transformer.py

"""
The transformer module is for performing cartographic transformations.
"""
__all__ = [
    "transform",
    "itransform",
    "Transformer",
    "TransformerGroup",
    "AreaOfInterest",
]
import threading
import warnings
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from array import array
from dataclasses import dataclass
from itertools import chain, islice
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, Iterator, List, Optional, Tuple, Union, overload

from pyproj import CRS
from pyproj._compat import cstrencode
from pyproj._crs import AreaOfUse, CoordinateOperation
from pyproj._transformer import (  # noqa: F401 pylint: disable=unused-import
    AreaOfInterest,
    _Transformer,
    _TransformerGroup,
    proj_version_str,
)
from pyproj.datadir import get_user_data_dir
from pyproj.enums import ProjVersion, TransformDirection, WktVersion
from pyproj.exceptions import ProjError
from pyproj.sync import _download_resource_file
from pyproj.utils import _convertback, _copytobuffer


class TransformerMaker(ABC):
    """
    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    Base class for generating new instances
    of the Cython _Transformer class for
    thread safety in the Transformer class.
    """

    @abstractmethod
    def __call__(self) -> _Transformer:
        """
        Returns
        -------
        _Transformer
        """
        raise NotImplementedError


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class TransformerUnsafe(TransformerMaker):
    """
    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    Returns the original Cython _Transformer
    and is not thread-safe.
    """

    transformer: _Transformer

    def __call__(self) -> _Transformer:
        """
        Returns
        -------
        _Transformer
        """
        return self.transformer


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class TransformerFromCRS(  # pylint: disable=too-many-instance-attributes
    TransformerMaker
):
    """
    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionadded:: 3.4.0 force_over

    Generates a Cython _Transformer class from input CRS data.
    """

    crs_from: bytes
    crs_to: bytes
    always_xy: bool
    area_of_interest: Optional[AreaOfInterest]
    authority: Optional[str]
    accuracy: Optional[str]
    allow_ballpark: Optional[bool]
    force_over: bool = False

    def __call__(self) -> _Transformer:
        """
        Returns
        -------
        _Transformer
        """
        return _Transformer.from_crs(
            self.crs_from,
            self.crs_to,
            always_xy=self.always_xy,
            area_of_interest=self.area_of_interest,
            authority=self.authority,
            accuracy=self.accuracy,
            allow_ballpark=self.allow_ballpark,
            force_over=self.force_over,
        )


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class TransformerFromPipeline(TransformerMaker):
    """
    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    Generates a Cython _Transformer class from input pipeline data.
    """

    proj_pipeline: bytes

    def __call__(self) -> _Transformer:
        """
        Returns
        -------
        _Transformer
        """
        return _Transformer.from_pipeline(self.proj_pipeline)


class TransformerGroup(_TransformerGroup):
    """
    The TransformerGroup is a set of possible transformers from one CRS to another.

    .. versionadded:: 2.3.0

    .. warning:: CoordinateOperation and Transformer objects
                 returned are not thread-safe.

    From PROJ docs::

        The operations are sorted with the most relevant ones first: by
        descending area (intersection of the transformation area with the
        area of interest, or intersection of the transformation with the
        area of use of the CRS), and by increasing accuracy. Operations
        with unknown accuracy are sorted last, whatever their area.

    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        crs_from: Any,
        crs_to: Any,
        always_xy: bool = False,
        area_of_interest: Optional[AreaOfInterest] = None,
        authority: Optional[str] = None,
        accuracy: Optional[float] = None,
        allow_ballpark: bool = True,
    ) -> None:
        """Get all possible transformations from a :obj:`pyproj.crs.CRS`
        or input used to create one.

        .. versionadded:: 3.4.0 authority, accuracy, allow_ballpark

        Parameters
        ----------
        crs_from: pyproj.crs.CRS or input used to create one
            Projection of input data.
        crs_to: pyproj.crs.CRS or input used to create one
            Projection of output data.
        always_xy: bool, default=False
            If true, the transform method will accept as input and return as output
            coordinates using the traditional GIS order, that is longitude, latitude
            for geographic CRS and easting, northing for most projected CRS.
        area_of_interest: :class:`.AreaOfInterest`, optional
            The area of interest to help order the transformations based on the
            best operation for the area.
        authority: str, optional
            When not specified, coordinate operations from any authority will be
            searched, with the restrictions set in the
            authority_to_authority_preference database table related to the
            authority of the source/target CRS themselves. If authority is set
            to “any”, then coordinate operations from any authority will be
            searched. If authority is a non-empty string different from "any",
            then coordinate operations will be searched only in that authority
            namespace (e.g. EPSG).
        accuracy: float, optional
            The minimum desired accuracy (in metres) of the candidate
            coordinate operations.
        allow_ballpark: bool, default=True
            Set to False to disallow the use of Ballpark transformation
            in the candidate coordinate operations. Default is to allow.

