/
conductance_reference.py
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/
conductance_reference.py
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
import numpy as np
import torch
from captum.attr._utils.approximation_methods import approximation_parameters
from captum.attr._utils.attribution import LayerAttribution
from captum.attr._utils.common import _reshape_and_sum
"""
Note: This implementation of conductance follows the procedure described in the original
paper exactly (https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.12233), computing gradients of output with
respect to hidden neurons and each hidden neuron with respect to the input and summing
appropriately. Computing the gradient of each neuron with respect to the input is
not necessary to just compute the conductance of a given layer, so the main
implementationof conductance does not use this approach in order to compute layer
conductance more efficiently (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.09946.pdf).
This implementation is used only for testing to verify that the output matches
that of the main implementation.
"""
class ConductanceReference(LayerAttribution):
def __init__(self, forward_func, layer):
r"""
Args
forward_func: The forward function of the model or any modification of it
layer: Layer for which output attributions are computed.
Output size of attribute matches that of layer output.
"""
super().__init__(forward_func, layer)
def _conductance_grads(self, forward_fn, input, target_ind=None):
with torch.autograd.set_grad_enabled(True):
# Set a forward hook on specified module and run forward pass to
# get output tensor size.
saved_tensor = None
def forward_hook(module, inp, out):
nonlocal saved_tensor
saved_tensor = out
hook = self.layer.register_forward_hook(forward_hook)
output = forward_fn(input)
# Compute layer output tensor dimensions and total number of units.
# The hidden layer tensor is assumed to have dimension (num_hidden, ...)
# where the product of the dimensions >= 1 correspond to the total
# number of hidden neurons in the layer.
layer_size = tuple(saved_tensor.size())[1:]
layer_units = int(np.prod(layer_size))
# Remove unnecessary forward hook.
hook.remove()
# Backward hook function to override gradients in order to obtain
# just the gradient of each hidden unit with respect to input.
saved_grads = None
def backward_hook(grads):
nonlocal saved_grads
saved_grads = grads
zero_mat = torch.zeros((1,) + layer_size)
scatter_indices = torch.arange(0, layer_units).view_as(zero_mat)
# Creates matrix with each layer containing a single unit with
# value 1 and remaining zeros, which will provide gradients
# with respect to each unit independently.
to_return = torch.zeros((layer_units,) + layer_size).scatter(
0, scatter_indices, 1
)
to_repeat = [1] * len(to_return.shape)
to_repeat[0] = grads.shape[0] // to_return.shape[0]
expanded = to_return.repeat(to_repeat)
return expanded
# Create a forward hook in order to attach backward hook to appropriate
# tensor. Save backward hook in order to remove hook appropriately.
back_hook = None
def forward_hook_register_back(module, inp, out):
nonlocal back_hook
back_hook = out.register_hook(backward_hook)
hook = self.layer.register_forward_hook(forward_hook_register_back)
# Expand input to include layer_units copies of each input.
# This allows obtaining gradient with respect to each hidden unit
# in one pass.
expanded_input = torch.repeat_interleave(input, layer_units, dim=0)
output = forward_fn(expanded_input)
hook.remove()
output = output[:, target_ind] if target_ind is not None else output
input_grads = torch.autograd.grad(torch.unbind(output), expanded_input)
# Remove backwards hook
back_hook.remove()
# Remove duplicates in gradient with respect to hidden layer,
# choose one for each layer_units indices.
output_mid_grads = torch.index_select(
saved_grads,
0,
torch.tensor(range(0, input_grads[0].shape[0], layer_units)),
)
return input_grads[0], output_mid_grads, layer_units
def attribute(
self,
inputs,
baselines=None,
target=None,
n_steps=500,
method="riemann_trapezoid",
):
r"""
Computes conductance using gradients along the path, applying
riemann's method or gauss-legendre.
The details of the approach can be found here:
https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.12233
Args
inputs: A single high dimensional input tensor, in which
dimension 0 corresponds to number of examples.
baselines: A single high dimensional baseline tensor,
which has the same shape as the input
target: Predicted class index. This is necessary only for
classification use cases
n_steps: The number of steps used by the approximation method
method: Method for integral approximation, one of `riemann_right`,
`riemann_middle`, `riemann_trapezoid` or `gausslegendre`
Return
attributions: Total conductance with respect to each neuron in
output of given layer
"""
if baselines is None:
baselines = 0
# retrieve step size and scaling factor for specified approximation method
step_sizes_func, alphas_func = approximation_parameters(method)
step_sizes, alphas = step_sizes_func(n_steps), alphas_func(n_steps)
# compute scaled inputs from baseline to final input.
scaled_features = torch.cat(
[baselines + alpha * (inputs - baselines) for alpha in alphas], dim=0
)
# Conductance Gradients - Returns gradient of output with respect to
# hidden layer, gradient of hidden layer with respect to input,
# and number of hidden units.
input_gradients, mid_layer_gradients, hidden_units = self._conductance_grads(
self.forward_func, scaled_features, target
)
# Multiply gradient of hidden layer with respect to input by input - baseline
scaled_input_gradients = torch.repeat_interleave(
inputs - baselines, hidden_units, dim=0
)
scaled_input_gradients = input_gradients * scaled_input_gradients.repeat(
*([len(alphas)] + [1] * (len(scaled_input_gradients.shape) - 1))
)
# Sum gradients for each input neuron in order to have total
# for each hidden unit and reshape to match hidden layer shape
summed_input_grads = torch.sum(
scaled_input_gradients, tuple(range(1, len(scaled_input_gradients.shape)))
).view_as(mid_layer_gradients)
# Rescale gradients of hidden layer by by step size.
scaled_grads = mid_layer_gradients.contiguous().view(
n_steps, -1
) * torch.tensor(step_sizes).view(n_steps, 1).to(mid_layer_gradients.device)
# Element-wise mutliply gradient of output with respect to hidden layer
# and summed gradients with respect to input (chain rule) and sum across
# stepped inputs.
return _reshape_and_sum(
scaled_grads.view(mid_layer_gradients.shape) * summed_input_grads,
n_steps,
inputs.shape[0],
mid_layer_gradients.shape[1:],
)