.. module:: pygame.sprite :synopsis: pygame module with basic game object classes
This module contains several simple classes to be used within games. There is the main Sprite class and several Group classes that contain Sprites. The use of these classes is entirely optional when using pygame. The classes are fairly lightweight and only provide a starting place for the code that is common to most games.
The Sprite class is intended to be used as a base class for the different types of objects in the game. There is also a base Group class that simply stores sprites. A game could create new types of Group classes that operate on specially customized Sprite instances they contain.
The basic Sprite class can draw the Sprites it contains to a Surface. The
Group.draw() method requires that each Sprite have a Surface.image
attribute and a Surface.rect. The Group.clear() method requires these
same attributes, and can be used to erase all the Sprites with background.
There are also more advanced Groups: pygame.sprite.RenderUpdates() and
pygame.sprite.OrderedUpdates().
Lastly, this module contains several collision functions. These help find
sprites inside multiple groups that have intersecting bounding rectangles. To
find the collisions, the Sprites are required to have a Surface.rect
attribute assigned.
The groups are designed for high efficiency in removing and adding Sprites to them. They also allow cheap testing to see if a Sprite already exists in a Group. A given Sprite can exist in any number of groups. A game could use some groups to control object rendering, and a completely separate set of groups to control interaction or player movement. Instead of adding type attributes or bools to a derived Sprite class, consider keeping the Sprites inside organized Groups. This will allow for easier lookup later in the game.
Sprites and Groups manage their relationships with the add() and
remove() methods. These methods can accept a single or multiple targets for
membership. The default initializers for these classes also takes a single or
list of targets for initial membership. It is safe to repeatedly add and remove
the same Sprite from a Group.
While it is possible to design sprite and group classes that don't derive from the Sprite and AbstractGroup classes below, it is strongly recommended that you extend those when you add a Sprite or Group class.
Sprites are not thread safe. So lock them yourself if using threads.
The base class for visible game objects. Derived classes will want to
override the Sprite.update() and assign a Sprite.image and
Sprite.rect attributes. The initializer can accept any number of Group
instances to be added to.
When subclassing the Sprite, be sure to call the base initializer before adding the Sprite to Groups. For example:
class Block(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
# Constructor. Pass in the color of the block,
# and its x and y position
def __init__(self, color, width, height):
# Call the parent class (Sprite) constructor
pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
# Create an image of the block, and fill it with a color.
# This could also be an image loaded from the disk.
self.image = pygame.Surface([width, height])
self.image.fill(color)
# Fetch the rectangle object that has the dimensions of the image
# Update the position of this object by setting the values of rect.x and rect.y
self.rect = self.image.get_rect().. method:: update | :sl:`method to control sprite behavior` | :sg:`update(*args, **kwargs) -> None` The default implementation of this method does nothing; it's just a convenient "hook" that you can override. This method is called by ``Group.update()`` with whatever arguments you give it. There is no need to use this method if not using the convenience method by the same name in the Group class. .. ## Sprite.update ##
.. method:: add | :sl:`add the sprite to groups` | :sg:`add(*groups) -> None` Any number of Group instances can be passed as arguments. The Sprite will be added to the Groups it is not already a member of. .. ## Sprite.add ##
.. method:: remove | :sl:`remove the sprite from groups` | :sg:`remove(*groups) -> None` Any number of Group instances can be passed as arguments. The Sprite will be removed from the Groups it is currently a member of. .. ## Sprite.remove ##
.. method:: kill | :sl:`remove the Sprite from all Groups` | :sg:`kill() -> None` The Sprite is removed from all the Groups that contain it. This won't change anything about the state of the Sprite. It is possible to continue to use the Sprite after this method has been called, including adding it to Groups. .. ## Sprite.kill ##
.. method:: alive | :sl:`does the sprite belong to any groups` | :sg:`alive() -> bool` Returns True when the Sprite belongs to one or more Groups. .. ## Sprite.alive ##
.. method:: groups | :sl:`list of Groups that contain this Sprite` | :sg:`groups() -> group_list` Return a list of all the Groups that contain this Sprite. .. ## Sprite.groups ##
Extra DirtySprite attributes with their default values:
dirty = 1
if set to 1, it is repainted and then set to 0 again if set to 2 then it is always dirty ( repainted each frame, flag is not reset) 0 means that it is not dirty and therefore not repainted again
blendmode = 0
its the special_flags argument of blit, blendmodes
source_rect = None
source rect to use, remember that it is relative to topleft (0,0) of self.image
visible = 1
normally 1, if set to 0 it will not be repainted (you must set it dirty too to be erased from screen)
layer = 0
(READONLY value, it is read when adding it to the LayeredDirty, for details see doc of LayeredDirty)
A simple container for Sprite objects. This class can be inherited to create containers with more specific behaviors. The constructor takes any number of Sprite arguments to add to the Group. The group supports the following standard Python operations:
in test if a Sprite is contained len the number of Sprites contained bool test if any Sprites are contained iter iterate through all the Sprites
The Sprites in the Group are not ordered, so drawing and iterating the Sprites is in no particular order.
