer, consume it and return its value. Otherwise,
     * throw a {@link ParseException}.
     */
    public int consumeInt32() throws ParseException {
      try {
        final int result = parseInt32(currentToken);
        nextToken();
        return result;
      } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
        throw integerParseException(e);
      }
    }

    /**
     * If the next token is a 32-bit unsigned integer, consume it and return its value. Otherwise,
     * throw a {@link ParseException}.
     */
    public int consumeUInt32() throws ParseException {
      try {
        final int result = parseUInt32(currentToken);
        nextToken();
        return result;
      } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
        throw integerParseException(e);
      }
    }

    /**
     * If the next token is a 64-bit signed integer, consume it and return its value. Otherwise,
     * throw a {@link ParseException}.
     */
    public long consumeInt64() throws ParseException {
      try {
        final long result = parseInt64(currentToken);
        nextToken();
        return result;
      } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
        throw integerParseException(e);
      }
    }

    /**
     * If the next token is a 64-bit signed integer, consume it and return {@code true}. Otherwise,
     * return {@code false} without doing anything.
     */
    public boolean tryConsumeInt64() {
      try {
        consumeInt64();
        return true;
      } catch (ParseException e) {
        return false;
      }
    }

    /**
     * If the next token is a 64-bit unsigned integer, consume it and return its value. Otherwise,
     * throw a {@link ParseException}.
     */
    public long consumeUInt64() throws ParseException {
      try {
        final long result = parseUInt64(currentToken);
        nextToken();
        return result;
      } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
        throw integerParseException(e);
      }
    }

    /**
     * If the next token is a 64-bit unsigned integer, consume it and return {@code true}.
     * Otherwise, return {@code false} without doing anything.
     */
    public boolean tryConsumeUInt64() {
      try {
        consumeUInt64();
        return true;
      } catch (ParseException e) {
        return false;
      }
    }

    /**
     * If the next token is a double, consume it and return its value. Otherwise, throw a {@link
     * ParseException}.
     */
    public double consumeDouble() throws ParseException {
      // We need to parse infinity and nan separately because
      // Double.parseDouble() does not accept "inf", "infinity", or "nan".
      if (DOUBLE_INFINITY.matcher(currentToken).matches()) {
        final boolean negative = currentToken.startsWith("-");
        nextToken();
        return negative ? Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY : Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
      }
      if (currentToken.equalsIgnoreCase("nan")) {
        nextToken();
        return Double.NaN;
      }
      try {
        final double result = Double.parseDouble(currentToken);
        nextToken();
        return result;
      } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
        throw floatParseException(e);
      }
    }

    /**
     * If the next token is a double, consume it and return {@code true}. Otherwise, return {@code
     * false} without doing anything.
     */
    public boolean tryConsumeDouble() {
      try {
        consumeDouble();
        return true;
      } catch (ParseException e) {
        return false;
      }
    }

    /**
     * If the next token is a float, consume it and return its value. Otherwise, throw a {@link
     * ParseException}.
     */
    public float consumeFloat() throws ParseException {
      // We need to parse infinity and nan separately because
      // Float.parseFloat() does not accept "inf", "infinity", or "nan".
      if (FLOAT_INFINITY.matcher(currentToken).matches()) {
        final boolean negative = currentToken.startsWith("-");
        nextToken();
        return negative ? Float.NEGATIVE_INFINITY : Float.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
      }
      if (FLOAT_NAN.matcher(currentToken).matches()) {
        nextToken();
        return Float.NaN;
      }
      try {
        final float result = Float.parseFloat(currentToken);
        nextToken();
        return result;
      } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
        throw floatParseException(e);
      }
    }

    /**
     * If the next token is a float, consume it and return {@code true}. Otherwise, return {@code
     * false} without doing anything.
     */
    public boolean tryConsumeFloat() {
      try {
        consumeFloat();
        return true;
      } catch (ParseException e) {
        return false;
      }
    }

    /**
     * If the next token is a boolean, consume it and return its value. Otherwise, throw a {@link
     * ParseException}.
     */
    public boolean consumeBoolean() throws ParseException {
      if (currentToken.equals("true")
          || currentToken.equals("True")
          || currentToken.equals("t")
          || currentToken.equals("1")) {
        nextToken();
        return true;
      } else if (currentToken.equals("false")
          || currentToken.equals("False")
          || currentToken.equals("f")
          || currentToken.equals("0")) {
        nextToken();
        return false;
      } else {
        throw parseException("Expected \"true\" or \"false\". Found \"" + currentToken + "\".");
      }
    }

    /**
     * If the next token is a string, consume it and return its (unescaped) value. Otherwise, throw
     * a {@link ParseException}.
     */
    public String consumeString() throws ParseException {
      return consumeByteString().toStringUtf8();
    }

    /** If the next token is a string, consume it and return true. Otherwise, return false. */
    public boolean tryConsumeString() {
      try {
        consumeString();
        return true;
      } catch (ParseException e) {
        return false;
      }
    }

    /**
     * If the next token is a string, consume it, unescape it as a {@link ByteString}, and return
     * it. Otherwise, throw a {@link ParseException}.
     */
    public ByteString consumeByteString() throws ParseException {
      List<ByteString> list = new ArrayList<ByteString>();
      consumeByteString(list);
      while (currentToken.startsWith("'") || currentToken.startsWith("\"")) {
        consumeByteString(list);
      }
      return ByteString.copyFrom(list);
    }

