_page.py

# Copyright (c) 2006, Mathieu Fenniak
# Copyright (c) 2007, Ashish Kulkarni <kulkarni.ashish@gmail.com>
#
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
# met:
#
# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
# this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
# this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
# and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
# * The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
# derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
# AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
# ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
# LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
# CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
# SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
# INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
# CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
# ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
# POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

import math
import re
import sys
from decimal import Decimal
from pathlib import Path
from typing import (
    Any,
    Callable,
    Dict,
    Iterable,
    Iterator,
    List,
    Optional,
    Sequence,
    Set,
    Tuple,
    Union,
    cast,
    overload,
)

from ._cmap import build_char_map, unknown_char_map
from ._protocols import PdfReaderProtocol, PdfWriterProtocol
from ._text_extraction import (
    OrientationNotFoundError,
    _layout_mode,
    crlf_space_check,
    handle_tj,
    mult,
)
from ._utils import (
    WHITESPACES_AS_REGEXP,
    CompressedTransformationMatrix,
    File,
    ImageFile,
    TransformationMatrixType,
    logger_warning,
    matrix_multiply,
)
from .constants import AnnotationDictionaryAttributes as ADA
from .constants import ImageAttributes as IA
from .constants import PageAttributes as PG
from .constants import Ressources as RES
from .errors import PageSizeNotDefinedError, PdfReadError
from .filters import _xobj_to_image
from .generic import (
    ArrayObject,
    ContentStream,
    DictionaryObject,
    EncodedStreamObject,
    FloatObject,
    IndirectObject,
    NameObject,
    NullObject,
    NumberObject,
    RectangleObject,
    StreamObject,
)

if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
    from typing import Literal
else:
    from typing_extensions import Literal


MERGE_CROP_BOX = "cropbox"  # pypdf<=3.4.0 used 'trimbox'


def _get_rectangle(self: Any, name: str, defaults: Iterable[str]) -> RectangleObject:
    retval: Union[None, RectangleObject, IndirectObject] = self.get(name)
    if isinstance(retval, RectangleObject):
        return retval
    if retval is None:
        for d in defaults:
            retval = self.get(d)
            if retval is not None:
                break
    if isinstance(retval, IndirectObject):
        retval = self.pdf.get_object(retval)
    retval = RectangleObject(retval)  # type: ignore
    _set_rectangle(self, name, retval)
    return retval


def _set_rectangle(self: Any, name: str, value: Union[RectangleObject, float]) -> None:
    name = NameObject(name)
    self[name] = value


def _delete_rectangle(self: Any, name: str) -> None:
    del self[name]


def _create_rectangle_accessor(name: str, fallback: Iterable[str]) -> property:
    return property(
        lambda self: _get_rectangle(self, name, fallback),
        lambda self, value: _set_rectangle(self, name, value),
        lambda self: _delete_rectangle(self, name),
    )


class Transformation:
    """
    Represent a 2D transformation.

    The transformation between two coordinate systems is represented by a 3-by-3
    transformation matrix matrix with the following form::

        a b 0
        c d 0
        e f 1

    Because a transformation matrix has only six elements that can be changed,
    it is usually specified in PDF as the six-element array [ a b c d e f ].

    Coordinate transformations are expressed as matrix multiplications::

                                 a b 0
     [ x′ y′ 1 ] = [ x y 1 ] ×   c d 0
                                 e f 1


    Example:
        >>> from pypdf import Transformation
        >>> op = Transformation().scale(sx=2, sy=3).translate(tx=10, ty=20)
        >>> page.add_transformation(op)
    """

    # 9.5.4 Coordinate Systems for 3D
    # 4.2.2 Common Transformations
    def __init__(self, ctm: CompressedTransformationMatrix = (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0)):
        self.ctm = ctm

    @property
    def matrix(self) -> TransformationMatrixType:
        """
        Return the transformation matrix as a tuple of tuples in the form:

        ((a, b, 0), (c, d, 0), (e, f, 1))
        """
        return (
            (self.ctm[0], self.ctm[1], 0),
            (self.ctm[2], self.ctm[3], 0),
            (self.ctm[4], self.ctm[5], 1),
        )

    @staticmethod
    def compress(matrix: TransformationMatrixType) -> CompressedTransformationMatrix:
        """
        Compresses the transformation matrix into a tuple of (a, b, c, d, e, f).

        Args:
            matrix: The transformation matrix as a tuple of tuples.

        Returns:
            A tuple representing the transformation matrix as (a, b, c, d, e, f)
        """
        return (
            matrix[0][0],
            matrix[0][1],
            matrix[1][0],
            matrix[1][1],
            matrix[2][0],
            matrix[2][1],
        )

    def transform(self, m: "Transformation") -> "Transformation":
        """
        Apply one transformation to another.

        Args:
            m: a Transformation to apply.

        Returns:
            A new ``Transformation`` instance

        Example:
            >>> from pypdf import Transformation
            >>> op = Transformation((1, 0, 0, -1, 0, height)) # vertical mirror
            >>> op = Transformation().transform(Transformation((-1, 0, 0, 1, iwidth, 0))) # horizontal mirror
            >>> page.add_transformation(op)
        """
        ctm = Transformation.compress(matrix_multiply(self.matrix, m.matrix))
        return Transformation(ctm)

    def translate(self, tx: float = 0, ty: float = 0) -> "Transformation":
        """
        Translate the contents of a page.

        Args:
            tx: The translation along the x-axis.
            ty: The translation along the y-axis.

        Returns:
            A new ``Transformation`` instance
        """
        m = self.ctm
        return Transformation(ctm=(m[0], m[1], m[2], m[3], m[4] + tx, m[5] + ty))

    def scale(
        self, sx: Optional[float] = None, sy: Optional[float] = None
    ) -> "Transformation":
        """
        Scale the contents of a page towards the origin of the coordinate system.

        Typically, that is the lower-left corner of the page. That can be
        changed by translating the contents / the page boxes.

        Args:
            sx: The scale factor along the x-axis.
            sy: The scale factor along the y-axis.

        Returns:
            A new Transformation instance with the scaled matrix.
        """
        if sx is None and sy is None:
            raise ValueError("Either sx or sy must be specified")
        if sx is None:
            sx = sy
        if sy is None:
            sy = sx
        assert sx is not None
        assert sy is not None
        op: TransformationMatrixType = ((sx, 0, 0), (0, sy, 0), (0, 0, 1))
        ctm = Transformation.compress(matrix_multiply(self.matrix, op))
        return Transformation(ctm)

    def rotate(self, rotation: float) -> "Transformation":
        """
        Rotate the contents of a page.

        Args:
            rotation: The angle of rotation in degrees.

        Returns:
            A new ``Transformation`` instance with the rotated matrix.
        """
        rotation = math.radians(rotation)
        op: TransformationMatrixType = (
            (math.cos(rotation), math.sin(rotation), 0),
            (-math.sin(rotation), math.cos(rotation), 0),
            (0, 0, 1),
        )
        ctm = Transformation.compress(matrix_multiply(self.matrix, op))
        return Transformation(ctm)

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return f"Transformation(ctm={self.ctm})"

    @overload
    def apply_on(self, pt: List[float], as_object: bool = False) -> List[float]:
        ...

    @overload
    def apply_on(
        self, pt: Tuple[float, float], as_object: bool = False
    ) -> Tuple[float, float]:
        ...

    def apply_on(
        self,
        pt: Union[Tuple[float, float], List[float]],
        as_object: bool = False,
    ) -> Union[Tuple[float, float], List[float]]:
        """
        Apply the transformation matrix on the given point.

        Args:
            pt: A tuple or list representing the point in the form (x, y)

        Returns:
            A tuple or list representing the transformed point in the form (x', y')
        """
        typ = FloatObject if as_object else float
        pt1 = (
            typ(float(pt[0]) * self.ctm[0] + float(pt[1]) * self.ctm[2] + self.ctm[4]),
            typ(float(pt[0]) * self.ctm[1] + float(pt[1]) * self.ctm[3] + self.ctm[5]),
        )
        return list(pt1) if isinstance(pt, list) else pt1


class PageObject(DictionaryObject):
    """
    PageObject represents a single page within a PDF file.

    Typically these objects will be created by accessing the
    :attr:`pages<pypdf.PdfReader.pages>` property of the
    :class:`PdfReader<pypdf.PdfReader>` class, but it is
    also possible to create an empty page with the
    :meth:`create_blank_page()<pypdf._page.PageObject.create_blank_page>` static method.

    Args:
        pdf: PDF file the page belongs to.
        indirect_reference: Stores the original indirect reference to
            this object in its source PDF
    """

    original_page: "PageObject"  # very local use in writer when appending

    def __init__(
        self,
        pdf: Union[None, PdfReaderProtocol, PdfWriterProtocol] = None,
        indirect_reference: Optional[IndirectObject] = None,
    ) -> None:
        DictionaryObject.__init__(self)
        self.pdf: Union[None, PdfReaderProtocol, PdfWriterProtocol] = pdf
        self.inline_images: Optional[Dict[str, ImageFile]] = None
        # below Union for mypy but actually Optional[List[str]]
        self.inline_images_keys: Optional[List[Union[str, List[str]]]] = None
        self.indirect_reference = indirect_reference

    def hash_value_data(self) -> bytes:
        data = super().hash_value_data()
        data += b"%d" % id(self)
        return data

    @property
    def user_unit(self) -> float:
        """
        A read-only positive number giving the size of user space units.

