seaborn_exoplanets.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import seaborn as sns\n",
    "import matplotlib\n",
    "%matplotlib inline"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "planets = sns.load_dataset('planets')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(1035, 6)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "planets.shape\n",
    "# rows, columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>method</th>\n",
       "      <th>number</th>\n",
       "      <th>orbital_period</th>\n",
       "      <th>mass</th>\n",
       "      <th>distance</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>Radial Velocity</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>269.300</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.10</td>\n",
       "      <td>77.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>2006</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>Radial Velocity</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>874.774</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.21</td>\n",
       "      <td>56.95</td>\n",
       "      <td>2008</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>Radial Velocity</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>763.000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.60</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.84</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>Radial Velocity</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>326.030</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>110.62</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>Radial Velocity</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>516.220</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.50</td>\n",
       "      <td>119.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>2009</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "            method  number  orbital_period   mass  distance  year\n",
       "0  Radial Velocity       1         269.300   7.10     77.40  2006\n",
       "1  Radial Velocity       1         874.774   2.21     56.95  2008\n",
       "2  Radial Velocity       1         763.000   2.60     19.84  2011\n",
       "3  Radial Velocity       1         326.030  19.40    110.62  2007\n",
       "4  Radial Velocity       1         516.220  10.50    119.47  2009"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "planets.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2.6381605847953233"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# shows average planet mass minus the null fields\n",
    "planets['mass'].dropna().mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0.0035999999999999999"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "planets['mass'].dropna().min()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "513"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# shows a count of the planets minus the nulls\n",
    "planets['mass'].dropna().count()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "264.06928217821786"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "planets['distance'].dropna().mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2009.0705314009663"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "planets['year'].dropna().mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>number</th>\n",
       "      <th>orbital_period</th>\n",
       "      <th>mass</th>\n",
       "      <th>distance</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>count</th>\n",
       "      <td>498.00000</td>\n",
       "      <td>498.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>498.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>498.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>498.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.73494</td>\n",
       "      <td>835.778671</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.509320</td>\n",
       "      <td>52.068213</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007.377510</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.17572</td>\n",
       "      <td>1469.128259</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.636274</td>\n",
       "      <td>46.596041</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.167284</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>min</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.00000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.328300</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.003600</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.350000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1989.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>25%</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.00000</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.272250</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.212500</td>\n",
       "      <td>24.497500</td>\n",
       "      <td>2005.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>50%</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.00000</td>\n",
       "      <td>357.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.245000</td>\n",
       "      <td>39.940000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2009.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>75%</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.00000</td>\n",
       "      <td>999.600000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.867500</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.332500</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>max</th>\n",
       "      <td>6.00000</td>\n",
       "      <td>17337.500000</td>\n",
       "      <td>25.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>354.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          number  orbital_period        mass    distance         year\n",
       "count  498.00000      498.000000  498.000000  498.000000   498.000000\n",
       "mean     1.73494      835.778671    2.509320   52.068213  2007.377510\n",
       "std      1.17572     1469.128259    3.636274   46.596041     4.167284\n",
       "min      1.00000        1.328300    0.003600    1.350000  1989.000000\n",
       "25%      1.00000       38.272250    0.212500   24.497500  2005.000000\n",
       "50%      1.00000      357.000000    1.245000   39.940000  2009.000000\n",
       "75%      2.00000      999.600000    2.867500   59.332500  2011.000000\n",
       "max      6.00000    17337.500000   25.000000  354.000000  2014.000000"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# gives us a description of all the data i.e. a summary\n",
    "planets.dropna().describe()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<pandas.core.groupby.DataFrameGroupBy object at 0x10ae9fe10>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# lets figure out what changed in the method between 2005 and 2009\n",
    "planets.groupby('method')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<pandas.core.groupby.SeriesGroupBy object at 0x10aed8668>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "planets.groupby('method')['year']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "method\n",
       "Astrometry                       2011.500000\n",
       "Eclipse Timing Variations        2010.000000\n",
       "Imaging                          2009.131579\n",
       "Microlensing                     2009.782609\n",
       "Orbital Brightness Modulation    2011.666667\n",
       "Pulsar Timing                    1998.400000\n",
       "Pulsation Timing Variations      2007.000000\n",
       "Radial Velocity                  2007.518987\n",
       "Transit                          2011.236776\n",
       "Transit Timing Variations        2012.500000\n",