    /**
     * Like {@link #consumeByteString()} but adds each token of the string to the given list. String
     * literals (whether bytes or text) may come in multiple adjacent tokens which are automatically
     * concatenated, like in C or Python.
     */
    private void consumeByteString(List<ByteString> list) throws ParseException {
      final char quote = currentToken.length() > 0 ? currentToken.charAt(0) : '\0';
      if (quote != '\"' && quote != '\'') {
        throw parseException("Expected string.");
      }

      if (currentToken.length() < 2 || currentToken.charAt(currentToken.length() - 1) != quote) {
        throw parseException("String missing ending quote.");
      }

      try {
        final String escaped = currentToken.substring(1, currentToken.length() - 1);
        final ByteString result = unescapeBytes(escaped);
        nextToken();
        list.add(result);
      } catch (InvalidEscapeSequenceException e) {
        throw parseException(e.getMessage());
      }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@link ParseException} with the current line and column numbers in the description,
     * suitable for throwing.
     */
    public ParseException parseException(final String description) {
      // Note:  People generally prefer one-based line and column numbers.
      return new ParseException(line + 1, column + 1, description);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@link ParseException} with the line and column numbers of the previous token in
     * the description, suitable for throwing.
     */
    public ParseException parseExceptionPreviousToken(final String description) {
      // Note:  People generally prefer one-based line and column numbers.
      return new ParseException(previousLine + 1, previousColumn + 1, description);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an appropriate {@link ParseException} for the given {@code NumberFormatException}
     * when trying to parse an integer.
     */
    private ParseException integerParseException(final NumberFormatException e) {
      return parseException("Couldn't parse integer: " + e.getMessage());
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an appropriate {@link ParseException} for the given {@code NumberFormatException}
     * when trying to parse a float or double.
     */
    private ParseException floatParseException(final NumberFormatException e) {
      return parseException("Couldn't parse number: " + e.getMessage());
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@link UnknownFieldParseException} with the line and column numbers of the previous
     * token in the description, and the unknown field name, suitable for throwing.
     */
    public UnknownFieldParseException unknownFieldParseExceptionPreviousToken(
        final String unknownField, final String description) {
      // Note:  People generally prefer one-based line and column numbers.
      return new UnknownFieldParseException(
          previousLine + 1, previousColumn + 1, unknownField, description);
    }
  }

  /** Thrown when parsing an invalid text format message. */
  public static class ParseException extends IOException {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 3196188060225107702L;

    private final int line;
    private final int column;

    /** Create a new instance, with -1 as the line and column numbers. */
    public ParseException(final String message) {
      this(-1, -1, message);
    }

    /**
     * Create a new instance
     *
     * @param line the line number where the parse error occurred, using 1-offset.
     * @param column the column number where the parser error occurred, using 1-offset.
     */
    public ParseException(final int line, final int column, final String message) {
      super(Integer.toString(line) + ":" + column + ": " + message);
      this.line = line;
      this.column = column;
    }

    /**
     * Return the line where the parse exception occurred, or -1 when none is provided. The value is
     * specified as 1-offset, so the first line is line 1.
     */
    public int getLine() {
      return line;
    }

    /**
     * Return the column where the parse exception occurred, or -1 when none is provided. The value
     * is specified as 1-offset, so the first line is line 1.
     */
    public int getColumn() {
      return column;
    }
  }

  /** Thrown when encountering an unknown field while parsing a text format message. */
  public static class UnknownFieldParseException extends ParseException {
    private final String unknownField;

    /**
     * Create a new instance, with -1 as the line and column numbers, and an empty unknown field
     * name.
     */
    public UnknownFieldParseException(final String message) {
      this(-1, -1, "", message);
    }

    /**
     * Create a new instance
     *
     * @param line the line number where the parse error occurred, using 1-offset.
     * @param column the column number where the parser error occurred, using 1-offset.
     * @param unknownField the name of the unknown field found while parsing.
     */
    public UnknownFieldParseException(
        final int line, final int column, final String unknownField, final String message) {
      super(line, column, message);
      this.unknownField = unknownField;
    }

    /**
     * Return the name of the unknown field encountered while parsing the protocol buffer string.
     */
    public String getUnknownField() {
      return unknownField;
    }
  }

  private static final Parser PARSER = Parser.newBuilder().build();

  /**
   * Return a {@link Parser} instance which can parse text-format messages. The returned instance is
   * thread-safe.
   */
  public static Parser getParser() {
    return PARSER;
  }

  /** Parse a text-format message from {@code input} and merge the contents into {@code builder}. */
  public static void merge(final Readable input, final Message.Builder builder) throws IOException {
    PARSER.merge(input, builder);
  }

  /** Parse a text-format message from {@code input} and merge the contents into {@code builder}. */
  public static void merge(final CharSequence input, final Message.Builder builder)
      throws ParseException {
    PARSER.merge(input, builder);
  }

  /**
   * Parse a text-format message from {@code input}.
   *
   * @return the parsed message, guaranteed initialized
   */
  public static <T extends Message> T parse(final CharSequence input, final Class<T> protoClass)
      throws ParseException {
    Message.Builder builder = Internal.getDefaultInstance(protoClass).newBuilderForType();
    merge(input, builder);
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    T output = (T) builder.build();
    return output;
  }

  /**
   * Parse a text-format message from {@code input} and merge the contents into {@code builder}.
   * Extensions will be recognized if they are registered in {@code extensionRegistry}.
   */
  public static void merge(
      final Readable input,
      final ExtensionRegistry extensionRegistry,
      final Message.Builder builder)
      throws IOException {
    PARSER.merge(input, extensionRegistry, builder);
  }


  /**
   * Parse a text-format message from {@code input} and merge the contents into {@code builder}.
   * Extensions will be recognized if they are registered in {@code extensionRegistry}.
   */
  public static void merge(
      final CharSequence input,
      final ExtensionRegistry extensionRegistry,
      final Message.Builder builder)
      throws ParseException {
    PARSER.merge(input, extensionRegistry, builder);
  }

