commands.py

# vim: ft=python fileencoding=utf-8 sts=4 sw=4 et:

# Copyright 2014-2017 Florian Bruhin (The Compiler) <mail@qutebrowser.org>
#
# This file is part of qutebrowser.
#
# qutebrowser is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# qutebrowser is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with qutebrowser.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

"""Command dispatcher for TabbedBrowser."""

import os
import os.path
import shlex
import functools

from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QTabBar
from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt, QUrl, QEvent, QUrlQuery
from PyQt5.QtGui import QKeyEvent
from PyQt5.QtPrintSupport import QPrintDialog, QPrintPreviewDialog
import pygments
import pygments.lexers
import pygments.formatters

from qutebrowser.commands import userscripts, cmdexc, cmdutils, runners
from qutebrowser.config import config, configexc
from qutebrowser.browser import (urlmarks, browsertab, inspector, navigate,
                                 webelem, downloads)
from qutebrowser.keyinput import modeman
from qutebrowser.utils import (message, usertypes, log, qtutils, urlutils,
                               objreg, utils, typing)
from qutebrowser.utils.usertypes import KeyMode
from qutebrowser.misc import editor, guiprocess
from qutebrowser.completion.models import instances, sortfilter


class CommandDispatcher:

    """Command dispatcher for TabbedBrowser.

    Contains all commands which are related to the current tab.

    We can't simply add these commands to BrowserTab directly and use
    currentWidget() for TabbedBrowser.cmd because at the time
    cmdutils.register() decorators are run, currentWidget() will return None.

    Attributes:
        _editor: The ExternalEditor object.
        _win_id: The window ID the CommandDispatcher is associated with.
        _tabbed_browser: The TabbedBrowser used.
    """

    def __init__(self, win_id, tabbed_browser):
        self._win_id = win_id
        self._tabbed_browser = tabbed_browser

    def __repr__(self):
        return utils.get_repr(self)

    def _new_tabbed_browser(self, private):
        """Get a tabbed-browser from a new window."""
        from qutebrowser.mainwindow import mainwindow
        new_window = mainwindow.MainWindow(private=private)
        new_window.show()
        return new_window.tabbed_browser

    def _count(self):
        """Convenience method to get the widget count."""
        return self._tabbed_browser.count()

    def _set_current_index(self, idx):
        """Convenience method to set the current widget index."""
        cmdutils.check_overflow(idx, 'int')
        self._tabbed_browser.setCurrentIndex(idx)

    def _current_index(self):
        """Convenience method to get the current widget index."""
        return self._tabbed_browser.currentIndex()

    def _current_url(self):
        """Convenience method to get the current url."""
        try:
            return self._tabbed_browser.current_url()
        except qtutils.QtValueError as e:
            msg = "Current URL is invalid"
            if e.reason:
                msg += " ({})".format(e.reason)
            msg += "!"
            raise cmdexc.CommandError(msg)

    def _current_title(self):
        """Convenience method to get the current title."""
        return self._current_widget().title()

    def _current_widget(self):
        """Get the currently active widget from a command."""
        widget = self._tabbed_browser.currentWidget()
        if widget is None:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("No WebView available yet!")
        return widget

    def _open(self, url, tab=False, background=False, window=False,
              explicit=True, private=None):
        """Helper function to open a page.

        Args:
            url: The URL to open as QUrl.
            tab: Whether to open in a new tab.
            background: Whether to open in the background.
            window: Whether to open in a new window
            private: If opening a new window, open it in private browsing mode.
                     If not given, inherit the current window's mode.
        """
        urlutils.raise_cmdexc_if_invalid(url)
        tabbed_browser = self._tabbed_browser
        cmdutils.check_exclusive((tab, background, window, private), 'tbwp')
        if window and private is None:
            private = self._tabbed_browser.private

        if window or private:
            tabbed_browser = self._new_tabbed_browser(private)
            tabbed_browser.tabopen(url)
        elif tab:
            tabbed_browser.tabopen(url, background=False, explicit=explicit)
        elif background:
            tabbed_browser.tabopen(url, background=True, explicit=explicit)
        else:
            widget = self._current_widget()
            widget.openurl(url)

    def _cntwidget(self, count=None):
        """Return a widget based on a count/idx.

        Args:
            count: The tab index, or None.

        Return:
            The current widget if count is None.
            The widget with the given tab ID if count is given.
            None if no widget was found.
        """
        if count is None:
            return self._tabbed_browser.currentWidget()
        elif 1 <= count <= self._count():
            cmdutils.check_overflow(count + 1, 'int')
            return self._tabbed_browser.widget(count - 1)
        else:
            return None

    def _tab_focus_last(self, *, show_error=True):
        """Select the tab which was last focused."""
        try:
            tab = objreg.get('last-focused-tab', scope='window',
                             window=self._win_id)
        except KeyError:
            if not show_error:
                return
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("No last focused tab!")
        idx = self._tabbed_browser.indexOf(tab)
        if idx == -1:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("Last focused tab vanished!")
        self._set_current_index(idx)

    def _get_selection_override(self, prev, next_, opposite):
        """Helper function for tab_close to get the tab to select.

        Args:
            prev: Force selecting the tab before the current tab.
            next_: Force selecting the tab after the current tab.
            opposite: Force selecting the tab in the opposite direction of
                      what's configured in 'tabs->select-on-remove'.

        Return:
            QTabBar.SelectLeftTab, QTabBar.SelectRightTab, or None if no change
            should be made.
        """
        cmdutils.check_exclusive((prev, next_, opposite), 'pno')
        if prev:
            return QTabBar.SelectLeftTab
        elif next_:
            return QTabBar.SelectRightTab
        elif opposite:
            conf_selection = config.get('tabs', 'select-on-remove')
            if conf_selection == QTabBar.SelectLeftTab:
                return QTabBar.SelectRightTab
            elif conf_selection == QTabBar.SelectRightTab:
                return QTabBar.SelectLeftTab
            elif conf_selection == QTabBar.SelectPreviousTab:
                raise cmdexc.CommandError(
                    "-o is not supported with 'tabs->select-on-remove' set to "
                    "'last-used'!")
            else:  # pragma: no cover
                raise ValueError("Invalid select-on-remove value "
                                 "{!r}!".format(conf_selection))
        return None

    def _tab_close(self, tab, prev=False, next_=False, opposite=False):
        """Helper function for tab_close be able to handle message.async.

        Args:
            tab: Tab object to select be closed.
            prev: Force selecting the tab before the current tab.
            next_: Force selecting the tab after the current tab.
            opposite: Force selecting the tab in the opposite direction of
                      what's configured in 'tabs->select-on-remove'.
            count: The tab index to close, or None
        """
        tabbar = self._tabbed_browser.tabBar()
        selection_override = self._get_selection_override(prev, next_,
                                                          opposite)

        if selection_override is None:
            self._tabbed_browser.close_tab(tab)
        else:
            old_selection_behavior = tabbar.selectionBehaviorOnRemove()
            tabbar.setSelectionBehaviorOnRemove(selection_override)
            self._tabbed_browser.close_tab(tab)
            tabbar.setSelectionBehaviorOnRemove(old_selection_behavior)

    def _tab_close_prompt_if_pinned(self, tab, force, yes_action):
        """Helper method for tab_close.

        If tab is pinned, prompt. If everything is good, run yes_action.
        """
        if tab.data.pinned and not force:
            message.confirm_async(
                title='Pinned Tab',
                text="Are you sure you want to close a pinned tab?",
                yes_action=yes_action, default=False)
        else:
            yes_action()

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def tab_close(self, prev=False, next_=False, opposite=False,
                  force=False, count=None):
        """Close the current/[count]th tab.

