interface.py

# This file is part of the pyMOR project (https://www.pymor.org).
# Copyright pyMOR developers and contributors. All rights reserved.
# License: BSD 2-Clause License (https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause)

from numbers import Number

import numpy as np

from pymor.core.base import BasicObject, ImmutableObject, abstractmethod
from pymor.core.defaults import defaults
from pymor.tools.random import get_random_state


class VectorArray(BasicObject):
    """Interface for vector arrays.

    A vector array should be thought of as a list of (possibly high-dimensional) vectors.
    While the vectors themselves will be inaccessible in general (e.g. because they are
    managed by an external PDE solver code), operations on the vectors like addition can
    be performed via this interface.

    It is assumed that the number of vectors is small enough such that scalar data
    associated to each vector can be handled on the Python side. As such, methods like
    :meth:`~VectorArray.norm` or :meth:`~VectorArray.gramian` will
    always return |NumPy arrays|.

    An implementation of the `VectorArray` via |NumPy arrays| is given by
    |NumpyVectorArray|.  In general, it is the implementors decision how memory is
    allocated internally (e.g.  continuous block of memory vs. list of pointers to the
    individual vectors.) Thus, no general assumptions can be made on the costs of operations
    like appending to or removing vectors from the array. As a hint for 'continuous block
    of memory' implementations, :meth:`~VectorSpace.zeros` provides a `reserve`
    keyword argument which allows to specify to what size the array is assumed to grow.

    As with |Numpy array|, |VectorArrays| can be indexed with numbers, slices and
    lists or one-dimensional |NumPy arrays|. Indexing will always return a new
    |VectorArray| which acts as a view into the original data. Thus, if the indexed
    array is modified via :meth:`~VectorArray.scal` or :meth:`~VectorArray.axpy`,
    the vectors in the original array will be changed. Indices may be negative, in
    which case the vector is selected by counting from the end of the array. Moreover
    indices can be repeated, in which case the corresponding vector is selected several
    times. The resulting view will be immutable, however.

    .. note::
        It is disallowed to append vectors to a |VectorArray| view or to remove
        vectors from it. Removing vectors from an array with existing views
        will lead to undefined behavior of these views. As such, it is generally
        advisable to make a :meth:`~VectorArray.copy` of a view for long
        term storage. Since :meth:`~VectorArray.copy` has copy-on-write
        semantics, this will usually cause little overhead.

    Attributes
    ----------
    dim
        The dimension of the vectors in the array.
    is_view
        `True` if the array is a view obtained by indexing another array.
    space
        The |VectorSpace| the array belongs to.
    """

    is_view = False

    def zeros(self, count=1, reserve=0):
        """Create a |VectorArray| of null vectors of the same |VectorSpace|.

        This is a shorthand for `self.space.zeros(count, reserve)`.

        Parameters
        ----------
        count
            The number of vectors.
        reserve
            Hint for the backend to which length the array will grow.

        Returns
        -------
        A |VectorArray| containing `count` vectors with each DOF set to zero.
        """
        return self.space.zeros(count, reserve=reserve)

    def ones(self, count=1, reserve=0):
        """Create a |VectorArray| of vectors of the same |VectorSpace| with all DOFs set to one.

        This is a shorthand for `self.space.full(1., count, reserve)`.

        Parameters
        ----------
        count
            The number of vectors.
        reserve
            Hint for the backend to which length the array will grow.

        Returns
        -------
        A |VectorArray| containing `count` vectors with each DOF set to one.
        """
        return self.space.full(1., count, reserve)

    def full(self, value, count=1, reserve=0):
        """Create a |VectorArray| of vectors with all DOFs set to the same value.

        This is a shorthand for `self.space.full(value, count, reserve)`.

        Parameters
        ----------
        value
            The value each DOF should be set to.
        count
            The number of vectors.
        reserve
            Hint for the backend to which length the array will grow.

        Returns
        -------
        A |VectorArray| containing `count` vectors with each DOF set to `value`.
        """
        return self.space.full(value, count, reserve=reserve)

    def random(self, count=1, distribution='uniform', random_state=None, seed=None, reserve=0, **kwargs):
        """Create a |VectorArray| of vectors with random entries.

        This is a shorthand for
        `self.space.random(count, distribution, radom_state, seed, **kwargs)`.