  /**
   * Parse a text-format message from {@code input}. Extensions will be recognized if they are
   * registered in {@code extensionRegistry}.
   *
   * @return the parsed message, guaranteed initialized
   */
  public static <T extends Message> T parse(
      final CharSequence input,
      final ExtensionRegistry extensionRegistry,
      final Class<T> protoClass)
      throws ParseException {
    Message.Builder builder = Internal.getDefaultInstance(protoClass).newBuilderForType();
    merge(input, extensionRegistry, builder);
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    T output = (T) builder.build();
    return output;
  }


  /**
   * Parser for text-format proto2 instances. This class is thread-safe. The implementation largely
   * follows google/protobuf/text_format.cc.
   *
   * <p>Use {@link TextFormat#getParser()} to obtain the default parser, or {@link Builder} to
   * control the parser behavior.
   */
  public static class Parser {
    /**
     * Determines if repeated values for non-repeated fields and oneofs are permitted. For example,
     * given required/optional field "foo" and a oneof containing "baz" and "qux":
     *
     * <ul>
     *   <li>"foo: 1 foo: 2"
     *   <li>"baz: 1 qux: 2"
     *   <li>merging "foo: 2" into a proto in which foo is already set, or
     *   <li>merging "qux: 2" into a proto in which baz is already set.
     * </ul>
     */
    public enum SingularOverwritePolicy {
      /**
       * Later values are merged with earlier values. For primitive fields or conflicting oneofs,
       * the last value is retained.
       */
      ALLOW_SINGULAR_OVERWRITES,
      /** An error is issued. */
      FORBID_SINGULAR_OVERWRITES
    }

    private final TypeRegistry typeRegistry;
    private final boolean allowUnknownFields;
    private final boolean allowUnknownEnumValues;
    private final boolean allowUnknownExtensions;
    private final SingularOverwritePolicy singularOverwritePolicy;
    private TextFormatParseInfoTree.Builder parseInfoTreeBuilder;

    private Parser(
        TypeRegistry typeRegistry,
        boolean allowUnknownFields,
        boolean allowUnknownEnumValues,
        boolean allowUnknownExtensions,
        SingularOverwritePolicy singularOverwritePolicy,
        TextFormatParseInfoTree.Builder parseInfoTreeBuilder) {
      this.typeRegistry = typeRegistry;
      this.allowUnknownFields = allowUnknownFields;
      this.allowUnknownEnumValues = allowUnknownEnumValues;
      this.allowUnknownExtensions = allowUnknownExtensions;
      this.singularOverwritePolicy = singularOverwritePolicy;
      this.parseInfoTreeBuilder = parseInfoTreeBuilder;
    }

    /** Returns a new instance of {@link Builder}. */
    public static Builder newBuilder() {
      return new Builder();
    }

    /** Builder that can be used to obtain new instances of {@link Parser}. */
    public static class Builder {
      private boolean allowUnknownFields = false;
      private boolean allowUnknownEnumValues = false;
      private boolean allowUnknownExtensions = false;
      private SingularOverwritePolicy singularOverwritePolicy =
          SingularOverwritePolicy.ALLOW_SINGULAR_OVERWRITES;
      private TextFormatParseInfoTree.Builder parseInfoTreeBuilder = null;
      private TypeRegistry typeRegistry = TypeRegistry.getEmptyTypeRegistry();

      /**
       * Sets the TypeRegistry for resolving Any. If this is not set, TextFormat will not be able to
       * parse Any unless Any is write as bytes.
       *
       * @throws IllegalArgumentException if a registry is already set.
       */
      public Builder setTypeRegistry(TypeRegistry typeRegistry) {
        this.typeRegistry = typeRegistry;
        return this;
      }

      /**
       * Set whether this parser will allow unknown fields. By default, an exception is thrown if an
       * unknown field is encountered. If this is set, the parser will only log a warning. Allow
       * unknown fields will also allow unknown extensions.
       *
       * <p>Use of this parameter is discouraged which may hide some errors (e.g.
       * spelling error on field name).
       */
      public Builder setAllowUnknownFields(boolean allowUnknownFields) {
        this.allowUnknownFields = allowUnknownFields;
        return this;
      }

      /**
       * Set whether this parser will allow unknown extensions. By default, an
       * exception is thrown if unknown extension is encountered. If this is set true,
       * the parser will only log a warning. Allow unknown extensions does not mean
       * allow normal unknown fields.
       */
      public Builder setAllowUnknownExtensions(boolean allowUnknownExtensions) {
        this.allowUnknownExtensions = allowUnknownExtensions;
        return this;
      }

      /** Sets parser behavior when a non-repeated field appears more than once. */
      public Builder setSingularOverwritePolicy(SingularOverwritePolicy p) {
        this.singularOverwritePolicy = p;
        return this;
      }

      public Builder setParseInfoTreeBuilder(TextFormatParseInfoTree.Builder parseInfoTreeBuilder) {
        this.parseInfoTreeBuilder = parseInfoTreeBuilder;
        return this;
      }

      public Parser build() {
        return new Parser(
            typeRegistry,
            allowUnknownFields,
            allowUnknownEnumValues,
            allowUnknownExtensions,
            singularOverwritePolicy,
            parseInfoTreeBuilder);
      }
    }

    /**
     * Parse a text-format message from {@code input} and merge the contents into {@code builder}.
     */
    public void merge(final Readable input, final Message.Builder builder) throws IOException {
      merge(input, ExtensionRegistry.getEmptyRegistry(), builder);
    }

    /**
     * Parse a text-format message from {@code input} and merge the contents into {@code builder}.
     */
    public void merge(final CharSequence input, final Message.Builder builder)
        throws ParseException {
      merge(input, ExtensionRegistry.getEmptyRegistry(), builder);
    }

    /**
     * Parse a text-format message from {@code input} and merge the contents into {@code builder}.
     * Extensions will be recognized if they are registered in {@code extensionRegistry}.
     */
    public void merge(
        final Readable input,
        final ExtensionRegistry extensionRegistry,
        final Message.Builder builder)
        throws IOException {
      // Read the entire input to a String then parse that.