        """
        super().__init__(
            CRS.from_user_input(crs_from)._crs,
            CRS.from_user_input(crs_to)._crs,
            always_xy=always_xy,
            area_of_interest=area_of_interest,
            authority=authority,
            accuracy=-1 if accuracy is None else accuracy,
            allow_ballpark=allow_ballpark,
        )
        for iii, transformer in enumerate(self._transformers):
            # pylint: disable=unsupported-assignment-operation
            self._transformers[iii] = Transformer(TransformerUnsafe(transformer))

    @property
    def transformers(self) -> List["Transformer"]:
        """
        list[:obj:`Transformer`]:
            List of available :obj:`Transformer`
            associated with the transformation.
        """
        return self._transformers

    @property
    def unavailable_operations(self) -> List[CoordinateOperation]:
        """
        list[:obj:`pyproj.crs.CoordinateOperation`]:
            List of :obj:`pyproj.crs.CoordinateOperation` that are not
            available due to missing grids.
        """
        return self._unavailable_operations

    @property
    def best_available(self) -> bool:
        """
        bool: If True, the best possible transformer is available.
        """
        return self._best_available

    def download_grids(
        self,
        directory: Optional[Union[str, Path]] = None,
        open_license: bool = True,
        verbose: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        """
        .. versionadded:: 3.0.0

        Download missing grids that can be downloaded automatically.

        .. warning:: There are cases where the URL to download the grid is missing.
                     In those cases, you can enable enable
                     :ref:`debugging-internal-proj` and perform a
                     transformation. The logs will show the grids PROJ searches for.

        Parameters
        ----------
        directory: str or Path, optional
            The directory to download the grids to.
            Defaults to :func:`pyproj.datadir.get_user_data_dir`
        open_license: bool, default=True
            If True, will only download grids with an open license.
        verbose: bool, default=False
            If True, will print information about grids downloaded.
        """
        if directory is None:
            directory = get_user_data_dir(True)
        # pylint: disable=not-an-iterable
        for unavailable_operation in self.unavailable_operations:
            for grid in unavailable_operation.grids:
                if (
                    not grid.available
                    and grid.url.endswith(grid.short_name)
                    and grid.direct_download
                    and (grid.open_license or not open_license)
                ):
                    _download_resource_file(
                        file_url=grid.url,
                        short_name=grid.short_name,
                        directory=directory,
                        verbose=verbose,
                    )
                elif not grid.available and verbose:
                    warnings.warn(f"Skipped: {grid}")

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return (
            f"<TransformerGroup: best_available={self.best_available}>\n"
            f"- transformers: {len(self.transformers)}\n"
            f"- unavailable_operations: {len(self.unavailable_operations)}"
        )


class TransformerLocal(threading.local):
    """
    Threading local instance for cython _Transformer class.

    For more details, see:
    https://github.com/pyproj4/pyproj/issues/782
    """

    def __init__(self):
        self.transformer = None  # Initialises in each thread
        super().__init__()


class Transformer:
    """
    The Transformer class is for facilitating re-using
    transforms without needing to re-create them. The goal
    is to make repeated transforms faster.

    Additionally, it provides multiple methods for initialization.

    .. versionadded:: 2.1.0

    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        transformer_maker: Union[TransformerMaker, None] = None,
    ) -> None:
        if not isinstance(transformer_maker, TransformerMaker):
            ProjError.clear()
            raise ProjError(
                "Transformer must be initialized using: "
                "'from_crs', 'from_pipeline', or 'from_proj'."
            )

        self._local = TransformerLocal()
        self._local.transformer = transformer_maker()
        self._transformer_maker = transformer_maker

    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        return {"_transformer_maker": self._transformer_maker}

    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]):
        self.__dict__.update(state)
        self._local = TransformerLocal()
        self._local.transformer = self._transformer_maker()

    @property
    def _transformer(self):
        """
        The Cython _Transformer object for this thread.

        Returns
        -------
        _Transformer
        """
        if self._local.transformer is None:
            self._local.transformer = self._transformer_maker()
        return self._local.transformer

    @property
    def name(self) -> str:
        """
        str: Name of the projection.
        """
        return self._transformer.id

    @property
    def description(self) -> str:
        """
        str: Description of the projection.
        """
        return self._transformer.description

    @property
    def definition(self) -> str:
        """
        str: Definition of the projection.
        """
        return self._transformer.definition

    @property
    def has_inverse(self) -> bool:
        """
        bool: True if an inverse mapping exists.
        """
        return self._transformer.has_inverse

    @property
    def accuracy(self) -> float:
        """
        float: Expected accuracy of the transformation. -1 if unknown.
        """
        return self._transformer.accuracy

    @property
    def area_of_use(self) -> AreaOfUse:
        """
        .. versionadded:: 2.3.0

        Returns
        -------
        AreaOfUse:
            The area of use object with associated attributes.
        """
        return self._transformer.area_of_use

    @property
    def remarks(self) -> str:
        """
        .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

        Returns
        -------
        str:
            Remarks about object.
        """
        return self._transformer.remarks

    @property
    def scope(self) -> str:
        """
        .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