        Supported random distributions::

            'uniform': Uniform distribution in half-open interval
                       [`low`, `high`).
            'normal':  Normal (Gaussian) distribution with mean
                       `loc` and standard deviation `scale`.

        Note that not all random distributions are necessarily implemented
        by all |VectorSpace| implementations.

        Parameters
        ----------
        count
            The number of vectors.
        distribution
            Random distribution to use (`'uniform'`, `'normal'`).
        low
            Lower bound for `'uniform'` distribution (defaults to `0`).
        high
            Upper bound for `'uniform'` distribution (defaults to `1`).
        loc
            Mean for `'normal'` distribution (defaults to `0`).
        scale
            Standard deviation for `'normal'` distribution (defaults to `1`).
        random_state
            :class:`~numpy.random.RandomState` to use for sampling.
            If `None`, a new random state is generated using `seed`
            as random seed, or the :func:`default <pymor.tools.random.default_random_state>`
            random state is used.
        seed
            If not `None`, a new radom state with this seed is used.
        reserve
            Hint for the backend to which length the array will grow.
        """
        return self.space.random(count, distribution, random_state, seed, **kwargs)

    def empty(self, reserve=0):
        """Create an empty |VectorArray| of the same |VectorSpace|.

        This is a shorthand for `self.space.zeros(0, reserve)`.

        Parameters
        ----------
        reserve
            Hint for the backend to which length the array will grow.

        Returns
        -------
        An empty |VectorArray|.
        """
        return self.space.zeros(0, reserve=reserve)

    @property
    def dim(self):
        return self.space.dim

    @abstractmethod
    def __len__(self):
        """The number of vectors in the array."""
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def __getitem__(self, ind):
        """Return a |VectorArray| view onto a subset of the vectors in the array."""
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def __delitem__(self, ind):
        """Remove vectors from the array."""
        pass

    def to_numpy(self, ensure_copy=False):
        """Return (len(self), self.dim) NumPy Array with the data stored in the array.

        Parameters
        ----------
        ensure_copy
            If `False`, modifying the returned |NumPy array| might alter the original
            |VectorArray|. If `True` always a copy of the array data is made.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    @abstractmethod
    def append(self, other, remove_from_other=False):
        """Append vectors to the array.

        Parameters
        ----------
        other
            A |VectorArray| containing the vectors to be appended.
        remove_from_other
            If `True`, the appended vectors are removed from `other`.
            For list-like implementations this can be used to prevent
            unnecessary copies of the involved vectors.
        """
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def copy(self, deep=False):
        """Returns a copy of the array.

        All |VectorArray| implementations in pyMOR have copy-on-write semantics:
        if not specified otherwise by setting `deep` to `True`, the returned
        copy will hold a handle to the same array data as the original array,
        and a deep copy of the data will only be performed when one of the arrays
        is modified.

        Note that for |NumpyVectorArray|, a deep copy is always performed when only
        some vectors in the array are copied.

        Parameters
        ----------
        deep
            Ensure that an actual copy of the array data is made (see above).

        Returns
        -------
        A copy of the |VectorArray|.
        """
        pass

    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
        return self.copy(deep=True)

    @abstractmethod
    def scal(self, alpha):
        """BLAS SCAL operation (in-place scalar multiplication).

        This method calculates ::

            self = alpha*self

        If `alpha` is a scalar, each vector is multiplied by this scalar. Otherwise, `alpha`
        has to be a one-dimensional |NumPy array| of the same length as `self`
        containing the factors for each vector.

        Parameters
        ----------
        alpha
            The scalar coefficient or one-dimensional |NumPy array| of coefficients
            with which the vectors in `self` are multiplied.
        """
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def axpy(self, alpha, x):
        """BLAS AXPY operation.

        This method forms the sum ::

            self = alpha*x + self

        If the length of `x` is 1, the same `x` vector is used for all vectors
        in `self`. Otherwise, the lengths of `self`  and `x` have to agree.
        If `alpha` is a scalar, each `x` vector is multiplied with the same factor `alpha`.
        Otherwise, `alpha` has to be a one-dimensional |NumPy array| of the same length as
        `self` containing the coefficients for each `x` vector.

        Parameters
        ----------
        alpha
            The scalar coefficient or one-dimensional |NumPy array| of coefficients with which
            the vectors in `x` are multiplied.
        x
            A |VectorArray| containing the x-summands.
        """
        pass

    def inner(self, other, product=None):
        """Returns the inner products between |VectorArray| elements.