        It is in multiples of 1/72 inch. Hence a value of 1 means a user
        space unit is 1/72 inch, and a value of 3 means that a user
        space unit is 3/72 inch.
        """
        return self.get(PG.USER_UNIT, 1)

    @staticmethod
    def create_blank_page(
        pdf: Union[None, PdfReaderProtocol, PdfWriterProtocol] = None,
        width: Union[float, Decimal, None] = None,
        height: Union[float, Decimal, None] = None,
    ) -> "PageObject":
        """
        Return a new blank page.

        If ``width`` or ``height`` is ``None``, try to get the page size
        from the last page of *pdf*.

        Args:
            pdf: PDF file the page belongs to
            width: The width of the new page expressed in default user
                space units.
            height: The height of the new page expressed in default user
                space units.

        Returns:
            The new blank page

        Raises:
            PageSizeNotDefinedError: if ``pdf`` is ``None`` or contains
                no page
        """
        page = PageObject(pdf)

        # Creates a new page (cf PDF Reference  7.7.3.3)
        page.__setitem__(NameObject(PG.TYPE), NameObject("/Page"))
        page.__setitem__(NameObject(PG.PARENT), NullObject())
        page.__setitem__(NameObject(PG.RESOURCES), DictionaryObject())
        if width is None or height is None:
            if pdf is not None and len(pdf.pages) > 0:
                lastpage = pdf.pages[len(pdf.pages) - 1]
                width = lastpage.mediabox.width
                height = lastpage.mediabox.height
            else:
                raise PageSizeNotDefinedError
        page.__setitem__(
            NameObject(PG.MEDIABOX), RectangleObject((0, 0, width, height))  # type: ignore
        )

        return page

    @property
    def _old_images(self) -> List[File]:  # deprecated
        """
        Get a list of all images of the page.

        This requires pillow. You can install it via 'pip install pypdf[image]'.

        For the moment, this does NOT include inline images. They will be added
        in future.
        """
        images_extracted: List[File] = []
        if RES.XOBJECT not in self[PG.RESOURCES]:  # type: ignore
            return images_extracted

        x_object = self[PG.RESOURCES][RES.XOBJECT].get_object()  # type: ignore
        for obj in x_object:
            if x_object[obj][IA.SUBTYPE] == "/Image":
                extension, byte_stream, img = _xobj_to_image(x_object[obj])
                if extension is not None:
                    filename = f"{obj[1:]}{extension}"
                    images_extracted.append(File(name=filename, data=byte_stream))
                    images_extracted[-1].image = img
                    images_extracted[-1].indirect_reference = x_object[
                        obj
                    ].indirect_reference
        return images_extracted

    def _get_ids_image(
        self,
        obj: Optional[DictionaryObject] = None,
        ancest: Optional[List[str]] = None,
        call_stack: Optional[List[Any]] = None,
    ) -> List[Union[str, List[str]]]:
        if call_stack is None:
            call_stack = []
        _i = getattr(obj, "indirect_reference", None)
        if _i in call_stack:
            return []
        else:
            call_stack.append(_i)
        if self.inline_images_keys is None:
            content = self._get_contents_as_bytes() or b""
            nb_inlines = 0
            for matching in re.finditer(
                WHITESPACES_AS_REGEXP + b"BI" + WHITESPACES_AS_REGEXP,
                content,
            ):
                start_of_string = content[: matching.start()]
                if len(re.findall(b"[^\\\\]\\(", start_of_string)) == len(
                    re.findall(b"[^\\\\]\\)", start_of_string)
                ):
                    nb_inlines += 1
            self.inline_images_keys = [f"~{x}~" for x in range(nb_inlines)]
        if obj is None:
            obj = self
        if ancest is None:
            ancest = []
        lst: List[Union[str, List[str]]] = []
        if PG.RESOURCES not in obj or RES.XOBJECT not in cast(
            DictionaryObject, obj[PG.RESOURCES]
        ):
            return self.inline_images_keys

        x_object = obj[PG.RESOURCES][RES.XOBJECT].get_object()  # type: ignore
        for o in x_object:
            if not isinstance(x_object[o], StreamObject):
                continue
            if x_object[o][IA.SUBTYPE] == "/Image":
                lst.append(o if len(ancest) == 0 else ancest + [o])
            else:  # is a form with possible images inside
                lst.extend(self._get_ids_image(x_object[o], ancest + [o], call_stack))
        return lst + self.inline_images_keys

    def _get_image(
        self,
        id: Union[str, List[str], Tuple[str]],
        obj: Optional[DictionaryObject] = None,
    ) -> ImageFile:
        if obj is None:
            obj = cast(DictionaryObject, self)
        if isinstance(id, tuple):
            id = list(id)
        if isinstance(id, List) and len(id) == 1:
            id = id[0]
        try:
            xobjs = cast(
                DictionaryObject, cast(DictionaryObject, obj[PG.RESOURCES])[RES.XOBJECT]
            )
        except KeyError:
            if not (id[0] == "~" and id[-1] == "~"):
                raise
        if isinstance(id, str):
            if id[0] == "~" and id[-1] == "~":
                if self.inline_images is None:
                    self.inline_images = self._get_inline_images()
                if self.inline_images is None:  # pragma: no cover
                    raise KeyError("no inline image can be found")
                return self.inline_images[id]

            imgd = _xobj_to_image(cast(DictionaryObject, xobjs[id]))
            extension, byte_stream = imgd[:2]
            f = ImageFile(
                name=f"{id[1:]}{extension}",
                data=byte_stream,
                image=imgd[2],
                indirect_reference=xobjs[id].indirect_reference,
            )
            return f
        else:  # in a sub object
            ids = id[1:]
            return self._get_image(ids, cast(DictionaryObject, xobjs[id[0]]))

    @property
    def images(self) -> List[ImageFile]:
        """
        Read-only property emulating a list of images on a page.

        Get a list of all images on the page. The key can be:
        - A string (for the top object)
        - A tuple (for images within XObject forms)
        - An integer

        Examples:
            reader.pages[0].images[0]        # return fist image
            reader.pages[0].images['/I0']    # return image '/I0'
            # return image '/Image1' within '/TP1' Xobject/Form:
            reader.pages[0].images['/TP1','/Image1']
            for img in reader.pages[0].images: # loop within all objects

        images.keys() and images.items() can be used.

        The ImageFile has the following properties:

            `.name` : name of the object
            `.data` : bytes of the object
            `.image`  : PIL Image Object
            `.indirect_reference` : object reference

        and the following methods:
            `.replace(new_image: PIL.Image.Image, **kwargs)` :
                replace the image in the pdf with the new image
                applying the saving parameters indicated (such as quality)

        Example usage:

            reader.pages[0].images[0]=replace(Image.open("new_image.jpg", quality = 20)

        Inline images are extracted and named ~0~, ~1~, ..., with the
        indirect_reference set to None.
        """
        return _VirtualListImages(self._get_ids_image, self._get_image)  # type: ignore

    def _get_inline_images(self) -> Dict[str, ImageFile]:
        """
        get inline_images
        entries will be identified as ~1~
        """
        content = self.get_contents()
        if content is None:
            return {}
        imgs_data = []
        for param, ope in content.operations:
            if ope == b"INLINE IMAGE":
                imgs_data.append(
                    {"settings": param["settings"], "__streamdata__": param["data"]}
                )
            elif ope in (b"BI", b"EI", b"ID"):  # pragma: no cover
                raise PdfReadError(
                    f"{ope} operator met whereas not expected,"
                    "please share usecase with pypdf dev team"
                )
            """backup
            elif ope == b"BI":
                img_data["settings"] = {}
            elif ope == b"EI":
                imgs_data.append(img_data)
                img_data = {}
            elif ope == b"ID":
                img_data["__streamdata__"] = b""
            elif "__streamdata__" in img_data:
                if len(img_data["__streamdata__"]) > 0:
                    img_data["__streamdata__"] += b"\n"
                    raise Exception("check append")
                img_data["__streamdata__"] += param
            elif "settings" in img_data:
                img_data["settings"][ope.decode()] = param
            """
        files = {}
        for num, ii in enumerate(imgs_data):
            init = {
                "__streamdata__": ii["__streamdata__"],
                "/Length": len(ii["__streamdata__"]),
            }
            for k, v in ii["settings"].items():
                try:
                    v = NameObject(
                        {
                            "/G": "/DeviceGray",
                            "/RGB": "/DeviceRGB",
                            "/CMYK": "/DeviceCMYK",
                            "/I": "/Indexed",
                            "/AHx": "/ASCIIHexDecode",
                            "/A85": "/ASCII85Decode",
                            "/LZW": "/LZWDecode",
                            "/Fl": "/FlateDecode",
                            "/RL": "/RunLengthDecode",
                            "/CCF": "/CCITTFaxDecode",
                            "/DCT": "/DCTDecode",
                        }[v]
                    )
                except (TypeError, KeyError):
                    if isinstance(v, NameObject):
                        #  it is a custom name : we have to look in resources :
                        # the only applicable case is for ColorSpace
                        try:
                            res = cast(DictionaryObject, self["/Resources"])[
                                "/ColorSpace"
                            ]
                            v = cast(DictionaryObject, res)[v]
                        except KeyError:  # for res and v
                            raise PdfReadError(
                                f"Can not find resource entry {v} for {k}"
                            )
                init[
                    NameObject(
                        {
                            "/BPC": "/BitsPerComponent",
                            "/CS": "/ColorSpace",
                            "/D": "/Decode",
                            "/DP": "/DecodeParms",
                            "/F": "/Filter",
                            "/H": "/Height",
                            "/W": "/Width",
                            "/I": "/Interpolate",
                            "/Intent": "/Intent",
                            "/IM": "/ImageMask",
                        }[k]
                    )
                ] = v
            ii["object"] = EncodedStreamObject.initialize_from_dictionary(init)
            extension, byte_stream, img = _xobj_to_image(ii["object"])
            files[f"~{num}~"] = ImageFile(
                name=f"~{num}~{extension}",
                data=byte_stream,
                image=img,
                indirect_reference=None,
            )
        return files

    @property
    def rotation(self) -> int:
        """
        The VISUAL rotation of the page.