      // If StreamTokenizer were not quite so crippled, or if there were a kind
      // of Reader that could read in chunks that match some particular regex,
      // or if we wanted to write a custom Reader to tokenize our stream, then
      // we would not have to read to one big String.  Alas, none of these is
      // the case.  Oh well.

      merge(toStringBuilder(input), extensionRegistry, builder);
    }


    private static final int BUFFER_SIZE = 4096;

    // TODO(chrisn): See if working around java.io.Reader#read(CharBuffer)
    // overhead is worthwhile
    private static StringBuilder toStringBuilder(final Readable input) throws IOException {
      final StringBuilder text = new StringBuilder();
      final CharBuffer buffer = CharBuffer.allocate(BUFFER_SIZE);
      while (true) {
        final int n = input.read(buffer);
        if (n == -1) {
          break;
        }
        buffer.flip();
        text.append(buffer, 0, n);
      }
      return text;
    }

    static final class UnknownField {
      static enum Type {
        FIELD, EXTENSION;
      }

      final String message;
      final Type type;

      UnknownField(String message, Type type) {
        this.message = message;
        this.type = type;
      }
    }

    // Check both unknown fields and unknown extensions and log warning messages
    // or throw exceptions according to the flag.
    private void checkUnknownFields(final List<UnknownField> unknownFields) throws ParseException {
      if (unknownFields.isEmpty()) {
        return;
      }

      StringBuilder msg = new StringBuilder("Input contains unknown fields and/or extensions:");
      for (UnknownField field : unknownFields) {
        msg.append('\n').append(field.message);
      }

      if (allowUnknownFields) {
        logger.warning(msg.toString());
        return;
      }

      int firstErrorIndex = 0;
      if (allowUnknownExtensions) {
        boolean allUnknownExtensions = true;
        for (UnknownField field : unknownFields) {
          if (field.type == UnknownField.Type.FIELD) {
            allUnknownExtensions = false;
            break;
          }
          ++firstErrorIndex;
        }
        if (allUnknownExtensions) {
          logger.warning(msg.toString());
          return;
        }
      }

      String[] lineColumn = unknownFields.get(firstErrorIndex).message.split(":");
      throw new ParseException(
          Integer.parseInt(lineColumn[0]), Integer.parseInt(lineColumn[1]), msg.toString());
    }

    /**
     * Parse a text-format message from {@code input} and merge the contents into {@code builder}.
     * Extensions will be recognized if they are registered in {@code extensionRegistry}.
     */
    public void merge(
        final CharSequence input,
        final ExtensionRegistry extensionRegistry,
        final Message.Builder builder)
        throws ParseException {
      final Tokenizer tokenizer = new Tokenizer(input);
      MessageReflection.BuilderAdapter target = new MessageReflection.BuilderAdapter(builder);

      List<UnknownField> unknownFields = new ArrayList<UnknownField>();

      while (!tokenizer.atEnd()) {
        mergeField(tokenizer, extensionRegistry, target, unknownFields);
      }

      checkUnknownFields(unknownFields);
    }


    /** Parse a single field from {@code tokenizer} and merge it into {@code builder}. */
    private void mergeField(
        final Tokenizer tokenizer,
        final ExtensionRegistry extensionRegistry,
        final MessageReflection.MergeTarget target,
        List<UnknownField> unknownFields)
        throws ParseException {
      mergeField(
          tokenizer,
          extensionRegistry,
          target,
          parseInfoTreeBuilder,
          unknownFields);
    }

    /** Parse a single field from {@code tokenizer} and merge it into {@code target}. */
    private void mergeField(
        final Tokenizer tokenizer,
        final ExtensionRegistry extensionRegistry,
        final MessageReflection.MergeTarget target,
        TextFormatParseInfoTree.Builder parseTreeBuilder,
        List<UnknownField> unknownFields)
        throws ParseException {
      FieldDescriptor field = null;
      int startLine = tokenizer.getLine();
      int startColumn = tokenizer.getColumn();
      final Descriptor type = target.getDescriptorForType();
      ExtensionRegistry.ExtensionInfo extension = null;

      if ("google.protobuf.Any".equals(type.getFullName()) && tokenizer.tryConsume("[")) {
        mergeAnyFieldValue(tokenizer, extensionRegistry, target, parseTreeBuilder, unknownFields,
            type);
        return;
      }

      if (tokenizer.tryConsume("[")) {
        // An extension.
        final StringBuilder name = new StringBuilder(tokenizer.consumeIdentifier());
        while (tokenizer.tryConsume(".")) {
          name.append('.');
          name.append(tokenizer.consumeIdentifier());
        }

        extension = target.findExtensionByName(extensionRegistry, name.toString());

        if (extension == null) {
          String message =
              (tokenizer.getPreviousLine() + 1)
                  + ":"
                  + (tokenizer.getPreviousColumn() + 1)
                  + ":\t"
                  + type.getFullName()
                  + ".["
                  + name
                  + "]";
          unknownFields.add(new UnknownField(message, UnknownField.Type.EXTENSION));
        } else {
          if (extension.descriptor.getContainingType() != type) {
            throw tokenizer.parseExceptionPreviousToken(
                "Extension \""
                    + name
                    + "\" does not extend message type \""
                    + type.getFullName()
                    + "\".");
          }
          field = extension.descriptor;
        }

        tokenizer.consume("]");
      } else {
        final String name = tokenizer.consumeIdentifier();
        field = type.findFieldByName(name);