.. method:: sprites | :sl:`list of the Sprites this Group contains` | :sg:`sprites() -> sprite_list` Return a list of all the Sprites this group contains. You can also get an iterator from the group, but you cannot iterate over a Group while modifying it. .. ## Group.sprites ##
.. method:: copy | :sl:`duplicate the Group` | :sg:`copy() -> Group` Creates a new Group with all the same Sprites as the original. If you have subclassed Group, the new object will have the same (sub-)class as the original. This only works if the derived class's constructor takes the same arguments as the Group class's. .. ## Group.copy ##
.. method:: add | :sl:`add Sprites to this Group` | :sg:`add(*sprites) -> None` Add any number of Sprites to this Group. This will only add Sprites that are not already members of the Group. Each sprite argument can also be a iterator containing Sprites. .. ## Group.add ##
.. method:: remove | :sl:`remove Sprites from the Group` | :sg:`remove(*sprites) -> None` Remove any number of Sprites from the Group. This will only remove Sprites that are already members of the Group. Each sprite argument can also be a iterator containing Sprites. .. ## Group.remove ##
.. method:: has
| :sl:`test if a Group contains Sprites`
| :sg:`has(*sprites) -> bool`
Return True if the Group contains all of the given sprites. This is
similar to using the "in" operator on the Group ("if sprite in group:
..."), which tests if a single Sprite belongs to a Group.
Each sprite argument can also be a iterator containing Sprites.
.. ## Group.has ##
.. method:: update | :sl:`call the update method on contained Sprites` | :sg:`update(*args, **kwargs) -> None` Calls the ``update()`` method on all Sprites in the Group. The base Sprite class has an update method that takes any number of arguments and does nothing. The arguments passed to ``Group.update()`` will be passed to each Sprite. There is no way to get the return value from the ``Sprite.update()`` methods. .. ## Group.update ##
.. method:: draw | :sl:`blit the Sprite images` | :sg:`draw(Surface) -> None` Draws the contained Sprites to the Surface argument. This uses the ``Sprite.image`` attribute for the source surface, and ``Sprite.rect`` for the position. The Group does not keep sprites in any order, so the draw order is arbitrary. .. ## Group.draw ##
.. method:: clear
| :sl:`draw a background over the Sprites`
| :sg:`clear(Surface_dest, background) -> None`
Erases the Sprites used in the last ``Group.draw()`` call. The
destination Surface is cleared by filling the drawn Sprite positions with
the background.
The background is usually a Surface image the same dimensions as the
destination Surface. However, it can also be a callback function that
takes two arguments; the destination Surface and an area to clear. The
background callback function will be called several times each clear.
Here is an example callback that will clear the Sprites with solid red:
::
def clear_callback(surf, rect):
color = 255, 0, 0
surf.fill(color, rect)
.. ## Group.clear ##
.. method:: empty | :sl:`remove all Sprites` | :sg:`empty() -> None` Removes all Sprites from this Group. .. ## Group.empty ##
This class is an alias to pygame.sprite.Group(). It has no additional functionality.
This class is an alias to pygame.sprite.Group(). It has no additional functionality.
This class is derived from pygame.sprite.Group(). It has an extended
draw() method that tracks the changed areas of the screen.
.. method:: draw | :sl:`blit the Sprite images and track changed areas` | :sg:`draw(surface) -> Rect_list` Draws all the Sprites to the surface, the same as ``Group.draw()``. This method also returns a list of Rectangular areas on the screen that have been changed. The returned changes include areas of the screen that have been affected by previous ``Group.clear()`` calls. The returned Rect list should be passed to ``pygame.display.update()``. This will help performance on software driven display modes. This type of updating is usually only helpful on destinations with non-animating backgrounds. .. ## RenderUpdates.draw ##
.. function:: OrderedUpdates | :sl:`RenderUpdates sub-class that draws Sprites in order of addition.` | :sg:`OrderedUpdates(*spites) -> OrderedUpdates` This class derives from ``pygame.sprite.RenderUpdates()``. It maintains the order in which the Sprites were added to the Group for rendering. This makes adding and removing Sprites from the Group a little slower than regular Groups. .. ## pygame.sprite.OrderedUpdates ##
This group is fully compatible with :class:`pygame.sprite.Sprite`.