        This number has to be a multiple of 90 degrees: 0, 90, 180, or 270 are
        valid values. This property does not affect ``/Contents``.
        """
        rotate_obj = self.get(PG.ROTATE, 0)
        return rotate_obj if isinstance(rotate_obj, int) else rotate_obj.get_object()

    @rotation.setter
    def rotation(self, r: float) -> None:
        self[NameObject(PG.ROTATE)] = NumberObject((((int(r) + 45) // 90) * 90) % 360)

    def transfer_rotation_to_content(self) -> None:
        """
        Apply the rotation of the page to the content and the media/crop/...
        boxes.

        It's recommended to apply this function before page merging.
        """
        r = -self.rotation  # rotation to apply is in the otherway
        self.rotation = 0
        mb = RectangleObject(self.mediabox)
        trsf = (
            Transformation()
            .translate(
                -float(mb.left + mb.width / 2), -float(mb.bottom + mb.height / 2)
            )
            .rotate(r)
        )
        pt1 = trsf.apply_on(mb.lower_left)
        pt2 = trsf.apply_on(mb.upper_right)
        trsf = trsf.translate(-min(pt1[0], pt2[0]), -min(pt1[1], pt2[1]))
        self.add_transformation(trsf, False)
        for b in ["/MediaBox", "/CropBox", "/BleedBox", "/TrimBox", "/ArtBox"]:
            if b in self:
                rr = RectangleObject(self[b])  # type: ignore
                pt1 = trsf.apply_on(rr.lower_left)
                pt2 = trsf.apply_on(rr.upper_right)
                self[NameObject(b)] = RectangleObject(
                    (
                        min(pt1[0], pt2[0]),
                        min(pt1[1], pt2[1]),
                        max(pt1[0], pt2[0]),
                        max(pt1[1], pt2[1]),
                    )
                )

    def rotate(self, angle: int) -> "PageObject":
        """
        Rotate a page clockwise by increments of 90 degrees.

        Args:
            angle: Angle to rotate the page.  Must be an increment of 90 deg.

        Returns:
            The rotated PageObject
        """
        if angle % 90 != 0:
            raise ValueError("Rotation angle must be a multiple of 90")
        self[NameObject(PG.ROTATE)] = NumberObject(self.rotation + angle)
        return self

    def _merge_resources(
        self,
        res1: DictionaryObject,
        res2: DictionaryObject,
        resource: Any,
        new_res1: bool = True,
    ) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], Dict[str, Any]]:
        try:
            assert isinstance(self.indirect_reference, IndirectObject)
            pdf = self.indirect_reference.pdf
            is_pdf_writer = hasattr(
                pdf, "_add_object"
            )  # ---------- expect isinstance(pdf,PdfWriter)
        except (AssertionError, AttributeError):
            pdf = None
            is_pdf_writer = False

        def compute_unique_key(base_key: str) -> Tuple[str, bool]:
            """
            Find a key that either doesn't already exist or has the same value
            (indicated by the bool)

            Args:
                base_key: An index is added to this to get the computed key

            Returns:
                A tuple (computed key, bool) where the boolean indicates
                if there is a resource of the given computed_key with the same
                value.
            """
            value = page2res.raw_get(base_key)
            # TODO : possible improvement : in case of writer, the indirect_reference
            # can not be found because translated : this may be improved

            # try the current key first (e.g. "foo"), but otherwise iterate
            # through "foo-0", "foo-1", etc. new_res can contain only finitely
            # many keys, thus this'll eventually end, even if it's been crafted
            # to be maximally annoying.
            computed_key = base_key
            idx = 0
            while computed_key in new_res:
                if new_res.raw_get(computed_key) == value:
                    # there's already a resource of this name, with the exact
                    # same value
                    return computed_key, True
                computed_key = f"{base_key}-{idx}"
                idx += 1
            return computed_key, False

        if new_res1:
            new_res = DictionaryObject()
            new_res.update(res1.get(resource, DictionaryObject()).get_object())
        else:
            new_res = cast(DictionaryObject, res1[resource])
        page2res = cast(
            DictionaryObject, res2.get(resource, DictionaryObject()).get_object()
        )
        rename_res = {}
        for key in page2res:
            unique_key, same_value = compute_unique_key(key)
            newname = NameObject(unique_key)
            if key != unique_key:
                # we have to use a different name for this
                rename_res[key] = newname

            if not same_value:
                if is_pdf_writer:
                    new_res[newname] = page2res.raw_get(key).clone(pdf)
                    try:
                        new_res[newname] = new_res[newname].indirect_reference
                    except AttributeError:
                        pass
                else:
                    new_res[newname] = page2res.raw_get(key)
            lst = sorted(new_res.items())
            new_res.clear()
            for el in lst:
                new_res[el[0]] = el[1]
        return new_res, rename_res

    @staticmethod
    def _content_stream_rename(
        stream: ContentStream,
        rename: Dict[Any, Any],
        pdf: Union[None, PdfReaderProtocol, PdfWriterProtocol],
    ) -> ContentStream:
        if not rename:
            return stream
        stream = ContentStream(stream, pdf)
        for operands, _operator in stream.operations:
            if isinstance(operands, list):
                for i, op in enumerate(operands):
                    if isinstance(op, NameObject):
                        operands[i] = rename.get(op, op)
            elif isinstance(operands, dict):
                for i, op in operands.items():
                    if isinstance(op, NameObject):
                        operands[i] = rename.get(op, op)
            else:
                raise KeyError(f"type of operands is {type(operands)}")
        return stream

    @staticmethod
    def _add_transformation_matrix(
        contents: Any,
        pdf: Union[None, PdfReaderProtocol, PdfWriterProtocol],
        ctm: CompressedTransformationMatrix,
    ) -> ContentStream:
        """Add transformation matrix at the beginning of the given contents stream."""
        a, b, c, d, e, f = ctm
        contents = ContentStream(contents, pdf)
        contents.operations.insert(
            0,
            [
                [
                    FloatObject(a),
                    FloatObject(b),
                    FloatObject(c),
                    FloatObject(d),
                    FloatObject(e),
                    FloatObject(f),
                ],
                " cm",
            ],
        )
        return contents

    def _get_contents_as_bytes(self) -> Optional[bytes]:
        """
        Return the page contents as bytes.

        Returns:
            The ``/Contents`` object as bytes, or ``None`` if it doesn't exist.

        """
        if PG.CONTENTS in self:
            obj = self[PG.CONTENTS].get_object()
            if isinstance(obj, list):
                return b"".join(x.get_object().get_data() for x in obj)
            else:
                return cast(bytes, cast(EncodedStreamObject, obj).get_data())
        else:
            return None

    def get_contents(self) -> Optional[ContentStream]:
        """
        Access the page contents.

        Returns:
            The ``/Contents`` object, or ``None`` if it doesn't exist.
            ``/Contents`` is optional, as described in PDF Reference  7.7.3.3
        """
        if PG.CONTENTS in self:
            try:
                pdf = cast(IndirectObject, self.indirect_reference).pdf
            except AttributeError:
                pdf = None
            obj = self[PG.CONTENTS].get_object()
            if isinstance(obj, NullObject):
                return None
            else:
                return ContentStream(obj, pdf)
        else:
            return None

    def replace_contents(
        self, content: Union[None, ContentStream, EncodedStreamObject, ArrayObject]
    ) -> None:
        """
        Replace the page contents with the new content and nullify old objects
        Args:
            content : new content. if None delete the content field.
        """
        if not hasattr(self, "indirect_reference") or self.indirect_reference is None:
            # the page is not attached : the content is directly attached.
            self[NameObject(PG.CONTENTS)] = content
            return
        if isinstance(self.get(PG.CONTENTS, None), ArrayObject):
            for o in self[PG.CONTENTS]:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
                try:
                    self._objects[o.indirect_reference.idnum - 1] = NullObject()  # type: ignore
                except AttributeError:
                    pass

        if isinstance(content, ArrayObject):
            for i in range(len(content)):
                content[i] = self.indirect_reference.pdf._add_object(content[i])

        if content is None:
            if PG.CONTENTS not in self:
                return
            else:
                assert self.indirect_reference is not None
                assert self[PG.CONTENTS].indirect_reference is not None
                self.indirect_reference.pdf._objects[
                    self[PG.CONTENTS].indirect_reference.idnum - 1  # type: ignore
                ] = NullObject()
                del self[PG.CONTENTS]
        elif not hasattr(self.get(PG.CONTENTS, None), "indirect_reference"):
            try:
                self[NameObject(PG.CONTENTS)] = self.indirect_reference.pdf._add_object(
                    content
                )
            except AttributeError:
                # applies at least for page not in writer
                # as a backup solution, we put content as an object although not in accordance with pdf ref
                # this will be fixed with the _add_object
                self[NameObject(PG.CONTENTS)] = content
        else:
            content.indirect_reference = self[
                PG.CONTENTS
            ].indirect_reference  # TODO: in a future may required generation managment
            try:
                self.indirect_reference.pdf._objects[
                    content.indirect_reference.idnum - 1  # type: ignore
                ] = content
            except AttributeError:
                # applies at least for page not in writer
                # as a backup solution, we put content as an object although not in accordance with pdf ref
                # this will be fixed with the _add_object
                self[NameObject(PG.CONTENTS)] = content

    def merge_page(
        self, page2: "PageObject", expand: bool = False, over: bool = True
    ) -> None:
        """
        Merge the content streams of two pages into one.