        // Group names are expected to be capitalized as they appear in the
        // .proto file, which actually matches their type names, not their field
        // names.
        if (field == null) {
          // Explicitly specify US locale so that this code does not break when
          // executing in Turkey.
          final String lowerName = name.toLowerCase(Locale.US);
          field = type.findFieldByName(lowerName);
          // If the case-insensitive match worked but the field is NOT a group,
          if (field != null && field.getType() != FieldDescriptor.Type.GROUP) {
            field = null;
          }
        }
        // Again, special-case group names as described above.
        if (field != null
            && field.getType() == FieldDescriptor.Type.GROUP
            && !field.getMessageType().getName().equals(name)) {
          field = null;
        }

        if (field == null) {
          String message = (tokenizer.getPreviousLine() + 1)
                           + ":"
                           + (tokenizer.getPreviousColumn() + 1)
                           + ":\t"
                           + type.getFullName()
                           + "."
                           + name;
          unknownFields.add(new UnknownField(message, UnknownField.Type.FIELD));
        }
      }

      // Skips unknown fields.
      if (field == null) {
        // Try to guess the type of this field.
        // If this field is not a message, there should be a ":" between the
        // field name and the field value and also the field value should not
        // start with "{" or "<" which indicates the beginning of a message body.
        // If there is no ":" or there is a "{" or "<" after ":", this field has
        // to be a message or the input is ill-formed.
        if (tokenizer.tryConsume(":") && !tokenizer.lookingAt("{") && !tokenizer.lookingAt("<")) {
          skipFieldValue(tokenizer);
        } else {
          skipFieldMessage(tokenizer);
        }
        return;
      }

      // Handle potential ':'.
      if (field.getJavaType() == FieldDescriptor.JavaType.MESSAGE) {
        tokenizer.tryConsume(":"); // optional
        if (parseTreeBuilder != null) {
          TextFormatParseInfoTree.Builder childParseTreeBuilder =
              parseTreeBuilder.getBuilderForSubMessageField(field);
          consumeFieldValues(
              tokenizer,
              extensionRegistry,
              target,
              field,
              extension,
              childParseTreeBuilder,
              unknownFields);
        } else {
          consumeFieldValues(
              tokenizer,
              extensionRegistry,
              target,
              field,
              extension,
              parseTreeBuilder,
              unknownFields);
        }
      } else {
        tokenizer.consume(":"); // required
        consumeFieldValues(
            tokenizer,
            extensionRegistry,
            target,
            field,
            extension,
            parseTreeBuilder,
            unknownFields);
      }

      if (parseTreeBuilder != null) {
        parseTreeBuilder.setLocation(field, TextFormatParseLocation.create(startLine, startColumn));
      }

      // For historical reasons, fields may optionally be separated by commas or
      // semicolons.
      if (!tokenizer.tryConsume(";")) {
        tokenizer.tryConsume(",");
      }
    }

    /**
     * Parse a one or more field values from {@code tokenizer} and merge it into {@code builder}.
     */
    private void consumeFieldValues(
        final Tokenizer tokenizer,
        final ExtensionRegistry extensionRegistry,
        final MessageReflection.MergeTarget target,
        final FieldDescriptor field,
        final ExtensionRegistry.ExtensionInfo extension,
        final TextFormatParseInfoTree.Builder parseTreeBuilder,
        List<UnknownField> unknownFields)
        throws ParseException {
      // Support specifying repeated field values as a comma-separated list.
      // Ex."foo: [1, 2, 3]"
      if (field.isRepeated() && tokenizer.tryConsume("[")) {
        if (!tokenizer.tryConsume("]")) { // Allow "foo: []" to be treated as empty.
          while (true) {
            consumeFieldValue(
                tokenizer,
                extensionRegistry,
                target,
                field,
                extension,
                parseTreeBuilder,
                unknownFields);
            if (tokenizer.tryConsume("]")) {
              // End of list.
              break;
            }
            tokenizer.consume(",");
          }
        }
      } else {
        consumeFieldValue(
            tokenizer,
            extensionRegistry,
            target,
            field,
            extension,
            parseTreeBuilder,
            unknownFields);
      }
    }

    /** Parse a single field value from {@code tokenizer} and merge it into {@code builder}. */
    private void consumeFieldValue(
        final Tokenizer tokenizer,
        final ExtensionRegistry extensionRegistry,
        final MessageReflection.MergeTarget target,
        final FieldDescriptor field,
        final ExtensionRegistry.ExtensionInfo extension,
        final TextFormatParseInfoTree.Builder parseTreeBuilder,
        List<UnknownField> unknownFields)
        throws ParseException {
      if (singularOverwritePolicy == SingularOverwritePolicy.FORBID_SINGULAR_OVERWRITES
          && !field.isRepeated()) {
        if (target.hasField(field)) {
          throw tokenizer.parseExceptionPreviousToken(
              "Non-repeated field \"" + field.getFullName() + "\" cannot be overwritten.");
        } else if (field.getContainingOneof() != null
            && target.hasOneof(field.getContainingOneof())) {
          Descriptors.OneofDescriptor oneof = field.getContainingOneof();
          throw tokenizer.parseExceptionPreviousToken(
              "Field \""
                  + field.getFullName()
                  + "\" is specified along with field \""
                  + target.getOneofFieldDescriptor(oneof).getFullName()
                  + "\", another member of oneof \""
                  + oneof.getName()
                  + "\".");
        }
      }

      Object value = null;

      if (field.getJavaType() == FieldDescriptor.JavaType.MESSAGE) {
        final String endToken;
        if (tokenizer.tryConsume("<")) {
          endToken = ">";
        } else {
          tokenizer.consume("{");
          endToken = "}";
        }

