test_main.py

import json
import platform
import re
import sys
from collections import defaultdict
from copy import deepcopy
from dataclasses import dataclass
from datetime import date, datetime
from enum import Enum
from functools import partial
from typing import (
    Any,
    Callable,
    ClassVar,
    Dict,
    Generic,
    List,
    Mapping,
    Optional,
    Set,
    Type,
    TypeVar,
    Union,
    get_type_hints,
)
from uuid import UUID, uuid4

import pytest
from pydantic_core import CoreSchema, core_schema
from typing_extensions import Annotated, Final, Literal

from pydantic import (
    AfterValidator,
    BaseModel,
    ConfigDict,
    Field,
    GenerateSchema,
    GetCoreSchemaHandler,
    PrivateAttr,
    PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
    PydanticUndefinedAnnotation,
    PydanticUserError,
    SecretStr,
    StringConstraints,
    TypeAdapter,
    ValidationError,
    ValidationInfo,
    constr,
    field_validator,
)


def test_success():
    # same as below but defined here so class definition occurs inside the test
    class Model(BaseModel):
        a: float
        b: int = 10

    m = Model(a=10.2)
    assert m.a == 10.2
    assert m.b == 10


@pytest.fixture(name='UltraSimpleModel', scope='session')
def ultra_simple_model_fixture():
    class UltraSimpleModel(BaseModel):
        a: float
        b: int = 10

    return UltraSimpleModel


def test_ultra_simple_missing(UltraSimpleModel):
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        UltraSimpleModel()
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {'loc': ('a',), 'msg': 'Field required', 'type': 'missing', 'input': {}}
    ]
    assert str(exc_info.value) == (
        '1 validation error for UltraSimpleModel\n'
        'a\n'
        '  Field required [type=missing, input_value={}, input_type=dict]'
    )


def test_ultra_simple_failed(UltraSimpleModel):
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        UltraSimpleModel(a='x', b='x')
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {
            'type': 'float_parsing',
            'loc': ('a',),
            'msg': 'Input should be a valid number, unable to parse string as a number',
            'input': 'x',
        },
        {
            'type': 'int_parsing',
            'loc': ('b',),
            'msg': 'Input should be a valid integer, unable to parse string as an integer',
            'input': 'x',
        },
    ]


def test_ultra_simple_repr(UltraSimpleModel):
    m = UltraSimpleModel(a=10.2)
    assert str(m) == 'a=10.2 b=10'
    assert repr(m) == 'UltraSimpleModel(a=10.2, b=10)'
    assert repr(m.model_fields['a']) == 'FieldInfo(annotation=float, required=True)'
    assert repr(m.model_fields['b']) == 'FieldInfo(annotation=int, required=False, default=10)'
    assert dict(m) == {'a': 10.2, 'b': 10}
    assert m.model_dump() == {'a': 10.2, 'b': 10}
    assert m.model_dump_json() == '{"a":10.2,"b":10}'
    assert str(m) == 'a=10.2 b=10'


def test_default_factory_field():
    def myfunc():
        return 1

    class Model(BaseModel):
        a: int = Field(default_factory=myfunc)

    m = Model()
    assert str(m) == 'a=1'
    assert repr(m.model_fields['a']) == 'FieldInfo(annotation=int, required=False, default_factory=myfunc)'
    assert dict(m) == {'a': 1}
    assert m.model_dump_json() == '{"a":1}'


def test_comparing(UltraSimpleModel):
    m = UltraSimpleModel(a=10.2, b='100')
    assert m.model_dump() == {'a': 10.2, 'b': 100}
    assert m != {'a': 10.2, 'b': 100}
    assert m == UltraSimpleModel(a=10.2, b=100)


@pytest.fixture(scope='session', name='NoneCheckModel')
def none_check_model_fix():
    class NoneCheckModel(BaseModel):
        existing_str_value: str = 'foo'
        required_str_value: str = ...
        required_str_none_value: Optional[str] = ...
        existing_bytes_value: bytes = b'foo'
        required_bytes_value: bytes = ...
        required_bytes_none_value: Optional[bytes] = ...

    return NoneCheckModel


def test_nullable_strings_success(NoneCheckModel):
    m = NoneCheckModel(
        required_str_value='v1', required_str_none_value=None, required_bytes_value='v2', required_bytes_none_value=None
    )
    assert m.required_str_value == 'v1'
    assert m.required_str_none_value is None
    assert m.required_bytes_value == b'v2'
    assert m.required_bytes_none_value is None


def test_nullable_strings_fails(NoneCheckModel):
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        NoneCheckModel(
            required_str_value=None,
            required_str_none_value=None,
            required_bytes_value=None,
            required_bytes_none_value=None,
        )
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {
            'type': 'string_type',
            'loc': ('required_str_value',),
            'msg': 'Input should be a valid string',
            'input': None,
        },
        {
            'type': 'bytes_type',
            'loc': ('required_bytes_value',),
            'msg': 'Input should be a valid bytes',
            'input': None,
        },
    ]


@pytest.fixture(name='ParentModel', scope='session')
def parent_sub_model_fixture():
    class UltraSimpleModel(BaseModel):
        a: float
        b: int = 10

    class ParentModel(BaseModel):
        grape: bool
        banana: UltraSimpleModel

    return ParentModel


def test_parent_sub_model(ParentModel):
    m = ParentModel(grape=1, banana={'a': 1})
    assert m.grape is True
    assert m.banana.a == 1.0
    assert m.banana.b == 10
    assert repr(m) == 'ParentModel(grape=True, banana=UltraSimpleModel(a=1.0, b=10))'


def test_parent_sub_model_fails(ParentModel):
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError):
        ParentModel(grape=1, banana=123)


def test_not_required():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        a: float = None

    assert Model(a=12.2).a == 12.2
    assert Model().a is None
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        Model(a=None)
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {
            'type': 'float_type',
            'loc': ('a',),
            'msg': 'Input should be a valid number',
            'input': None,
        },
    ]


def test_allow_extra():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(extra='allow')
        a: float

    m = Model(a='10.2', b=12)
    assert m.__dict__ == {'a': 10.2}
    assert m.__pydantic_extra__ == {'b': 12}
    assert m.a == 10.2
    assert m.b == 12
    assert m.model_extra == {'b': 12}
    m.c = 42
    assert 'c' not in m.__dict__
    assert m.__pydantic_extra__ == {'b': 12, 'c': 42}
    assert m.model_dump() == {'a': 10.2, 'b': 12, 'c': 42}


@pytest.mark.parametrize('extra', ['ignore', 'forbid', 'allow'])
def test_allow_extra_from_attributes(extra: Literal['ignore', 'forbid', 'allow']):
    class Model(BaseModel):
        a: float

        model_config = ConfigDict(extra=extra, from_attributes=True)

    class TestClass:
        a = 1.0
        b = 12

    m = Model.model_validate(TestClass())
    assert m.a == 1.0
    assert not hasattr(m, 'b')


def test_allow_extra_repr():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(extra='allow')
        a: float = ...

    assert str(Model(a='10.2', b=12)) == 'a=10.2 b=12'


def test_forbidden_extra_success():
    class ForbiddenExtra(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(extra='forbid')
        foo: str = 'whatever'

    m = ForbiddenExtra()
    assert m.foo == 'whatever'


def test_forbidden_extra_fails():
    class ForbiddenExtra(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(extra='forbid')
        foo: str = 'whatever'

    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        ForbiddenExtra(foo='ok', bar='wrong', spam='xx')
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {
            'type': 'extra_forbidden',
            'loc': ('bar',),
            'msg': 'Extra inputs are not permitted',
            'input': 'wrong',
        },
        {
            'type': 'extra_forbidden',
            'loc': ('spam',),
            'msg': 'Extra inputs are not permitted',
            'input': 'xx',
        },
    ]


def test_assign_extra_no_validate():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(validate_assignment=True)
        a: float

    model = Model(a=0.2)
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError, match=r"b\s+Object has no attribute 'b'"):
        model.b = 2


def test_assign_extra_validate():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(validate_assignment=True)
        a: float

    model = Model(a=0.2)
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError, match=r"b\s+Object has no attribute 'b'"):
        model.b = 2


def test_model_property_attribute_error():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        @property
        def a_property(self):
            raise AttributeError('Internal Error')

    with pytest.raises(AttributeError, match='Internal Error'):
        Model().a_property


def test_extra_allowed():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(extra='allow')
        a: float

    model = Model(a=0.2, b=0.1)
    assert model.b == 0.1

    assert not hasattr(model, 'c')
    model.c = 1
    assert hasattr(model, 'c')
    assert model.c == 1


def test_reassign_instance_method_with_extra_allow():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(extra='allow')
        name: str

        def not_extra_func(self) -> str:
            return f'hello {self.name}'

    def not_extra_func_replacement(self_sub: Model) -> str:
        return f'hi {self_sub.name}'

    m = Model(name='james')
    assert m.not_extra_func() == 'hello james'

    m.not_extra_func = partial(not_extra_func_replacement, m)
    assert m.not_extra_func() == 'hi james'
    assert 'not_extra_func' in m.__dict__


def test_extra_ignored():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(extra='ignore')
        a: float

    model = Model(a=0.2, b=0.1)
    assert not hasattr(model, 'b')

    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='"Model" object has no field "b"'):
        model.b = 1

    assert model.model_extra is None


def test_field_order_is_preserved_with_extra():
    """This test covers https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/1234."""