        Args:
            prev: Force selecting the tab before the current tab.
            next_: Force selecting the tab after the current tab.
            opposite: Force selecting the tab in the opposite direction of
                      what's configured in 'tabs->select-on-remove'.
            force: Avoid confirmation for pinned tabs.
            count: The tab index to close, or None
        """
        tab = self._cntwidget(count)
        if tab is None:
            return
        close = functools.partial(self._tab_close, tab, prev,
                                  next_, opposite)

        self._tab_close_prompt_if_pinned(tab, force, close)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window',
                       name='tab-pin')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def tab_pin(self, count=None):
        """Pin/Unpin the current/[count]th tab.

        Pinning a tab shrinks it to tabs->pinned-width size.
        Attempting to close a pinned tab will cause a confirmation,
        unless --force is passed.

        Args:
            count: The tab index to pin or unpin, or None
        """
        tab = self._cntwidget(count)
        if tab is None:
            return

        to_pin = not tab.data.pinned
        tab_index = self._current_index() if count is None else count - 1
        cmdutils.check_overflow(tab_index + 1, 'int')
        self._tabbed_browser.set_tab_pinned(tab_index, to_pin)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', name='open',
                       maxsplit=0, scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('url', completion=usertypes.Completion.url)
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def openurl(self, url=None, implicit=False,
                bg=False, tab=False, window=False, count=None, secure=False,
                private=False):
        """Open a URL in the current/[count]th tab.

        If the URL contains newlines, each line gets opened in its own tab.

        Args:
            url: The URL to open.
            bg: Open in a new background tab.
            tab: Open in a new tab.
            window: Open in a new window.
            implicit: If opening a new tab, treat the tab as implicit (like
                      clicking on a link).
            count: The tab index to open the URL in, or None.
            secure: Force HTTPS.
            private: Open a new window in private browsing mode.
        """
        if url is None:
            urls = [config.get('general', 'default-page')]
        else:
            urls = self._parse_url_input(url)

        for i, cur_url in enumerate(urls):
            if secure:
                cur_url.setScheme('https')
            if not window and i > 0:
                tab = False
                bg = True

            if tab or bg or window or private:
                self._open(cur_url, tab, bg, window, explicit=not implicit,
                           private=private)
            else:
                curtab = self._cntwidget(count)
                if curtab is None:
                    if count is None:
                        # We want to open a URL in the current tab, but none
                        # exists yet.
                        self._tabbed_browser.tabopen(cur_url)
                    else:
                        # Explicit count with a tab that doesn't exist.
                        return
                elif curtab.data.pinned:
                    message.info("Tab is pinned!")
                else:
                    curtab.openurl(cur_url)

    def _parse_url(self, url, *, force_search=False):
        """Parse a URL or quickmark or search query.

        Args:
            url: The URL to parse.
            force_search: Whether to force a search even if the content can be
                          interpreted as a URL or a path.

        Return:
            A URL that can be opened.
        """
        try:
            return objreg.get('quickmark-manager').get(url)
        except urlmarks.Error:
            try:
                return urlutils.fuzzy_url(url, force_search=force_search)
            except urlutils.InvalidUrlError as e:
                # We don't use cmdexc.CommandError here as this can be
                # called async from edit_url
                message.error(str(e))
                return None

    def _parse_url_input(self, url):
        """Parse a URL or newline-separated list of URLs.

        Args:
            url: The URL or list to parse.

        Return:
            A list of URLs that can be opened.
        """
        force_search = False
        urllist = [u for u in url.split('\n') if u.strip()]
        if (len(urllist) > 1 and not urlutils.is_url(urllist[0]) and
                urlutils.get_path_if_valid(urllist[0], check_exists=True)
                is None):
            urllist = [url]
            force_search = True
        for cur_url in urllist:
            parsed = self._parse_url(cur_url, force_search=force_search)
            if parsed is not None:
                yield parsed

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', name='reload',
                       scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def reloadpage(self, force=False, count=None):
        """Reload the current/[count]th tab.

        Args:
            count: The tab index to reload, or None.
            force: Bypass the page cache.
        """
        tab = self._cntwidget(count)
        if tab is not None:
            tab.reload(force=force)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def stop(self, count=None):
        """Stop loading in the current/[count]th tab.

        Args:
            count: The tab index to stop, or None.
        """
        tab = self._cntwidget(count)
        if tab is not None:
            tab.stop()

    def _print_preview(self, tab):
        """Show a print preview."""
        def print_callback(ok):
            if not ok:
                message.error("Printing failed!")

        tab.printing.check_preview_support()
        diag = QPrintPreviewDialog(tab)
        diag.setAttribute(Qt.WA_DeleteOnClose)
        diag.setWindowFlags(diag.windowFlags() | Qt.WindowMaximizeButtonHint |
                            Qt.WindowMinimizeButtonHint)
        diag.paintRequested.connect(functools.partial(
            tab.printing.to_printer, callback=print_callback))
        diag.exec_()

    def _print_pdf(self, tab, filename):
        """Print to the given PDF file."""
        tab.printing.check_pdf_support()
        filename = os.path.expanduser(filename)
        directory = os.path.dirname(filename)
        if directory and not os.path.exists(directory):
            os.mkdir(directory)
        tab.printing.to_pdf(filename)
        log.misc.debug("Print to file: {}".format(filename))

    def _print(self, tab):
        """Print with a QPrintDialog."""
        def print_callback(ok):
            """Called when printing finished."""
            if not ok:
                message.error("Printing failed!")
            diag.deleteLater()

        diag = QPrintDialog(tab)
        diag.open(lambda: tab.printing.to_printer(diag.printer(),
                                                  print_callback))

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', name='print',
                       scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    @cmdutils.argument('pdf', flag='f', metavar='file')
    def printpage(self, preview=False, count=None, *, pdf=None):
        """Print the current/[count]th tab.

        Args:
            preview: Show preview instead of printing.
            count: The tab index to print, or None.
            pdf: The file path to write the PDF to.
        """
        tab = self._cntwidget(count)
        if tab is None:
            return

        try:
            if pdf:
                tab.printing.check_pdf_support()
            else:
                tab.printing.check_printer_support()
            if preview:
                tab.printing.check_preview_support()
        except browsertab.WebTabError as e:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError(e)

        if preview:
            self._print_preview(tab)
        elif pdf:
            self._print_pdf(tab, pdf)
        else:
            self._print(tab)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    def tab_clone(self, bg=False, window=False):
        """Duplicate the current tab.

        Args:
            bg: Open in a background tab.
            window: Open in a new window.

        Return:
            The new QWebView.
        """
        cmdutils.check_exclusive((bg, window), 'bw')
        curtab = self._current_widget()
        cur_title = self._tabbed_browser.page_title(self._current_index())
        try:
            history = curtab.history.serialize()
        except browsertab.WebTabError as e:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError(e)

        # The new tab could be in a new tabbed_browser (e.g. because of
        # tabs-are-windows being set)
        if window:
            new_tabbed_browser = self._new_tabbed_browser(
                private=self._tabbed_browser.private)
        else:
            new_tabbed_browser = self._tabbed_browser
        newtab = new_tabbed_browser.tabopen(background=bg)
        new_tabbed_browser = objreg.get('tabbed-browser', scope='window',
                                        window=newtab.win_id)
        idx = new_tabbed_browser.indexOf(newtab)

        new_tabbed_browser.set_page_title(idx, cur_title)
        if config.get('tabs', 'show-favicons'):
            new_tabbed_browser.setTabIcon(idx, curtab.icon())
            if config.get('tabs', 'tabs-are-windows'):
                new_tabbed_browser.window().setWindowIcon(curtab.icon())

        newtab.data.keep_icon = True
        newtab.history.deserialize(history)
        newtab.zoom.set_factor(curtab.zoom.factor())
        new_tabbed_browser.set_tab_pinned(idx, curtab.data.pinned)
        return newtab