        Returns
        -------
        str:
            Scope of object.
        """
        return self._transformer.scope

    @property
    def operations(self) -> Optional[Tuple[CoordinateOperation]]:
        """
        .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

        Returns
        -------
        Tuple[CoordinateOperation]:
            The operations in a concatenated operation.
        """
        return self._transformer.operations

    def get_last_used_operation(self) -> "Transformer":
        """
        .. versionadded:: 3.4.0

        .. note:: Requires PROJ 9.1+

        See: :c:func:`proj_trans_get_last_used_operation`

        Returns
        -------
        Transformer:
            The operation used in the transform call.
        """
        return Transformer(
            TransformerUnsafe(self._transformer.get_last_used_operation())
        )

    @property
    def is_network_enabled(self) -> bool:
        """
        .. versionadded:: 3.0.0

        Returns
        -------
        bool:
            If the network is enabled.
        """
        return self._transformer.is_network_enabled

    @property
    def source_crs(self) -> Optional[CRS]:
        """
        .. versionadded:: 3.3.0

        Returns
        -------
        Optional[CRS]:
            The source CRS of a CoordinateOperation.
        """
        return (
            None
            if self._transformer.source_crs is None
            else CRS(self._transformer.source_crs)
        )

    @property
    def target_crs(self) -> Optional[CRS]:
        """
        .. versionadded:: 3.3.0

        Returns
        -------
        Optional[CRS]:
            The target CRS of a CoordinateOperation.
        """
        return (
            None
            if self._transformer.target_crs is None
            else CRS(self._transformer.target_crs)
        )

    @staticmethod
    def from_proj(
        proj_from: Any,
        proj_to: Any,
        always_xy: bool = False,
        area_of_interest: Optional[AreaOfInterest] = None,
    ) -> "Transformer":
        """Make a Transformer from a :obj:`pyproj.Proj` or input used to create one.

        .. versionadded:: 2.2.0 always_xy
        .. versionadded:: 2.3.0 area_of_interest

        Parameters
        ----------
        proj_from: :obj:`pyproj.Proj` or input used to create one
            Projection of input data.
        proj_to: :obj:`pyproj.Proj` or input used to create one
            Projection of output data.
        always_xy: bool, default=False
            If true, the transform method will accept as input and return as output
            coordinates using the traditional GIS order, that is longitude, latitude
            for geographic CRS and easting, northing for most projected CRS.
        area_of_interest: :class:`.AreaOfInterest`, optional
            The area of interest to help select the transformation.

        Returns
        -------
        Transformer

        """
        # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
        from pyproj import Proj

        if not isinstance(proj_from, Proj):
            proj_from = Proj(proj_from)
        if not isinstance(proj_to, Proj):
            proj_to = Proj(proj_to)

        return Transformer.from_crs(
            proj_from.crs,
            proj_to.crs,
            always_xy=always_xy,
            area_of_interest=area_of_interest,
        )

    @staticmethod
    def from_crs(
        crs_from: Any,
        crs_to: Any,
        always_xy: bool = False,
        area_of_interest: Optional[AreaOfInterest] = None,
        authority: Optional[str] = None,
        accuracy: Optional[float] = None,
        allow_ballpark: Optional[bool] = None,
        force_over: bool = False,
    ) -> "Transformer":
        """Make a Transformer from a :obj:`pyproj.crs.CRS` or input used to create one.

        See:

        - :c:func:`proj_create_crs_to_crs`
        - :c:func:`proj_create_crs_to_crs_from_pj`

        .. versionadded:: 2.2.0 always_xy
        .. versionadded:: 2.3.0 area_of_interest
        .. versionadded:: 3.1.0 authority, accuracy, allow_ballpark
        .. versionadded:: 3.4.0 force_over

        Parameters
        ----------
        crs_from: pyproj.crs.CRS or input used to create one
            Projection of input data.
        crs_to: pyproj.crs.CRS or input used to create one
            Projection of output data.
        always_xy: bool, default=False
            If true, the transform method will accept as input and return as output
            coordinates using the traditional GIS order, that is longitude, latitude
            for geographic CRS and easting, northing for most projected CRS.
        area_of_interest: :class:`.AreaOfInterest`, optional
            The area of interest to help select the transformation.
        authority: str, optional
            When not specified, coordinate operations from any authority will be
            searched, with the restrictions set in the
            authority_to_authority_preference database table related to the
            authority of the source/target CRS themselves. If authority is set
            to “any”, then coordinate operations from any authority will be
            searched. If authority is a non-empty string different from "any",
            then coordinate operations will be searched only in that authority
            namespace (e.g. EPSG).
        accuracy: float, optional
            The minimum desired accuracy (in metres) of the candidate
            coordinate operations.
        allow_ballpark: bool, optional
            Set to False to disallow the use of Ballpark transformation
            in the candidate coordinate operations. Default is to allow.
        force_over: bool, default=False
            If True, it will to force the +over flag on the transformation.
            Requires PROJ 9+.