    class Model(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(extra='allow')

        a: int
        b: str
        c: float

    model = Model(a=1, b='2', c=3.0, d=4)
    assert repr(model) == "Model(a=1, b='2', c=3.0, d=4)"
    assert str(model.model_dump()) == "{'a': 1, 'b': '2', 'c': 3.0, 'd': 4}"
    assert str(model.model_dump_json()) == '{"a":1,"b":"2","c":3.0,"d":4}'


def test_extra_broken_via_pydantic_extra_interference():
    """
    At the time of writing this test there is `_model_construction.model_extra_getattr` being assigned to model's
    `__getattr__`. The method then expects `BaseModel.__pydantic_extra__` isn't `None`. Both this actions happen when
    `model_config.extra` is set to `True`. However, this behavior could be accidentally broken in a subclass of
    `BaseModel`. In that case `AttributeError` should be thrown when `__getattr__` is being accessed essentially
    disabling the `extra` functionality.
    """

    class BrokenExtraBaseModel(BaseModel):
        def model_post_init(self, __context: Any) -> None:
            super().model_post_init(__context)
            object.__setattr__(self, '__pydantic_extra__', None)

    class Model(BrokenExtraBaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(extra='allow')

    m = Model(extra_field='some extra value')

    with pytest.raises(AttributeError) as e:
        m.extra_field

    assert e.value.args == ("'Model' object has no attribute 'extra_field'",)


def test_model_extra_is_none_when_extra_is_forbid():
    class Foo(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(extra='forbid')

    assert Foo().model_extra is None


def test_set_attr(UltraSimpleModel):
    m = UltraSimpleModel(a=10.2)
    assert m.model_dump() == {'a': 10.2, 'b': 10}

    m.b = 20
    assert m.model_dump() == {'a': 10.2, 'b': 20}


def test_set_attr_invalid():
    class UltraSimpleModel(BaseModel):
        a: float = ...
        b: int = 10

    m = UltraSimpleModel(a=10.2)
    assert m.model_dump() == {'a': 10.2, 'b': 10}

    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as exc_info:
        m.c = 20
    assert '"UltraSimpleModel" object has no field "c"' in exc_info.value.args[0]


def test_any():
    class AnyModel(BaseModel):
        a: Any = 10
        b: object = 20

    m = AnyModel()
    assert m.a == 10
    assert m.b == 20

    m = AnyModel(a='foobar', b='barfoo')
    assert m.a == 'foobar'
    assert m.b == 'barfoo'


def test_population_by_field_name():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(populate_by_name=True)
        a: str = Field(alias='_a')

    assert Model(a='different').a == 'different'
    assert Model(a='different').model_dump() == {'a': 'different'}
    assert Model(a='different').model_dump(by_alias=True) == {'_a': 'different'}


def test_field_order():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        c: float
        b: int = 10
        a: str
        d: dict = {}

    assert list(Model.model_fields.keys()) == ['c', 'b', 'a', 'd']


def test_required():
    # same as below but defined here so class definition occurs inside the test
    class Model(BaseModel):
        a: float
        b: int = 10

    m = Model(a=10.2)
    assert m.model_dump() == dict(a=10.2, b=10)

    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        Model()
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {'type': 'missing', 'loc': ('a',), 'msg': 'Field required', 'input': {}}
    ]


def test_mutability():
    class TestModel(BaseModel):
        a: int = 10

        model_config = ConfigDict(extra='forbid', frozen=False)

    m = TestModel()

    assert m.a == 10
    m.a = 11
    assert m.a == 11


def test_frozen_model():
    class FrozenModel(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(extra='forbid', frozen=True)

        a: int = 10

    m = FrozenModel()
    assert m.a == 10

    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        m.a = 11
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {'type': 'frozen_instance', 'loc': ('a',), 'msg': 'Instance is frozen', 'input': 11}
    ]

    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        del m.a
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {'type': 'frozen_instance', 'loc': ('a',), 'msg': 'Instance is frozen', 'input': None}
    ]

    assert m.a == 10


def test_frozen_field():
    class FrozenModel(BaseModel):
        a: int = Field(10, frozen=True)

    m = FrozenModel()
    assert m.a == 10

    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        m.a = 11
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {'type': 'frozen_field', 'loc': ('a',), 'msg': 'Field is frozen', 'input': 11}
    ]

    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        del m.a
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {'type': 'frozen_field', 'loc': ('a',), 'msg': 'Field is frozen', 'input': None}
    ]

    assert m.a == 10


def test_not_frozen_are_not_hashable():
    class TestModel(BaseModel):
        a: int = 10

    m = TestModel()
    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as exc_info:
        hash(m)
    assert "unhashable type: 'TestModel'" in exc_info.value.args[0]


def test_with_declared_hash():
    class Foo(BaseModel):
        x: int

        def __hash__(self):
            return self.x**2

    class Bar(Foo):
        y: int

        def __hash__(self):
            return self.y**3

    class Buz(Bar):
        z: int

    assert hash(Foo(x=2)) == 4
    assert hash(Bar(x=2, y=3)) == 27
    assert hash(Buz(x=2, y=3, z=4)) == 27


def test_frozen_with_hashable_fields_are_hashable():
    class TestModel(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(frozen=True)
        a: int = 10

    m = TestModel()
    assert m.__hash__ is not None
    assert isinstance(hash(m), int)


def test_frozen_with_unhashable_fields_are_not_hashable():
    class TestModel(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(frozen=True)
        a: int = 10
        y: List[int] = [1, 2, 3]

    m = TestModel()
    with pytest.raises(TypeError) as exc_info:
        hash(m)
    assert "unhashable type: 'list'" in exc_info.value.args[0]


def test_hash_function_give_different_result_for_different_object():
    class TestModel(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(frozen=True)

        a: int = 10

    m = TestModel()
    m2 = TestModel()
    m3 = TestModel(a=11)
    assert hash(m) == hash(m2)
    assert hash(m) != hash(m3)

    # Redefined `TestModel`
    class TestModel(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(frozen=True)
        a: int = 10

    m4 = TestModel()
    assert hash(m) != hash(m4)


def test_hash_method_is_inherited_for_frozen_models():
    from functools import lru_cache

    class MyBaseModel(BaseModel):
        """A base model with sensible configurations."""

        model_config = ConfigDict(frozen=True)

        def __hash__(self):
            return hash(id(self))

    class MySubClass(MyBaseModel):
        x: Dict[str, int]

        @lru_cache(maxsize=None)
        def cached_method(self):
            return len(self.x)

    my_instance = MySubClass(x={'a': 1, 'b': 2})
    assert my_instance.cached_method() == 2

    object.__setattr__(my_instance, 'x', {})  # can't change the "normal" way due to frozen
    assert my_instance.cached_method() == 2


@pytest.fixture(name='ValidateAssignmentModel', scope='session')
def validate_assignment_fixture():
    class ValidateAssignmentModel(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(validate_assignment=True)
        a: int = 2
        b: constr(min_length=1)

    return ValidateAssignmentModel


def test_validating_assignment_pass(ValidateAssignmentModel):
    p = ValidateAssignmentModel(a=5, b='hello')
    p.a = 2
    assert p.a == 2
    assert p.model_dump() == {'a': 2, 'b': 'hello'}
    p.b = 'hi'
    assert p.b == 'hi'
    assert p.model_dump() == {'a': 2, 'b': 'hi'}


def test_validating_assignment_fail(ValidateAssignmentModel):
    p = ValidateAssignmentModel(a=5, b='hello')

    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        p.a = 'b'
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {
            'type': 'int_parsing',
            'loc': ('a',),
            'msg': 'Input should be a valid integer, unable to parse string as an integer',
            'input': 'b',
        },
    ]

    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        p.b = ''
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {
            'type': 'string_too_short',
            'loc': ('b',),
            'msg': 'String should have at least 1 characters',
            'input': '',
            'ctx': {'min_length': 1},
        }
    ]


class Foo(Enum):
    foo = 'foo'
    bar = 'bar'


@pytest.mark.parametrize('value', [Foo.foo, Foo.foo.value, 'foo'])
def test_enum_values(value: Any) -> None:
    class Model(BaseModel):
        foo: Foo
        model_config = ConfigDict(use_enum_values=True)

    m = Model(foo=value)

    foo = m.foo
    assert type(foo) is str, type(foo)
    assert foo == 'foo'

    foo = m.model_dump()['foo']
    assert type(foo) is str, type(foo)
    assert foo == 'foo'


def test_literal_enum_values():
    FooEnum = Enum('FooEnum', {'foo': 'foo_value', 'bar': 'bar_value'})

    class Model(BaseModel):
        baz: Literal[FooEnum.foo]
        boo: str = 'hoo'
        model_config = ConfigDict(use_enum_values=True)

    m = Model(baz=FooEnum.foo)
    assert m.model_dump() == {'baz': FooEnum.foo, 'boo': 'hoo'}
    assert m.model_dump(mode='json') == {'baz': 'foo_value', 'boo': 'hoo'}
    assert m.baz.value == 'foo_value'

    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        Model(baz=FooEnum.bar)

    # insert_assert(exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False))
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {
            'type': 'literal_error',
            'loc': ('baz',),
            'msg': "Input should be <FooEnum.foo: 'foo_value'>",
            'input': FooEnum.bar,
            'ctx': {'expected': "<FooEnum.foo: 'foo_value'>"},
        }
    ]


def test_strict_enum_values():
    class MyEnum(Enum):
        val = 'val'

    class Model(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(use_enum_values=True)
        x: MyEnum

    assert Model.model_validate({'x': MyEnum.val}, strict=True).x == 'val'


def test_union_enum_values():
    class MyEnum(Enum):
        val = 'val'

    class NormalModel(BaseModel):
        x: Union[MyEnum, int]

    class UseEnumValuesModel(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(use_enum_values=True)
        x: Union[MyEnum, int]

    assert NormalModel(x=MyEnum.val).x != 'val'
    assert UseEnumValuesModel(x=MyEnum.val).x == 'val'


def test_enum_raw():
    FooEnum = Enum('FooEnum', {'foo': 'foo', 'bar': 'bar'})

    class Model(BaseModel):
        foo: FooEnum = None

    m = Model(foo='foo')
    assert isinstance(m.foo, FooEnum)
    assert m.foo != 'foo'
    assert m.foo.value == 'foo'


def test_set_tuple_values():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        foo: set
        bar: tuple

    m = Model(foo=['a', 'b'], bar=['c', 'd'])
    assert m.foo == {'a', 'b'}
    assert m.bar == ('c', 'd')
    assert m.model_dump() == {'foo': {'a', 'b'}, 'bar': ('c', 'd')}


def test_default_copy():
    class User(BaseModel):
        friends: List[int] = Field(default_factory=lambda: [])

    u1 = User()
    u2 = User()
    assert u1.friends is not u2.friends


class ArbitraryType:
    pass


def test_arbitrary_type_allowed_validation_success():
    class ArbitraryTypeAllowedModel(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(arbitrary_types_allowed=True)
        t: ArbitraryType

    arbitrary_type_instance = ArbitraryType()
    m = ArbitraryTypeAllowedModel(t=arbitrary_type_instance)
    assert m.t == arbitrary_type_instance


class OtherClass:
    pass


def test_arbitrary_type_allowed_validation_fails():
    class ArbitraryTypeAllowedModel(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(arbitrary_types_allowed=True)
        t: ArbitraryType

    input_value = OtherClass()
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        ArbitraryTypeAllowedModel(t=input_value)
    # insert_assert(exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False))
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {
            'type': 'is_instance_of',
            'loc': ('t',),
            'msg': 'Input should be an instance of ArbitraryType',
            'input': input_value,
            'ctx': {'class': 'ArbitraryType'},
        }
    ]


def test_arbitrary_types_not_allowed():
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='Unable to generate pydantic-core schema for <class'):

        class ArbitraryTypeNotAllowedModel(BaseModel):
            t: ArbitraryType


@pytest.fixture(scope='session', name='TypeTypeModel')
def type_type_model_fixture():
    class TypeTypeModel(BaseModel):
        t: Type[ArbitraryType]

    return TypeTypeModel


def test_type_type_validation_success(TypeTypeModel):
    arbitrary_type_class = ArbitraryType
    m = TypeTypeModel(t=arbitrary_type_class)
    assert m.t == arbitrary_type_class


def test_type_type_subclass_validation_success(TypeTypeModel):
    class ArbitrarySubType(ArbitraryType):
        pass

    arbitrary_type_class = ArbitrarySubType
    m = TypeTypeModel(t=arbitrary_type_class)
    assert m.t == arbitrary_type_class