        If `product` is `None`, the Euclidean inner product between
        the :meth:`dofs` of `self` and `other` are returned, i.e. ::

            U.inner(V)

        is equivalent to::

            U.dofs(np.arange(U.dim)) @ V.dofs(np.arange(V.dim)).T

        (Note, that :meth:`dofs` is only intended to be called for a
        small number of DOF indices.)

        If a `product` |Operator| is specified, this |Operator| is
        used to compute the inner products using
        :meth:`~pymor.operators.interface.Operator.apply2`, i.e.
        `U.inner(V, product)` is equivalent to::

            product.apply2(U, V)

        which in turn is, by default, implemented as::

            U.inner(product.apply(V))

        In the case of complex numbers, this is antilinear in the
        first argument, i.e. in 'self'.
        Complex conjugation is done in the first argument because
        most numerical software in the community handles it this way:
        Numpy, DUNE, FEniCS, Eigen, Matlab and BLAS do complex conjugation
        in the first argument, only PetSc and deal.ii do complex
        conjugation in the second argument.

        Parameters
        ----------
        other
            A |VectorArray| containing the second factors.
        product
            If not `None` an |Operator| representing the inner product
            bilinear form.

        Returns
        -------
        A |NumPy array| `result` such that:

            result[i, j] = ( self[i], other[j] ).
        """
        if product is not None:
            return product.apply2(self, other)
        else:
            raise NotImplementedError

    def pairwise_inner(self, other, product=None):
        """Returns the pairwise inner products between |VectorArray| elements.

        If `product` is `None`, the Euclidean inner product between
        the :meth:`dofs` of `self` and `other` are returned, i.e. ::

            U.pairwise_inner(V)

        is equivalent to::

            np.sum(U.dofs(np.arange(U.dim)) * V.dofs(np.arange(V.dim)), axis=-1)

        (Note, that :meth:`dofs` is only intended to be called for a
        small number of DOF indices.)

        If a `product` |Operator| is specified, this |Operator| is
        used to compute the inner products using
        :meth:`~pymor.operators.interface.Operator.pairwise_apply2`, i.e.
        `U.inner(V, product)` is equivalent to::

            product.pairwise_apply2(U, V)

        which in turn is, by default, implemented as::

            U.pairwise_inner(product.apply(V))

        In the case of complex numbers, this is antilinear in the
        first argument, i.e. in 'self'.
        Complex conjugation is done in the first argument because
        most numerical software in the community handles it this way:
        Numpy, DUNE, FEniCS, Eigen, Matlab and BLAS do complex conjugation
        in the first argument, only PetSc and deal.ii do complex
        conjugation in the second argument.


        Parameters
        ----------
        other
            A |VectorArray| containing the second factors.
        product
            If not `None` an |Operator| representing the inner product
            bilinear form.

        Returns
        -------
        A |NumPy array| `result` such that:

            result[i] = ( self[i], other[i] ).

        """
        if product is not None:
            return product.pairwise_apply2(self, other)
        else:
            raise NotImplementedError

    @abstractmethod
    def lincomb(self, coefficients):
        """Returns linear combinations of the vectors contained in the array.

        Parameters
        ----------
        coefficients
            A |NumPy array| of dimension 1 or 2 containing the linear
            coefficients. `coefficients.shape[-1]` has to agree with
            `len(self)`.

        Returns
        -------
        A |VectorArray| `result` such that:

            result[i] = ∑ self[j] * coefficients[i,j]

        in case `coefficients` is of dimension 2, otherwise
        `len(result) == 1` and

            result[0] = ∑ self[j] * coefficients[j].
        """
        pass

    def norm(self, product=None, tol=None, raise_complex=None):
        """Norm with respect to a given inner product.

        If `product` is `None`, the Euclidean norms of the :meth:`dofs`
        of the array are returned, i.e. ::

            U.norm()

        is equivalent to::

            np.sqrt(U.pairwise_inner(U))

        If a `product` |Operator| is specified, this |Operator| is
        used to compute the norms via::

            np.sqrt(product.pairwise_apply2(U, U))

        Parameters
        ----------
        product
            If not `None`, the inner product |Operator| used to compute the
            norms.
        tol
            If `raise_complex` is `True`, a :exc:`ValueError` exception
            is raised if there are complex norm squares with an imaginary part
            of absolute value larger than `tol`.
        raise_complex
            See `tol`.