        Resource references
        (i.e. fonts) are maintained from both pages.  The mediabox/cropbox/etc
        of this page are not altered.  The parameter page's content stream will
        be added to the end of this page's content stream, meaning that it will
        be drawn after, or "on top" of this page.

        Args:
            page2: The page to be merged into this one. Should be
                an instance of :class:`PageObject<PageObject>`.
            over: set the page2 content over page1 if True(default) else under
            expand: If true, the current page dimensions will be
                expanded to accommodate the dimensions of the page to be merged.
        """
        self._merge_page(page2, over=over, expand=expand)

    def _merge_page(
        self,
        page2: "PageObject",
        page2transformation: Optional[Callable[[Any], ContentStream]] = None,
        ctm: Optional[CompressedTransformationMatrix] = None,
        over: bool = True,
        expand: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        # First we work on merging the resource dictionaries.  This allows us
        # to find out what symbols in the content streams we might need to
        # rename.
        try:
            assert isinstance(self.indirect_reference, IndirectObject)
            if hasattr(
                self.indirect_reference.pdf, "_add_object"
            ):  # ---------- to detect PdfWriter
                return self._merge_page_writer(
                    page2, page2transformation, ctm, over, expand
                )
        except (AssertionError, AttributeError):
            pass

        new_resources = DictionaryObject()
        rename = {}
        try:
            original_resources = cast(DictionaryObject, self[PG.RESOURCES].get_object())
        except KeyError:
            original_resources = DictionaryObject()
        try:
            page2resources = cast(DictionaryObject, page2[PG.RESOURCES].get_object())
        except KeyError:
            page2resources = DictionaryObject()
        new_annots = ArrayObject()

        for page in (self, page2):
            if PG.ANNOTS in page:
                annots = page[PG.ANNOTS]
                if isinstance(annots, ArrayObject):
                    new_annots.extend(annots)

        for res in (
            RES.EXT_G_STATE,
            RES.FONT,
            RES.XOBJECT,
            RES.COLOR_SPACE,
            RES.PATTERN,
            RES.SHADING,
            RES.PROPERTIES,
        ):
            new, newrename = self._merge_resources(
                original_resources, page2resources, res
            )
            if new:
                new_resources[NameObject(res)] = new
                rename.update(newrename)

        # Combine /ProcSet sets, making sure there's a consistent order
        new_resources[NameObject(RES.PROC_SET)] = ArrayObject(
            sorted(
                set(
                    original_resources.get(RES.PROC_SET, ArrayObject()).get_object()
                ).union(
                    set(page2resources.get(RES.PROC_SET, ArrayObject()).get_object())
                )
            )
        )

        new_content_array = ArrayObject()
        original_content = self.get_contents()
        if original_content is not None:
            original_content.isolate_graphics_state()
            new_content_array.append(original_content)

        page2content = page2.get_contents()
        if page2content is not None:
            rect = getattr(page2, MERGE_CROP_BOX)
            page2content.operations.insert(
                0,
                (
                    map(
                        FloatObject,
                        [
                            rect.left,
                            rect.bottom,
                            rect.width,
                            rect.height,
                        ],
                    ),
                    "re",
                ),
            )
            page2content.operations.insert(1, ([], "W"))
            page2content.operations.insert(2, ([], "n"))
            if page2transformation is not None:
                page2content = page2transformation(page2content)
            page2content = PageObject._content_stream_rename(
                page2content, rename, self.pdf
            )
            page2content.isolate_graphics_state()
            if over:
                new_content_array.append(page2content)
            else:
                new_content_array.insert(0, page2content)

        # if expanding the page to fit a new page, calculate the new media box size
        if expand:
            self._expand_mediabox(page2, ctm)

        self.replace_contents(ContentStream(new_content_array, self.pdf))
        self[NameObject(PG.RESOURCES)] = new_resources
        self[NameObject(PG.ANNOTS)] = new_annots

    def _merge_page_writer(
        self,
        page2: "PageObject",
        page2transformation: Optional[Callable[[Any], ContentStream]] = None,
        ctm: Optional[CompressedTransformationMatrix] = None,
        over: bool = True,
        expand: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        # First we work on merging the resource dictionaries.  This allows us
        # to find out what symbols in the content streams we might need to
        # rename.
        assert isinstance(self.indirect_reference, IndirectObject)
        pdf = self.indirect_reference.pdf

        rename = {}
        if PG.RESOURCES not in self:
            self[NameObject(PG.RESOURCES)] = DictionaryObject()
        original_resources = cast(DictionaryObject, self[PG.RESOURCES].get_object())
        if PG.RESOURCES not in page2:
            page2resources = DictionaryObject()
        else:
            page2resources = cast(DictionaryObject, page2[PG.RESOURCES].get_object())

        for res in (
            RES.EXT_G_STATE,
            RES.FONT,
            RES.XOBJECT,
            RES.COLOR_SPACE,
            RES.PATTERN,
            RES.SHADING,
            RES.PROPERTIES,
        ):
            if res in page2resources:
                if res not in original_resources:
                    original_resources[NameObject(res)] = DictionaryObject()
                _, newrename = self._merge_resources(
                    original_resources, page2resources, res, False
                )
                rename.update(newrename)
        # Combine /ProcSet sets.
        if RES.PROC_SET in page2resources:
            if RES.PROC_SET not in original_resources:
                original_resources[NameObject(RES.PROC_SET)] = ArrayObject()
            arr = cast(ArrayObject, original_resources[RES.PROC_SET])
            for x in cast(ArrayObject, page2resources[RES.PROC_SET]):
                if x not in arr:
                    arr.append(x)
            arr.sort()

        if PG.ANNOTS in page2:
            if PG.ANNOTS not in self:
                self[NameObject(PG.ANNOTS)] = ArrayObject()
            annots = cast(ArrayObject, self[PG.ANNOTS].get_object())
            if ctm is None:
                trsf = Transformation()
            else:
                trsf = Transformation(ctm)
            for a in cast(ArrayObject, page2[PG.ANNOTS]):
                a = a.get_object()
                aa = a.clone(
                    pdf,
                    ignore_fields=("/P", "/StructParent", "/Parent"),
                    force_duplicate=True,
                )
                r = cast(ArrayObject, a["/Rect"])
                pt1 = trsf.apply_on((r[0], r[1]), True)
                pt2 = trsf.apply_on((r[2], r[3]), True)
                aa[NameObject("/Rect")] = ArrayObject(
                    (
                        min(pt1[0], pt2[0]),
                        min(pt1[1], pt2[1]),
                        max(pt1[0], pt2[0]),
                        max(pt1[1], pt2[1]),
                    )
                )
                if "/QuadPoints" in a:
                    q = cast(ArrayObject, a["/QuadPoints"])
                    aa[NameObject("/QuadPoints")] = ArrayObject(
                        trsf.apply_on((q[0], q[1]), True)
                        + trsf.apply_on((q[2], q[3]), True)
                        + trsf.apply_on((q[4], q[5]), True)
                        + trsf.apply_on((q[6], q[7]), True)
                    )
                try:
                    aa["/Popup"][NameObject("/Parent")] = aa.indirect_reference
                except KeyError:
                    pass
                try:
                    aa[NameObject("/P")] = self.indirect_reference
                    annots.append(aa.indirect_reference)
                except AttributeError:
                    pass

        new_content_array = ArrayObject()
        original_content = self.get_contents()
        if original_content is not None:
            original_content.isolate_graphics_state()
            new_content_array.append(original_content)

        page2content = page2.get_contents()
        if page2content is not None:
            rect = getattr(page2, MERGE_CROP_BOX)
            page2content.operations.insert(
                0,
                (
                    map(
                        FloatObject,
                        [
                            rect.left,
                            rect.bottom,
                            rect.width,
                            rect.height,
                        ],
                    ),
                    "re",
                ),
            )
            page2content.operations.insert(1, ([], "W"))
            page2content.operations.insert(2, ([], "n"))
            if page2transformation is not None:
                page2content = page2transformation(page2content)
            page2content = PageObject._content_stream_rename(
                page2content, rename, self.pdf
            )
            page2content.isolate_graphics_state()
            if over:
                new_content_array.append(page2content)
            else:
                new_content_array.insert(0, page2content)

        # if expanding the page to fit a new page, calculate the new media box size
        if expand:
            self._expand_mediabox(page2, ctm)

        self.replace_contents(new_content_array)
        # self[NameObject(PG.CONTENTS)] = ContentStream(new_content_array, pdf)
        # self[NameObject(PG.RESOURCES)] = new_resources
        # self[NameObject(PG.ANNOTS)] = new_annots

    def _expand_mediabox(
        self, page2: "PageObject", ctm: Optional[CompressedTransformationMatrix]
    ) -> None:
        corners1 = (
            self.mediabox.left.as_numeric(),
            self.mediabox.bottom.as_numeric(),
            self.mediabox.right.as_numeric(),
            self.mediabox.top.as_numeric(),
        )
        corners2 = (
            page2.mediabox.left.as_numeric(),
            page2.mediabox.bottom.as_numeric(),
            page2.mediabox.left.as_numeric(),
            page2.mediabox.top.as_numeric(),
            page2.mediabox.right.as_numeric(),
            page2.mediabox.top.as_numeric(),
            page2.mediabox.right.as_numeric(),
            page2.mediabox.bottom.as_numeric(),
        )
        if ctm is not None:
            ctm = tuple(float(x) for x in ctm)  # type: ignore[assignment]
            new_x = tuple(
                ctm[0] * corners2[i] + ctm[2] * corners2[i + 1] + ctm[4]
                for i in range(0, 8, 2)
            )
            new_y = tuple(
                ctm[1] * corners2[i] + ctm[3] * corners2[i + 1] + ctm[5]
                for i in range(0, 8, 2)
            )
        else:
            new_x = corners2[0:8:2]
            new_y = corners2[1:8:2]
        lowerleft = (min(new_x), min(new_y))
        upperright = (max(new_x), max(new_y))
        lowerleft = (min(corners1[0], lowerleft[0]), min(corners1[1], lowerleft[1]))
        upperright = (
            max(corners1[2], upperright[0]),
            max(corners1[3], upperright[1]),
        )

        self.mediabox.lower_left = lowerleft
        self.mediabox.upper_right = upperright

    def merge_transformed_page(
        self,
        page2: "PageObject",
        ctm: Union[CompressedTransformationMatrix, Transformation],
        over: bool = True,
        expand: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        """
        merge_transformed_page is similar to merge_page, but a transformation
        matrix is applied to the merged stream.