@pytest.mark.parametrize('input_value', [OtherClass, 1])
def test_type_type_validation_fails(TypeTypeModel, input_value):
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        TypeTypeModel(t=input_value)
    # insert_assert(exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False))
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {
            'type': 'is_subclass_of',
            'loc': ('t',),
            'msg': 'Input should be a subclass of ArbitraryType',
            'input': input_value,
            'ctx': {'class': 'ArbitraryType'},
        }
    ]


@pytest.mark.parametrize('bare_type', [type, Type])
def test_bare_type_type_validation_success(bare_type):
    class TypeTypeModel(BaseModel):
        t: bare_type

    arbitrary_type_class = ArbitraryType
    m = TypeTypeModel(t=arbitrary_type_class)
    assert m.t == arbitrary_type_class


@pytest.mark.parametrize('bare_type', [type, Type])
def test_bare_type_type_validation_fails(bare_type):
    class TypeTypeModel(BaseModel):
        t: bare_type

    arbitrary_type = ArbitraryType()
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        TypeTypeModel(t=arbitrary_type)
    # insert_assert(exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False))
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {
            'type': 'is_type',
            'loc': ('t',),
            'msg': 'Input should be a type',
            'input': arbitrary_type,
        }
    ]


def test_annotation_field_name_shadows_attribute():
    with pytest.raises(NameError):
        # When defining a model that has an attribute with the name of a built-in attribute, an exception is raised
        class BadModel(BaseModel):
            model_json_schema: str  # This conflicts with the BaseModel's model_json_schema() class method


def test_value_field_name_shadows_attribute():
    with pytest.raises(PydanticUserError, match="A non-annotated attribute was detected: `model_json_schema = 'abc'`"):

        class BadModel(BaseModel):
            model_json_schema = (
                'abc'  # This conflicts with the BaseModel's model_json_schema() class method, but has no annotation
            )


def test_class_var():
    class MyModel(BaseModel):
        a: ClassVar
        b: ClassVar[int] = 1
        c: int = 2

    assert list(MyModel.model_fields.keys()) == ['c']

    class MyOtherModel(MyModel):
        a = ''
        b = 2

    assert list(MyOtherModel.model_fields.keys()) == ['c']


def test_fields_set():
    class MyModel(BaseModel):
        a: int
        b: int = 2

    m = MyModel(a=5)
    assert m.model_fields_set == {'a'}

    m.b = 2
    assert m.model_fields_set == {'a', 'b'}

    m = MyModel(a=5, b=2)
    assert m.model_fields_set == {'a', 'b'}


def test_exclude_unset_dict():
    class MyModel(BaseModel):
        a: int
        b: int = 2

    m = MyModel(a=5)
    assert m.model_dump(exclude_unset=True) == {'a': 5}

    m = MyModel(a=5, b=3)
    assert m.model_dump(exclude_unset=True) == {'a': 5, 'b': 3}


def test_exclude_unset_recursive():
    class ModelA(BaseModel):
        a: int
        b: int = 1

    class ModelB(BaseModel):
        c: int
        d: int = 2
        e: ModelA

    m = ModelB(c=5, e={'a': 0})
    assert m.model_dump() == {'c': 5, 'd': 2, 'e': {'a': 0, 'b': 1}}
    assert m.model_dump(exclude_unset=True) == {'c': 5, 'e': {'a': 0}}
    assert dict(m) == {'c': 5, 'd': 2, 'e': ModelA(a=0, b=1)}


def test_dict_exclude_unset_populated_by_alias():
    class MyModel(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(populate_by_name=True)
        a: str = Field('default', alias='alias_a')
        b: str = Field('default', alias='alias_b')

    m = MyModel(alias_a='a')

    assert m.model_dump(exclude_unset=True) == {'a': 'a'}
    assert m.model_dump(exclude_unset=True, by_alias=True) == {'alias_a': 'a'}


def test_dict_exclude_unset_populated_by_alias_with_extra():
    class MyModel(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(extra='allow')
        a: str = Field('default', alias='alias_a')
        b: str = Field('default', alias='alias_b')

    m = MyModel(alias_a='a', c='c')

    assert m.model_dump(exclude_unset=True) == {'a': 'a', 'c': 'c'}
    assert m.model_dump(exclude_unset=True, by_alias=True) == {'alias_a': 'a', 'c': 'c'}


def test_exclude_defaults():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        mandatory: str
        nullable_mandatory: Optional[str] = ...
        facultative: str = 'x'
        nullable_facultative: Optional[str] = None

    m = Model(mandatory='a', nullable_mandatory=None)
    assert m.model_dump(exclude_defaults=True) == {
        'mandatory': 'a',
        'nullable_mandatory': None,
    }

    m = Model(mandatory='a', nullable_mandatory=None, facultative='y', nullable_facultative=None)
    assert m.model_dump(exclude_defaults=True) == {
        'mandatory': 'a',
        'nullable_mandatory': None,
        'facultative': 'y',
    }

    m = Model(mandatory='a', nullable_mandatory=None, facultative='y', nullable_facultative='z')
    assert m.model_dump(exclude_defaults=True) == {
        'mandatory': 'a',
        'nullable_mandatory': None,
        'facultative': 'y',
        'nullable_facultative': 'z',
    }


def test_dir_fields():
    class MyModel(BaseModel):
        attribute_a: int
        attribute_b: int = 2

    m = MyModel(attribute_a=5)

    assert 'model_dump' in dir(m)
    assert 'model_dump_json' in dir(m)
    assert 'attribute_a' in dir(m)
    assert 'attribute_b' in dir(m)


def test_dict_with_extra_keys():
    class MyModel(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(extra='allow')
        a: str = Field(None, alias='alias_a')

    m = MyModel(extra_key='extra')
    assert m.model_dump() == {'a': None, 'extra_key': 'extra'}
    assert m.model_dump(by_alias=True) == {'alias_a': None, 'extra_key': 'extra'}


def test_ignored_types():
    from pydantic import BaseModel

    class _ClassPropertyDescriptor:
        def __init__(self, getter):
            self.getter = getter

        def __get__(self, instance, owner):
            return self.getter(owner)

    classproperty = _ClassPropertyDescriptor

    class Model(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(ignored_types=(classproperty,))

        @classproperty
        def class_name(cls) -> str:
            return cls.__name__

    assert Model.class_name == 'Model'
    assert Model().class_name == 'Model'


def test_model_iteration():
    class Foo(BaseModel):
        a: int = 1
        b: int = 2

    class Bar(BaseModel):
        c: int
        d: Foo

    m = Bar(c=3, d={})
    assert m.model_dump() == {'c': 3, 'd': {'a': 1, 'b': 2}}
    assert list(m) == [('c', 3), ('d', Foo())]
    assert dict(m) == {'c': 3, 'd': Foo()}


def test_model_iteration_extra() -> None:
    class Foo(BaseModel):
        x: int = 1

    class Bar(BaseModel):
        a: int
        b: Foo
        model_config = ConfigDict(extra='allow')

    m = Bar.model_validate({'a': 1, 'b': {}, 'c': 2, 'd': Foo()})
    assert m.model_dump() == {'a': 1, 'b': {'x': 1}, 'c': 2, 'd': {'x': 1}}
    assert list(m) == [('a', 1), ('b', Foo()), ('c', 2), ('d', Foo())]
    assert dict(m) == {'a': 1, 'b': Foo(), 'c': 2, 'd': Foo()}


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    'exclude,expected,raises_match',
    [
        pytest.param(
            None,
            {'c': 3, 'foos': [{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'a': 3, 'b': 4}]},
            None,
            id='exclude nothing',
        ),
        pytest.param(
            {'foos': {0: {'a'}, 1: {'a'}}},
            {'c': 3, 'foos': [{'b': 2}, {'b': 4}]},
            None,
            id='excluding fields of indexed list items',
        ),
        pytest.param(
            {'foos': {'a'}},
            {'c': 3, 'foos': [{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'a': 3, 'b': 4}]},
            None,
            id='Trying to exclude string keys on list field should be ignored (1)',
        ),
        pytest.param(
            {'foos': {0: ..., 'a': ...}},
            {'c': 3, 'foos': [{'a': 3, 'b': 4}]},
            None,
            id='Trying to exclude string keys on list field should be ignored (2)',
        ),
        pytest.param(
            {'foos': {0: 1}},
            TypeError,
            '`exclude` argument must be a set or dict',
            id='value as int should be an error',
        ),
        pytest.param(
            {'foos': {'__all__': {1}}},
            {'c': 3, 'foos': [{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'a': 3, 'b': 4}]},
            None,
            id='excluding int in dict should have no effect',
        ),
        pytest.param(
            {'foos': {'__all__': {'a'}}},
            {'c': 3, 'foos': [{'b': 2}, {'b': 4}]},
            None,
            id='using "__all__" to exclude specific nested field',
        ),
        pytest.param(
            {'foos': {0: {'b'}, '__all__': {'a'}}},
            {'c': 3, 'foos': [{}, {'b': 4}]},
            None,
            id='using "__all__" to exclude specific nested field in combination with more specific exclude',
        ),
        pytest.param(
            {'foos': {'__all__'}},
            {'c': 3, 'foos': []},
            None,
            id='using "__all__" to exclude all list items',
        ),
        pytest.param(
            {'foos': {1, '__all__'}},
            {'c': 3, 'foos': []},
            None,
            id='using "__all__" and other items should get merged together, still excluding all list items',
        ),
        pytest.param(
            {'foos': {-1: {'b'}}},
            {'c': 3, 'foos': [{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'a': 3}]},
            None,
            id='negative indexes',
        ),
    ],
)
def test_model_export_nested_list(exclude, expected, raises_match):
    class Foo(BaseModel):
        a: int = 1
        b: int = 2

    class Bar(BaseModel):
        c: int
        foos: List[Foo]

    m = Bar(c=3, foos=[Foo(a=1, b=2), Foo(a=3, b=4)])

    if raises_match is not None:
        with pytest.raises(expected, match=raises_match):
            m.model_dump(exclude=exclude)
    else:
        original_exclude = deepcopy(exclude)
        assert m.model_dump(exclude=exclude) == expected
        assert exclude == original_exclude