You can set the default layer through kwargs using 'default_layer' and an integer for the layer. The default layer is 0.
If the sprite you add has an attribute _layer then that layer will be used.
If the **kwarg contains 'layer' then the sprites passed will be added to
that layer (overriding the sprite.layer attribute). If neither sprite
has attribute layer nor **kwarg then the default layer is used to add the
sprites.
.. versionadded:: 1.8
.. method:: add | :sl:`add a sprite or sequence of sprites to a group` | :sg:`add(*sprites, **kwargs) -> None` If the ``sprite(s)`` have an attribute layer then that is used for the layer. If \**kwargs contains 'layer' then the ``sprite(s)`` will be added to that argument (overriding the sprite layer attribute). If neither is passed then the ``sprite(s)`` will be added to the default layer. .. ## LayeredUpdates.add ##
.. method:: sprites | :sl:`returns a ordered list of sprites (first back, last top).` | :sg:`sprites() -> sprites` .. ## LayeredUpdates.sprites ##
.. method:: draw | :sl:`draw all sprites in the right order onto the passed surface.` | :sg:`draw(surface) -> Rect_list` .. ## LayeredUpdates.draw ##
.. method:: get_sprites_at | :sl:`returns a list with all sprites at that position.` | :sg:`get_sprites_at(pos) -> colliding_sprites` Bottom sprites first, top last. .. ## LayeredUpdates.get_sprites_at ##
.. method:: get_sprite | :sl:`returns the sprite at the index idx from the groups sprites` | :sg:`get_sprite(idx) -> sprite` Raises IndexOutOfBounds if the idx is not within range. .. ## LayeredUpdates.get_sprite ##
.. method:: remove_sprites_of_layer | :sl:`removes all sprites from a layer and returns them as a list.` | :sg:`remove_sprites_of_layer(layer_nr) -> sprites` .. ## LayeredUpdates.remove_sprites_of_layer ##
.. method:: layers | :sl:`returns a list of layers defined (unique), sorted from bottom up.` | :sg:`layers() -> layers` .. ## LayeredUpdates.layers ##
.. method:: change_layer | :sl:`changes the layer of the sprite` | :sg:`change_layer(sprite, new_layer) -> None` sprite must have been added to the renderer. It is not checked. .. ## LayeredUpdates.change_layer ##
.. method:: get_layer_of_sprite | :sl:`returns the layer that sprite is currently in.` | :sg:`get_layer_of_sprite(sprite) -> layer` If the sprite is not found then it will return the default layer. .. ## LayeredUpdates.get_layer_of_sprite ##
.. method:: get_top_layer | :sl:`returns the top layer` | :sg:`get_top_layer() -> layer` .. ## LayeredUpdates.get_top_layer ##
.. method:: get_bottom_layer | :sl:`returns the bottom layer` | :sg:`get_bottom_layer() -> layer` .. ## LayeredUpdates.get_bottom_layer ##
.. method:: move_to_front | :sl:`brings the sprite to front layer` | :sg:`move_to_front(sprite) -> None` Brings the sprite to front, changing sprite layer to topmost layer (added at the end of that layer). .. ## LayeredUpdates.move_to_front ##
.. method:: move_to_back | :sl:`moves the sprite to the bottom layer` | :sg:`move_to_back(sprite) -> None` Moves the sprite to the bottom layer, moving it behind all other layers and adding one additional layer. .. ## LayeredUpdates.move_to_back ##
.. method:: get_top_sprite | :sl:`returns the topmost sprite` | :sg:`get_top_sprite() -> Sprite` .. ## LayeredUpdates.get_top_sprite ##
.. method:: get_sprites_from_layer | :sl:`returns all sprites from a layer, ordered by how they where added` | :sg:`get_sprites_from_layer(layer) -> sprites` Returns all sprites from a layer, ordered by how they where added. It uses linear search and the sprites are not removed from layer. .. ## LayeredUpdates.get_sprites_from_layer ##
.. method:: switch_layer | :sl:`switches the sprites from layer1 to layer2` | :sg:`switch_layer(layer1_nr, layer2_nr) -> None` The layers number must exist, it is not checked. .. ## LayeredUpdates.switch_layer ##
This group requires :class:`pygame.sprite.DirtySprite` or any sprite that has the following attributes:
image, rect, dirty, visible, blendmode (see doc of DirtySprite).
It uses the dirty flag technique and is therefore faster than the :class:`pygame.sprite.RenderUpdates` if you have many static sprites. It also switches automatically between dirty rect update and full screen drawing, so you do no have to worry what would be faster.