        Returns
        -------
        Transformer

        """
        return Transformer(
            TransformerFromCRS(
                cstrencode(CRS.from_user_input(crs_from).srs),
                cstrencode(CRS.from_user_input(crs_to).srs),
                always_xy=always_xy,
                area_of_interest=area_of_interest,
                authority=authority,
                accuracy=accuracy if accuracy is None else str(accuracy),
                allow_ballpark=allow_ballpark,
                force_over=force_over,
            )
        )

    @staticmethod
    def from_pipeline(proj_pipeline: str) -> "Transformer":
        """Make a Transformer from a PROJ pipeline string.

        :ref:`pipeline`

        See:

        - :c:func:`proj_create`
        - :c:func:`proj_create_from_database`

        .. versionadded:: 3.1.0 AUTH:CODE string support (e.g. EPSG:1671)

        Allowed input:
          - a PROJ string
          - a WKT string
          - a PROJJSON string
          - an object code (e.g. "EPSG:1671"
            "urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation:EPSG::1671")
          - an object name. e.g "ITRF2014 to ETRF2014 (1)".
            In that case as uniqueness is not guaranteed,
            heuristics are applied to determine the appropriate best match.
          - a OGC URN combining references for concatenated operations
            (e.g. "urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation,coordinateOperation:EPSG::3895,
            coordinateOperation:EPSG::1618")

        Parameters
        ----------
        proj_pipeline: str
            Projection pipeline string.

        Returns
        -------
        Transformer

        """
        return Transformer(TransformerFromPipeline(cstrencode(proj_pipeline)))

    @overload
    def transform(  # pylint: disable=invalid-name
        self,
        xx: Any,
        yy: Any,
        radians: bool = False,
        errcheck: bool = False,
        direction: Union[TransformDirection, str] = TransformDirection.FORWARD,
        inplace: bool = False,
    ) -> Tuple[Any, Any]:
        ...

    @overload
    def transform(  # pylint: disable=invalid-name
        self,
        xx: Any,
        yy: Any,
        zz: Any,
        radians: bool = False,
        errcheck: bool = False,
        direction: Union[TransformDirection, str] = TransformDirection.FORWARD,
        inplace: bool = False,
    ) -> Tuple[Any, Any, Any]:
        ...

    @overload
    def transform(  # pylint: disable=invalid-name
        self,
        xx: Any,
        yy: Any,
        zz: Any,
        tt: Any,
        radians: bool = False,
        errcheck: bool = False,
        direction: Union[TransformDirection, str] = TransformDirection.FORWARD,
        inplace: bool = False,
    ) -> Tuple[Any, Any, Any, Any]:
        ...

    def transform(  # pylint: disable=invalid-name
        self,
        xx,
        yy,
        zz=None,
        tt=None,
        radians=False,
        errcheck=False,
        direction=TransformDirection.FORWARD,
        inplace=False,
    ):
        """
        Transform points between two coordinate systems.

        See: :c:func:`proj_trans_generic`

        .. versionadded:: 2.1.1 errcheck
        .. versionadded:: 2.2.0 direction
        .. versionadded:: 3.2.0 inplace

        Accepted numeric scalar or array:

        - :class:`int`
        - :class:`float`
        - :class:`numpy.floating`
        - :class:`numpy.integer`
        - :class:`list`
        - :class:`tuple`
        - :class:`array.array`
        - :class:`numpy.ndarray`
        - :class:`xarray.DataArray`
        - :class:`pandas.Series`

        Parameters
        ----------
        xx: scalar or array
            Input x coordinate(s).
        yy: scalar or array
            Input y coordinate(s).
        zz: scalar or array, optional
            Input z coordinate(s).
        tt: scalar or array, optional
            Input time coordinate(s).
        radians: bool, default=False
            If True, will expect input data to be in radians and will return radians
            if the projection is geographic. Otherwise, it uses degrees.
            Ignored for pipeline transformations with pyproj 2,
            but will work in pyproj 3.
        errcheck: bool, default=False
            If True, an exception is raised if the errors are found in the process.
            If False, ``inf`` is returned for errors.
        direction: pyproj.enums.TransformDirection, optional
            The direction of the transform.
            Default is :attr:`pyproj.enums.TransformDirection.FORWARD`.
        inplace: bool, default=False
            If True, will attempt to write the results to the input array
            instead of returning a new array. This will fail if the input
            is not an array in C order with the double data type.