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    'excludes,expected',
    [
        pytest.param(
            {'bars': {0}},
            {'a': 1, 'bars': [{'y': 2}, {'w': -1, 'z': 3}]},
            id='excluding first item from list field using index',
        ),
        pytest.param({'bars': {'__all__'}}, {'a': 1, 'bars': []}, id='using "__all__" to exclude all list items'),
        pytest.param(
            {'bars': {'__all__': {'w'}}},
            {'a': 1, 'bars': [{'x': 1}, {'y': 2}, {'z': 3}]},
            id='exclude single dict key from all list items',
        ),
    ],
)
def test_model_export_dict_exclusion(excludes, expected):
    class Foo(BaseModel):
        a: int = 1
        bars: List[Dict[str, int]]

    m = Foo(a=1, bars=[{'w': 0, 'x': 1}, {'y': 2}, {'w': -1, 'z': 3}])

    original_excludes = deepcopy(excludes)
    assert m.model_dump(exclude=excludes) == expected
    assert excludes == original_excludes


def test_field_exclude():
    class User(BaseModel):
        _priv: int = PrivateAttr()
        id: int
        username: str
        password: SecretStr = Field(exclude=True)
        hobbies: List[str]

    my_user = User(id=42, username='JohnDoe', password='hashedpassword', hobbies=['scuba diving'])

    my_user._priv = 13
    assert my_user.id == 42
    assert my_user.password.get_secret_value() == 'hashedpassword'
    assert my_user.model_dump() == {'id': 42, 'username': 'JohnDoe', 'hobbies': ['scuba diving']}


def test_revalidate_instances_never():
    class User(BaseModel):
        hobbies: List[str]

    my_user = User(hobbies=['scuba diving'])

    class Transaction(BaseModel):
        user: User

    t = Transaction(user=my_user)

    assert t.user is my_user
    assert t.user.hobbies is my_user.hobbies

    class SubUser(User):
        sins: List[str]

    my_sub_user = SubUser(hobbies=['scuba diving'], sins=['lying'])

    t = Transaction(user=my_sub_user)

    assert t.user is my_sub_user
    assert t.user.hobbies is my_sub_user.hobbies


def test_revalidate_instances_sub_instances():
    class User(BaseModel, revalidate_instances='subclass-instances'):
        hobbies: List[str]

    my_user = User(hobbies=['scuba diving'])

    class Transaction(BaseModel):
        user: User

    t = Transaction(user=my_user)

    assert t.user is my_user
    assert t.user.hobbies is my_user.hobbies

    class SubUser(User):
        sins: List[str]

    my_sub_user = SubUser(hobbies=['scuba diving'], sins=['lying'])

    t = Transaction(user=my_sub_user)

    assert t.user is not my_sub_user
    assert t.user.hobbies is not my_sub_user.hobbies
    assert not hasattr(t.user, 'sins')


def test_revalidate_instances_always():
    class User(BaseModel, revalidate_instances='always'):
        hobbies: List[str]

    my_user = User(hobbies=['scuba diving'])

    class Transaction(BaseModel):
        user: User

    t = Transaction(user=my_user)

    assert t.user is not my_user
    assert t.user.hobbies is not my_user.hobbies

    class SubUser(User):
        sins: List[str]

    my_sub_user = SubUser(hobbies=['scuba diving'], sins=['lying'])

    t = Transaction(user=my_sub_user)

    assert t.user is not my_sub_user
    assert t.user.hobbies is not my_sub_user.hobbies
    assert not hasattr(t.user, 'sins')


def test_revalidate_instances_always_list_of_model_instance():
    class A(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(revalidate_instances='always')
        name: str

    class B(BaseModel):
        list_a: List[A]

    a = A(name='a')
    b = B(list_a=[a])
    assert b.list_a == [A(name='a')]
    a.name = 'b'
    assert b.list_a == [A(name='a')]


@pytest.mark.skip(reason='not implemented')
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    'kinds',
    [
        {'sub_fields', 'model_fields', 'model_config', 'sub_config', 'combined_config'},
        {'sub_fields', 'model_fields', 'combined_config'},
        {'sub_fields', 'model_fields'},
        {'combined_config'},
        {'model_config', 'sub_config'},
        {'model_config', 'sub_fields'},
        {'model_fields', 'sub_config'},
    ],
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    'exclude,expected',
    [
        (None, {'a': 0, 'c': {'a': [3, 5], 'c': 'foobar'}, 'd': {'c': 'foobar'}}),
        ({'c', 'd'}, {'a': 0}),
        ({'a': ..., 'c': ..., 'd': {'a': ..., 'c': ...}}, {'d': {}}),
    ],
)
def test_model_export_exclusion_with_fields_and_config(kinds, exclude, expected):
    """Test that exporting models with fields using the export parameter works."""

    class ChildConfig:
        pass

    if 'sub_config' in kinds:
        ChildConfig.fields = {'b': {'exclude': ...}, 'a': {'exclude': {1}}}

    class ParentConfig:
        pass

    if 'combined_config' in kinds:
        ParentConfig.fields = {
            'b': {'exclude': ...},
            'c': {'exclude': {'b': ..., 'a': {1}}},
            'd': {'exclude': {'a': ..., 'b': ...}},
        }

    elif 'model_config' in kinds:
        ParentConfig.fields = {'b': {'exclude': ...}, 'd': {'exclude': {'a'}}}

    class Sub(BaseModel):
        a: List[int] = Field([3, 4, 5], exclude={1} if 'sub_fields' in kinds else None)
        b: int = Field(4, exclude=... if 'sub_fields' in kinds else None)
        c: str = 'foobar'

        Config = ChildConfig

    class Model(BaseModel):
        a: int = 0
        b: int = Field(2, exclude=... if 'model_fields' in kinds else None)
        c: Sub = Sub()
        d: Sub = Field(Sub(), exclude={'a'} if 'model_fields' in kinds else None)

        Config = ParentConfig

    m = Model()
    assert m.model_dump(exclude=exclude) == expected, 'Unexpected model export result'


@pytest.mark.skip(reason='not implemented')
def test_model_export_exclusion_inheritance():
    class Sub(BaseModel):
        s1: str = 'v1'
        s2: str = 'v2'
        s3: str = 'v3'
        s4: str = Field('v4', exclude=...)

    class Parent(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(fields={'a': {'exclude': ...}, 's': {'exclude': {'s1'}}})
        a: int
        b: int = Field(..., exclude=...)
        c: int
        d: int
        s: Sub = Sub()

    class Child(Parent):
        model_config = ConfigDict(fields={'c': {'exclude': ...}, 's': {'exclude': {'s2'}}})

    actual = Child(a=0, b=1, c=2, d=3).model_dump()
    expected = {'d': 3, 's': {'s3': 'v3'}}
    assert actual == expected, 'Unexpected model export result'


@pytest.mark.skip(reason='not implemented')
def test_model_export_with_true_instead_of_ellipsis():
    class Sub(BaseModel):
        s1: int = 1

    class Model(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(fields={'c': {'exclude': True}})
        a: int = 2
        b: int = Field(3, exclude=True)
        c: int = Field(4)
        s: Sub = Sub()

    m = Model()
    assert m.model_dump(exclude={'s': True}) == {'a': 2}


@pytest.mark.skip(reason='not implemented')
def test_model_export_inclusion():
    class Sub(BaseModel):
        s1: str = 'v1'
        s2: str = 'v2'
        s3: str = 'v3'
        s4: str = 'v4'

    class Model(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(
            fields={'a': {'include': {'s2', 's1', 's3'}}, 'b': {'include': {'s1', 's2', 's3', 's4'}}}
        )
        a: Sub = Sub()
        b: Sub = Field(Sub(), include={'s1'})
        c: Sub = Field(Sub(), include={'s1', 's2'})

    Model.model_fields['a'].field_info.include == {'s1': ..., 's2': ..., 's3': ...}
    Model.model_fields['b'].field_info.include == {'s1': ...}
    Model.model_fields['c'].field_info.include == {'s1': ..., 's2': ...}

    actual = Model().model_dump(include={'a': {'s3', 's4'}, 'b': ..., 'c': ...})
    # s1 included via field, s2 via config and s3 via .dict call:
    expected = {'a': {'s3': 'v3'}, 'b': {'s1': 'v1'}, 'c': {'s1': 'v1', 's2': 'v2'}}

    assert actual == expected, 'Unexpected model export result'


@pytest.mark.skip(reason='not implemented')
def test_model_export_inclusion_inheritance():
    class Sub(BaseModel):
        s1: str = Field('v1', include=...)
        s2: str = Field('v2', include=...)
        s3: str = Field('v3', include=...)
        s4: str = 'v4'

    class Parent(BaseModel):
        # b will be included since fields are set idependently
        model_config = ConfigDict(fields={'b': {'include': ...}})
        a: int
        b: int
        c: int
        s: Sub = Field(Sub(), include={'s1', 's2'})  # overrides includes set in Sub model

    class Child(Parent):
        # b is still included even if it doesn't occur here since fields
        # are still considered separately.
        # s however, is merged, resulting in only s1 being included.
        model_config = ConfigDict(fields={'a': {'include': ...}, 's': {'include': {'s1'}}})

    actual = Child(a=0, b=1, c=2).model_dump()
    expected = {'a': 0, 'b': 1, 's': {'s1': 'v1'}}
    assert actual == expected, 'Unexpected model export result'


def test_untyped_fields_warning():
    with pytest.raises(
        PydanticUserError,
        match=re.escape(
            "A non-annotated attribute was detected: `x = 1`. All model fields require a type annotation; "
            "if `x` is not meant to be a field, you may be able to resolve this error by annotating it "
            "as a `ClassVar` or updating `model_config['ignored_types']`."
        ),
    ):

        class WarningModel(BaseModel):
            x = 1

    # Prove that annotating with ClassVar prevents the warning
    class NonWarningModel(BaseModel):
        x: ClassVar = 1


def test_untyped_fields_error():
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Field 'a' requires a type annotation"):

        class Model(BaseModel):
            a = Field('foobar')


def test_custom_init_subclass_params():
    class DerivedModel(BaseModel):
        def __init_subclass__(cls, something):
            cls.something = something

    # if this raises a TypeError, then there is a regression of issue 867:
    # pydantic.main.MetaModel.__new__ should include **kwargs at the end of the
    # method definition and pass them on to the super call at the end in order
    # to allow the special method __init_subclass__ to be defined with custom
    # parameters on extended BaseModel classes.
    class NewModel(DerivedModel, something=2):
        something: ClassVar = 1

    assert NewModel.something == 2


def test_recursive_model():
    class MyModel(BaseModel):
        field: Optional['MyModel']

    m = MyModel(field={'field': {'field': None}})
    assert m.model_dump() == {'field': {'field': {'field': None}}}


def test_recursive_cycle_with_repeated_field():
    class A(BaseModel):
        b: 'B'

    class B(BaseModel):
        a1: Optional[A] = None
        a2: Optional[A] = None