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    def tab_detach(self):
        """Detach the current tab to its own window."""
        if self._count() < 2:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("Cannot detach one tab.")
        url = self._current_url()
        self._open(url, window=True)
        cur_widget = self._current_widget()
        self._tabbed_browser.close_tab(cur_widget, add_undo=False)

    def _back_forward(self, tab, bg, window, count, forward):
        """Helper function for :back/:forward."""
        history = self._current_widget().history
        # Catch common cases before e.g. cloning tab
        if not forward and not history.can_go_back():
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("At beginning of history.")
        elif forward and not history.can_go_forward():
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("At end of history.")

        if tab or bg or window:
            widget = self.tab_clone(bg, window)
        else:
            widget = self._current_widget()

        for _ in range(count):
            if forward:
                if not widget.history.can_go_forward():
                    raise cmdexc.CommandError("At end of history.")
                widget.history.forward()
            else:
                if not widget.history.can_go_back():
                    raise cmdexc.CommandError("At beginning of history.")
                widget.history.back()

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def back(self, tab=False, bg=False, window=False, count=1):
        """Go back in the history of the current tab.

        Args:
            tab: Go back in a new tab.
            bg: Go back in a background tab.
            window: Go back in a new window.
            count: How many pages to go back.
        """
        self._back_forward(tab, bg, window, count, forward=False)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def forward(self, tab=False, bg=False, window=False, count=1):
        """Go forward in the history of the current tab.

        Args:
            tab: Go forward in a new tab.
            bg: Go forward in a background tab.
            window: Go forward in a new window.
            count: How many pages to go forward.
        """
        self._back_forward(tab, bg, window, count, forward=True)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('where', choices=['prev', 'next', 'up', 'increment',
                                         'decrement'])
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def navigate(self, where: str, tab=False, bg=False, window=False, count=1):
        """Open typical prev/next links or navigate using the URL path.

        This tries to automatically click on typical _Previous Page_ or
        _Next Page_ links using some heuristics.

        Alternatively it can navigate by changing the current URL.

        Args:
            where: What to open.

                - `prev`: Open a _previous_ link.
                - `next`: Open a _next_ link.
                - `up`: Go up a level in the current URL.
                - `increment`: Increment the last number in the URL.
                - `decrement`: Decrement the last number in the URL.

            tab: Open in a new tab.
            bg: Open in a background tab.
            window: Open in a new window.
            count: For `increment` and `decrement`, the number to change the
                   URL by. For `up`, the number of levels to go up in the URL.
        """
        # save the pre-jump position in the special ' mark
        self.set_mark("'")

        cmdutils.check_exclusive((tab, bg, window), 'tbw')
        widget = self._current_widget()
        url = self._current_url().adjusted(QUrl.RemoveFragment)

        handlers = {
            'prev': functools.partial(navigate.prevnext, prev=True),
            'next': functools.partial(navigate.prevnext, prev=False),
            'up': navigate.path_up,
            'decrement': functools.partial(navigate.incdec,
                                           inc_or_dec='decrement'),
            'increment': functools.partial(navigate.incdec,
                                           inc_or_dec='increment'),
        }

        try:
            if where in ['prev', 'next']:
                handler = handlers[where]
                handler(browsertab=widget, win_id=self._win_id, baseurl=url,
                        tab=tab, background=bg, window=window)
            elif where in ['up', 'increment', 'decrement']:
                new_url = handlers[where](url, count)
                self._open(new_url, tab, bg, window, explicit=False)
            else:  # pragma: no cover
                raise ValueError("Got called with invalid value {} for "
                                "`where'.".format(where))
        except navigate.Error as e:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError(e)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def scroll_px(self, dx: int, dy: int, count=1):
        """Scroll the current tab by 'count * dx/dy' pixels.

        Args:
            dx: How much to scroll in x-direction.
            dy: How much to scroll in y-direction.
            count: multiplier
        """
        dx *= count
        dy *= count
        cmdutils.check_overflow(dx, 'int')
        cmdutils.check_overflow(dy, 'int')
        self._current_widget().scroller.delta(dx, dy)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def scroll(self, direction: typing.Union[str, int], count=1):
        """Scroll the current tab in the given direction.

        Note you can use `:run-with-count` to have a keybinding with a bigger
        scroll increment.

        Args:
            direction: In which direction to scroll
                       (up/down/left/right/top/bottom).
            count: multiplier
        """
        tab = self._current_widget()
        funcs = {
            'up': tab.scroller.up,
            'down': tab.scroller.down,
            'left': tab.scroller.left,
            'right': tab.scroller.right,
            'top': tab.scroller.top,
            'bottom': tab.scroller.bottom,
            'page-up': tab.scroller.page_up,
            'page-down': tab.scroller.page_down,
        }
        try:
            func = funcs[direction]
        except KeyError:
            expected_values = ', '.join(sorted(funcs))
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("Invalid value {!r} for direction - "
                                      "expected one of: {}".format(
                                          direction, expected_values))

        if direction in ['top', 'bottom']:
            func()
        else:
            func(count=count)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    @cmdutils.argument('horizontal', flag='x')
    def scroll_perc(self, perc: float = None, horizontal=False, count=None):
        """Scroll to a specific percentage of the page.

        The percentage can be given either as argument or as count.
        If no percentage is given, the page is scrolled to the end.

        Args:
            perc: Percentage to scroll.
            horizontal: Scroll horizontally instead of vertically.
            count: Percentage to scroll.
        """
        # save the pre-jump position in the special ' mark
        self.set_mark("'")

        if perc is None and count is None:
            perc = 100
        elif count is not None:
            perc = count

        if horizontal:
            x = perc
            y = None
        else:
            x = None
            y = perc

        self._current_widget().scroller.to_perc(x, y)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    @cmdutils.argument('top_navigate', metavar='ACTION',
                       choices=('prev', 'decrement'))
    @cmdutils.argument('bottom_navigate', metavar='ACTION',
                       choices=('next', 'increment'))
    def scroll_page(self, x: float, y: float, *,
                    top_navigate: str = None, bottom_navigate: str = None,
                    count=1):
        """Scroll the frame page-wise.

        Args:
            x: How many pages to scroll to the right.
            y: How many pages to scroll down.
            bottom_navigate: :navigate action (next, increment) to run when
                             scrolling down at the bottom of the page.
            top_navigate: :navigate action (prev, decrement) to run when
                          scrolling up at the top of the page.
            count: multiplier
        """
        tab = self._current_widget()
        if not tab.url().isValid():
            # See https://github.com/qutebrowser/qutebrowser/issues/701
            return

        if bottom_navigate is not None and tab.scroller.at_bottom():
            self.navigate(bottom_navigate)
            return
        elif top_navigate is not None and tab.scroller.at_top():
            self.navigate(top_navigate)
            return

        try:
            tab.scroller.delta_page(count * x, count * y)
        except OverflowError:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError(
                "Numeric argument is too large for internal int "
                "representation.")

    def _yank_url(self, what):
        """Helper method for yank() to get the URL to copy."""
        assert what in ['url', 'pretty-url'], what
        flags = QUrl.RemovePassword
        if what == 'pretty-url':
            flags |= QUrl.DecodeReserved
        else:
            flags |= QUrl.FullyEncoded
        url = QUrl(self._current_url())
        url_query = QUrlQuery()
        url_query_str = url.query()
        if '&' not in url_query_str and ';' in url_query_str:
            url_query.setQueryDelimiters('=', ';')
        url_query.setQuery(url_query_str)
        for key in dict(url_query.queryItems()):
            if key in config.get('general', 'yank-ignored-url-parameters'):
                url_query.removeQueryItem(key)
        url.setQuery(url_query)
        return url.toString(flags)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('what', choices=['selection', 'url', 'pretty-url',
                                        'title', 'domain'])
    def yank(self, what='url', sel=False, keep=False):
        """Yank something to the clipboard or primary selection.