        Example
        --------

        >>> from pyproj import Transformer
        >>> transformer = Transformer.from_crs("EPSG:4326", "EPSG:3857")
        >>> x3, y3 = transformer.transform(33, 98)
        >>> f"{x3:.3f}  {y3:.3f}"
        '10909310.098  3895303.963'
        >>> pipeline_str = (
        ...     "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 "
        ...     "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg"
        ... )
        >>> pipe_trans = Transformer.from_pipeline(pipeline_str)
        >>> xt, yt = pipe_trans.transform(2.1, 0.001)
        >>> f"{xt:.3f}  {yt:.3f}"
        '2.100  0.001'
        >>> transproj = Transformer.from_crs(
        ...     {"proj":'geocent', "ellps":'WGS84', "datum":'WGS84'},
        ...     "EPSG:4326",
        ...     always_xy=True,
        ... )
        >>> xpj, ypj, zpj = transproj.transform(
        ...     -2704026.010,
        ...     -4253051.810,
        ...     3895878.820,
        ...     radians=True,
        ... )
        >>> f"{xpj:.3f} {ypj:.3f} {zpj:.3f}"
        '-2.137 0.661 -20.531'
        >>> transprojr = Transformer.from_crs(
        ...     "EPSG:4326",
        ...     {"proj":'geocent', "ellps":'WGS84', "datum":'WGS84'},
        ...     always_xy=True,
        ... )
        >>> xpjr, ypjr, zpjr = transprojr.transform(xpj, ypj, zpj, radians=True)
        >>> f"{xpjr:.3f} {ypjr:.3f} {zpjr:.3f}"
        '-2704026.010 -4253051.810 3895878.820'
        >>> transformer = Transformer.from_proj("EPSG:4326", 4326)
        >>> xeq, yeq = transformer.transform(33, 98)
        >>> f"{xeq:.0f}  {yeq:.0f}"
        '33  98'

        """
        # process inputs, making copies that support buffer API.
        inx, x_data_type = _copytobuffer(xx, inplace=inplace)
        iny, y_data_type = _copytobuffer(yy, inplace=inplace)
        if zz is not None:
            inz, z_data_type = _copytobuffer(zz, inplace=inplace)
        else:
            inz = None
        if tt is not None:
            intime, t_data_type = _copytobuffer(tt, inplace=inplace)
        else:
            intime = None
        # call pj_transform.  inx,iny,inz buffers modified in place.
        self._transformer._transform(
            inx,
            iny,
            inz=inz,
            intime=intime,
            direction=direction,
            radians=radians,
            errcheck=errcheck,
        )
        # if inputs were lists, tuples or floats, convert back.
        outx = _convertback(x_data_type, inx)
        outy = _convertback(y_data_type, iny)
        return_data: Tuple[Any, ...] = (outx, outy)
        if inz is not None:
            return_data += (_convertback(z_data_type, inz),)
        if intime is not None:
            return_data += (_convertback(t_data_type, intime),)
        return return_data

    def itransform(
        self,
        points: Any,
        switch: bool = False,
        time_3rd: bool = False,
        radians: bool = False,
        errcheck: bool = False,
        direction: Union[TransformDirection, str] = TransformDirection.FORWARD,
    ) -> Iterator[Iterable]:
        """
        Iterator/generator version of the function pyproj.Transformer.transform.

        See: :c:func:`proj_trans_generic`

        .. versionadded:: 2.1.1 errcheck
        .. versionadded:: 2.2.0 direction

        Parameters
        ----------
        points: list
            List of point tuples.
        switch: bool, default=False
            If True x, y or lon,lat coordinates of points are switched to y, x
            or lat, lon. Default is False.
        time_3rd: bool, default=False
            If the input coordinates are 3 dimensional and the 3rd dimension is time.
        radians: bool, default=False
            If True, will expect input data to be in radians and will return radians
            if the projection is geographic. Otherwise, it uses degrees.
            Ignored for pipeline transformations with pyproj 2,
            but will work in pyproj 3.
        errcheck: bool, default=False
            If True, an exception is raised if the errors are found in the process.
            If False, ``inf`` is returned for errors.
        direction: pyproj.enums.TransformDirection, optional
            The direction of the transform.
            Default is :attr:`pyproj.enums.TransformDirection.FORWARD`.


        Example
        --------

        >>> from pyproj import Transformer
        >>> transformer = Transformer.from_crs(4326, 2100)
        >>> points = [(22.95, 40.63), (22.81, 40.53), (23.51, 40.86)]
        >>> for pt in transformer.itransform(points): '{:.3f} {:.3f}'.format(*pt)
        '2221638.801 2637034.372'
        '2212924.125 2619851.898'
        '2238294.779 2703763.736'
        >>> pipeline_str = (
        ...     "+proj=pipeline +step +proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 "
        ...     "+step +proj=unitconvert +xy_in=rad +xy_out=deg"
        ... )
        >>> pipe_trans = Transformer.from_pipeline(pipeline_str)
        >>> for pt in pipe_trans.itransform([(2.1, 0.001)]):
        ...     '{:.3f} {:.3f}'.format(*pt)
        '2.100 0.001'
        >>> transproj = Transformer.from_crs(
        ...     {"proj":'geocent', "ellps":'WGS84', "datum":'WGS84'},
        ...     "EPSG:4326",
        ...     always_xy=True,
        ... )
        >>> for pt in transproj.itransform(
        ...     [(-2704026.010, -4253051.810, 3895878.820)],
        ...     radians=True,
        ... ):
        ...     '{:.3f} {:.3f} {:.3f}'.format(*pt)
        '-2.137 0.661 -20.531'
        >>> transprojr = Transformer.from_crs(
        ...     "EPSG:4326",
        ...     {"proj":'geocent', "ellps":'WGS84', "datum":'WGS84'},
        ...     always_xy=True,
        ... )
        >>> for pt in transprojr.itransform(
        ...     [(-2.137, 0.661, -20.531)],
        ...     radians=True
        ... ):
        ...     '{:.3f} {:.3f} {:.3f}'.format(*pt)
        '-2704214.394 -4254414.478 3894270.731'
        >>> transproj_eq = Transformer.from_proj(
        ...     'EPSG:4326',
        ...     '+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs +type=crs',
        ...     always_xy=True,
        ... )
        >>> for pt in transproj_eq.itransform([(-2.137, 0.661)]):
        ...     '{:.3f} {:.3f}'.format(*pt)
        '-2.137 0.661'