Same as for the :class:`pygame.sprite.Group`. You can specify some additional attributes through kwargs:
_use_update: True/False default is False
_default_layer: default layer where sprites without a layer are added.
_time_threshold: threshold time for switching between dirty rect mode
and fullscreen mode, defaults to 1000./80 == 1000./fps
.. versionadded:: 1.8
.. method:: draw | :sl:`draw all sprites in the right order onto the passed surface.` | :sg:`draw(surface, bgd=None) -> Rect_list` You can pass the background too. If a background is already set, then the bgd argument has no effect. .. ## LayeredDirty.draw ##
.. method:: clear | :sl:`used to set background` | :sg:`clear(surface, bgd) -> None` .. ## LayeredDirty.clear ##
.. method:: repaint_rect | :sl:`repaints the given area` | :sg:`repaint_rect(screen_rect) -> None` screen_rect is in screen coordinates. .. ## LayeredDirty.repaint_rect ##
.. method:: set_clip | :sl:`clip the area where to draw. Just pass None (default) to reset the clip` | :sg:`set_clip(screen_rect=None) -> None` .. ## LayeredDirty.set_clip ##
.. method:: get_clip | :sl:`clip the area where to draw. Just pass None (default) to reset the clip` | :sg:`get_clip() -> Rect` .. ## LayeredDirty.get_clip ##
.. method:: change_layer | :sl:`changes the layer of the sprite` | :sg:`change_layer(sprite, new_layer) -> None` sprite must have been added to the renderer. It is not checked. .. ## LayeredDirty.change_layer ##
.. method:: set_timing_treshold | :sl:`sets the threshold in milliseconds` | :sg:`set_timing_treshold(time_ms) -> None` Default is 1000./80 where 80 is the fps I want to switch to full screen mode. This method's name is a typo and should be fixed. :raises TypeError: if ``time_ms`` is not int or float .. ## LayeredDirty.set_timing_treshold ##
.. function:: GroupSingle | :sl:`Group container that holds a single sprite.` | :sg:`GroupSingle(sprite=None) -> GroupSingle` The GroupSingle container only holds a single Sprite. When a new Sprite is added, the old one is removed. There is a special property, ``GroupSingle.sprite``, that accesses the Sprite that this Group contains. It can be None when the Group is empty. The property can also be assigned to add a Sprite into the GroupSingle container. .. ## pygame.sprite.GroupSingle ##
.. function:: spritecollide
| :sl:`Find sprites in a group that intersect another sprite.`
| :sg:`spritecollide(sprite, group, dokill, collided = None) -> Sprite_list`
Return a list containing all Sprites in a Group that intersect with another
Sprite. Intersection is determined by comparing the ``Sprite.rect``
attribute of each Sprite.
The dokill argument is a bool. If set to True, all Sprites that collide will
be removed from the Group.
The collided argument is a callback function used to calculate if two
sprites are colliding. it should take two sprites as values, and return a
bool value indicating if they are colliding. If collided is not passed, all
sprites must have a "rect" value, which is a rectangle of the sprite area,
which will be used to calculate the collision.
collided callables:
::
collide_rect, collide_rect_ratio, collide_circle,
collide_circle_ratio, collide_mask
Example:
.. code-block:: python
# See if the Sprite block has collided with anything in the Group block_list
# The True flag will remove the sprite in block_list
blocks_hit_list = pygame.sprite.spritecollide(player, block_list, True)
# Check the list of colliding sprites, and add one to the score for each one
for block in blocks_hit_list:
score +=1
.. ## pygame.sprite.spritecollide ##
.. function:: collide_rect | :sl:`Collision detection between two sprites, using rects.` | :sg:`collide_rect(left, right) -> bool` Tests for collision between two sprites. Uses the pygame rect colliderect function to calculate the collision. Intended to be passed as a collided callback function to the \*collide functions. Sprites must have a "rect" attributes. .. versionadded:: 1.8 .. ## pygame.sprite.collide_rect ##
.. function:: collide_rect_ratio | :sl:`Collision detection between two sprites, using rects scaled to a ratio.` | :sg:`collide_rect_ratio(ratio) -> collided_callable` A callable class that checks for collisions between two sprites, using a scaled version of the sprites rects. Is created with a ratio, the instance is then intended to be passed as a collided callback function to the \*collide functions. A ratio is a floating point number - 1.0 is the same size, 2.0 is twice as big, and 0.5 is half the size. .. versionadded:: 1.8.1 .. ## pygame.sprite.collide_rect_ratio ##
.. function:: collide_circle | :sl:`Collision detection between two sprites, using circles.` | :sg:`collide_circle(left, right) -> bool` Tests for collision between two sprites, by testing to see if two circles centered on the sprites overlap. If the sprites have a "radius" attribute, that is used to create the circle, otherwise a circle is created that is big enough to completely enclose the sprites rect as given by the "rect" attribute. Intended to be passed as a collided callback function to the \*collide functions. Sprites must have a "rect" and an optional "radius" attribute. .. versionadded:: 1.8.1 .. ## pygame.sprite.collide_circle ##