       "Name: year, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "planets.groupby('method')['year'].mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "method\n",
       "Astrometry                         2\n",
       "Eclipse Timing Variations          9\n",
       "Imaging                           38\n",
       "Microlensing                      23\n",
       "Orbital Brightness Modulation      3\n",
       "Pulsar Timing                      5\n",
       "Pulsation Timing Variations        1\n",
       "Radial Velocity                  553\n",
       "Transit                          397\n",
       "Transit Timing Variations          4\n",
       "Name: year, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "planets.groupby('method')['year'].count()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "method\n",
       "Astrometry                       2010\n",
       "Eclipse Timing Variations        2008\n",
       "Imaging                          2004\n",
       "Microlensing                     2004\n",
       "Orbital Brightness Modulation    2011\n",
       "Pulsar Timing                    1992\n",
       "Pulsation Timing Variations      2007\n",
       "Radial Velocity                  1989\n",
       "Transit                          2002\n",
       "Transit Timing Variations        2011\n",
       "Name: year, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# when was the first planet discovered using each method\n",
    "planets.groupby('method')['year'].min()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "  <thead>\n",
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       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>amin</th>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>method</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Astrometry</th>\n",
       "      <td>2010</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011.500000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Eclipse Timing Variations</th>\n",
       "      <td>2008</td>\n",
       "      <td>2010.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Imaging</th>\n",
       "      <td>2004</td>\n",
       "      <td>2009.131579</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Microlensing</th>\n",
       "      <td>2004</td>\n",
       "      <td>2009.782609</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Orbital Brightness Modulation</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011.666667</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Pulsar Timing</th>\n",
       "      <td>1992</td>\n",
       "      <td>1998.400000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Pulsation Timing Variations</th>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Radial Velocity</th>\n",
       "      <td>1989</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007.518987</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Transit</th>\n",
       "      <td>2002</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011.236776</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Transit Timing Variations</th>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>2012.500000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                               amin         mean\n",
       "method                                          \n",
       "Astrometry                     2010  2011.500000\n",
       "Eclipse Timing Variations      2008  2010.000000\n",
       "Imaging                        2004  2009.131579\n",
       "Microlensing                   2004  2009.782609\n",
       "Orbital Brightness Modulation  2011  2011.666667\n",
       "Pulsar Timing                  1992  1998.400000\n",
       "Pulsation Timing Variations    2007  2007.000000\n",
       "Radial Velocity                1989  2007.518987\n",
       "Transit                        2002  2011.236776\n",
       "Transit Timing Variations      2011  2012.500000"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "planets.groupby('method')['year'].aggregate([np.min, np.mean])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>count</th>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <th>min</th>\n",
       "      <th>25%</th>\n",
       "      <th>50%</th>\n",
       "      <th>75%</th>\n",
       "      <th>max</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>method</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Astrometry</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011.500000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.121320</td>\n",
       "      <td>2010.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2010.75</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>2012.25</td>\n",
       "      <td>2013.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Eclipse Timing Variations</th>\n",
       "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2010.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.414214</td>\n",
       "      <td>2008.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2009.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2010.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2012.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Imaging</th>\n",
       "      <td>38.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2009.131579</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.781901</td>\n",
       "      <td>2004.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2008.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2009.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2013.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Microlensing</th>\n",
       "      <td>23.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2009.782609</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.859697</td>\n",
       "      <td>2004.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2008.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2010.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2012.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2013.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Orbital Brightness Modulation</th>\n",
       "      <td>3.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011.666667</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.154701</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2012.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2013.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Pulsar Timing</th>\n",
       "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1998.400000</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.384510</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>1994.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2003.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Pulsation Timing Variations</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Radial Velocity</th>\n",
       "      <td>553.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007.518987</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.249052</td>\n",
       "      <td>1989.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2005.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2009.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Transit</th>\n",
       "      <td>397.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011.236776</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.077867</td>\n",
       "      <td>2002.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2010.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2012.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2013.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Transit Timing Variations</th>\n",