        """
        point_it = iter(points)  # point iterator
        # get first point to check stride
        try:
            fst_pt = next(point_it)
        except StopIteration:
            raise ValueError("iterable must contain at least one point") from None

        stride = len(fst_pt)
        if stride not in (2, 3, 4):
            raise ValueError("points can contain up to 4 coordinates")

        if time_3rd and stride != 3:
            raise ValueError("'time_3rd' is only valid for 3 coordinates.")

        # create a coordinate sequence generator etc. x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2,....
        # chain so the generator returns the first point that was already acquired
        coord_gen = chain(
            fst_pt, (coords[c] for coords in point_it for c in range(stride))
        )

        while True:
            # create a temporary buffer storage for
            # the next 64 points (64*stride*8 bytes)
            buff = array("d", islice(coord_gen, 0, 64 * stride))
            if len(buff) == 0:
                break

            self._transformer._transform_sequence(
                stride,
                buff,
                switch=switch,
                direction=direction,
                time_3rd=time_3rd,
                radians=radians,
                errcheck=errcheck,
            )

            for point in zip(*([iter(buff)] * stride)):
                yield point

    def transform_bounds(
        self,
        left: float,
        bottom: float,
        right: float,
        top: float,
        densify_pts: int = 21,
        radians: bool = False,
        errcheck: bool = False,
        direction: Union[TransformDirection, str] = TransformDirection.FORWARD,
    ) -> Tuple[float, float, float, float]:
        """
        .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

        See: :c:func:`proj_trans_bounds`

        Transform boundary densifying the edges to account for nonlinear
        transformations along these edges and extracting the outermost bounds.

        If the destination CRS is geographic and right < left then the bounds
        crossed the antimeridian. In this scenario there are two polygons,
        one on each side of the antimeridian. The first polygon should be
        constructed with (left, bottom, 180, top) and the second with
        (-180, bottom, top, right).

        To construct the bounding polygons with shapely::

            def bounding_polygon(left, bottom, right, top):
                if right < left:
                    return shapely.geometry.MultiPolygon(
                        [
                            shapely.geometry.box(left, bottom, 180, top),
                            shapely.geometry.box(-180, bottom, right, top),
                        ]
                    )
                return shapely.geometry.box(left, bottom, right, top)


        Parameters
        ----------
        left: float
            Minimum bounding coordinate of the first axis in source CRS
            (or the target CRS if using the reverse direction).
        bottom: float
            Minimum bounding coordinate of the second axis in source CRS.
            (or the target CRS if using the reverse direction).
        right: float
            Maximum bounding coordinate of the first axis in source CRS.
            (or the target CRS if using the reverse direction).
        top: float
            Maximum bounding coordinate of the second axis in source CRS.
            (or the target CRS if using the reverse direction).
        densify_points: uint, default=21
            Number of points to add to each edge to account for nonlinear edges
            produced by the transform process. Large numbers will produce worse
            performance.
        radians: bool, default=False
            If True, will expect input data to be in radians and will return radians
            if the projection is geographic. Otherwise, it uses degrees.
        errcheck: bool, default=False
            If True, an exception is raised if the errors are found in the process.
            If False, ``inf`` is returned for errors.
        direction: pyproj.enums.TransformDirection, optional
            The direction of the transform.
            Default is :attr:`pyproj.enums.TransformDirection.FORWARD`.

        Returns
        -------
        left, bottom, right, top: float
            Outermost coordinates in target coordinate reference system.
        """
        return self._transformer._transform_bounds(
            left=left,
            bottom=bottom,
            right=right,
            top=top,
            densify_pts=densify_pts,
            radians=radians,
            errcheck=errcheck,
            direction=direction,
        )

    def to_proj4(
        self,
        version: Union[ProjVersion, str] = ProjVersion.PROJ_5,
        pretty: bool = False,
    ) -> str:
        """
        Convert the projection to a PROJ string.

        .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

        Parameters
        ----------
        version: pyproj.enums.ProjVersion
            The version of the PROJ string output.
            Default is :attr:`pyproj.enums.ProjVersion.PROJ_5`.
        pretty: bool, default=False
            If True, it will set the output to be a multiline string.