        Args:
            what: What to yank.

                - `url`: The current URL.
                - `pretty-url`: The URL in pretty decoded form.
                - `title`: The current page's title.
                - `domain`: The current scheme, domain, and port number.
                - `selection`: The selection under the cursor.

            sel: Use the primary selection instead of the clipboard.
            keep: Stay in visual mode after yanking the selection.
        """
        if what == 'title':
            s = self._tabbed_browser.page_title(self._current_index())
        elif what == 'domain':
            port = self._current_url().port()
            s = '{}://{}{}'.format(self._current_url().scheme(),
                                   self._current_url().host(),
                                   ':' + str(port) if port > -1 else '')
        elif what in ['url', 'pretty-url']:
            s = self._yank_url(what)
            what = 'URL'  # For printing
        elif what == 'selection':
            caret = self._current_widget().caret
            s = caret.selection()
            if not caret.has_selection() or not s:
                message.info("Nothing to yank")
                return
        else:  # pragma: no cover
            raise ValueError("Invalid value {!r} for `what'.".format(what))

        if sel and utils.supports_selection():
            target = "primary selection"
        else:
            sel = False
            target = "clipboard"

        utils.set_clipboard(s, selection=sel)
        if what != 'selection':
            message.info("Yanked {} to {}: {}".format(what, target, s))
        else:
            message.info("{} {} yanked to {}".format(
                len(s), "char" if len(s) == 1 else "chars", target))
            if not keep:
                modeman.leave(self._win_id, KeyMode.caret, "yank selected",
                              maybe=True)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def zoom_in(self, count=1):
        """Increase the zoom level for the current tab.

        Args:
            count: How many steps to zoom in.
        """
        tab = self._current_widget()
        try:
            perc = tab.zoom.offset(count)
        except ValueError as e:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError(e)
        message.info("Zoom level: {}%".format(perc), replace=True)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def zoom_out(self, count=1):
        """Decrease the zoom level for the current tab.

        Args:
            count: How many steps to zoom out.
        """
        tab = self._current_widget()
        try:
            perc = tab.zoom.offset(-count)
        except ValueError as e:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError(e)
        message.info("Zoom level: {}%".format(perc), replace=True)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def zoom(self, zoom: int = None, count=None):
        """Set the zoom level for the current tab.

        The zoom can be given as argument or as [count]. If neither is
        given, the zoom is set to the default zoom. If both are given,
        use [count].

        Args:
            zoom: The zoom percentage to set.
            count: The zoom percentage to set.
        """
        level = count if count is not None else zoom
        if level is None:
            level = config.get('ui', 'default-zoom')
        tab = self._current_widget()

        try:
            tab.zoom.set_factor(float(level) / 100)
        except ValueError:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("Can't zoom {}%!".format(level))
        message.info("Zoom level: {}%".format(level), replace=True)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    def tab_only(self, prev=False, next_=False, force=False):
        """Close all tabs except for the current one.

        Args:
            prev: Keep tabs before the current.
            next_: Keep tabs after the current.
            force: Avoid confirmation for pinned tabs.
        """
        cmdutils.check_exclusive((prev, next_), 'pn')
        cur_idx = self._tabbed_browser.currentIndex()
        assert cur_idx != -1

        def _to_close(i):
            """Helper method to check if a tab should be closed or not."""
            return not (i == cur_idx or
                        (prev and i < cur_idx) or
                        (next_ and i > cur_idx))

        # Check to see if we are closing any pinned tabs
        if not force:
            for i, tab in enumerate(self._tabbed_browser.widgets()):
                if _to_close(i) and tab.data.pinned:
                    self._tab_close_prompt_if_pinned(
                        tab, force,
                        lambda: self.tab_only(
                            prev=prev, next_=next_, force=True))
                    return

        for i, tab in enumerate(self._tabbed_browser.widgets()):
            if _to_close(i):
                self._tabbed_browser.close_tab(tab)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    def undo(self):
        """Re-open a closed tab (optionally skipping [count] closed tabs)."""
        try:
            self._tabbed_browser.undo()
        except IndexError:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("Nothing to undo!")

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def tab_prev(self, count=1):
        """Switch to the previous tab, or switch [count] tabs back.

        Args:
            count: How many tabs to switch back.
        """
        if self._count() == 0:
            # Running :tab-prev after last tab was closed
            # See https://github.com/qutebrowser/qutebrowser/issues/1448
            return
        newidx = self._current_index() - count
        if newidx >= 0:
            self._set_current_index(newidx)
        elif config.get('tabs', 'wrap'):
            self._set_current_index(newidx % self._count())
        else:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("First tab")

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def tab_next(self, count=1):
        """Switch to the next tab, or switch [count] tabs forward.

        Args:
            count: How many tabs to switch forward.
        """
        if self._count() == 0:
            # Running :tab-next after last tab was closed
            # See https://github.com/qutebrowser/qutebrowser/issues/1448
            return
        newidx = self._current_index() + count
        if newidx < self._count():
            self._set_current_index(newidx)
        elif config.get('tabs', 'wrap'):
            self._set_current_index(newidx % self._count())
        else:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("Last tab")

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window',
                       deprecated="Use :open {clipboard}")
    def paste(self, sel=False, tab=False, bg=False, window=False):
        """Open a page from the clipboard.

        If the pasted text contains newlines, each line gets opened in its own
        tab.

        Args:
            sel: Use the primary selection instead of the clipboard.
            tab: Open in a new tab.
            bg: Open in a background tab.
            window: Open in new window.
        """
        force_search = False
        if not utils.supports_selection():
            sel = False
        try:
            text = utils.get_clipboard(selection=sel)
        except utils.ClipboardError as e:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError(e)
        text_urls = [u for u in text.split('\n') if u.strip()]
        if (len(text_urls) > 1 and not urlutils.is_url(text_urls[0]) and
            urlutils.get_path_if_valid(
                text_urls[0], check_exists=True) is None):
            force_search = True
            text_urls = [text]
        for i, text_url in enumerate(text_urls):
            if not window and i > 0:
                tab = False
                bg = True
            try:
                url = urlutils.fuzzy_url(text_url, force_search=force_search)
            except urlutils.InvalidUrlError as e:
                raise cmdexc.CommandError(e)
            self._open(url, tab, bg, window)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('index', completion=usertypes.Completion.tab)
    def buffer(self, index):
        """Select tab by index or url/title best match.

        Focuses window if necessary.

        Args:
            index: The [win_id/]index of the tab to focus. Or a substring
                   in which case the closest match will be focused.
        """
        index_parts = index.split('/', 1)

        try:
            for part in index_parts:
                int(part)
        except ValueError:
            model = instances.get(usertypes.Completion.tab)
            sf = sortfilter.CompletionFilterModel(source=model)
            sf.set_pattern(index)
            if sf.count() > 0:
                index = sf.data(sf.first_item())
                index_parts = index.split('/', 1)
            else:
                raise cmdexc.CommandError(
                    "No matching tab for: {}".format(index))

        if len(index_parts) == 2:
            win_id = int(index_parts[0])
            idx = int(index_parts[1])
        elif len(index_parts) == 1:
            idx = int(index_parts[0])
            active_win = objreg.get('app').activeWindow()
            if active_win is None:
                # Not sure how you enter a command without an active window...
                raise cmdexc.CommandError(
                    "No window specified and couldn't find active window!")
            win_id = active_win.win_id

        if win_id not in objreg.window_registry:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError(
                "There's no window with id {}!".format(win_id))

        tabbed_browser = objreg.get('tabbed-browser', scope='window',
                                    window=win_id)
        if not 0 < idx <= tabbed_browser.count():
            raise cmdexc.CommandError(
                "There's no tab with index {}!".format(idx))

        window = objreg.window_registry[win_id]
        window.activateWindow()
        window.raise_()
        tabbed_browser.setCurrentIndex(idx-1)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('index', choices=['last'])
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def tab_focus(self, index: typing.Union[str, int]=None, count=None):
        """Select the tab given as argument/[count].