    A.model_rebuild()

    assert A.model_validate({'b': {'a1': {'b': {'a1': None}}}}) == A(b=B(a1=A(b=B(a1=None))))
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        A.model_validate({'b': {'a1': {'a1': None}}})
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {'input': {'a1': None}, 'loc': ('b', 'a1', 'b'), 'msg': 'Field required', 'type': 'missing'}
    ]


def test_two_defaults():
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='^cannot specify both default and default_factory$'):

        class Model(BaseModel):
            a: int = Field(default=3, default_factory=lambda: 3)


def test_default_factory():
    class ValueModel(BaseModel):
        uid: UUID = uuid4()

    m1 = ValueModel()
    m2 = ValueModel()
    assert m1.uid == m2.uid

    class DynamicValueModel(BaseModel):
        uid: UUID = Field(default_factory=uuid4)

    m1 = DynamicValueModel()
    m2 = DynamicValueModel()
    assert isinstance(m1.uid, UUID)
    assert m1.uid != m2.uid

    # With a callable: we still should be able to set callables as defaults
    class FunctionModel(BaseModel):
        a: int = 1
        uid: Callable[[], UUID] = Field(uuid4)

    m = FunctionModel()
    assert m.uid is uuid4

    # Returning a singleton from a default_factory is supported
    class MySingleton:
        pass

    MY_SINGLETON = MySingleton()

    class SingletonFieldModel(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(arbitrary_types_allowed=True)
        singleton: MySingleton = Field(default_factory=lambda: MY_SINGLETON)

    assert SingletonFieldModel().singleton is SingletonFieldModel().singleton


def test_default_factory_called_once():
    """It should call only once the given factory by default"""

    class Seq:
        def __init__(self):
            self.v = 0

        def __call__(self):
            self.v += 1
            return self.v

    class MyModel(BaseModel):
        id: int = Field(default_factory=Seq())

    m1 = MyModel()
    assert m1.id == 1
    m2 = MyModel()
    assert m2.id == 2
    assert m1.id == 1


def test_default_factory_called_once_2():
    """It should call only once the given factory by default"""

    v = 0

    def factory():
        nonlocal v
        v += 1
        return v

    class MyModel(BaseModel):
        id: int = Field(default_factory=factory)

    m1 = MyModel()
    assert m1.id == 1
    m2 = MyModel()
    assert m2.id == 2


def test_default_factory_validate_children():
    class Child(BaseModel):
        x: int

    class Parent(BaseModel):
        children: List[Child] = Field(default_factory=list)

    Parent(children=[{'x': 1}, {'x': 2}])
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        Parent(children=[{'x': 1}, {'y': 2}])

    # insert_assert(exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False))
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {'type': 'missing', 'loc': ('children', 1, 'x'), 'msg': 'Field required', 'input': {'y': 2}}
    ]


def test_default_factory_parse():
    class Inner(BaseModel):
        val: int = Field(0)

    class Outer(BaseModel):
        inner_1: Inner = Field(default_factory=Inner)
        inner_2: Inner = Field(Inner())

    default = Outer().model_dump()
    parsed = Outer.model_validate(default)
    assert parsed.model_dump() == {'inner_1': {'val': 0}, 'inner_2': {'val': 0}}
    assert repr(parsed) == 'Outer(inner_1=Inner(val=0), inner_2=Inner(val=0))'


def test_reuse_same_field():
    required_field = Field(...)

    class Model1(BaseModel):
        required: str = required_field

    class Model2(BaseModel):
        required: str = required_field

    with pytest.raises(ValidationError):
        Model1.model_validate({})
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError):
        Model2.model_validate({})


def test_base_config_type_hinting():
    class M(BaseModel):
        a: int

    get_type_hints(type(M.model_config))


def test_frozen_field_with_validate_assignment():
    """assigning a frozen=True field should raise a TypeError"""

    class Entry(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(validate_assignment=True)
        id: float = Field(frozen=True)
        val: float

    r = Entry(id=1, val=100)
    assert r.val == 100
    r.val = 101
    assert r.val == 101
    assert r.id == 1
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        r.id = 2
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {'input': 2, 'loc': ('id',), 'msg': 'Field is frozen', 'type': 'frozen_field'}
    ]


def test_repr_field():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        a: int = Field()
        b: float = Field(repr=True)
        c: bool = Field(repr=False)

    m = Model(a=1, b=2.5, c=True)
    assert repr(m) == 'Model(a=1, b=2.5)'
    assert repr(m.model_fields['a']) == 'FieldInfo(annotation=int, required=True)'
    assert repr(m.model_fields['b']) == 'FieldInfo(annotation=float, required=True)'
    assert repr(m.model_fields['c']) == 'FieldInfo(annotation=bool, required=True, repr=False)'


def test_inherited_model_field_copy():
    """It should copy models used as fields by default"""

    class Image(BaseModel):
        path: str

        def __hash__(self):
            return id(self)

    class Item(BaseModel):
        images: Set[Image]

    image_1 = Image(path='my_image1.png')
    image_2 = Image(path='my_image2.png')

    item = Item(images={image_1, image_2})
    assert image_1 in item.images

    assert id(image_1) in {id(image) for image in item.images}
    assert id(image_2) in {id(image) for image in item.images}


def test_mapping_subclass_as_input():
    class CustomMap(dict):
        pass

    class Model(BaseModel):
        x: Mapping[str, int]

    d = CustomMap()
    d['one'] = 1
    d['two'] = 2

    v = Model(x=d).x
    # we don't promise that this will or will not be a CustomMap
    # all we promise is that it _will_ be a mapping
    assert isinstance(v, Mapping)
    # but the current behavior is that it will be a dict, not a CustomMap
    # so document that here
    assert not isinstance(v, CustomMap)
    assert v == {'one': 1, 'two': 2}


def test_typing_coercion_dict():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        x: Dict[str, int]

    m = Model(x={'one': 1, 'two': 2})
    assert repr(m) == "Model(x={'one': 1, 'two': 2})"


KT = TypeVar('KT')
VT = TypeVar('VT')


class MyDict(Dict[KT, VT]):
    def __repr__(self):
        return f'MyDict({super().__repr__()})'


def test_class_kwargs_config():
    class Base(BaseModel, extra='forbid', alias_generator=str.upper):
        a: int

    assert Base.model_config['extra'] == 'forbid'
    assert Base.model_config['alias_generator'] is str.upper
    # assert Base.model_fields['a'].alias == 'A'

    class Model(Base, extra='allow'):
        b: int

    assert Model.model_config['extra'] == 'allow'  # overwritten as intended
    assert Model.model_config['alias_generator'] is str.upper  # inherited as intended
    # assert Model.model_fields['b'].alias == 'B'  # alias_generator still works


def test_class_kwargs_config_and_attr_conflict():
    class Model(BaseModel, extra='allow', alias_generator=str.upper):
        model_config = ConfigDict(extra='forbid', title='Foobar')
        b: int

    assert Model.model_config['extra'] == 'allow'
    assert Model.model_config['alias_generator'] is str.upper
    assert Model.model_config['title'] == 'Foobar'


def test_class_kwargs_custom_config():
    if platform.python_implementation() == 'PyPy':
        msg = r"__init_subclass__\(\) got an unexpected keyword argument 'some_config'"
    else:
        msg = r'__init_subclass__\(\) takes no keyword arguments'
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):

        class Model(BaseModel, some_config='new_value'):
            a: int


@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info < (3, 10), reason='need 3.10 version')
def test_new_union_origin():
    """On 3.10+, origin of `int | str` is `types.UnionType`, not `typing.Union`"""

    class Model(BaseModel):
        x: int | str

    assert Model(x=3).x == 3
    assert Model(x='3').x == '3'
    assert Model(x='pika').x == 'pika'
    # assert Model.model_json_schema() == {
    #     'title': 'Model',
    #     'type': 'object',
    #     'properties': {'x': {'title': 'X', 'anyOf': [{'type': 'integer'}, {'type': 'string'}]}},
    #     'required': ['x'],
    # }


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    'ann',
    [Final, Final[int]],
    ids=['no-arg', 'with-arg'],
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    'value',
    [None, Field(...)],
    ids=['none', 'field'],
)
def test_frozen_field_decl_without_default_val(ann, value):
    class Model(BaseModel):
        a: ann

        if value is not None:
            a = value

    assert 'a' not in Model.__class_vars__
    assert 'a' in Model.model_fields

    assert Model.model_fields['a'].frozen


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    'ann',
    [Final, Final[int]],
    ids=['no-arg', 'with-arg'],
)
def test_final_field_decl_with_default_val(ann):
    class Model(BaseModel):
        a: ann = 10

    assert 'a' in Model.__class_vars__
    assert 'a' not in Model.model_fields


def test_final_field_reassignment():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(validate_assignment=True)

        a: Final[int]

    obj = Model(a=10)

    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        obj.a = 20
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {'input': 20, 'loc': ('a',), 'msg': 'Field is frozen', 'type': 'frozen_field'}
    ]


def test_field_by_default_is_not_frozen():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        a: int

    assert not Model.model_fields['a'].frozen


def test_annotated_final():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        a: Annotated[Final[int], Field(title='abc')]

    assert Model.model_fields['a'].frozen
    assert Model.model_fields['a'].title == 'abc'

    class Model2(BaseModel):
        a: Final[Annotated[int, Field(title='def')]]

    assert Model2.model_fields['a'].frozen
    assert Model2.model_fields['a'].title == 'def'


def test_post_init():
    calls = []

    class InnerModel(BaseModel):
        a: int
        b: int

        def model_post_init(self, __context) -> None:
            super().model_post_init(__context)  # this is included just to show it doesn't error
            assert self.model_dump() == {'a': 3, 'b': 4}
            calls.append('inner_model_post_init')

    class Model(BaseModel):
        c: int
        d: int
        sub: InnerModel

        def model_post_init(self, __context) -> None:
            assert self.model_dump() == {'c': 1, 'd': 2, 'sub': {'a': 3, 'b': 4}}
            calls.append('model_post_init')

    m = Model(c=1, d='2', sub={'a': 3, 'b': '4'})
    assert calls == ['inner_model_post_init', 'model_post_init']
    assert m.model_dump() == {'c': 1, 'd': 2, 'sub': {'a': 3, 'b': 4}}

    class SubModel(Model):
        def model_post_init(self, __context) -> None:
            assert self.model_dump() == {'c': 1, 'd': 2, 'sub': {'a': 3, 'b': 4}}
            super().model_post_init(__context)
            calls.append('submodel_post_init')

    calls.clear()
    m = SubModel(c=1, d='2', sub={'a': 3, 'b': '4'})
    assert calls == ['inner_model_post_init', 'model_post_init', 'submodel_post_init']
    assert m.model_dump() == {'c': 1, 'd': 2, 'sub': {'a': 3, 'b': 4}}