       "      <td>4.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2012.500000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.290994</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011.75</td>\n",
       "      <td>2012.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>2013.25</td>\n",
       "      <td>2014.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                               count         mean       std     min      25%  \\\n",
       "method                                                                         \n",
       "Astrometry                       2.0  2011.500000  2.121320  2010.0  2010.75   \n",
       "Eclipse Timing Variations        9.0  2010.000000  1.414214  2008.0  2009.00   \n",
       "Imaging                         38.0  2009.131579  2.781901  2004.0  2008.00   \n",
       "Microlensing                    23.0  2009.782609  2.859697  2004.0  2008.00   \n",
       "Orbital Brightness Modulation    3.0  2011.666667  1.154701  2011.0  2011.00   \n",
       "Pulsar Timing                    5.0  1998.400000  8.384510  1992.0  1992.00   \n",
       "Pulsation Timing Variations      1.0  2007.000000       NaN  2007.0  2007.00   \n",
       "Radial Velocity                553.0  2007.518987  4.249052  1989.0  2005.00   \n",
       "Transit                        397.0  2011.236776  2.077867  2002.0  2010.00   \n",
       "Transit Timing Variations        4.0  2012.500000  1.290994  2011.0  2011.75   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                  50%      75%     max  \n",
       "method                                                  \n",
       "Astrometry                     2011.5  2012.25  2013.0  \n",
       "Eclipse Timing Variations      2010.0  2011.00  2012.0  \n",
       "Imaging                        2009.0  2011.00  2013.0  \n",
       "Microlensing                   2010.0  2012.00  2013.0  \n",
       "Orbital Brightness Modulation  2011.0  2012.00  2013.0  \n",
       "Pulsar Timing                  1994.0  2003.00  2011.0  \n",
       "Pulsation Timing Variations    2007.0  2007.00  2007.0  \n",
       "Radial Velocity                2009.0  2011.00  2014.0  \n",
       "Transit                        2012.0  2013.00  2014.0  \n",
       "Transit Timing Variations      2012.5  2013.25  2014.0  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "planets.groupby('method')['year'].describe()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mass_per_distance = planets['mass'] / planets['distance']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "pandas.core.series.Series"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(mass_per_distance)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    0.091731\n",
       "1    0.038806\n",
       "2    0.131048\n",
       "3    0.175375\n",
       "4    0.087888\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mass_per_distance.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "planets['M/D'] = mass_per_distance"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
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       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>method</th>\n",
       "      <th>number</th>\n",
       "      <th>orbital_period</th>\n",
       "      <th>mass</th>\n",
       "      <th>distance</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>M/D</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>Radial Velocity</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>269.300</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.10</td>\n",
       "      <td>77.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>2006</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.091731</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>Radial Velocity</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>874.774</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.21</td>\n",
       "      <td>56.95</td>\n",
       "      <td>2008</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.038806</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>Radial Velocity</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>763.000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.60</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.84</td>\n",
       "      <td>2011</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.131048</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>Radial Velocity</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>326.030</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>110.62</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.175375</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>Radial Velocity</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>516.220</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.50</td>\n",
       "      <td>119.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>2009</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.087888</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "            method  number  orbital_period   mass  distance  year       M/D\n",
       "0  Radial Velocity       1         269.300   7.10     77.40  2006  0.091731\n",
       "1  Radial Velocity       1         874.774   2.21     56.95  2008  0.038806\n",
       "2  Radial Velocity       1         763.000   2.60     19.84  2011  0.131048\n",
       "3  Radial Velocity       1         326.030  19.40    110.62  2007  0.175375\n",
       "4  Radial Velocity       1         516.220  10.50    119.47  2009  0.087888"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "planets.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "percentage_of_earth_year = planets['orbital_period'] / 365"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0        0.737808\n",
       "1        2.396641\n",
       "2        2.090411\n",
       "3        0.893233\n",
       "4        1.414301\n",
       "5        0.509151\n",
       "6        4.858630\n",
       "7        2.187671\n",
       "8        2.721370\n",
       "9        1.240548\n",
       "10       2.419178\n",
       "11       0.918082\n",
       "12       1.312603\n",
       "13       2.953425\n",
       "14       6.550685\n",
       "15      38.361644\n",
       "16       0.011591\n",
       "17       0.040140\n",
       "18       0.121589\n",
       "19      13.449315\n",
       "20       0.002018\n",
       "21       0.715616\n",
       "22       0.011548\n",
       "23       0.104167\n",
       "24       0.337014\n",
       "25       0.319694\n",
       "26       1.895616\n",
       "27       2.610137\n",
       "28       0.496986\n",
       "29            NaN\n",
       "          ...    \n",
       "1005     0.010120\n",
       "1006     0.012235\n",
       "1007     0.012650\n",
       "1008     0.007778\n",
       "1009     0.013746\n",
       "1010     0.021697\n",
       "1011     0.011795\n",
       "1012     0.010564\n",
       "1013     0.012088\n",
       "1014     0.011995\n",
       "1015     0.004310\n",
       "1016     0.006333\n",
       "1017     0.011195\n",
       "1018     0.012642\n",
       "1019     0.007955\n",
       "1020     0.006073\n",
       "1021     0.006806\n",
       "1022     0.003726\n",
       "1023     0.005959\n",
       "1024     0.010034\n",
       "1025     0.008405\n",
       "1026     0.002536\n",
       "1027          NaN\n",
       "1028     0.009184\n",
       "1029          NaN\n",
       "1030     0.010799\n",
       "1031     0.007167\n",
       "1032     0.008744\n",
       "1033     0.011302\n",
       "1034     0.011473\n",
       "Name: orbital_period, Length: 1035, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "percentage_of_earth_year"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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