        If neither count nor index are given, it behaves like tab-next.
        If both are given, use count.

        Args:
            index: The tab index to focus, starting with 1. The special value
                   `last` focuses the last focused tab (regardless of count).
                   Negative indices count from the end, such that -1 is the
                   last tab.
            count: The tab index to focus, starting with 1.
        """
        index = count if count is not None else index

        if index == 'last':
            self._tab_focus_last()
            return
        elif index == self._current_index() + 1:
            self._tab_focus_last(show_error=False)
            return
        elif index is None:
            self.tab_next()
            return

        if index < 0:
            index = self._count() + index + 1

        if 1 <= index <= self._count():
            self._set_current_index(index - 1)
        else:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("There's no tab with index {}!".format(
                index))

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('index', choices=['+', '-'])
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def tab_move(self, index: typing.Union[str, int]=None, count=None):
        """Move the current tab according to the argument and [count].

        If neither is given, move it to the first position.

        Args:
            index: `+` or `-` to move relative to the current tab by
                   count, or a default of 1 space.
                   A tab index to move to that index.
            count: If moving relatively: Offset.
                   If moving absolutely: New position (default: 0). This
                   overrides the index argument, if given.
        """
        if index in ['+', '-']:
            # relative moving
            new_idx = self._current_index()
            delta = 1 if count is None else count
            if index == '-':
                new_idx -= delta
            elif index == '+':  # pragma: no branch
                new_idx += delta

            if config.get('tabs', 'wrap'):
                new_idx %= self._count()
        else:
            # absolute moving
            if count is not None:
                new_idx = count - 1
            elif index is not None:
                new_idx = index - 1 if index >= 0 else index + self._count()
            else:
                new_idx = 0

        if not 0 <= new_idx < self._count():
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("Can't move tab to position {}!".format(
                new_idx + 1))

        cur_idx = self._current_index()
        cmdutils.check_overflow(cur_idx, 'int')
        cmdutils.check_overflow(new_idx, 'int')
        self._tabbed_browser.tabBar().moveTab(cur_idx, new_idx)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window',
                       maxsplit=0, no_replace_variables=True)
    def spawn(self, cmdline, userscript=False, verbose=False, detach=False):
        """Spawn a command in a shell.

        Args:
            userscript: Run the command as a userscript. You can use an
                        absolute path, or store the userscript in one of those
                        locations:
                            - `~/.local/share/qutebrowser/userscripts`
                              (or `$XDG_DATA_DIR`)
                            - `/usr/share/qutebrowser/userscripts`
            verbose: Show notifications when the command started/exited.
            detach: Whether the command should be detached from qutebrowser.
            cmdline: The commandline to execute.
        """
        try:
            cmd, *args = shlex.split(cmdline)
        except ValueError as e:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("Error while splitting command: "
                                      "{}".format(e))

        args = runners.replace_variables(self._win_id, args)

        log.procs.debug("Executing {} with args {}, userscript={}".format(
            cmd, args, userscript))
        if userscript:
            # ~ expansion is handled by the userscript module.
            self._run_userscript(cmd, *args, verbose=verbose)
        else:
            cmd = os.path.expanduser(cmd)
            proc = guiprocess.GUIProcess(what='command', verbose=verbose,
                                         parent=self._tabbed_browser)
            if detach:
                proc.start_detached(cmd, args)
            else:
                proc.start(cmd, args)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    def home(self):
        """Open main startpage in current tab."""
        self.openurl(config.get('general', 'startpage')[0])

    def _run_userscript(self, cmd, *args, verbose=False):
        """Run a userscript given as argument.

        Args:
            cmd: The userscript to run.
            args: Arguments to pass to the userscript.
            verbose: Show notifications when the command started/exited.
        """
        env = {
            'QUTE_MODE': 'command',
        }

        idx = self._current_index()
        if idx != -1:
            env['QUTE_TITLE'] = self._tabbed_browser.page_title(idx)

        tab = self._tabbed_browser.currentWidget()
        if tab is not None and tab.caret.has_selection():
            env['QUTE_SELECTED_TEXT'] = tab.caret.selection()
            try:
                env['QUTE_SELECTED_HTML'] = tab.caret.selection(html=True)
            except browsertab.UnsupportedOperationError:
                pass

        # FIXME:qtwebengine: If tab is None, run_async will fail!

        try:
            url = self._tabbed_browser.current_url()
        except qtutils.QtValueError:
            pass
        else:
            env['QUTE_URL'] = url.toString(QUrl.FullyEncoded)

        try:
            userscripts.run_async(tab, cmd, *args, win_id=self._win_id,
                                  env=env, verbose=verbose)
        except userscripts.Error as e:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError(e)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    def quickmark_save(self):
        """Save the current page as a quickmark."""
        quickmark_manager = objreg.get('quickmark-manager')
        quickmark_manager.prompt_save(self._current_url())

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window',
                       maxsplit=0)
    @cmdutils.argument('name',
                       completion=usertypes.Completion.quickmark_by_name)
    def quickmark_load(self, name, tab=False, bg=False, window=False):
        """Load a quickmark.

        Args:
            name: The name of the quickmark to load.
            tab: Load the quickmark in a new tab.
            bg: Load the quickmark in a new background tab.
            window: Load the quickmark in a new window.
        """
        try:
            url = objreg.get('quickmark-manager').get(name)
        except urlmarks.Error as e:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError(str(e))
        self._open(url, tab, bg, window)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window',
                       maxsplit=0)
    @cmdutils.argument('name',
                       completion=usertypes.Completion.quickmark_by_name)
    def quickmark_del(self, name=None):
        """Delete a quickmark.

        Args:
            name: The name of the quickmark to delete. If not given, delete the
                  quickmark for the current page (choosing one arbitrarily
                  if there are more than one).
        """
        quickmark_manager = objreg.get('quickmark-manager')
        if name is None:
            url = self._current_url()
            try:
                name = quickmark_manager.get_by_qurl(url)
            except urlmarks.DoesNotExistError as e:
                raise cmdexc.CommandError(str(e))
        try:
            quickmark_manager.delete(name)
        except KeyError:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("Quickmark '{}' not found!".format(name))

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    def bookmark_add(self, url=None, title=None, toggle=False):
        """Save the current page as a bookmark, or a specific url.

        If no url and title are provided, then save the current page as a
        bookmark.
        If a url and title have been provided, then save the given url as
        a bookmark with the provided title.

        You can view all saved bookmarks on the
        link:qute://bookmarks[bookmarks page].