        // Try to parse human readable format of Any in the form: [type_url]: { ... }
        if (field.getMessageType().getFullName().equals("google.protobuf.Any")
            && tokenizer.tryConsume("[")) {
          // Use Proto reflection here since depending on Any would intoduce a cyclic dependency
          // (java_proto_library for any_java_proto depends on the protobuf_impl).
          Message anyBuilder = DynamicMessage.getDefaultInstance(field.getMessageType());
          MessageReflection.MergeTarget anyField = target.newMergeTargetForField(field, anyBuilder);
          mergeAnyFieldValue(tokenizer, extensionRegistry, anyField, parseTreeBuilder,
              unknownFields, field.getMessageType());
          value = anyField.finish();
          tokenizer.consume(endToken);
        } else {
          Message defaultInstance = (extension == null) ? null : extension.defaultInstance;
          MessageReflection.MergeTarget subField =
              target.newMergeTargetForField(field, defaultInstance);

          while (!tokenizer.tryConsume(endToken)) {
            if (tokenizer.atEnd()) {
              throw tokenizer.parseException("Expected \"" + endToken + "\".");
            }
            mergeField(tokenizer, extensionRegistry, subField, parseTreeBuilder, unknownFields);
          }

          value = subField.finish();
        }

      } else {
        switch (field.getType()) {
          case INT32:
          case SINT32:
          case SFIXED32:
            value = tokenizer.consumeInt32();
            break;

          case INT64:
          case SINT64:
          case SFIXED64:
            value = tokenizer.consumeInt64();
            break;

          case UINT32:
          case FIXED32:
            value = tokenizer.consumeUInt32();
            break;

          case UINT64:
          case FIXED64:
            value = tokenizer.consumeUInt64();
            break;

          case FLOAT:
            value = tokenizer.consumeFloat();
            break;

          case DOUBLE:
            value = tokenizer.consumeDouble();
            break;

          case BOOL:
            value = tokenizer.consumeBoolean();
            break;

          case STRING:
            value = tokenizer.consumeString();
            break;

          case BYTES:
            value = tokenizer.consumeByteString();
            break;

          case ENUM:
            final EnumDescriptor enumType = field.getEnumType();

            if (tokenizer.lookingAtInteger()) {
              final int number = tokenizer.consumeInt32();
              value = enumType.findValueByNumber(number);
              if (value == null) {
                String unknownValueMsg =
                    "Enum type \""
                        + enumType.getFullName()
                        + "\" has no value with number "
                        + number
                        + '.';
                if (allowUnknownEnumValues) {
                  logger.warning(unknownValueMsg);
                  return;
                } else {
                  throw tokenizer.parseExceptionPreviousToken(
                      "Enum type \""
                          + enumType.getFullName()
                          + "\" has no value with number "
                          + number
                          + '.');
                }
              }
            } else {
              final String id = tokenizer.consumeIdentifier();
              value = enumType.findValueByName(id);
              if (value == null) {
                String unknownValueMsg =
                    "Enum type \""
                        + enumType.getFullName()
                        + "\" has no value named \""
                        + id
                        + "\".";
                if (allowUnknownEnumValues) {
                  logger.warning(unknownValueMsg);
                  return;
                } else {
                  throw tokenizer.parseExceptionPreviousToken(unknownValueMsg);
                }
              }
            }

            break;

          case MESSAGE:
          case GROUP:
            throw new RuntimeException("Can't get here.");
        }
      }

      if (field.isRepeated()) {
        // TODO(b/29122459): If field.isMapField() and FORBID_SINGULAR_OVERWRITES mode,
        //     check for duplicate map keys here.
        target.addRepeatedField(field, value);
      } else {
        target.setField(field, value);
      }
    }

    private void mergeAnyFieldValue(
        final Tokenizer tokenizer,
        final ExtensionRegistry extensionRegistry,
        MergeTarget target,
        final TextFormatParseInfoTree.Builder parseTreeBuilder,
        List<UnknownField> unknownFields,
        Descriptor anyDescriptor)
        throws ParseException {
      // Try to parse human readable format of Any in the form: [type_url]: { ... }
      StringBuilder typeUrlBuilder = new StringBuilder();
      // Parse the type_url inside [].
      while (true) {
        typeUrlBuilder.append(tokenizer.consumeIdentifier());
        if (tokenizer.tryConsume("]")) {
          break;
        }
        if (tokenizer.tryConsume("/")) {
          typeUrlBuilder.append("/");
        } else if (tokenizer.tryConsume(".")) {
          typeUrlBuilder.append(".");
        } else {
          throw tokenizer.parseExceptionPreviousToken("Expected a valid type URL.");
        }
      }
      tokenizer.tryConsume(":");
      final String anyEndToken;
      if (tokenizer.tryConsume("<")) {
        anyEndToken = ">";
      } else {
        tokenizer.consume("{");
        anyEndToken = "}";
      }
      String typeUrl = typeUrlBuilder.toString();
      Descriptor contentType = null;
      try {
        contentType = typeRegistry.getDescriptorForTypeUrl(typeUrl);
      } catch (InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
        throw tokenizer.parseException("Invalid valid type URL. Found: " + typeUrl);
      }
      if (contentType == null) {
        throw tokenizer.parseException(
            "Unable to parse Any of type: "
                + typeUrl
                + ". Please make sure that the TypeRegistry contains the descriptors for the given"
                + " types.");
      }
      Message.Builder contentBuilder =
          DynamicMessage.getDefaultInstance(contentType).newBuilderForType();
      MessageReflection.BuilderAdapter contentTarget =
          new MessageReflection.BuilderAdapter(contentBuilder);
      while (!tokenizer.tryConsume(anyEndToken)) {
        mergeField(tokenizer, extensionRegistry, contentTarget, parseTreeBuilder, unknownFields);
      }

      target.setField(anyDescriptor.findFieldByName("type_url"), typeUrlBuilder.toString());
      target.setField(
          anyDescriptor.findFieldByName("value"), contentBuilder.build().toByteString());
    }

    /** Skips the next field including the field's name and value. */
    private static void skipField(Tokenizer tokenizer) throws ParseException {
      if (tokenizer.tryConsume("[")) {
        // Extension name.
        do {
          tokenizer.consumeIdentifier();
        } while (tokenizer.tryConsume("."));
        tokenizer.consume("]");
      } else {
        tokenizer.consumeIdentifier();
      }