        Returns
        -------
        A one-dimensional |NumPy array| of the norms of the vectors in the array.
        """
        if product is None:
            norm = self._norm()
            assert np.all(np.isrealobj(norm))
            return norm
        else:
            norm_squared = self.norm2(product=product, tol=tol, raise_complex=raise_complex)
            return np.sqrt(norm_squared.real)

    @defaults('tol', 'raise_complex')
    def norm2(self, product=None, tol=1e-10, raise_complex=True):
        """Squared norm with respect to a given inner product.

        If `product` is `None`, the Euclidean norms of the :meth:`dofs`
        of the array are returned, i.e. ::

            U.norm()

        is equivalent to::

            U.pairwise_inner(U)

        If a `product` |Operator| is specified, this |Operator| is
        used to compute the norms via::

            product.pairwise_apply2(U, U)

        Parameters
        ----------
        product
            If not `None`, the inner product |Operator| used to compute the
            norms.
        tol
            If `raise_complex` is `True`, a :exc:`ValueError` exception
            is raised if there are complex norm squares with an imaginary part
            of absolute value larger than `tol`.
        raise_complex
            See `tol`.

        Returns
        -------
        A one-dimensional |NumPy array| of the squared norms of the vectors in the array.
        """
        if product is None:
            norm_squared = self._norm2()
            assert np.all(np.isrealobj(norm_squared))
            return norm_squared
        else:
            norm_squared = product.pairwise_apply2(self, self)
            if raise_complex and np.any(np.abs(norm_squared.imag) > tol):
                raise ValueError(f'norm is complex (square = {norm_squared})')
            return norm_squared.real

    @abstractmethod
    def _norm(self):
        """Implementation of :meth:`norm` for the case that no `product` is given."""
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def _norm2(self):
        """Implementation of :meth:`norm2` for the case that no `product` is given."""
        pass

    def sup_norm(self):
        """The l-infinity-norms of the vectors contained in the array.

        Returns
        -------
        A |NumPy array| `result` such that `result[i]` contains the norm
        of `self[i]`.
        """
        if self.dim == 0:
            return np.zeros(len(self))
        else:
            _, max_val = self.amax()
            return max_val

    @abstractmethod
    def dofs(self, dof_indices):
        """Extract DOFs of the vectors contained in the array.

        Parameters
        ----------
        dof_indices
            List or 1D |NumPy array| of indices of the DOFs that are to be returned.

        Returns
        -------
        A |NumPy array| `result` such that `result[i, j]` is the `dof_indices[j]`-th
        DOF of the `i`-th vector of the array.
        """
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def amax(self):
        """The maximum absolute value of the DOFs contained in the array.

        Returns
        -------
        max_ind
            |NumPy array| containing for each vector a DOF index at which the maximum is
            attained.
        max_val
            |NumPy array| containing for each vector the maximum absolute value of its
            DOFs.
        """
        pass

    def gramian(self, product=None):
        """Shorthand for `self.inner(self, product)`."""
        return self.inner(self, product)

    def __add__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, Number):
            assert other == 0
            return self.copy()

        result = self.copy()
        result.axpy(1, other)
        return result

    def __iadd__(self, other):
        self.axpy(1, other)
        return self

    __radd__ = __add__

    def __sub__(self, other):
        result = self.copy()
        result.axpy(-1, other)
        return result

    def __isub__(self, other):
        self.axpy(-1, other)
        return self

    def __mul__(self, other):
        result = self.copy()
        result.scal(other)
        return result

    __rmul__ = __mul__

    def __imul__(self, other):
        self.scal(other)
        return self

    def __neg__(self):
        result = self.copy()
        result.scal(-1)
        return result

    @property
    def real(self):
        """Real part."""
        return self.copy()

    @property
    def imag(self):
        """Imaginary part."""
        return self.zeros(len(self))

    def conj(self):
        """Complex conjugation."""
        return self.copy()

    def check_ind(self, ind):
        """Check if index is admissible.