@pytest.mark.parametrize('include_private_attribute', [True, False])
def test_post_init_call_signatures(include_private_attribute):
    calls = []

    class Model(BaseModel):
        a: int
        b: int
        if include_private_attribute:
            _x: int = PrivateAttr(1)

        def model_post_init(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
            calls.append((args, kwargs))

    Model(a=1, b=2)
    assert calls == [((None,), {})]
    Model.model_construct(a=3, b=4)
    assert calls == [((None,), {}), ((None,), {})]


def test_post_init_not_called_without_override():
    calls = []

    def monkey_patched_model_post_init(cls, __context):
        calls.append('BaseModel.model_post_init')

    original_base_model_post_init = BaseModel.model_post_init
    try:
        BaseModel.model_post_init = monkey_patched_model_post_init

        class WithoutOverrideModel(BaseModel):
            pass

        WithoutOverrideModel()
        WithoutOverrideModel.model_construct()
        assert calls == []

        class WithOverrideModel(BaseModel):
            def model_post_init(self, __context: Any) -> None:
                calls.append('WithOverrideModel.model_post_init')

        WithOverrideModel()
        assert calls == ['WithOverrideModel.model_post_init']
        WithOverrideModel.model_construct()
        assert calls == ['WithOverrideModel.model_post_init', 'WithOverrideModel.model_post_init']

    finally:
        BaseModel.model_post_init = original_base_model_post_init


def test_model_post_init_subclass_private_attrs():
    """https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/7293"""
    calls = []

    class A(BaseModel):
        a: int = 1

        def model_post_init(self, __context: Any) -> None:
            calls.append(f'{self.__class__.__name__}.model_post_init')

    class B(A):
        pass

    class C(B):
        _private: bool = True

    C()

    assert calls == ['C.model_post_init']


def test_model_post_init_subclass_setting_private_attrs():
    """https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/7091"""

    class Model(BaseModel):
        _priv1: int = PrivateAttr(91)
        _priv2: int = PrivateAttr(92)

        def model_post_init(self, __context) -> None:
            self._priv1 = 100

    class SubModel(Model):
        _priv3: int = PrivateAttr(93)
        _priv4: int = PrivateAttr(94)
        _priv5: int = PrivateAttr()
        _priv6: int = PrivateAttr()

        def model_post_init(self, __context) -> None:
            self._priv3 = 200
            self._priv5 = 300
            super().model_post_init(__context)

    m = SubModel()

    assert m._priv1 == 100
    assert m._priv2 == 92
    assert m._priv3 == 200
    assert m._priv4 == 94
    assert m._priv5 == 300
    with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
        assert m._priv6 == 94


def test_model_post_init_correct_mro():
    """https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/7293"""
    calls = []

    class A(BaseModel):
        a: int = 1

    class B(BaseModel):
        b: int = 1

        def model_post_init(self, __context: Any) -> None:
            calls.append(f'{self.__class__.__name__}.model_post_init')

    class C(A, B):
        _private: bool = True

    C()

    assert calls == ['C.model_post_init']


def test_deeper_recursive_model():
    class A(BaseModel):
        b: 'B'

    class B(BaseModel):
        c: 'C'

    class C(BaseModel):
        a: Optional['A']

    A.model_rebuild()
    B.model_rebuild()
    C.model_rebuild()

    m = A(b=B(c=C(a=None)))
    assert m.model_dump() == {'b': {'c': {'a': None}}}


def test_model_rebuild_localns():
    class A(BaseModel):
        x: int

    class B(BaseModel):
        a: 'Model'  # noqa: F821

    B.model_rebuild(_types_namespace={'Model': A})

    m = B(a={'x': 1})
    assert m.model_dump() == {'a': {'x': 1}}
    assert isinstance(m.a, A)

    class C(BaseModel):
        a: 'Model'  # noqa: F821

    with pytest.raises(PydanticUndefinedAnnotation, match="name 'Model' is not defined"):
        C.model_rebuild(_types_namespace={'A': A})


def test_model_rebuild_zero_depth():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        x: 'X_Type'

    X_Type = str

    with pytest.raises(NameError, match='X_Type'):
        Model.model_rebuild(_parent_namespace_depth=0)

    Model.__pydantic_parent_namespace__.update({'X_Type': int})
    Model.model_rebuild(_parent_namespace_depth=0)

    m = Model(x=42)
    assert m.model_dump() == {'x': 42}


@pytest.fixture(scope='session', name='InnerEqualityModel')
def inner_equality_fixture():
    class InnerEqualityModel(BaseModel):
        iw: int
        ix: int = 0
        _iy: int = PrivateAttr()
        _iz: int = PrivateAttr(0)

    return InnerEqualityModel


@pytest.fixture(scope='session', name='EqualityModel')
def equality_fixture(InnerEqualityModel):
    class EqualityModel(BaseModel):
        w: int
        x: int = 0
        _y: int = PrivateAttr()
        _z: int = PrivateAttr(0)

        model: InnerEqualityModel

    return EqualityModel


def test_model_equality(EqualityModel, InnerEqualityModel):
    m1 = EqualityModel(w=0, x=0, model=InnerEqualityModel(iw=0))
    m2 = EqualityModel(w=0, x=0, model=InnerEqualityModel(iw=0))
    assert m1 == m2


def test_model_equality_type(EqualityModel, InnerEqualityModel):
    class Model1(BaseModel):
        x: int

    class Model2(BaseModel):
        x: int

    m1 = Model1(x=1)
    m2 = Model2(x=1)

    assert m1.model_dump() == m2.model_dump()
    assert m1 != m2


def test_model_equality_dump(EqualityModel, InnerEqualityModel):
    inner_model = InnerEqualityModel(iw=0)
    assert inner_model != inner_model.model_dump()

    model = EqualityModel(w=0, x=0, model=inner_model)
    assert model != dict(model)
    assert dict(model) != model.model_dump()  # Due to presence of inner model


def test_model_equality_fields_set(InnerEqualityModel):
    m1 = InnerEqualityModel(iw=0)
    m2 = InnerEqualityModel(iw=0, ix=0)
    assert m1.model_fields_set != m2.model_fields_set
    assert m1 == m2


def test_model_equality_private_attrs(InnerEqualityModel):
    m = InnerEqualityModel(iw=0, ix=0)

    m1 = m.model_copy()
    m2 = m.model_copy()
    m3 = m.model_copy()

    m2._iy = 1
    m3._iz = 1

    models = [m1, m2, m3]
    for i, first_model in enumerate(models):
        for j, second_model in enumerate(models):
            if i == j:
                assert first_model == second_model
            else:
                assert first_model != second_model

    m2_equal = m.model_copy()
    m2_equal._iy = 1
    assert m2 == m2_equal

    m3_equal = m.model_copy()
    m3_equal._iz = 1
    assert m3 == m3_equal


def test_model_copy_extra():
    class Model(BaseModel, extra='allow'):
        x: int

    m = Model(x=1, y=2)
    assert m.model_dump() == {'x': 1, 'y': 2}
    assert m.model_extra == {'y': 2}
    m2 = m.model_copy()
    assert m2.model_dump() == {'x': 1, 'y': 2}
    assert m2.model_extra == {'y': 2}

    m3 = m.model_copy(update={'x': 4, 'z': 3})
    assert m3.model_dump() == {'x': 4, 'y': 2, 'z': 3}
    assert m3.model_extra == {'y': 2, 'z': 3}

    m4 = m.model_copy(update={'x': 4, 'z': 3})
    assert m4.model_dump() == {'x': 4, 'y': 2, 'z': 3}
    assert m4.model_extra == {'y': 2, 'z': 3}

    m = Model(x=1, a=2)
    m.__pydantic_extra__ = None
    m5 = m.model_copy(update={'x': 4, 'b': 3})
    assert m5.model_dump() == {'x': 4, 'b': 3}
    assert m5.model_extra == {'b': 3}


def test_model_parametrized_name_not_generic():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        x: int

    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='Concrete names should only be generated for generic models.'):
        Model.model_parametrized_name(())


def test_model_equality_generics():
    T = TypeVar('T')

    class GenericModel(BaseModel, Generic[T]):
        x: T

    class ConcreteModel(BaseModel):
        x: int

    assert ConcreteModel(x=1) != GenericModel(x=1)
    assert ConcreteModel(x=1) != GenericModel[Any](x=1)
    assert ConcreteModel(x=1) != GenericModel[int](x=1)

    assert GenericModel(x=1) != GenericModel(x=2)

    S = TypeVar('S')
    assert GenericModel(x=1) == GenericModel(x=1)
    assert GenericModel(x=1) == GenericModel[S](x=1)
    assert GenericModel(x=1) == GenericModel[Any](x=1)
    assert GenericModel(x=1) == GenericModel[float](x=1)

    assert GenericModel[int](x=1) == GenericModel[int](x=1)
    assert GenericModel[int](x=1) == GenericModel[S](x=1)
    assert GenericModel[int](x=1) == GenericModel[Any](x=1)
    assert GenericModel[int](x=1) == GenericModel[float](x=1)

    # Test that it works with nesting as well
    nested_any = GenericModel[GenericModel[Any]](x=GenericModel[Any](x=1))
    nested_int = GenericModel[GenericModel[int]](x=GenericModel[int](x=1))
    assert nested_any == nested_int


def test_model_validate_strict() -> None:
    class LaxModel(BaseModel):
        x: int

        model_config = ConfigDict(strict=False)

    class StrictModel(BaseModel):
        x: int

        model_config = ConfigDict(strict=True)

    assert LaxModel.model_validate({'x': '1'}, strict=None) == LaxModel(x=1)
    assert LaxModel.model_validate({'x': '1'}, strict=False) == LaxModel(x=1)
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        LaxModel.model_validate({'x': '1'}, strict=True)
    # there's no such thing on the model itself
    # insert_assert(exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False))
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {'type': 'int_type', 'loc': ('x',), 'msg': 'Input should be a valid integer', 'input': '1'}
    ]

    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        StrictModel.model_validate({'x': '1'})
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {'type': 'int_type', 'loc': ('x',), 'msg': 'Input should be a valid integer', 'input': '1'}
    ]
    assert StrictModel.model_validate({'x': '1'}, strict=False) == StrictModel(x=1)
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        LaxModel.model_validate({'x': '1'}, strict=True)
    # insert_assert(exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False))
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {'type': 'int_type', 'loc': ('x',), 'msg': 'Input should be a valid integer', 'input': '1'}
    ]


def test_model_validate_json_strict() -> None:
    class LaxModel(BaseModel):
        x: int

        model_config = ConfigDict(strict=False)

    class StrictModel(BaseModel):
        x: int

        model_config = ConfigDict(strict=True)

    assert LaxModel.model_validate_json(json.dumps({'x': '1'}), strict=None) == LaxModel(x=1)
    assert LaxModel.model_validate_json(json.dumps({'x': '1'}), strict=False) == LaxModel(x=1)
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        LaxModel.model_validate_json(json.dumps({'x': '1'}), strict=True)
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {'type': 'int_type', 'loc': ('x',), 'msg': 'Input should be a valid integer', 'input': '1'}
    ]