      // Try to guess the type of this field.
      // If this field is not a message, there should be a ":" between the
      // field name and the field value and also the field value should not
      // start with "{" or "<" which indicates the beginning of a message body.
      // If there is no ":" or there is a "{" or "<" after ":", this field has
      // to be a message or the input is ill-formed.
      if (tokenizer.tryConsume(":") && !tokenizer.lookingAt("<") && !tokenizer.lookingAt("{")) {
        skipFieldValue(tokenizer);
      } else {
        skipFieldMessage(tokenizer);
      }
      // For historical reasons, fields may optionally be separated by commas or
      // semicolons.
      if (!tokenizer.tryConsume(";")) {
        tokenizer.tryConsume(",");
      }
    }

    /**
     * Skips the whole body of a message including the beginning delimiter and the ending delimiter.
     */
    private static void skipFieldMessage(Tokenizer tokenizer) throws ParseException {
      final String delimiter;
      if (tokenizer.tryConsume("<")) {
        delimiter = ">";
      } else {
        tokenizer.consume("{");
        delimiter = "}";
      }
      while (!tokenizer.lookingAt(">") && !tokenizer.lookingAt("}")) {
        skipField(tokenizer);
      }
      tokenizer.consume(delimiter);
    }

    /** Skips a field value. */
    private static void skipFieldValue(Tokenizer tokenizer) throws ParseException {
      if (tokenizer.tryConsumeString()) {
        while (tokenizer.tryConsumeString()) {}
        return;
      }
      if (!tokenizer.tryConsumeIdentifier() // includes enum & boolean
          && !tokenizer.tryConsumeInt64() // includes int32
          && !tokenizer.tryConsumeUInt64() // includes uint32
          && !tokenizer.tryConsumeDouble()
          && !tokenizer.tryConsumeFloat()) {
        throw tokenizer.parseException("Invalid field value: " + tokenizer.currentToken);
      }
    }
  }

  // =================================================================
  // Utility functions
  //
  // Some of these methods are package-private because Descriptors.java uses
  // them.

  /**
   * Escapes bytes in the format used in protocol buffer text format, which is the same as the
   * format used for C string literals. All bytes that are not printable 7-bit ASCII characters are
   * escaped, as well as backslash, single-quote, and double-quote characters. Characters for which
   * no defined short-hand escape sequence is defined will be escaped using 3-digit octal sequences.
   */
  public static String escapeBytes(ByteString input) {
    return TextFormatEscaper.escapeBytes(input);
  }

  /** Like {@link #escapeBytes(ByteString)}, but used for byte array. */
  public static String escapeBytes(byte[] input) {
    return TextFormatEscaper.escapeBytes(input);
  }

  /**
   * Un-escape a byte sequence as escaped using {@link #escapeBytes(ByteString)}. Two-digit hex
   * escapes (starting with "\x") are also recognized.
   */
  public static ByteString unescapeBytes(final CharSequence charString)
      throws InvalidEscapeSequenceException {
    // First convert the Java character sequence to UTF-8 bytes.
    ByteString input = ByteString.copyFromUtf8(charString.toString());
    // Then unescape certain byte sequences introduced by ASCII '\\'.  The valid
    // escapes can all be expressed with ASCII characters, so it is safe to
    // operate on bytes here.
    //
    // Unescaping the input byte array will result in a byte sequence that's no
    // longer than the input.  That's because each escape sequence is between
    // two and four bytes long and stands for a single byte.
    final byte[] result = new byte[input.size()];
    int pos = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < input.size(); i++) {
      byte c = input.byteAt(i);
      if (c == '\\') {
        if (i + 1 < input.size()) {
          ++i;
          c = input.byteAt(i);
          if (isOctal(c)) {
            // Octal escape.
            int code = digitValue(c);
            if (i + 1 < input.size() && isOctal(input.byteAt(i + 1))) {
              ++i;
              code = code * 8 + digitValue(input.byteAt(i));
            }
            if (i + 1 < input.size() && isOctal(input.byteAt(i + 1))) {
              ++i;
              code = code * 8 + digitValue(input.byteAt(i));
            }
            // TODO: Check that 0 <= code && code <= 0xFF.
            result[pos++] = (byte) code;
          } else {
            switch (c) {
              case 'a':
                result[pos++] = 0x07;
                break;
              case 'b':
                result[pos++] = '\b';
                break;
              case 'f':
                result[pos++] = '\f';
                break;
              case 'n':
                result[pos++] = '\n';
                break;
              case 'r':
                result[pos++] = '\r';
                break;
              case 't':
                result[pos++] = '\t';
                break;
              case 'v':
                result[pos++] = 0x0b;
                break;
              case '\\':
                result[pos++] = '\\';
                break;
              case '\'':
                result[pos++] = '\'';
                break;
              case '"':
                result[pos++] = '\"';
                break;

              case 'x':
                // hex escape
                int code = 0;
                if (i + 1 < input.size() && isHex(input.byteAt(i + 1))) {
                  ++i;
                  code = digitValue(input.byteAt(i));
                } else {
                  throw new InvalidEscapeSequenceException(
                      "Invalid escape sequence: '\\x' with no digits");
                }
                if (i + 1 < input.size() && isHex(input.byteAt(i + 1))) {
                  ++i;
                  code = code * 16 + digitValue(input.byteAt(i));
                }
                result[pos++] = (byte) code;
                break;

              default:
                throw new InvalidEscapeSequenceException(
                    "Invalid escape sequence: '\\" + (char) c + '\'');
            }
          }
        } else {
          throw new InvalidEscapeSequenceException(
              "Invalid escape sequence: '\\' at end of string.");
        }
      } else {
        result[pos++] = c;
      }
    }

    return result.length == pos
        ? ByteString.wrap(result) // This reference has not been out of our control.
        : ByteString.copyFrom(result, 0, pos);
  }