        Args:
            url: url to save as a bookmark. If None, use url of current page.
            title: title of the new bookmark.
            toggle: remove the bookmark instead of raising an error if it
                    already exists.
        """
        if url and not title:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError('Title must be provided if url has '
                                      'been provided')
        bookmark_manager = objreg.get('bookmark-manager')
        if url is None:
            url = self._current_url()
        else:
            try:
                url = urlutils.fuzzy_url(url)
            except urlutils.InvalidUrlError as e:
                raise cmdexc.CommandError(e)
        if not title:
            title = self._current_title()
        try:
            was_added = bookmark_manager.add(url, title, toggle=toggle)
        except urlmarks.Error as e:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError(str(e))
        else:
            msg = "Bookmarked {}" if was_added else "Removed bookmark {}"
            message.info(msg.format(url.toDisplayString()))

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window',
                       maxsplit=0)
    @cmdutils.argument('url', completion=usertypes.Completion.bookmark_by_url)
    def bookmark_load(self, url, tab=False, bg=False, window=False,
                      delete=False):
        """Load a bookmark.

        Args:
            url: The url of the bookmark to load.
            tab: Load the bookmark in a new tab.
            bg: Load the bookmark in a new background tab.
            window: Load the bookmark in a new window.
            delete: Whether to delete the bookmark afterwards.
        """
        try:
            qurl = urlutils.fuzzy_url(url)
        except urlutils.InvalidUrlError as e:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError(e)
        self._open(qurl, tab, bg, window)
        if delete:
            self.bookmark_del(url)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window',
                       maxsplit=0)
    @cmdutils.argument('url', completion=usertypes.Completion.bookmark_by_url)
    def bookmark_del(self, url=None):
        """Delete a bookmark.

        Args:
            url: The url of the bookmark to delete. If not given, use the
                 current page's url.
        """
        if url is None:
            url = self._current_url().toString(QUrl.RemovePassword |
                                               QUrl.FullyEncoded)
        try:
            objreg.get('bookmark-manager').delete(url)
        except KeyError:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("Bookmark '{}' not found!".format(url))

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       scope='window')
    def follow_selected(self, *, tab=False):
        """Follow the selected text.

        Args:
            tab: Load the selected link in a new tab.
        """
        try:
            self._current_widget().caret.follow_selected(tab=tab)
        except browsertab.WebTabError as e:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError(str(e))

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', name='inspector',
                       scope='window')
    def toggle_inspector(self):
        """Toggle the web inspector.

        Note: Due a bug in Qt, the inspector will show incorrect request
        headers in the network tab.
        """
        tab = self._current_widget()
        # FIXME:qtwebengine have a proper API for this
        page = tab._widget.page()  # pylint: disable=protected-access

        try:
            if tab.data.inspector is None:
                tab.data.inspector = inspector.create()
                tab.data.inspector.inspect(page)
            else:
                tab.data.inspector.toggle(page)
        except inspector.WebInspectorError as e:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError(e)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('dest_old', hide=True)
    def download(self, url=None, dest_old=None, *, mhtml_=False, dest=None):
        """Download a given URL, or current page if no URL given.

        The form `:download [url] [dest]` is deprecated, use `:download --dest
        [dest] [url]` instead.

        Args:
            url: The URL to download. If not given, download the current page.
            dest_old: (deprecated) Same as dest.
            dest: The file path to write the download to, or None to ask.
            mhtml_: Download the current page and all assets as mhtml file.
        """
        if dest_old is not None:
            message.warning(":download [url] [dest] is deprecated - use "
                            ":download --dest [dest] [url]")
            if dest is not None:
                raise cmdexc.CommandError("Can't give two destinations for the"
                                          " download.")
            dest = dest_old

        # FIXME:qtwebengine do this with the QtWebEngine download manager?
        download_manager = objreg.get('qtnetwork-download-manager',
                                      scope='window', window=self._win_id)
        target = None
        if dest is not None:
            dest = downloads.transform_path(dest)
            if dest is None:
                raise cmdexc.CommandError("Invalid target filename")
            target = downloads.FileDownloadTarget(dest)

        tab = self._current_widget()
        user_agent = tab.user_agent()

        if url:
            if mhtml_:
                raise cmdexc.CommandError("Can only download the current page"
                                          " as mhtml.")
            url = urlutils.qurl_from_user_input(url)
            urlutils.raise_cmdexc_if_invalid(url)
            download_manager.get(url, user_agent=user_agent, target=target)
        elif mhtml_:
            tab = self._current_widget()
            if tab.backend == usertypes.Backend.QtWebEngine:
                webengine_download_manager = objreg.get(
                    'webengine-download-manager')
                try:
                    webengine_download_manager.get_mhtml(tab, target)
                except browsertab.UnsupportedOperationError as e:
                    raise cmdexc.CommandError(e)
            else:
                download_manager.get_mhtml(tab, target)
        else:
            qnam = tab.networkaccessmanager()

            # Downloads of URLs with file extensions in the whitelist will use
            # the page title as the filename.
            ext_whitelist = [".html", ".htm", ".php", ""]
            _, ext = os.path.splitext(self._current_url().path())
            if ext.lower() in ext_whitelist and tab.title():
                suggested_fn = utils.sanitize_filename(tab.title()) + ext
            else:
                suggested_fn = None

            download_manager.get(
                self._current_url(),
                user_agent=user_agent,
                qnam=qnam,
                target=target,
                suggested_fn=suggested_fn
            )

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    def view_source(self):
        """Show the source of the current page in a new tab."""
        # pylint: disable=no-member
        # WORKAROUND for https://bitbucket.org/logilab/pylint/issue/491/
        tab = self._current_widget()
        if tab.data.viewing_source:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("Already viewing source!")

        try:
            current_url = self._current_url()
        except cmdexc.CommandError as e:
            message.error(str(e))
            return

        def show_source_cb(source):
            """Show source as soon as it's ready."""
            lexer = pygments.lexers.HtmlLexer()
            formatter = pygments.formatters.HtmlFormatter(
                full=True, linenos='table',
                title='Source for {}'.format(current_url.toDisplayString()))
            highlighted = pygments.highlight(source, lexer, formatter)

            new_tab = self._tabbed_browser.tabopen()
            new_tab.set_html(highlighted)
            new_tab.data.viewing_source = True

        tab.dump_async(show_source_cb)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window',
                       debug=True)
    def debug_dump_page(self, dest, plain=False):
        """Dump the current page's content to a file.

        Args:
            dest: Where to write the file to.
            plain: Write plain text instead of HTML.
        """
        tab = self._current_widget()
        dest = os.path.expanduser(dest)

        def callback(data):
            try:
                with open(dest, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                    f.write(data)
            except OSError as e:
                message.error('Could not write page: {}'.format(e))
            else:
                message.info("Dumped page to {}.".format(dest))

        tab.dump_async(callback, plain=plain)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    def history(self, tab=True, bg=False, window=False):
        """Show browsing history.

        Args:
            tab: Open in a new tab.
            bg: Open in a background tab.
            window: Open in a new window.
        """
        url = QUrl('qute://history/')
        self._open(url, tab, bg, window)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', name='help',
                       scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('topic', completion=usertypes.Completion.helptopic)
    def show_help(self, tab=False, bg=False, window=False, topic=None):
        r"""Show help about a command or setting.

        Args:
            tab: Open in a new tab.
            bg: Open in a background tab.
            window: Open in a new window.
            topic: The topic to show help for.

                   - :__command__ for commands.
                   - __section__\->__option__ for settings.
        """
        if topic is None:
            path = 'index.html'
        elif topic.startswith(':'):
            command = topic[1:]
            if command not in cmdutils.cmd_dict:
                raise cmdexc.CommandError("Invalid command {}!".format(
                    command))
            path = 'commands.html#{}'.format(command)
        elif '->' in topic:
            parts = topic.split('->')
            if len(parts) != 2:
                raise cmdexc.CommandError("Invalid help topic {}!".format(
                    topic))
            try:
                config.get(*parts)
            except configexc.NoSectionError:
                raise cmdexc.CommandError("Invalid section {}!".format(
                    parts[0]))
            except configexc.NoOptionError:
                raise cmdexc.CommandError("Invalid option {}!".format(
                    parts[1]))
            path = 'settings.html#{}'.format(topic.replace('->', '-'))
        else:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("Invalid help topic {}!".format(topic))
        url = QUrl('qute://help/{}'.format(path))
        self._open(url, tab, bg, window)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    def messages(self, level='info', plain=False, tab=False, bg=False,
                 window=False):
        """Show a log of past messages.