    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        StrictModel.model_validate_json(json.dumps({'x': '1'}), strict=None)
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {'type': 'int_type', 'loc': ('x',), 'msg': 'Input should be a valid integer', 'input': '1'}
    ]
    assert StrictModel.model_validate_json(json.dumps({'x': '1'}), strict=False) == StrictModel(x=1)
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        StrictModel.model_validate_json(json.dumps({'x': '1'}), strict=True)
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {'type': 'int_type', 'loc': ('x',), 'msg': 'Input should be a valid integer', 'input': '1'}
    ]


def test_validate_python_context() -> None:
    contexts: List[Any] = [None, None, {'foo': 'bar'}]

    class Model(BaseModel):
        x: int

        @field_validator('x')
        def val_x(cls, v: int, info: ValidationInfo) -> int:
            assert info.context == contexts.pop(0)
            return v

    Model.model_validate({'x': 1})
    Model.model_validate({'x': 1}, context=None)
    Model.model_validate({'x': 1}, context={'foo': 'bar'})
    assert contexts == []


def test_validate_json_context() -> None:
    contexts: List[Any] = [None, None, {'foo': 'bar'}]

    class Model(BaseModel):
        x: int

        @field_validator('x')
        def val_x(cls, v: int, info: ValidationInfo) -> int:
            assert info.context == contexts.pop(0)
            return v

    Model.model_validate_json(json.dumps({'x': 1}))
    Model.model_validate_json(json.dumps({'x': 1}), context=None)
    Model.model_validate_json(json.dumps({'x': 1}), context={'foo': 'bar'})
    assert contexts == []


def test_pydantic_init_subclass() -> None:
    calls = []

    class MyModel(BaseModel):
        def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
            super().__init_subclass__()  # can't pass kwargs to object.__init_subclass__, weirdly
            calls.append((cls.__name__, '__init_subclass__', kwargs))

        @classmethod
        def __pydantic_init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
            super().__pydantic_init_subclass__(**kwargs)
            calls.append((cls.__name__, '__pydantic_init_subclass__', kwargs))

    class MySubModel(MyModel, a=1):
        pass

    assert calls == [
        ('MySubModel', '__init_subclass__', {'a': 1}),
        ('MySubModel', '__pydantic_init_subclass__', {'a': 1}),
    ]


def test_model_validate_with_context():
    class InnerModel(BaseModel):
        x: int

        @field_validator('x')
        def validate(cls, value, info):
            return value * info.context.get('multiplier', 1)

    class OuterModel(BaseModel):
        inner: InnerModel

    assert OuterModel.model_validate({'inner': {'x': 2}}, context={'multiplier': 1}).inner.x == 2
    assert OuterModel.model_validate({'inner': {'x': 2}}, context={'multiplier': 2}).inner.x == 4
    assert OuterModel.model_validate({'inner': {'x': 2}}, context={'multiplier': 3}).inner.x == 6


def test_extra_equality():
    class MyModel(BaseModel, extra='allow'):
        pass

    assert MyModel(x=1) != MyModel()


def test_equality_delegation():
    from unittest.mock import ANY

    class MyModel(BaseModel):
        foo: str

    assert MyModel(foo='bar') == ANY


def test_recursion_loop_error():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        x: List['Model']

    data = {'x': []}
    data['x'].append(data)
    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        Model(**data)
    assert repr(exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False)[0]) == (
        "{'type': 'recursion_loop', 'loc': ('x', 0, 'x', 0), 'msg': "
        "'Recursion error - cyclic reference detected', 'input': {'x': [{...}]}}"
    )


def test_protected_namespace_default():
    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match='Field "model_prefixed_field" has conflict with protected namespace "model_"'):

        class Model(BaseModel):
            model_prefixed_field: str


def test_protected_namespace_real_conflict():
    with pytest.raises(
        NameError, match=r'Field "model_validate" conflicts with member .* of protected namespace "model_"\.'
    ):

        class Model(BaseModel):
            model_validate: str


def test_custom_protected_namespace():
    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match='Field "test_field" has conflict with protected namespace "test_"'):

        class Model(BaseModel):
            # this field won't raise error because we changed the default value for the
            # `protected_namespaces` config.
            model_prefixed_field: str
            test_field: str

            model_config = ConfigDict(protected_namespaces=('test_',))


def test_multiple_protected_namespace():
    with pytest.warns(
        UserWarning, match='Field "also_protect_field" has conflict with protected namespace "also_protect_"'
    ):

        class Model(BaseModel):
            also_protect_field: str

            model_config = ConfigDict(protected_namespaces=('protect_me_', 'also_protect_'))


def test_model_get_core_schema() -> None:
    class Model(BaseModel):
        @classmethod
        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> CoreSchema:
            schema = handler(int)
            schema.pop('metadata', None)  # we don't care about this in tests
            assert schema == {'type': 'int'}
            schema = handler.generate_schema(int)
            schema.pop('metadata', None)  # we don't care about this in tests
            assert schema == {'type': 'int'}
            return handler(source_type)

    Model()


def test_nested_types_ignored():
    from pydantic import BaseModel

    class NonNestedType:
        pass

    # Defining a nested type does not error
    class GoodModel(BaseModel):
        class NestedType:
            pass

        # You can still store such types on the class by annotating as a ClassVar
        MyType: ClassVar[Type[Any]] = NonNestedType

        # For documentation: you _can_ give multiple names to a nested type and it won't error:
        # It might be better if it did, but this seems to be rare enough that I'm not concerned
        x = NestedType

    assert GoodModel.MyType is NonNestedType
    assert GoodModel.x is GoodModel.NestedType

    with pytest.raises(PydanticUserError, match='A non-annotated attribute was detected'):

        class BadModel(BaseModel):
            x = NonNestedType


def test_validate_python_from_attributes() -> None:
    class Model(BaseModel):
        x: int

    class ModelFromAttributesTrue(Model):
        model_config = ConfigDict(from_attributes=True)

    class ModelFromAttributesFalse(Model):
        model_config = ConfigDict(from_attributes=False)

    @dataclass
    class UnrelatedClass:
        x: int = 1

    input = UnrelatedClass(1)

    for from_attributes in (False, None):
        with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
            Model.model_validate(UnrelatedClass(), from_attributes=from_attributes)
        assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
            {
                'type': 'model_type',
                'loc': (),
                'msg': 'Input should be a valid dictionary or instance of Model',
                'input': input,
                'ctx': {'class_name': 'Model'},
            }
        ]

    res = Model.model_validate(UnrelatedClass(), from_attributes=True)
    assert res == Model(x=1)

    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        ModelFromAttributesTrue.model_validate(UnrelatedClass(), from_attributes=False)
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {
            'type': 'model_type',
            'loc': (),
            'msg': 'Input should be a valid dictionary or instance of ModelFromAttributesTrue',
            'input': input,
            'ctx': {'class_name': 'ModelFromAttributesTrue'},
        }
    ]

    for from_attributes in (True, None):
        res = ModelFromAttributesTrue.model_validate(UnrelatedClass(), from_attributes=from_attributes)
        assert res == ModelFromAttributesTrue(x=1)

    for from_attributes in (False, None):
        with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
            ModelFromAttributesFalse.model_validate(UnrelatedClass(), from_attributes=from_attributes)
        assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
            {
                'type': 'model_type',
                'loc': (),
                'msg': 'Input should be a valid dictionary or instance of ModelFromAttributesFalse',
                'input': input,
                'ctx': {'class_name': 'ModelFromAttributesFalse'},
            }
        ]

    res = ModelFromAttributesFalse.model_validate(UnrelatedClass(), from_attributes=True)
    assert res == ModelFromAttributesFalse(x=1)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    'field_type,input_value,expected,raises_match,strict',
    [
        (bool, 'true', True, None, False),
        (bool, 'true', True, None, True),
        (bool, 'false', False, None, False),
        (bool, 'e', ValidationError, 'type=bool_parsing', False),
        (int, '1', 1, None, False),
        (int, '1', 1, None, True),
        (int, 'xxx', ValidationError, 'type=int_parsing', True),
        (float, '1.1', 1.1, None, False),
        (float, '1.10', 1.1, None, False),
        (float, '1.1', 1.1, None, True),
        (float, '1.10', 1.1, None, True),
        (date, '2017-01-01', date(2017, 1, 1), None, False),
        (date, '2017-01-01', date(2017, 1, 1), None, True),
        (date, '2017-01-01T12:13:14.567', ValidationError, 'type=date_from_datetime_inexact', False),
        (date, '2017-01-01T12:13:14.567', ValidationError, 'type=date_parsing', True),
        (date, '2017-01-01T00:00:00', date(2017, 1, 1), None, False),
        (date, '2017-01-01T00:00:00', ValidationError, 'type=date_parsing', True),
        (datetime, '2017-01-01T12:13:14.567', datetime(2017, 1, 1, 12, 13, 14, 567_000), None, False),
        (datetime, '2017-01-01T12:13:14.567', datetime(2017, 1, 1, 12, 13, 14, 567_000), None, True),
    ],
    ids=repr,
)
def test_model_validate_strings(field_type, input_value, expected, raises_match, strict):
    class Model(BaseModel):
        x: field_type

    if raises_match is not None:
        with pytest.raises(expected, match=raises_match):
            Model.model_validate_strings({'x': input_value}, strict=strict)
    else:
        assert Model.model_validate_strings({'x': input_value}, strict=strict).x == expected


@pytest.mark.parametrize('strict', [True, False])
def test_model_validate_strings_dict(strict):
    class Model(BaseModel):
        x: Dict[int, date]

    assert Model.model_validate_strings({'x': {'1': '2017-01-01', '2': '2017-01-02'}}, strict=strict).x == {
        1: date(2017, 1, 1),
        2: date(2017, 1, 2),
    }


def test_model_signature_annotated() -> None:
    class Model(BaseModel):
        x: Annotated[int, 123]

    # we used to accidentally convert `__metadata__` to a list
    # which caused things like `typing.get_args()` to fail
    assert Model.__signature__.parameters['x'].annotation.__metadata__ == (123,)


def test_get_core_schema_unpacks_refs_for_source_type() -> None:
    # use a list to track since we end up calling `__get_pydantic_core_schema__` multiple times for models
    # e.g. InnerModel.__get_pydantic_core_schema__ gets called:
    # 1. When InnerModel is defined
    # 2. When OuterModel is defined
    # 3. When we use the TypeAdapter
    received_schemas: dict[str, list[str]] = defaultdict(list)