.. function:: collide_circle_ratio | :sl:`Collision detection between two sprites, using circles scaled to a ratio.` | :sg:`collide_circle_ratio(ratio) -> collided_callable` A callable class that checks for collisions between two sprites, using a scaled version of the sprites radius. Is created with a floating point ratio, the instance is then intended to be passed as a collided callback function to the \*collide functions. A ratio is a floating point number - 1.0 is the same size, 2.0 is twice as big, and 0.5 is half the size. The created callable tests for collision between two sprites, by testing to see if two circles centered on the sprites overlap, after scaling the circles radius by the stored ratio. If the sprites have a "radius" attribute, that is used to create the circle, otherwise a circle is created that is big enough to completely enclose the sprites rect as given by the "rect" attribute. Intended to be passed as a collided callback function to the \*collide functions. Sprites must have a "rect" and an optional "radius" attribute. .. versionadded:: 1.8.1 .. ## pygame.sprite.collide_circle_ratio ##
.. function:: collide_mask
| :sl:`Collision detection between two sprites, using masks.`
| :sg:`collide_mask(sprite1, sprite2) -> (int, int)`
| :sg:`collide_mask(sprite1, sprite2) -> None`
Tests for collision between two sprites, by testing if their bitmasks
overlap (uses :func:`pygame.mask.Mask.overlap`). If the sprites have a
``mask`` attribute, it is used as the mask, otherwise a mask is created from
the sprite's ``image`` (uses :func:`pygame.mask.from_surface`). Sprites must
have a ``rect`` attribute; the ``mask`` attribute is optional.
The first point of collision between the masks is returned. The collision
point is offset from ``sprite1``'s mask's topleft corner (which is always
(0, 0)). The collision point is a position within the mask and is not
related to the actual screen position of ``sprite1``.
This function is intended to be passed as a ``collided`` callback function
to the group collide functions (see :meth:`spritecollide`,
:meth:`groupcollide`, :meth:`spritecollideany`).
.. note::
To increase performance, create and set a ``mask`` attibute for all
sprites that will use this function to check for collisions. Otherwise,
each time this function is called it will create new masks.
.. note::
A new mask needs to be recreated each time a sprite's image is changed
(e.g. if a new image is used or the existing image is rotated).
::
# Example of mask creation for a sprite.
sprite.mask = pygame.mask.from_surface(sprite.image)
:returns: first point of collision between the masks or ``None`` if no
collision
:rtype: tuple(int, int) or NoneType
.. versionadded:: 1.8.0
.. ## pygame.sprite.collide_mask ##
.. function:: groupcollide | :sl:`Find all sprites that collide between two groups.` | :sg:`groupcollide(group1, group2, dokill1, dokill2, collided = None) -> Sprite_dict` This will find collisions between all the Sprites in two groups. Collision is determined by comparing the ``Sprite.rect`` attribute of each Sprite or by using the collided function if it is not None. Every Sprite inside group1 is added to the return dictionary. The value for each item is the list of Sprites in group2 that intersect. If either dokill argument is True, the colliding Sprites will be removed from their respective Group. The collided argument is a callback function used to calculate if two sprites are colliding. It should take two sprites as values and return a bool value indicating if they are colliding. If collided is not passed, then all sprites must have a "rect" value, which is a rectangle of the sprite area, which will be used to calculate the collision. .. ## pygame.sprite.groupcollide ##
.. function:: spritecollideany | :sl:`Simple test if a sprite intersects anything in a group.` | :sg:`spritecollideany(sprite, group, collided = None) -> Sprite` Collision with the returned sprite. | :sg:`spritecollideany(sprite, group, collided = None) -> None` No collision If the sprite collides with any single sprite in the group, a single sprite from the group is returned. On no collision None is returned. If you don't need all the features of the ``pygame.sprite.spritecollide()`` function, this function will be a bit quicker. The collided argument is a callback function used to calculate if two sprites are colliding. It should take two sprites as values and return a bool value indicating if they are colliding. If collided is not passed, then all sprites must have a "rect" value, which is a rectangle of the sprite area, which will be used to calculate the collision. .. ## pygame.sprite.spritecollideany ##