        Args:
          page2: The page to be merged into this one.
          ctm: a 6-element tuple containing the operands of the
                 transformation matrix
          over: set the page2 content over page1 if True(default) else under
          expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the dimensions
            of the page to be merged.
        """
        if isinstance(ctm, Transformation):
            ctm = ctm.ctm
        self._merge_page(
            page2,
            lambda page2Content: PageObject._add_transformation_matrix(
                page2Content, page2.pdf, cast(CompressedTransformationMatrix, ctm)
            ),
            ctm,
            over,
            expand,
        )

    def merge_scaled_page(
        self, page2: "PageObject", scale: float, over: bool = True, expand: bool = False
    ) -> None:
        """
        merge_scaled_page is similar to merge_page, but the stream to be merged
        is scaled by applying a transformation matrix.

        Args:
          page2: The page to be merged into this one.
          scale: The scaling factor
          over: set the page2 content over page1 if True(default) else under
          expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the
            dimensions of the page to be merged.
        """
        op = Transformation().scale(scale, scale)
        self.merge_transformed_page(page2, op, over, expand)

    def merge_rotated_page(
        self,
        page2: "PageObject",
        rotation: float,
        over: bool = True,
        expand: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        """
        merge_rotated_page is similar to merge_page, but the stream to be merged
        is rotated by applying a transformation matrix.

        Args:
          page2: The page to be merged into this one.
          rotation: The angle of the rotation, in degrees
          over: set the page2 content over page1 if True(default) else under
          expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the
            dimensions of the page to be merged.
        """
        op = Transformation().rotate(rotation)
        self.merge_transformed_page(page2, op, over, expand)

    def merge_translated_page(
        self,
        page2: "PageObject",
        tx: float,
        ty: float,
        over: bool = True,
        expand: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        """
        mergeTranslatedPage is similar to merge_page, but the stream to be
        merged is translated by applying a transformation matrix.

        Args:
          page2: the page to be merged into this one.
          tx: The translation on X axis
          ty: The translation on Y axis
          over: set the page2 content over page1 if True(default) else under
          expand: Whether the page should be expanded to fit the
            dimensions of the page to be merged.
        """
        op = Transformation().translate(tx, ty)
        self.merge_transformed_page(page2, op, over, expand)

    def add_transformation(
        self,
        ctm: Union[Transformation, CompressedTransformationMatrix],
        expand: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Apply a transformation matrix to the page.

        Args:
            ctm: A 6-element tuple containing the operands of the
                transformation matrix. Alternatively, a
                :py:class:`Transformation<pypdf.Transformation>`
                object can be passed.

        See :doc:`/user/cropping-and-transforming`.
        """
        if isinstance(ctm, Transformation):
            ctm = ctm.ctm
        content = self.get_contents()
        if content is not None:
            content = PageObject._add_transformation_matrix(content, self.pdf, ctm)
            content.isolate_graphics_state()
            self.replace_contents(content)
        # if expanding the page to fit a new page, calculate the new media box size
        if expand:
            corners = [
                self.mediabox.left.as_numeric(),
                self.mediabox.bottom.as_numeric(),
                self.mediabox.left.as_numeric(),
                self.mediabox.top.as_numeric(),
                self.mediabox.right.as_numeric(),
                self.mediabox.top.as_numeric(),
                self.mediabox.right.as_numeric(),
                self.mediabox.bottom.as_numeric(),
            ]

            ctm = tuple(float(x) for x in ctm)  # type: ignore[assignment]
            new_x = [
                ctm[0] * corners[i] + ctm[2] * corners[i + 1] + ctm[4]
                for i in range(0, 8, 2)
            ]
            new_y = [
                ctm[1] * corners[i] + ctm[3] * corners[i + 1] + ctm[5]
                for i in range(0, 8, 2)
            ]

            lowerleft = (min(new_x), min(new_y))
            upperright = (max(new_x), max(new_y))

            self.mediabox.lower_left = lowerleft
            self.mediabox.upper_right = upperright

    def scale(self, sx: float, sy: float) -> None:
        """
        Scale a page by the given factors by applying a transformation matrix
        to its content and updating the page size.

        This updates the mediabox, the cropbox, and the contents
        of the page.

        Args:
            sx: The scaling factor on horizontal axis.
            sy: The scaling factor on vertical axis.
        """
        self.add_transformation((sx, 0, 0, sy, 0, 0))
        self.cropbox = self.cropbox.scale(sx, sy)
        self.artbox = self.artbox.scale(sx, sy)
        self.bleedbox = self.bleedbox.scale(sx, sy)
        self.trimbox = self.trimbox.scale(sx, sy)
        self.mediabox = self.mediabox.scale(sx, sy)

        if PG.ANNOTS in self:
            annotations = self[PG.ANNOTS]
            if isinstance(annotations, ArrayObject):
                for annotation in annotations:
                    annotation_obj = annotation.get_object()
                    if ADA.Rect in annotation_obj:
                        rectangle = annotation_obj[ADA.Rect]
                        if isinstance(rectangle, ArrayObject):
                            rectangle[0] = FloatObject(float(rectangle[0]) * sx)
                            rectangle[1] = FloatObject(float(rectangle[1]) * sy)
                            rectangle[2] = FloatObject(float(rectangle[2]) * sx)
                            rectangle[3] = FloatObject(float(rectangle[3]) * sy)

        if PG.VP in self:
            viewport = self[PG.VP]
            if isinstance(viewport, ArrayObject):
                bbox = viewport[0]["/BBox"]
            else:
                bbox = viewport["/BBox"]  # type: ignore
            scaled_bbox = RectangleObject(
                (
                    float(bbox[0]) * sx,
                    float(bbox[1]) * sy,
                    float(bbox[2]) * sx,
                    float(bbox[3]) * sy,
                )
            )
            if isinstance(viewport, ArrayObject):
                self[NameObject(PG.VP)][NumberObject(0)][  # type: ignore
                    NameObject("/BBox")
                ] = scaled_bbox
            else:
                self[NameObject(PG.VP)][NameObject("/BBox")] = scaled_bbox  # type: ignore

    def scale_by(self, factor: float) -> None:
        """
        Scale a page by the given factor by applying a transformation matrix to
        its content and updating the page size.

        Args:
            factor: The scaling factor (for both X and Y axis).
        """
        self.scale(factor, factor)

    def scale_to(self, width: float, height: float) -> None:
        """
        Scale a page to the specified dimensions by applying a transformation
        matrix to its content and updating the page size.

        Args:
            width: The new width.
            height: The new height.
        """
        sx = width / float(self.mediabox.width)
        sy = height / float(self.mediabox.height)
        self.scale(sx, sy)

    def compress_content_streams(self, level: int = -1) -> None:
        """
        Compress the size of this page by joining all content streams and
        applying a FlateDecode filter.

        However, it is possible that this function will perform no action if
        content stream compression becomes "automatic".
        """
        content = self.get_contents()
        if content is not None:
            content_obj = content.flate_encode(level)
            try:
                content.indirect_reference.pdf._objects[  # type: ignore
                    content.indirect_reference.idnum - 1  # type: ignore
                ] = content_obj
            except AttributeError:
                if self.indirect_reference is not None and hasattr(
                    self.indirect_reference.pdf, "_add_object"
                ):
                    self.replace_contents(content_obj)
                else:
                    raise ValueError("Page must be part of a PdfWriter")

    @property
    def page_number(self) -> Optional[int]:
        """
        Read-only property which return the page number with the pdf file.

        Returns:
            int : page number ; None if the page is not attached to a pdf
        """
        if self.indirect_reference is None:
            return None
        else:
            try:
                lst = self.indirect_reference.pdf.pages
                return lst.index(self)
            except ValueError:
                return None

    def _debug_for_extract(self) -> str:  # pragma: no cover
        out = ""
        for ope, op in ContentStream(
            self["/Contents"].get_object(), self.pdf, "bytes"
        ).operations:
            if op == b"TJ":
                s = [x for x in ope[0] if isinstance(x, str)]
            else:
                s = []
            out += op.decode("utf-8") + " " + "".join(s) + ope.__repr__() + "\n"
        out += "\n=============================\n"
        try:
            for fo in self[PG.RESOURCES]["/Font"]:  # type:ignore
                out += fo + "\n"
                out += self[PG.RESOURCES]["/Font"][fo].__repr__() + "\n"  # type:ignore
                try:
                    enc_repr = self[PG.RESOURCES]["/Font"][fo][  # type:ignore
                        "/Encoding"
                    ].__repr__()
                    out += enc_repr + "\n"
                except Exception:
                    pass
                try:
                    out += (
                        self[PG.RESOURCES]["/Font"][fo][  # type:ignore
                            "/ToUnicode"
                        ]
                        .get_data()
                        .decode()
                        + "\n"
                    )
                except Exception:
                    pass

        except KeyError:
            out += "No Font\n"
        return out

    def _extract_text(
        self,
        obj: Any,
        pdf: Any,
        orientations: Tuple[int, ...] = (0, 90, 180, 270),
        space_width: float = 200.0,
        content_key: Optional[str] = PG.CONTENTS,
        visitor_operand_before: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
        visitor_operand_after: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
        visitor_text: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
    ) -> str:
        """
        See extract_text for most arguments.