        Check if `ind` is an admissible list of indices in the sense
        of the class documentation.
        """
        l = len(self)
        return (type(ind) is slice
                or isinstance(ind, Number) and -l <= ind < l
                or isinstance(ind, (list, np.ndarray)) and all(-l <= i < l for i in ind))

    def check_ind_unique(self, ind):
        """Check if index is admissible and unique.

        Check if `ind` is an admissible list of non-repeated indices in
        the sense of the class documentation.
        """
        l = len(self)
        return (type(ind) is slice
                or isinstance(ind, Number) and -l <= ind < l
                or isinstance(ind, (list, np.ndarray))
                and len(set(i if i >= 0 else l+i for i in ind if -l <= i < l)) == len(ind))

    def len_ind(self, ind):
        """Return the number of given indices."""
        l = len(self)
        if type(ind) is slice:
            return len(range(*ind.indices(l)))
        try:
            return len(ind)
        except TypeError:
            return 1

    def len_ind_unique(self, ind):
        """Return the number of specified unique indices."""
        l = len(self)
        if type(ind) is slice:
            return len(range(*ind.indices(l)))
        if isinstance(ind, Number):
            return 1
        return len({i if i >= 0 else l+i for i in ind})

    def normalize_ind(self, ind):
        """Normalize given indices such that they are independent of the array length.

        Does not check validity of the indices.
        """
        l = len(self)
        if type(ind) is slice:
            start, stop, step = ind.indices(l)
            if start == stop:
                return slice(0, 0, 1)
            assert start >= 0
            assert stop >= 0 or (step < 0 and stop >= -1)
            return slice(start, None if stop == -1 else stop, step)
        elif not hasattr(ind, '__len__'):
            ind = ind if 0 <= ind else l+ind
            return slice(ind, ind+1)
        else:
            return [i if 0 <= i else l+i for i in ind]

    def sub_index(self, ind, ind_ind):
        """Return indices corresponding to the view `self[ind][ind_ind]`"""
        if type(ind) is slice:
            ind = range(*ind.indices(len(self)))
            if type(ind_ind) is slice:
                result = ind[ind_ind]
                return slice(result.start, result.stop, result.step)
            elif hasattr(ind_ind, '__len__'):
                return [ind[i] for i in ind_ind]
            else:
                return [ind[ind_ind]]
        else:
            if not hasattr(ind, '__len__'):
                ind = [ind]
            if type(ind_ind) is slice:
                return ind[ind_ind]
            elif hasattr(ind_ind, '__len__'):
                return [ind[i] for i in ind_ind]
            else:
                return [ind[ind_ind]]


class VectorSpace(ImmutableObject):
    """Class describing a vector space.

    Vector spaces act as factories for |VectorArrays| of vectors
    contained in them. As such, they hold all data necessary to
    create |VectorArrays| of a given type (e.g. the dimension of
    the vectors, or a socket for communication with an external
    PDE solver).

    New |VectorArrays| of null vectors are created via
    :meth:`~VectorSpace.zeros`.  The
    :meth:`~VectorSpace.make_array` method builds a new
    |VectorArray| from given raw data of the underlying linear algebra
    backend (e.g. a |Numpy array| in the case  of |NumpyVectorSpace|).
    Some vector spaces can create new |VectorArrays| from a given
    |Numpy array| via the :meth:`~VectorSpace.from_numpy`
    method.

    Each vector space has a string :attr:`~VectorSpace.id`
    to distinguish mathematically different spaces appearing
    in the formulation of a given problem.

    Vector spaces can be compared for equality via the `==` and `!=`
    operators. To test if a given |VectorArray| is an element of
    the space, the `in` operator can be used.


    Attributes
    ----------
    id
        None, or a string describing the mathematical identity
        of the vector space (for instance to distinguish different
        components in an equation system).
    dim
        The dimension (number of degrees of freedom) of the
        vectors contained in the space.
    is_scalar
        Equivalent to
        `isinstance(space, NumpyVectorSpace) and space.dim == 1 and space.id is None`.
    """

    id = None
    dim = None
    is_scalar = False

    @abstractmethod
    def make_array(*args, **kwargs):
        """Create a |VectorArray| from raw data.

        This method is used in the implementation of |Operators|
        and |Models| to create new |VectorArrays| from
        raw data of the underlying solver backends. The ownership
        of the data is transferred to the newly created array.