        Args:
            level: Include messages with `level` or higher severity.
                   Valid values: vdebug, debug, info, warning, error, critical.
            plain: Whether to show plaintext (as opposed to html).
            tab: Open in a new tab.
            bg: Open in a background tab.
            window: Open in a new window.
        """
        if level.upper() not in log.LOG_LEVELS:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("Invalid log level {}!".format(level))
        if plain:
            url = QUrl('qute://plainlog?level={}'.format(level))
        else:
            url = QUrl('qute://log?level={}'.format(level))
        self._open(url, tab, bg, window)

    def _open_editor_cb(self, elem):
        """Open editor after the focus elem was found in open_editor."""
        if elem is None:
            message.error("No element focused!")
            return
        if not elem.is_editable(strict=True):
            message.error("Focused element is not editable!")
            return

        text = elem.value()
        if text is None:
            message.error("Could not get text from the focused element.")
            return
        assert isinstance(text, str), text

        ed = editor.ExternalEditor(self._tabbed_browser)
        ed.editing_finished.connect(functools.partial(
            self.on_editing_finished, elem))
        ed.edit(text)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       scope='window')
    def open_editor(self):
        """Open an external editor with the currently selected form field.

        The editor which should be launched can be configured via the
        `general -> editor` config option.
        """
        tab = self._current_widget()
        tab.elements.find_focused(self._open_editor_cb)

    def on_editing_finished(self, elem, text):
        """Write the editor text into the form field and clean up tempfile.

        Callback for GUIProcess when the editor was closed.

        Args:
            elem: The WebElementWrapper which was modified.
            text: The new text to insert.
        """
        try:
            elem.set_value(text)
        except webelem.Error as e:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError(str(e))

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher',
                       deprecated="Use :insert-text {primary}",
                       modes=[KeyMode.insert], hide=True, scope='window',
                       backend=usertypes.Backend.QtWebKit)
    def paste_primary(self):
        """Paste the primary selection at cursor position."""
        self.insert_text(utils.get_clipboard(selection=True, fallback=True))

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', maxsplit=0,
                       scope='window')
    def insert_text(self, text):
        """Insert text at cursor position.

        Args:
            text: The text to insert.
        """
        tab = self._current_widget()

        def _insert_text_cb(elem):
            if elem is None:
                message.error("No element focused!")
                return
            try:
                elem.insert_text(text)
            except webelem.Error as e:
                message.error(str(e))
                return

        tab.elements.find_focused(_insert_text_cb)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window',
                       hide=True)
    @cmdutils.argument('filter_', choices=['id'])
    def click_element(self, filter_: str, value, *,
                      target: usertypes.ClickTarget=
                      usertypes.ClickTarget.normal,
                      force_event=False):
        """Click the element matching the given filter.

        The given filter needs to result in exactly one element, otherwise, an
        error is shown.

        Args:
            filter_: How to filter the elements.
                     id: Get an element based on its ID.
            value: The value to filter for.
            target: How to open the clicked element (normal/tab/tab-bg/window).
            force_event: Force generating a fake click event.
        """
        tab = self._current_widget()

        def single_cb(elem):
            """Click a single element."""
            if elem is None:
                message.error("No element found with id {}!".format(value))
                return
            try:
                elem.click(target, force_event=force_event)
            except webelem.Error as e:
                message.error(str(e))
                return

        # def multiple_cb(elems):
        #     """Click multiple elements (with only one expected)."""
        #     if not elems:
        #         message.error("No element found!")
        #         return
        #     elif len(elems) != 1:
        #         message.error("{} elements found!".format(len(elems)))
        #         return
        #     elems[0].click(target)

        handlers = {
            'id': (tab.elements.find_id, single_cb),
        }
        handler, callback = handlers[filter_]
        handler(value, callback)

    def _search_cb(self, found, *, tab, old_scroll_pos, options, text, prev):
        """Callback called from search/search_next/search_prev.

        Args:
            found: Whether the text was found.
            tab: The AbstractTab in which the search was made.
            old_scroll_pos: The scroll position (QPoint) before the search.
            options: The options (dict) the search was made with.
            text: The text searched for.
            prev: Whether we're searching backwards (i.e. :search-prev)
        """
        # :search/:search-next without reverse -> down
        # :search/:search-next    with reverse -> up
        # :search-prev         without reverse -> up
        # :search-prev            with reverse -> down
        going_up = options['reverse'] ^ prev

        if found:
            # Check if the scroll position got smaller and show info.
            if not going_up and tab.scroller.pos_px().y() < old_scroll_pos.y():
                message.info("Search hit BOTTOM, continuing at TOP")
            elif going_up and tab.scroller.pos_px().y() > old_scroll_pos.y():
                message.info("Search hit TOP, continuing at BOTTOM")
        else:
            message.warning("Text '{}' not found on page!".format(text))

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window',
                       maxsplit=0)
    def search(self, text="", reverse=False):
        """Search for a text on the current page. With no text, clear results.

        Args:
            text: The text to search for.
            reverse: Reverse search direction.
        """
        self.set_mark("'")
        tab = self._current_widget()
        tab.search.clear()

        if not text:
            return

        options = {
            'ignore_case': config.get('general', 'ignore-case'),
            'reverse': reverse,
        }

        self._tabbed_browser.search_text = text
        self._tabbed_browser.search_options = dict(options)

        cb = functools.partial(self._search_cb, tab=tab,
                               old_scroll_pos=tab.scroller.pos_px(),
                               options=options, text=text, prev=False)
        options['result_cb'] = cb

        tab.search.search(text, **options)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def search_next(self, count=1):
        """Continue the search to the ([count]th) next term.

        Args:
            count: How many elements to ignore.
        """
        tab = self._current_widget()
        window_text = self._tabbed_browser.search_text
        window_options = self._tabbed_browser.search_options

        if window_text is None:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("No search done yet.")

        self.set_mark("'")

        if window_text is not None and window_text != tab.search.text:
            tab.search.clear()
            tab.search.search(window_text, **window_options)
            count -= 1

        if count == 0:
            return

        cb = functools.partial(self._search_cb, tab=tab,
                               old_scroll_pos=tab.scroller.pos_px(),
                               options=window_options, text=window_text,
                               prev=False)

        for _ in range(count - 1):
            tab.search.next_result()
        tab.search.next_result(result_cb=cb)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def search_prev(self, count=1):
        """Continue the search to the ([count]th) previous term.

        Args:
            count: How many elements to ignore.
        """
        tab = self._current_widget()
        window_text = self._tabbed_browser.search_text
        window_options = self._tabbed_browser.search_options

        if window_text is None:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError("No search done yet.")

        self.set_mark("'")

        if window_text is not None and window_text != tab.search.text:
            tab.search.clear()
            tab.search.search(window_text, **window_options)
            count -= 1

        if count == 0:
            return

        cb = functools.partial(self._search_cb, tab=tab,
                               old_scroll_pos=tab.scroller.pos_px(),
                               options=window_options, text=window_text,
                               prev=True)

        for _ in range(count - 1):
            tab.search.prev_result()
        tab.search.prev_result(result_cb=cb)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       modes=[KeyMode.caret], scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def move_to_next_line(self, count=1):
        """Move the cursor or selection to the next line.