        Args:
            content_key: indicate the default key where to extract data
                None = the object; this allow to reuse the function on XObject
                default = "/Content"
        """
        text: str = ""
        output: str = ""
        rtl_dir: bool = False  # right-to-left
        cmaps: Dict[
            str,
            Tuple[
                str, float, Union[str, Dict[int, str]], Dict[str, str], DictionaryObject
            ],
        ] = {}
        try:
            objr = obj
            while NameObject(PG.RESOURCES) not in objr:
                # /Resources can be inherited sometimes so we look to parents
                objr = objr["/Parent"].get_object()
                # if no parents we will have no /Resources will be available
                # => an exception wil be raised
            resources_dict = cast(DictionaryObject, objr[PG.RESOURCES])
        except Exception:
            # no resources means no text is possible (no font) we consider the
            # file as not damaged, no need to check for TJ or Tj
            return ""
        if "/Font" in resources_dict:
            for f in cast(DictionaryObject, resources_dict["/Font"]):
                cmaps[f] = build_char_map(f, space_width, obj)
        cmap: Tuple[
            Union[str, Dict[int, str]], Dict[str, str], str, Optional[DictionaryObject]
        ] = (
            "charmap",
            {},
            "NotInitialized",
            None,
        )  # (encoding,CMAP,font resource name,dictionary-object of font)
        try:
            content = (
                obj[content_key].get_object() if isinstance(content_key, str) else obj
            )
            if not isinstance(content, ContentStream):
                content = ContentStream(content, pdf, "bytes")
        except KeyError:  # it means no content can be extracted(certainly empty page)
            return ""
        # Note: we check all strings are TextStringObjects.  ByteStringObjects
        # are strings where the byte->string encoding was unknown, so adding
        # them to the text here would be gibberish.

        cm_matrix: List[float] = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
        cm_stack = []
        tm_matrix: List[float] = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]

        # cm/tm_prev stores the last modified matrices can be an intermediate position
        cm_prev: List[float] = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
        tm_prev: List[float] = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]

        # memo_cm/tm will be used to store the position at the beginning of building the text
        memo_cm: List[float] = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
        memo_tm: List[float] = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
        char_scale = 1.0
        space_scale = 1.0
        _space_width: float = 500.0  # will be set correctly at first Tf
        TL = 0.0
        font_size = 12.0  # init just in case of

        def current_spacewidth() -> float:
            return _space_width / 1000.0

        def process_operation(operator: bytes, operands: List[Any]) -> None:
            nonlocal cm_matrix, cm_stack, tm_matrix, cm_prev, tm_prev, memo_cm, memo_tm
            nonlocal char_scale, space_scale, _space_width, TL, font_size, cmap
            nonlocal orientations, rtl_dir, visitor_text, output, text
            global CUSTOM_RTL_MIN, CUSTOM_RTL_MAX, CUSTOM_RTL_SPECIAL_CHARS

            check_crlf_space: bool = False
            # Table 5.4 page 405
            if operator == b"BT":
                tm_matrix = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
                output += text
                if visitor_text is not None:
                    visitor_text(text, memo_cm, memo_tm, cmap[3], font_size)
                text = ""
                memo_cm = cm_matrix.copy()
                memo_tm = tm_matrix.copy()
                return None
            elif operator == b"ET":
                output += text
                if visitor_text is not None:
                    visitor_text(text, memo_cm, memo_tm, cmap[3], font_size)
                text = ""
                memo_cm = cm_matrix.copy()
                memo_tm = tm_matrix.copy()
            # table 4.7 "Graphics state operators", page 219
            # cm_matrix calculation is a reserved for the moment
            elif operator == b"q":
                cm_stack.append(
                    (
                        cm_matrix,
                        cmap,
                        font_size,
                        char_scale,
                        space_scale,
                        _space_width,
                        TL,
                    )
                )
            elif operator == b"Q":
                try:
                    (
                        cm_matrix,
                        cmap,
                        font_size,
                        char_scale,
                        space_scale,
                        _space_width,
                        TL,
                    ) = cm_stack.pop()
                except Exception:
                    cm_matrix = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
            elif operator == b"cm":
                output += text
                if visitor_text is not None:
                    visitor_text(text, memo_cm, memo_tm, cmap[3], font_size)
                text = ""
                cm_matrix = mult(
                    [
                        float(operands[0]),
                        float(operands[1]),
                        float(operands[2]),
                        float(operands[3]),
                        float(operands[4]),
                        float(operands[5]),
                    ],
                    cm_matrix,
                )
                memo_cm = cm_matrix.copy()
                memo_tm = tm_matrix.copy()
            # Table 5.2 page 398
            elif operator == b"Tz":
                char_scale = float(operands[0]) / 100.0
            elif operator == b"Tw":
                space_scale = 1.0 + float(operands[0])
            elif operator == b"TL":
                TL = float(operands[0])
            elif operator == b"Tf":
                if text != "":
                    output += text  # .translate(cmap)
                    if visitor_text is not None:
                        visitor_text(text, memo_cm, memo_tm, cmap[3], font_size)
                text = ""
                memo_cm = cm_matrix.copy()
                memo_tm = tm_matrix.copy()
                try:
                    # charMapTuple: font_type, float(sp_width / 2), encoding,
                    #               map_dict, font-dictionary
                    charMapTuple = cmaps[operands[0]]
                    _space_width = charMapTuple[1]
                    # current cmap: encoding, map_dict, font resource name
                    #               (internal name, not the real font-name),
                    # font-dictionary. The font-dictionary describes the font.
                    cmap = (
                        charMapTuple[2],
                        charMapTuple[3],
                        operands[0],
                        charMapTuple[4],
                    )
                except KeyError:  # font not found
                    _space_width = unknown_char_map[1]
                    cmap = (
                        unknown_char_map[2],
                        unknown_char_map[3],
                        "???" + operands[0],
                        None,
                    )
                try:
                    font_size = float(operands[1])
                except Exception:
                    pass  # keep previous size
            # Table 5.5 page 406
            elif operator == b"Td":
                check_crlf_space = True
                # A special case is a translating only tm:
                # tm[0..5] = 1 0 0 1 e f,
                # i.e. tm[4] += tx, tm[5] += ty.
                tx = float(operands[0])
                ty = float(operands[1])
                tm_matrix[4] += tx * tm_matrix[0] + ty * tm_matrix[2]
                tm_matrix[5] += tx * tm_matrix[1] + ty * tm_matrix[3]
            elif operator == b"Tm":
                check_crlf_space = True
                tm_matrix = [
                    float(operands[0]),
                    float(operands[1]),
                    float(operands[2]),
                    float(operands[3]),
                    float(operands[4]),
                    float(operands[5]),
                ]
            elif operator == b"T*":
                check_crlf_space = True
                tm_matrix[5] -= TL

            elif operator == b"Tj":
                check_crlf_space = True
                text, rtl_dir = handle_tj(
                    text,
                    operands,
                    cm_matrix,
                    tm_matrix,  # text matrix
                    cmap,
                    orientations,
                    output,
                    font_size,
                    rtl_dir,
                    visitor_text,
                )
            else:
                return None
            if check_crlf_space:
                try:
                    text, output, cm_prev, tm_prev = crlf_space_check(
                        text,
                        (cm_prev, tm_prev),
                        (cm_matrix, tm_matrix),
                        (memo_cm, memo_tm),
                        cmap,
                        orientations,
                        output,
                        font_size,
                        visitor_text,
                        current_spacewidth(),
                    )
                    if text == "":
                        memo_cm = cm_matrix.copy()
                        memo_tm = tm_matrix.copy()
                except OrientationNotFoundError:
                    return None

        for operands, operator in content.operations:
            if visitor_operand_before is not None:
                visitor_operand_before(operator, operands, cm_matrix, tm_matrix)
            # multiple operators are defined in here ####
            if operator == b"'":
                process_operation(b"T*", [])
                process_operation(b"Tj", operands)
            elif operator == b'"':
                process_operation(b"Tw", [operands[0]])
                process_operation(b"Tc", [operands[1]])
                process_operation(b"T*", [])
                process_operation(b"Tj", operands[2:])
            elif operator == b"TD":
                process_operation(b"TL", [-operands[1]])
                process_operation(b"Td", operands)
            elif operator == b"TJ":
                for op in operands[0]:
                    if isinstance(op, (str, bytes)):
                        process_operation(b"Tj", [op])
                    if isinstance(op, (int, float, NumberObject, FloatObject)) and (
                        (abs(float(op)) >= _space_width)
                        and (len(text) > 0)
                        and (text[-1] != " ")
                    ):
                        process_operation(b"Tj", [" "])
            elif operator == b"Do":
                output += text
                if visitor_text is not None:
                    visitor_text(text, memo_cm, memo_tm, cmap[3], font_size)
                try:
                    if output[-1] != "\n":
                        output += "\n"
                        if visitor_text is not None:
                            visitor_text(
                                "\n",
                                memo_cm,
                                memo_tm,
                                cmap[3],
                                font_size,
                            )
                except IndexError:
                    pass
                try:
                    xobj = resources_dict["/XObject"]
                    if xobj[operands[0]]["/Subtype"] != "/Image":  # type: ignore
                        text = self.extract_xform_text(
                            xobj[operands[0]],  # type: ignore
                            orientations,
                            space_width,
                            visitor_operand_before,
                            visitor_operand_after,
                            visitor_text,
                        )
                        output += text
                        if visitor_text is not None:
                            visitor_text(
                                text,
                                memo_cm,
                                memo_tm,
                                cmap[3],
                                font_size,
                            )
                except Exception:
                    logger_warning(
                        f" impossible to decode XFormObject {operands[0]}",
                        __name__,
                    )
                finally:
                    text = ""
                    memo_cm = cm_matrix.copy()
                    memo_tm = tm_matrix.copy()

            else:
                process_operation(operator, operands)
            if visitor_operand_after is not None:
                visitor_operand_after(operator, operands, cm_matrix, tm_matrix)
        output += text  # just in case of
        if text != "" and visitor_text is not None:
            visitor_text(text, memo_cm, memo_tm, cmap[3], font_size)
        return output

    def _layout_mode_fonts(self) -> Dict[str, _layout_mode.Font]:
        """
        Get fonts formatted for "layout" mode text extraction.