        Returns
        -------
        str:
            The PROJ string.

        """
        return self._transformer.to_proj4(version=version, pretty=pretty)

    def to_wkt(
        self,
        version: Union[WktVersion, str] = WktVersion.WKT2_2019,
        pretty: bool = False,
    ) -> str:
        """
        Convert the projection to a WKT string.

        Version options:
          - WKT2_2015
          - WKT2_2015_SIMPLIFIED
          - WKT2_2019
          - WKT2_2019_SIMPLIFIED
          - WKT1_GDAL
          - WKT1_ESRI


        Parameters
        ----------
        version: pyproj.enums.WktVersion, optional
            The version of the WKT output.
            Default is :attr:`pyproj.enums.WktVersion.WKT2_2019`.
        pretty: bool, default=False
            If True, it will set the output to be a multiline string.

        Returns
        -------
        str:
            The WKT string.
        """
        return self._transformer.to_wkt(version=version, pretty=pretty)

    def to_json(self, pretty: bool = False, indentation: int = 2) -> str:
        """
        Convert the projection to a JSON string.

        .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

        Parameters
        ----------
        pretty: bool, default=False
            If True, it will set the output to be a multiline string.
        indentation: int, default=2
            If pretty is True, it will set the width of the indentation.

        Returns
        -------
        str:
            The JSON string.
        """
        return self._transformer.to_json(pretty=pretty, indentation=indentation)

    def to_json_dict(self) -> dict:
        """
        Convert the projection to a JSON dictionary.

        .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

        Returns
        -------
        dict:
            The JSON dictionary.
        """
        return self._transformer.to_json_dict()

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return self.definition

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return (
            f"<{self._transformer.type_name}: {self.name}>\n"
            f"Description: {self.description}\n"
            f"Area of Use:\n{self.area_of_use or '- undefined'}"
        )

    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
        if not isinstance(other, Transformer):
            return False
        return self._transformer.__eq__(other._transformer)

    def is_exact_same(self, other: Any) -> bool:
        """
        Check if the Transformer objects are the exact same.
        If it is not a Transformer, then it returns False.

        Parameters
        ----------
        other: Any

        Returns
        -------
        bool
        """
        if not isinstance(other, Transformer):
            return False
        return self._transformer.is_exact_same(other._transformer)


def transform(  # pylint: disable=invalid-name
    p1: Any,
    p2: Any,
    x: Any,
    y: Any,
    z: Any = None,
    tt: Any = None,
    radians: bool = False,
    errcheck: bool = False,
    always_xy: bool = False,
):
    """
    .. versionadded:: 2.2.0 always_xy

    .. deprecated:: 2.6.1
        This function is deprecated. See: :ref:`upgrade_transformer`

    x2, y2, z2 = transform(p1, p2, x1, y1, z1)

    Transform points between two coordinate systems defined by the
    Proj instances p1 and p2.

    The points x1,y1,z1 in the coordinate system defined by p1 are
    transformed to x2,y2,z2 in the coordinate system defined by p2.

    z1 is optional, if it is not set it is assumed to be zero (and
    only x2 and y2 are returned). If the optional keyword
    'radians' is True (default is False), then all input and
    output coordinates will be in radians instead of the default
    of degrees for geographic input/output projections.
    If the optional keyword 'errcheck' is set to True an
    exception is raised if the transformation is
    invalid. By default errcheck=False and ``inf`` is returned for an
    invalid transformation (and no exception is raised).
    If `always_xy` is toggled, the transform method will accept as
    input and return as output coordinates using the traditional GIS order,
    that is longitude, latitude for geographic CRS and easting,
    northing for most projected CRS.

    In addition to converting between cartographic and geographic
    projection coordinates, this function can take care of datum
    shifts (which cannot be done using the __call__ method of the
    Proj instances). It also allows for one of the coordinate
    systems to be geographic (proj = 'latlong').

    x,y and z can be numpy or regular python arrays, python
    lists/tuples or scalars. Arrays are fastest.  For projections in
    geocentric coordinates, values of x and y are given in meters.
    z is always meters.

    Example usage:

    >>> from pyproj import Proj, transform
    >>> # projection 1: UTM zone 15, grs80 ellipse, NAD83 datum
    >>> # (defined by epsg code 26915)
    >>> p1 = Proj('epsg:26915', preserve_units=False)
    >>> # projection 2: UTM zone 15, clrk66 ellipse, NAD27 datum
    >>> p2 = Proj('epsg:26715', preserve_units=False)
    >>> # find x,y of Jefferson City, MO.
    >>> x1, y1 = p1(-92.199881,38.56694)
    >>> # transform this point to projection 2 coordinates.
    >>> x2, y2 = transform(p1,p2,x1,y1)
    >>> '%9.3f %11.3f' % (x1,y1)
    '569704.566 4269024.671'
    >>> '%9.3f %11.3f' % (x2,y2)
    '569722.342 4268814.028'
    >>> '%8.3f %5.3f' % p2(x2,y2,inverse=True)
    ' -92.200 38.567'
    >>> # process 3 points at a time in a tuple
    >>> lats = (38.83,39.32,38.75) # Columbia, KC and StL Missouri
    >>> lons = (-92.22,-94.72,-90.37)
    >>> x1, y1 = p1(lons,lats)
    >>> x2, y2 = transform(p1,p2,x1,y1)
    >>> xy = x1+y1
    >>> '%9.3f %9.3f %9.3f %11.3f %11.3f %11.3f' % xy
    '567703.344 351730.944 728553.093 4298200.739 4353698.725 4292319.005'
    >>> xy = x2+y2
    >>> '%9.3f %9.3f %9.3f %11.3f %11.3f %11.3f' % xy
    '567721.149 351747.558 728569.133 4297989.112 4353489.645 4292106.305'
    >>> lons, lats = p2(x2,y2,inverse=True)
    >>> xy = lons+lats
    >>> '%8.3f %8.3f %8.3f %5.3f %5.3f %5.3f' % xy
    ' -92.220  -94.720  -90.370 38.830 39.320 38.750'
    """
    warnings.warn(
        (
            "This function is deprecated. "
            "See: https://pyproj4.github.io/pyproj/stable/"
            "gotchas.html#upgrading-to-pyproj-2-from-pyproj-1"
        ),
        FutureWarning,
        stacklevel=2,
    )
    return Transformer.from_proj(p1, p2, always_xy=always_xy).transform(
        xx=x, yy=y, zz=z, tt=tt, radians=radians, errcheck=errcheck
    )


def itransform(  # pylint: disable=invalid-name
    p1: Any,
    p2: Any,
    points: Iterable[Iterable],
    switch: bool = False,
    time_3rd: bool = False,
    radians: bool = False,
    errcheck: bool = False,
    always_xy: bool = False,
):
    """
    .. versionadded:: 2.2.0 always_xy

    .. deprecated:: 2.6.1
        This function is deprecated. See: :ref:`upgrade_transformer`

    points2 = itransform(p1, p2, points1)
    Iterator/generator version of the function pyproj.transform.
    Transform points between two coordinate systems defined by the
    Proj instances p1 and p2. This function can be used as an alternative
    to pyproj.transform when there is a need to transform a big number of
    coordinates lazily, for example when reading and processing from a file.
    Points1 is an iterable/generator of coordinates x1,y1(,z1) or lon1,lat1(,z1)
    in the coordinate system defined by p1. Points2 is an iterator that returns tuples
    of x2,y2(,z2) or lon2,lat2(,z2) coordinates in the coordinate system defined by p2.
    z are provided optionally.

    Points1 can be:
        - a tuple/list of tuples/lists i.e. for 2d points: [(xi,yi),(xj,yj),....(xn,yn)]
        - a Nx3 or Nx2 2d numpy array where N is the point number
        - a generator of coordinates (xi,yi) for 2d points or (xi,yi,zi) for 3d

    If optional keyword 'switch' is True (default is False) then x, y or lon,lat
    coordinates of points are switched to y, x or lat, lon.
    If the optional keyword 'radians' is True (default is False),
    then all input and output coordinates will be in radians instead
    of the default of degrees for geographic input/output projections.
    If the optional keyword 'errcheck' is set to True an
    exception is raised if the transformation is
    invalid. By default errcheck=False and ``inf`` is returned for an
    invalid transformation (and no exception is raised).
    If `always_xy` is toggled, the transform method will accept as
    input and return as output coordinates using the traditional GIS order,
    that is longitude, latitude for geographic CRS and easting, northing
    for most projected CRS.


    Example usage:

    >>> from pyproj import Proj, itransform
    >>> # projection 1: WGS84
    >>> # (defined by epsg code 4326)
    >>> p1 = Proj('epsg:4326', preserve_units=False)
    >>> # projection 2: GGRS87 / Greek Grid
    >>> p2 = Proj('epsg:2100', preserve_units=False)
    >>> # Three points with coordinates lon, lat in p1
    >>> points = [(22.95, 40.63), (22.81, 40.53), (23.51, 40.86)]
    >>> # transform this point to projection 2 coordinates.
    >>> for pt in itransform(p1,p2,points, always_xy=True): '%6.3f %7.3f' % pt
    '411050.470 4497928.574'
    '399060.236 4486978.710'
    '458553.243 4523045.485'
    >>> for pt in itransform(4326, 4326, [(30, 60)]):
    ...     '{:.0f} {:.0f}'.format(*pt)
    '30 60'

    """
    warnings.warn(
        (
            "This function is deprecated. "
            "See: https://pyproj4.github.io/pyproj/stable/"
            "gotchas.html#upgrading-to-pyproj-2-from-pyproj-1"
        ),
        FutureWarning,
        stacklevel=2,
    )
    return Transformer.from_proj(p1, p2, always_xy=always_xy).itransform(
        points, switch=switch, time_3rd=time_3rd, radians=radians, errcheck=errcheck
    )