    @dataclass
    class Marker:
        name: str

        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> CoreSchema:
            schema = handler(source_type)
            received_schemas[self.name].append(schema['type'])
            return schema

    class InnerModel(BaseModel):
        @classmethod
        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> CoreSchema:
            schema = handler(source_type)
            received_schemas['InnerModel'].append(schema['type'])
            schema['metadata'] = schema.get('metadata', {})
            schema['metadata']['foo'] = 'inner was here!'
            return deepcopy(schema)

    class OuterModel(BaseModel):
        inner: Annotated[InnerModel, Marker('Marker("inner")')]

        @classmethod
        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> CoreSchema:
            schema = handler(source_type)
            received_schemas['OuterModel'].append(schema['type'])
            return schema

    ta = TypeAdapter(Annotated[OuterModel, Marker('Marker("outer")')])

    # super hacky check but it works in all cases and avoids a complex and fragile iteration over CoreSchema
    # the point here is to verify that `__get_pydantic_core_schema__`
    assert 'inner was here' in str(ta.core_schema)

    assert received_schemas == {
        'InnerModel': ['model', 'model', 'model'],
        'Marker("inner")': ['definition-ref', 'definition-ref'],
        'OuterModel': ['model', 'model'],
        'Marker("outer")': ['definition-ref'],
    }


def test_get_core_schema_return_new_ref() -> None:
    class InnerModel(BaseModel):
        @classmethod
        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> CoreSchema:
            schema = handler(source_type)
            schema = deepcopy(schema)
            schema['metadata'] = schema.get('metadata', {})
            schema['metadata']['foo'] = 'inner was here!'
            return deepcopy(schema)

    class OuterModel(BaseModel):
        inner: InnerModel
        x: int = 1

        @classmethod
        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> CoreSchema:
            schema = handler(source_type)

            def set_x(m: 'OuterModel') -> 'OuterModel':
                m.x += 1
                return m

            return core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(set_x, schema, ref=schema.pop('ref'))

    cs = OuterModel.__pydantic_core_schema__
    # super hacky check but it works in all cases and avoids a complex and fragile iteration over CoreSchema
    # the point here is to verify that `__get_pydantic_core_schema__`
    assert 'inner was here' in str(cs)

    assert OuterModel(inner=InnerModel()).x == 2


def test_resolve_def_schema_from_core_schema() -> None:
    class Inner(BaseModel):
        x: int

    class Marker:
        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> CoreSchema:
            schema = handler(source_type)
            resolved = handler.resolve_ref_schema(schema)
            assert resolved['type'] == 'model'
            assert resolved['cls'] is Inner

            def modify_inner(v: Inner) -> Inner:
                v.x += 1
                return v

            return core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(modify_inner, schema)

    class Outer(BaseModel):
        inner: Annotated[Inner, Marker()]

    assert Outer.model_validate({'inner': {'x': 1}}).inner.x == 2


def test_extra_validator_scalar() -> None:
    class Model(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(extra='allow')

    class Child(Model):
        __pydantic_extra__: Dict[str, int]

    m = Child(a='1')
    assert m.__pydantic_extra__ == {'a': 1}

    # insert_assert(Child.model_json_schema())
    assert Child.model_json_schema() == {
        'additionalProperties': {'type': 'integer'},
        'properties': {},
        'title': 'Child',
        'type': 'object',
    }


def test_extra_validator_named() -> None:
    class Foo(BaseModel):
        x: int

    class Model(BaseModel):
        model_config = ConfigDict(extra='allow')

    class Child(Model):
        __pydantic_extra__: Dict[str, Foo]

    m = Child(a={'x': '1'})
    assert m.__pydantic_extra__ == {'a': Foo(x=1)}

    # insert_assert(Child.model_json_schema())
    assert Child.model_json_schema() == {
        '$defs': {
            'Foo': {
                'properties': {'x': {'title': 'X', 'type': 'integer'}},
                'required': ['x'],
                'title': 'Foo',
                'type': 'object',
            }
        },
        'additionalProperties': {'$ref': '#/$defs/Foo'},
        'properties': {},
        'title': 'Child',
        'type': 'object',
    }


def test_super_getattr_extra():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        model_config = {'extra': 'allow'}

        def __getattr__(self, item):
            if item == 'test':
                return 'success'
            return super().__getattr__(item)

    m = Model(x=1)
    assert m.x == 1
    with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
        m.y
    assert m.test == 'success'


def test_super_getattr_private():
    class Model(BaseModel):
        _x: int = PrivateAttr()

        def __getattr__(self, item):
            if item == 'test':
                return 'success'
            else:
                return super().__getattr__(item)

    m = Model()
    m._x = 1
    assert m._x == 1
    with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
        m._y
    assert m.test == 'success'


def test_super_delattr_extra():
    test_calls = []

    class Model(BaseModel):
        model_config = {'extra': 'allow'}

        def __delattr__(self, item):
            if item == 'test':
                test_calls.append('success')
            else:
                super().__delattr__(item)

    m = Model(x=1)
    assert m.x == 1
    del m.x
    with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
        m._x
    assert test_calls == []
    del m.test
    assert test_calls == ['success']


def test_super_delattr_private():
    test_calls = []

    class Model(BaseModel):
        _x: int = PrivateAttr()

        def __delattr__(self, item):
            if item == 'test':
                test_calls.append('success')
            else:
                super().__delattr__(item)

    m = Model()
    m._x = 1
    assert m._x == 1
    del m._x
    with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
        m._x
    assert test_calls == []
    del m.test
    assert test_calls == ['success']


def test_arbitrary_types_not_a_type() -> None:
    """https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/6477"""

    class Foo:
        pass

    class Bar:
        pass

    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match='is not a Python type'):
        ta = TypeAdapter(Foo(), config=ConfigDict(arbitrary_types_allowed=True))

    bar = Bar()
    assert ta.validate_python(bar) is bar


def test_deferred_core_schema() -> None:
    class Foo(BaseModel):
        x: 'Bar'

    with pytest.raises(PydanticUserError, match='`Foo` is not fully defined'):
        Foo.__pydantic_core_schema__

    class Bar(BaseModel):
        pass

    assert Foo.__pydantic_core_schema__


def test_help(create_module):
    # since pydoc/help access all attributes to generate their documentation,
    # this triggers the deprecation warnings.
    with pytest.warns(PydanticDeprecatedSince20):
        module = create_module(
            # language=Python
            """
import pydoc

from pydantic import BaseModel

class Model(BaseModel):
    x: int


help_result_string = pydoc.render_doc(Model)
"""
        )

    assert 'class Model' in module.help_result_string


def test_cannot_use_leading_underscore_field_names():
    with pytest.raises(
        NameError, match="Fields must not use names with leading underscores; e.g., use 'x' instead of '_x'"
    ):

        class Model1(BaseModel):
            _x: int = Field(alias='x')

    with pytest.raises(
        NameError, match="Fields must not use names with leading underscores; e.g., use 'x__' instead of '__x__'"
    ):

        class Model2(BaseModel):
            __x__: int = Field()

    with pytest.raises(
        NameError, match="Fields must not use names with leading underscores; e.g., use 'my_field' instead of '___'"
    ):

        class Model3(BaseModel):
            ___: int = Field(default=1)


def test_schema_generator_customize_type() -> None:
    class LaxStrGenerator(GenerateSchema):
        def str_schema(self) -> CoreSchema:
            return core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(str)

    class Model(BaseModel):
        x: str
        model_config = ConfigDict(schema_generator=LaxStrGenerator)

    assert Model(x=1).x == '1'


def test_schema_generator_customize_type_constraints() -> None:
    class LaxStrGenerator(GenerateSchema):
        def str_schema(self) -> CoreSchema:
            return core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(str)

    class Model(BaseModel):
        x: Annotated[str, Field(pattern='^\\d+$')]
        y: Annotated[float, Field(gt=0)]
        z: Annotated[List[int], Field(min_length=1)]
        model_config = ConfigDict(schema_generator=LaxStrGenerator)

    # insert_assert(Model(x='123', y=1, z=[-1]).model_dump())
    assert Model(x='123', y=1, z=[-1]).model_dump() == {'x': '123', 'y': 1.0, 'z': [-1]}

    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        Model(x='abc', y=-1, z=[])

    # insert_assert(exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False))
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {
            'type': 'string_pattern_mismatch',
            'loc': ('x',),
            'msg': "String should match pattern '^\\d+$'",
            'input': 'abc',
            'ctx': {'pattern': '^\\d+$'},
        },
        {
            'type': 'greater_than',
            'loc': ('y',),
            'msg': 'Input should be greater than 0',
            'input': -1,
            'ctx': {'gt': 0.0},
        },
        {
            'type': 'too_short',
            'loc': ('z',),
            'msg': 'List should have at least 1 item after validation, not 0',
            'input': [],
            'ctx': {'field_type': 'List', 'min_length': 1, 'actual_length': 0},
        },
    ]


def test_schema_generator_customize_type_constraints_order() -> None:
    class Model(BaseModel):
        # whitespace will be stripped first, then max length will be checked, should pass on ' 1 '
        x: Annotated[str, AfterValidator(lambda x: x.strip()), StringConstraints(max_length=1)]
        # max length will be checked first, then whitespace will be stripped, should fail on ' 1 '
        y: Annotated[str, StringConstraints(max_length=1), AfterValidator(lambda x: x.strip())]

    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
        Model(x=' 1 ', y=' 1 ')

    # insert_assert(exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False))
    assert exc_info.value.errors(include_url=False) == [
        {
            'type': 'string_too_long',
            'loc': ('y',),
            'msg': 'String should have at most 1 characters',
            'input': ' 1 ',
            'ctx': {'max_length': 1},
        }
    ]


def test_shadow_attribute() -> None:
    """https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/7108"""

    class Model(BaseModel):
        foo: str

        @classmethod
        def __pydantic_init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs: Any):
            super().__pydantic_init_subclass__(**kwargs)
            for key in cls.model_fields.keys():
                setattr(cls, key, getattr(cls, key, '') + ' edited!')

    class One(Model):
        foo: str = 'abc'

    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match=r'"foo" shadows an attribute in parent ".*One"'):

        class Two(One):
            foo: str

    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match=r'"foo" shadows an attribute in parent ".*One"'):

        class Three(One):
            foo: str = 'xyz'

    # unlike dataclasses BaseModel does not preserve the value of defaults
    # so when we access the attribute in `Model.__pydantic_init_subclass__` there is no default
    # and hence we append `edited!` to an empty string
    # we've talked about changing this but this is the current behavior as of this test
    assert getattr(Model, 'foo', None) is None
    assert getattr(One, 'foo', None) == ' edited!'
    assert getattr(Two, 'foo', None) == ' edited! edited!'
    assert getattr(Three, 'foo', None) == ' edited! edited!'