        Returns:
            Dict[str, Font]: dictionary of _layout_mode.Font instances keyed by font name
        """
        # Font retrieval logic adapted from pypdf.PageObject._extract_text()
        objr: Any = self
        while NameObject(PG.RESOURCES) not in objr:
            objr = objr["/Parent"].get_object()
        resources_dict: Any = objr[PG.RESOURCES]
        fonts: Dict[str, _layout_mode.Font] = {}
        if "/Font" in resources_dict and self.pdf is not None:
            for font_name in resources_dict["/Font"]:
                *cmap, font_dict_obj = build_char_map(font_name, 200.0, self)
                font_dict = {
                    k: self.pdf.get_object(v)
                    if isinstance(v, IndirectObject)
                    else [
                        self.pdf.get_object(_v)
                        if isinstance(_v, IndirectObject)
                        else _v
                        for _v in v
                    ]
                    if isinstance(v, ArrayObject)
                    else v
                    for k, v in font_dict_obj.items()
                }
                # mypy really sucks at unpacking
                fonts[font_name] = _layout_mode.Font(*cmap, font_dict)  # type: ignore[call-arg,arg-type]
        return fonts

    def _layout_mode_text(
        self,
        space_vertically: bool = True,
        scale_weight: float = 1.25,
        strip_rotated: bool = True,
        debug_path: Optional[Path] = None,
    ) -> str:
        """
        Get text preserving fidelity to source PDF text layout.

        Args:
            space_vertically: include blank lines inferred from y distance + font
                height. Defaults to True.
            scale_weight: multiplier for string length when calculating weighted
                average character width. Defaults to 1.25.
            strip_rotated: Removes text that is rotated w.r.t. to the page from
                layout mode output. Defaults to True.
            debug_path (Path | None): if supplied, must target a directory.
                creates the following files with debug information for layout mode
                functions if supplied:
                  - fonts.json: output of self._layout_mode_fonts
                  - tjs.json: individual text render ops with corresponding transform matrices
                  - bts.json: text render ops left justified and grouped by BT/ET operators
                  - bt_groups.json: BT/ET operations grouped by rendered y-coord (aka lines)
                Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            str: multiline string containing page text in a fixed width format that
                closely adheres to the rendered layout in the source pdf.
        """
        fonts = self._layout_mode_fonts()
        if debug_path:  # pragma: no cover
            import json

            debug_path.joinpath("fonts.json").write_text(
                json.dumps(
                    fonts, indent=2, default=lambda x: getattr(x, "to_dict", str)(x)
                ),
                "utf-8",
            )

        ops = iter(
            ContentStream(self["/Contents"].get_object(), self.pdf, "bytes").operations
        )
        bt_groups = _layout_mode.text_show_operations(
            ops, fonts, strip_rotated, debug_path
        )

        if not bt_groups:
            return ""

        ty_groups = _layout_mode.y_coordinate_groups(bt_groups, debug_path)

        char_width = _layout_mode.fixed_char_width(bt_groups, scale_weight)

        return _layout_mode.fixed_width_page(ty_groups, char_width, space_vertically)

    def extract_text(
        self,
        *args: Any,
        orientations: Union[int, Tuple[int, ...]] = (0, 90, 180, 270),
        space_width: float = 200.0,
        visitor_operand_before: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
        visitor_operand_after: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
        visitor_text: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
        extraction_mode: Literal["plain", "layout"] = "plain",
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> str:
        """
        Locate all text drawing commands, in the order they are provided in the
        content stream, and extract the text.

        This works well for some PDF files, but poorly for others, depending on
        the generator used. This will be refined in the future.

        Do not rely on the order of text coming out of this function, as it
        will change if this function is made more sophisticated.

        Arabic, Hebrew,... are extracted in the good order.
        If required an custom RTL range of characters can be defined;
        see function set_custom_rtl

        Additionally you can provide visitor-methods to get informed on all
        operations and all text-objects.
        For example in some PDF files this can be useful to parse tables.

        Args:
            orientations: list of orientations text_extraction will look for
                default = (0, 90, 180, 270)
                note: currently only 0(Up),90(turned Left), 180(upside Down),
                270 (turned Right)
            space_width: force default space width
                if not extracted from font (default: 200)
            visitor_operand_before: function to be called before processing an operation.
                It has four arguments: operator, operand-arguments,
                current transformation matrix and text matrix.
            visitor_operand_after: function to be called after processing an operation.
                It has four arguments: operator, operand-arguments,
                current transformation matrix and text matrix.
            visitor_text: function to be called when extracting some text at some position.
                It has five arguments: text, current transformation matrix,
                text matrix, font-dictionary and font-size.
                The font-dictionary may be None in case of unknown fonts.
                If not None it may e.g. contain key "/BaseFont" with value "/Arial,Bold".
            extraction_mode (Literal["plain", "layout"]): "plain" for legacy functionality,
                "layout" for experimental layout mode functionality.
                NOTE: orientations, space_width, and visitor_* parameters are NOT respected
                in "layout" mode.

        KwArgs:
            layout_mode_space_vertically (bool): include blank lines inferred from
                y distance + font height. Defaults to True.
            layout_mode_scale_weight (float): multiplier for string length when calculating
                weighted average character width. Defaults to 1.25.
            layout_mode_strip_rotated (bool): layout mode does not support rotated text.
                Set to False to include rotated text anyway. If rotated text is discovered,
                layout will be degraded and a warning will result. Defaults to True.
            layout_mode_debug_path (Path | None): if supplied, must target a directory.
                creates the following files with debug information for layout mode
                functions if supplied:

                  - fonts.json: output of self._layout_mode_fonts
                  - tjs.json: individual text render ops with corresponding transform matrices
                  - bts.json: text render ops left justified and grouped by BT/ET operators
                  - bt_groups.json: BT/ET operations grouped by rendered y-coord (aka lines)

        Returns:
            The extracted text
        """
        if extraction_mode not in ["plain", "layout"]:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid text extraction mode '{extraction_mode}'")
        if extraction_mode == "layout":
            return self._layout_mode_text(
                space_vertically=kwargs.get("layout_mode_space_vertically", True),
                scale_weight=kwargs.get("layout_mode_scale_weight", 1.25),
                strip_rotated=kwargs.get("layout_mode_strip_rotated", True),
                debug_path=kwargs.get("layout_mode_debug_path", None),
            )
        if len(args) >= 1:
            if isinstance(args[0], str):
                if len(args) >= 3:
                    if isinstance(args[2], (tuple, int)):
                        orientations = args[2]
                    else:
                        raise TypeError(f"Invalid positional parameter {args[2]}")
                if len(args) >= 4:
                    if isinstance(args[3], (float, int)):
                        space_width = args[3]
                    else:
                        raise TypeError(f"Invalid positional parameter {args[3]}")
            elif isinstance(args[0], (tuple, int)):
                orientations = args[0]
                if len(args) >= 2:
                    if isinstance(args[1], (float, int)):
                        space_width = args[1]
                    else:
                        raise TypeError(f"Invalid positional parameter {args[1]}")
            else:
                raise TypeError(f"Invalid positional parameter {args[0]}")

        if isinstance(orientations, int):
            orientations = (orientations,)

        return self._extract_text(
            self,
            self.pdf,
            orientations,
            space_width,
            PG.CONTENTS,
            visitor_operand_before,
            visitor_operand_after,
            visitor_text,
        )

    def extract_xform_text(
        self,
        xform: EncodedStreamObject,
        orientations: Tuple[int, ...] = (0, 90, 270, 360),
        space_width: float = 200.0,
        visitor_operand_before: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
        visitor_operand_after: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
        visitor_text: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any, Any, Any, Any], None]] = None,
    ) -> str:
        """
        Extract text from an XObject.

        Args:
            xform:
            orientations:
            space_width:  force default space width (if not extracted from font (default 200)
            visitor_operand_before:
            visitor_operand_after:
            visitor_text:

        Returns:
            The extracted text
        """
        return self._extract_text(
            xform,
            self.pdf,
            orientations,
            space_width,
            None,
            visitor_operand_before,
            visitor_operand_after,
            visitor_text,
        )

    def _get_fonts(self) -> Tuple[Set[str], Set[str]]:
        """
        Get the names of embedded fonts and unembedded fonts.

        Returns:
            A tuple (Set of embedded fonts, set of unembedded fonts)
        """
        obj = self.get_object()
        assert isinstance(obj, DictionaryObject)
        fonts: Set[str] = set()
        embedded: Set[str] = set()
        fonts, embedded = _get_fonts_walk(obj, fonts, embedded)
        unembedded = fonts - embedded
        return embedded, unembedded

    mediabox = _create_rectangle_accessor(PG.MEDIABOX, ())
    """A :class:`RectangleObject<pypdf.generic.RectangleObject>`, expressed in
    default user space units, defining the boundaries of the physical medium on
    which the page is intended to be displayed or printed."""

    cropbox = _create_rectangle_accessor("/CropBox", (PG.MEDIABOX,))
    """
    A :class:`RectangleObject<pypdf.generic.RectangleObject>`, expressed in
    default user space units, defining the visible region of default user
    space.