  /**
   * Thrown by {@link TextFormat#unescapeBytes} and {@link TextFormat#unescapeText} when an invalid
   * escape sequence is seen.
   */
  public static class InvalidEscapeSequenceException extends IOException {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = -8164033650142593304L;

    InvalidEscapeSequenceException(final String description) {
      super(description);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Like {@link #escapeBytes(ByteString)}, but escapes a text string. Non-ASCII characters are
   * first encoded as UTF-8, then each byte is escaped individually as a 3-digit octal escape. Yes,
   * it's weird.
   */
  static String escapeText(final String input) {
    return escapeBytes(ByteString.copyFromUtf8(input));
  }

  /** Escape double quotes and backslashes in a String for emittingUnicode output of a message. */
  public static String escapeDoubleQuotesAndBackslashes(final String input) {
    return TextFormatEscaper.escapeDoubleQuotesAndBackslashes(input);
  }

  /**
   * Un-escape a text string as escaped using {@link #escapeText(String)}. Two-digit hex escapes
   * (starting with "\x") are also recognized.
   */
  static String unescapeText(final String input) throws InvalidEscapeSequenceException {
    return unescapeBytes(input).toStringUtf8();
  }

  /** Is this an octal digit? */
  private static boolean isOctal(final byte c) {
    return '0' <= c && c <= '7';
  }

  /** Is this a hex digit? */
  private static boolean isHex(final byte c) {
    return ('0' <= c && c <= '9') || ('a' <= c && c <= 'f') || ('A' <= c && c <= 'F');
  }

  /**
   * Interpret a character as a digit (in any base up to 36) and return the numeric value. This is
   * like {@code Character.digit()} but we don't accept non-ASCII digits.
   */
  private static int digitValue(final byte c) {
    if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
      return c - '0';
    } else if ('a' <= c && c <= 'z') {
      return c - 'a' + 10;
    } else {
      return c - 'A' + 10;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Parse a 32-bit signed integer from the text. Unlike the Java standard {@code
   * Integer.parseInt()}, this function recognizes the prefixes "0x" and "0" to signify hexadecimal
   * and octal numbers, respectively.
   */
  static int parseInt32(final String text) throws NumberFormatException {
    return (int) parseInteger(text, true, false);
  }

  /**
   * Parse a 32-bit unsigned integer from the text. Unlike the Java standard {@code
   * Integer.parseInt()}, this function recognizes the prefixes "0x" and "0" to signify hexadecimal
   * and octal numbers, respectively. The result is coerced to a (signed) {@code int} when returned
   * since Java has no unsigned integer type.
   */
  static int parseUInt32(final String text) throws NumberFormatException {
    return (int) parseInteger(text, false, false);
  }

  /**
   * Parse a 64-bit signed integer from the text. Unlike the Java standard {@code
   * Integer.parseInt()}, this function recognizes the prefixes "0x" and "0" to signify hexadecimal
   * and octal numbers, respectively.
   */
  static long parseInt64(final String text) throws NumberFormatException {
    return parseInteger(text, true, true);
  }

  /**
   * Parse a 64-bit unsigned integer from the text. Unlike the Java standard {@code
   * Integer.parseInt()}, this function recognizes the prefixes "0x" and "0" to signify hexadecimal
   * and octal numbers, respectively. The result is coerced to a (signed) {@code long} when returned
   * since Java has no unsigned long type.
   */
  static long parseUInt64(final String text) throws NumberFormatException {
    return parseInteger(text, false, true);
  }

  private static long parseInteger(final String text, final boolean isSigned, final boolean isLong)
      throws NumberFormatException {
    int pos = 0;

    boolean negative = false;
    if (text.startsWith("-", pos)) {
      if (!isSigned) {
        throw new NumberFormatException("Number must be positive: " + text);
      }
      ++pos;
      negative = true;
    }

    int radix = 10;
    if (text.startsWith("0x", pos)) {
      pos += 2;
      radix = 16;
    } else if (text.startsWith("0", pos)) {
      radix = 8;
    }

    final String numberText = text.substring(pos);

    long result = 0;
    if (numberText.length() < 16) {
      // Can safely assume no overflow.
      result = Long.parseLong(numberText, radix);
      if (negative) {
        result = -result;
      }

      // Check bounds.
      // No need to check for 64-bit numbers since they'd have to be 16 chars
      // or longer to overflow.
      if (!isLong) {
        if (isSigned) {
          if (result > Integer.MAX_VALUE || result < Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
            throw new NumberFormatException(
                "Number out of range for 32-bit signed integer: " + text);
          }
        } else {
          if (result >= (1L << 32) || result < 0) {
            throw new NumberFormatException(
                "Number out of range for 32-bit unsigned integer: " + text);
          }
        }
      }
    } else {
      BigInteger bigValue = new BigInteger(numberText, radix);
      if (negative) {
        bigValue = bigValue.negate();
      }

      // Check bounds.
      if (!isLong) {
        if (isSigned) {
          if (bigValue.bitLength() > 31) {
            throw new NumberFormatException(
                "Number out of range for 32-bit signed integer: " + text);
          }
        } else {
          if (bigValue.bitLength() > 32) {
            throw new NumberFormatException(
                "Number out of range for 32-bit unsigned integer: " + text);
          }
        }
      } else {
        if (isSigned) {
          if (bigValue.bitLength() > 63) {
            throw new NumberFormatException(
                "Number out of range for 64-bit signed integer: " + text);
          }
        } else {
          if (bigValue.bitLength() > 64) {
            throw new NumberFormatException(
                "Number out of range for 64-bit unsigned integer: " + text);
          }
        }
      }

      result = bigValue.longValue();
    }

    return result;
  }
}