        The exact signature of this method depends on the wrapped
        solver backend.
        """
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def zeros(self, count=1, reserve=0):
        """Create a |VectorArray| of null vectors

        Parameters
        ----------
        count
            The number of vectors.
        reserve
            Hint for the backend to which length the array will grow.

        Returns
        -------
        A |VectorArray| containing `count` vectors with each component zero.
        """
        pass

    def ones(self, count=1, reserve=0):
        """Create a |VectorArray| of vectors with all DOFs set to one.

        This is a shorthand for `self.full(1., count, reserve)`.

        Parameters
        ----------
        count
            The number of vectors.
        reserve
            Hint for the backend to which length the array will grow.

        Returns
        -------
        A |VectorArray| containing `count` vectors with each DOF set to one.
        """
        return self.full(1., count, reserve)

    def full(self, value, count=1, reserve=0):
        """Create a |VectorArray| of vectors with all DOFs set to the same value.

        Parameters
        ----------
        value
            The value each DOF should be set to.
        count
            The number of vectors.
        reserve
            Hint for the backend to which length the array will grow.

        Returns
        -------
        A |VectorArray| containing `count` vectors with each DOF set to `value`.
        """
        return self.from_numpy(np.full((count, self.dim), value))

    def random(self, count=1, distribution='uniform', random_state=None, seed=None, reserve=0, **kwargs):
        """Create a |VectorArray| of vectors with random entries.

        Supported random distributions::

            'uniform': Uniform distribution in half-open interval
                       [`low`, `high`).
            'normal':  Normal (Gaussian) distribution with mean
                       `loc` and standard deviation `scale`.

        Note that not all random distributions are necessarily implemented
        by all |VectorSpace| implementations.

        Parameters
        ----------
        count
            The number of vectors.
        distribution
            Random distribution to use (`'uniform'`, `'normal'`).
        low
            Lower bound for `'uniform'` distribution (defaults to `0`).
        high
            Upper bound for `'uniform'` distribution (defaults to `1`).
        loc
            Mean for `'normal'` distribution (defaults to `0`).
        scale
            Standard deviation for `'normal'` distribution (defaults to `1`).
        random_state
            :class:`~numpy.random.RandomState` to use for sampling.
            If `None`, a new random state is generated using `seed`
            as random seed, or the :func:`default <pymor.tools.random.default_random_state>`
            random state is used.
        seed
            If not `None`, a new random state with this seed is used.
        reserve
            Hint for the backend to which length the array will grow.
        """
        assert random_state is None or seed is None
        random_state = get_random_state(random_state, seed)
        values = _create_random_values((count, self.dim), distribution, random_state, **kwargs)
        return self.from_numpy(values)

    def empty(self, reserve=0):
        """Create an empty |VectorArray|

        This is a shorthand for `self.zeros(0, reserve)`.

        Parameters
        ----------
        reserve
            Hint for the backend to which length the array will grow.

        Returns
        -------
        An empty |VectorArray|.
        """
        return self.zeros(0, reserve=reserve)

    def from_numpy(self, data, ensure_copy=False):
        """Create a |VectorArray| from a |NumPy array|

        Note that this method will not be supported by all vector
        space implementations.

        Parameters
        ----------
        data
            |NumPy| array of shape `(len, dim)` where `len` is the
            number of vectors and `dim` their dimension.
        ensure_copy
            If `False`, modifying the returned |VectorArray| might alter the original
            |NumPy array|. If `True` always a copy of the array data is made.

        Returns
        -------
        A |VectorArray| with `data` as data.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return other is self

    def __ne__(self, other):
        return not (self == other)

    def __contains__(self, other):
        return self == getattr(other, 'space', None)

    def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.id)


def _create_random_values(shape, distribution, random_state, **kwargs):
    if distribution not in ('uniform', 'normal'):
        raise NotImplementedError

    if distribution == 'uniform':
        if not kwargs.keys() <= {'low', 'high'}:
            raise ValueError
        low = kwargs.get('low', 0.)
        high = kwargs.get('high', 1.)
        if high <= low:
            raise ValueError
        return random_state.uniform(low, high, shape)
    elif distribution == 'normal':
        if not kwargs.keys() <= {'loc', 'scale'}:
            raise ValueError
        loc = kwargs.get('loc', 0.)
        scale = kwargs.get('scale', 1.)
        return random_state.normal(loc, scale, shape)
    else:
        assert False