    When the page is displayed or printed, its contents are to be clipped
    (cropped) to this rectangle and then imposed on the output medium in some
    implementation-defined manner.  Default value: same as
    :attr:`mediabox<mediabox>`.
    """

    bleedbox = _create_rectangle_accessor("/BleedBox", ("/CropBox", PG.MEDIABOX))
    """A :class:`RectangleObject<pypdf.generic.RectangleObject>`, expressed in
    default user space units, defining the region to which the contents of the
    page should be clipped when output in a production environment."""

    trimbox = _create_rectangle_accessor("/TrimBox", ("/CropBox", PG.MEDIABOX))
    """A :class:`RectangleObject<pypdf.generic.RectangleObject>`, expressed in
    default user space units, defining the intended dimensions of the finished
    page after trimming."""

    artbox = _create_rectangle_accessor("/ArtBox", ("/CropBox", PG.MEDIABOX))
    """A :class:`RectangleObject<pypdf.generic.RectangleObject>`, expressed in
    default user space units, defining the extent of the page's meaningful
    content as intended by the page's creator."""

    @property
    def annotations(self) -> Optional[ArrayObject]:
        if "/Annots" not in self:
            return None
        else:
            return cast(ArrayObject, self["/Annots"])

    @annotations.setter
    def annotations(self, value: Optional[ArrayObject]) -> None:
        """
        Set the annotations array of the page.

        Typically you don't want to set this value, but append to it.
        If you append to it, don't forget to add the object first to the writer
        and only add the indirect object.
        """
        if value is None:
            del self[NameObject("/Annots")]
        else:
            self[NameObject("/Annots")] = value


class _VirtualList(Sequence[PageObject]):
    def __init__(
        self,
        length_function: Callable[[], int],
        get_function: Callable[[int], PageObject],
    ) -> None:
        self.length_function = length_function
        self.get_function = get_function
        self.current = -1

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        return self.length_function()

    @overload
    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> PageObject:
        ...

    @overload
    def __getitem__(self, index: slice) -> Sequence[PageObject]:
        ...

    def __getitem__(
        self, index: Union[int, slice]
    ) -> Union[PageObject, Sequence[PageObject]]:
        if isinstance(index, slice):
            indices = range(*index.indices(len(self)))
            cls = type(self)
            return cls(indices.__len__, lambda idx: self[indices[idx]])
        if not isinstance(index, int):
            raise TypeError("sequence indices must be integers")
        len_self = len(self)
        if index < 0:
            # support negative indexes
            index = len_self + index
        if index < 0 or index >= len_self:
            raise IndexError("sequence index out of range")
        return self.get_function(index)

    def __delitem__(self, index: Union[int, slice]) -> None:
        if isinstance(index, slice):
            r = list(range(*index.indices(len(self))))
            # pages have to be deleted from last to first
            r.sort()
            r.reverse()
            for p in r:
                del self[p]
            return
        if not isinstance(index, int):
            raise TypeError("index must be integers")
        len_self = len(self)
        if index < 0:
            # support negative indexes
            index = len_self + index
        if index < 0 or index >= len_self:
            raise IndexError("index out of range")
        ind = self[index].indirect_reference
        assert ind is not None
        parent = cast(DictionaryObject, ind.get_object()).get("/Parent", None)
        while parent is not None:
            parent = cast(DictionaryObject, parent.get_object())
            try:
                i = parent["/Kids"].index(ind)
                del parent["/Kids"][i]
                try:
                    assert ind is not None
                    del ind.pdf.flattened_pages[index]  # case of page in a Reader
                except AttributeError:
                    pass
                if "/Count" in parent:
                    parent[NameObject("/Count")] = NumberObject(parent["/Count"] - 1)
                if len(parent["/Kids"]) == 0:
                    # No more objects in this part of this sub tree
                    ind = parent.indirect_reference
                    parent = cast(DictionaryObject, parent.get("/Parent", None))
                else:
                    parent = None
            except ValueError:  # from index
                raise PdfReadError(f"Page Not Found in Page Tree {ind}")

    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[PageObject]:
        for i in range(len(self)):
            yield self[i]

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        p = [f"PageObject({i})" for i in range(self.length_function())]
        return f"[{', '.join(p)}]"


def _get_fonts_walk(
    obj: DictionaryObject,
    fnt: Set[str],
    emb: Set[str],
) -> Tuple[Set[str], Set[str]]:
    """
    Get the set of all fonts and all embedded fonts.

    Args:
        obj: Page resources dictionary
        fnt: font
        emb: embedded fonts

    Returns:
        A tuple (fnt, emb)

    If there is a key called 'BaseFont', that is a font that is used in the document.
    If there is a key called 'FontName' and another key in the same dictionary object
    that is called 'FontFilex' (where x is null, 2, or 3), then that fontname is
    embedded.

    We create and add to two sets, fnt = fonts used and emb = fonts embedded.
    """
    fontkeys = ("/FontFile", "/FontFile2", "/FontFile3")

    def process_font(f: DictionaryObject) -> None:
        nonlocal fnt, emb
        f = cast(DictionaryObject, f.get_object())  # to be sure
        if "/BaseFont" in f:
            fnt.add(cast(str, f["/BaseFont"]))

        if (
            ("/CharProcs" in f)
            or (
                "/FontDescriptor" in f
                and any(
                    x in cast(DictionaryObject, f["/FontDescriptor"]) for x in fontkeys
                )
            )
            or (
                "/DescendantFonts" in f
                and "/FontDescriptor"
                in cast(
                    DictionaryObject,
                    cast(ArrayObject, f["/DescendantFonts"])[0].get_object(),
                )
                and any(
                    x
                    in cast(
                        DictionaryObject,
                        cast(
                            DictionaryObject,
                            cast(ArrayObject, f["/DescendantFonts"])[0].get_object(),
                        )["/FontDescriptor"],
                    )
                    for x in fontkeys
                )
            )
        ):
            # the list comprehension ensures there is FontFile
            try:
                emb.add(cast(str, f["/BaseFont"]))
            except KeyError:
                emb.add("(" + cast(str, f["/Subtype"]) + ")")

    if "/DR" in obj and "/Font" in cast(DictionaryObject, obj["/DR"]):
        for f in cast(DictionaryObject, cast(DictionaryObject, obj["/DR"])["/Font"]):
            process_font(f)
    if "/Resources" in obj:
        if "/Font" in cast(DictionaryObject, obj["/Resources"]):
            for f in cast(
                DictionaryObject, cast(DictionaryObject, obj["/Resources"])["/Font"]
            ).values():
                process_font(f)
        if "/XObject" in cast(DictionaryObject, obj["/Resources"]):
            for x in cast(
                DictionaryObject, cast(DictionaryObject, obj["/Resources"])["/XObject"]
            ).values():
                _get_fonts_walk(cast(DictionaryObject, x.get_object()), fnt, emb)
    if "/Annots" in obj:
        for a in cast(ArrayObject, obj["/Annots"]):
            _get_fonts_walk(cast(DictionaryObject, a.get_object()), fnt, emb)
    if "/AP" in obj:
        if (
            cast(DictionaryObject, cast(DictionaryObject, obj["/AP"])["/N"]).get(
                "/Type"
            )
            == "/XObject"
        ):
            _get_fonts_walk(
                cast(DictionaryObject, cast(DictionaryObject, obj["/AP"])["/N"]),
                fnt,
                emb,
            )
        else:
            for a in cast(DictionaryObject, cast(DictionaryObject, obj["/AP"])["/N"]):
                _get_fonts_walk(cast(DictionaryObject, a), fnt, emb)
    return fnt, emb  # return the sets for each page


class _VirtualListImages(Sequence[ImageFile]):
    def __init__(
        self,
        ids_function: Callable[[], List[Union[str, List[str]]]],
        get_function: Callable[[Union[str, List[str], Tuple[str]]], ImageFile],
    ) -> None:
        self.ids_function = ids_function
        self.get_function = get_function
        self.current = -1

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        return len(self.ids_function())

    def keys(self) -> List[Union[str, List[str]]]:
        return self.ids_function()

    def items(self) -> List[Tuple[Union[str, List[str]], ImageFile]]:
        return [(x, self[x]) for x in self.ids_function()]

    @overload
    def __getitem__(self, index: Union[int, str, List[str]]) -> ImageFile:
        ...

    @overload
    def __getitem__(self, index: slice) -> Sequence[ImageFile]:
        ...

    def __getitem__(
        self, index: Union[int, slice, str, List[str], Tuple[str]]
    ) -> Union[ImageFile, Sequence[ImageFile]]:
        lst = self.ids_function()
        if isinstance(index, slice):
            indices = range(*index.indices(len(self)))
            lst = [lst[x] for x in indices]
            cls = type(self)
            return cls((lambda: lst), self.get_function)
        if isinstance(index, (str, list, tuple)):
            return self.get_function(index)
        if not isinstance(index, int):
            raise TypeError("invalid sequence indices type")
        len_self = len(lst)
        if index < 0:
            # support negative indexes
            index = len_self + index
        if index < 0 or index >= len_self:
            raise IndexError("sequence index out of range")
        return self.get_function(lst[index])

    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[ImageFile]:
        for i in range(len(self)):
            yield self[i]

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        p = [f"Image_{i}={n}" for i, n in enumerate(self.ids_function())]
        return f"[{', '.join(p)}]"