        Args:
            count: How many lines to move.
        """
        self._current_widget().caret.move_to_next_line(count)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       modes=[KeyMode.caret], scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def move_to_prev_line(self, count=1):
        """Move the cursor or selection to the prev line.

        Args:
            count: How many lines to move.
        """
        self._current_widget().caret.move_to_prev_line(count)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       modes=[KeyMode.caret], scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def move_to_next_char(self, count=1):
        """Move the cursor or selection to the next char.

        Args:
            count: How many lines to move.
        """
        self._current_widget().caret.move_to_next_char(count)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       modes=[KeyMode.caret], scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def move_to_prev_char(self, count=1):
        """Move the cursor or selection to the previous char.

        Args:
            count: How many chars to move.
        """
        self._current_widget().caret.move_to_prev_char(count)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       modes=[KeyMode.caret], scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def move_to_end_of_word(self, count=1):
        """Move the cursor or selection to the end of the word.

        Args:
            count: How many words to move.
        """
        self._current_widget().caret.move_to_end_of_word(count)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       modes=[KeyMode.caret], scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def move_to_next_word(self, count=1):
        """Move the cursor or selection to the next word.

        Args:
            count: How many words to move.
        """
        self._current_widget().caret.move_to_next_word(count)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       modes=[KeyMode.caret], scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def move_to_prev_word(self, count=1):
        """Move the cursor or selection to the previous word.

        Args:
            count: How many words to move.
        """
        self._current_widget().caret.move_to_prev_word(count)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       modes=[KeyMode.caret], scope='window')
    def move_to_start_of_line(self):
        """Move the cursor or selection to the start of the line."""
        self._current_widget().caret.move_to_start_of_line()

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       modes=[KeyMode.caret], scope='window')
    def move_to_end_of_line(self):
        """Move the cursor or selection to the end of line."""
        self._current_widget().caret.move_to_end_of_line()

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       modes=[KeyMode.caret], scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def move_to_start_of_next_block(self, count=1):
        """Move the cursor or selection to the start of next block.

        Args:
            count: How many blocks to move.
        """
        self._current_widget().caret.move_to_start_of_next_block(count)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       modes=[KeyMode.caret], scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def move_to_start_of_prev_block(self, count=1):
        """Move the cursor or selection to the start of previous block.

        Args:
            count: How many blocks to move.
        """
        self._current_widget().caret.move_to_start_of_prev_block(count)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       modes=[KeyMode.caret], scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def move_to_end_of_next_block(self, count=1):
        """Move the cursor or selection to the end of next block.

        Args:
            count: How many blocks to move.
        """
        self._current_widget().caret.move_to_end_of_next_block(count)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       modes=[KeyMode.caret], scope='window')
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def move_to_end_of_prev_block(self, count=1):
        """Move the cursor or selection to the end of previous block.

        Args:
            count: How many blocks to move.
        """
        self._current_widget().caret.move_to_end_of_prev_block(count)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       modes=[KeyMode.caret], scope='window')
    def move_to_start_of_document(self):
        """Move the cursor or selection to the start of the document."""
        self._current_widget().caret.move_to_start_of_document()

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       modes=[KeyMode.caret], scope='window')
    def move_to_end_of_document(self):
        """Move the cursor or selection to the end of the document."""
        self._current_widget().caret.move_to_end_of_document()

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       modes=[KeyMode.caret], scope='window')
    def toggle_selection(self):
        """Toggle caret selection mode."""
        self._current_widget().caret.toggle_selection()

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', hide=True,
                       modes=[KeyMode.caret], scope='window')
    def drop_selection(self):
        """Drop selection and keep selection mode enabled."""
        self._current_widget().caret.drop_selection()

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window',
                       debug=True)
    @cmdutils.argument('count', count=True)
    def debug_webaction(self, action, count=1):
        """Execute a webaction.

        Available actions:
        http://doc.qt.io/archives/qt-5.5/qwebpage.html#WebAction-enum (WebKit)
        http://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qwebenginepage.html#WebAction-enum (WebEngine)

        Args:
            action: The action to execute, e.g. MoveToNextChar.
            count: How many times to repeat the action.
        """
        tab = self._current_widget()
        for _ in range(count):
            try:
                tab.action.run_string(action)
            except browsertab.WebTabError as e:
                raise cmdexc.CommandError(str(e))

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window',
                       maxsplit=0, no_cmd_split=True)
    def jseval(self, js_code, file=False, quiet=False, *,
               world: typing.Union[usertypes.JsWorld, int]=None):
        """Evaluate a JavaScript string.

        Args:
            js_code: The string/file to evaluate.
            file: Interpret js-code as a path to a file.
            quiet: Don't show resulting JS object.
            world: Ignored on QtWebKit. On QtWebEngine, a world ID or name to
                   run the snippet in.
        """
        if world is None:
            world = usertypes.JsWorld.jseval

        if quiet:
            jseval_cb = None
        else:
            def jseval_cb(out):
                if out is None:
                    # Getting the actual error (if any) seems to be difficult.
                    # The error does end up in
                    # BrowserPage.javaScriptConsoleMessage(), but
                    # distinguishing between :jseval errors and errors from the
                    # webpage is not trivial...
                    message.info('No output or error')
                else:
                    # The output can be a string, number, dict, array, etc. But
                    # *don't* output too much data, as this will make
                    # qutebrowser hang
                    out = str(out)
                    if len(out) > 5000:
                        out = out[:5000] + ' [...trimmed...]'
                    message.info(out)

        if file:
            try:
                with open(js_code, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                    js_code = f.read()
            except OSError as e:
                raise cmdexc.CommandError(str(e))

        widget = self._current_widget()
        widget.run_js_async(js_code, callback=jseval_cb, world=world)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    def fake_key(self, keystring, global_=False):
        """Send a fake keypress or key string to the website or qutebrowser.

        :fake-key xy - sends the keychain 'xy'
        :fake-key <Ctrl-x> - sends Ctrl-x
        :fake-key <Escape> - sends the escape key

        Args:
            keystring: The keystring to send.
            global_: If given, the keys are sent to the qutebrowser UI.
        """
        try:
            keyinfos = utils.parse_keystring(keystring)
        except utils.KeyParseError as e:
            raise cmdexc.CommandError(str(e))

        for keyinfo in keyinfos:
            press_event = QKeyEvent(QEvent.KeyPress, keyinfo.key,
                                    keyinfo.modifiers, keyinfo.text)
            release_event = QKeyEvent(QEvent.KeyRelease, keyinfo.key,
                                      keyinfo.modifiers, keyinfo.text)

            if global_:
                window = QApplication.focusWindow()
                if window is None:
                    raise cmdexc.CommandError("No focused window!")
                QApplication.postEvent(window, press_event)
                QApplication.postEvent(window, release_event)
            else:
                tab = self._current_widget()
                tab.send_event(press_event)
                tab.send_event(release_event)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window',
                       debug=True, backend=usertypes.Backend.QtWebKit)
    def debug_clear_ssl_errors(self):
        """Clear remembered SSL error answers."""
        self._current_widget().clear_ssl_errors()

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    def edit_url(self, url=None, bg=False, tab=False, window=False):
        """Navigate to a url formed in an external editor.

        The editor which should be launched can be configured via the
        `general -> editor` config option.

        Args:
            url: URL to edit; defaults to the current page url.
            bg: Open in a new background tab.
            tab: Open in a new tab.
            window: Open in a new window.
        """
        cmdutils.check_exclusive((tab, bg, window), 'tbw')

        old_url = self._current_url().toString()

        ed = editor.ExternalEditor(self._tabbed_browser)

        # Passthrough for openurl args (e.g. -t, -b, -w)
        ed.editing_finished.connect(functools.partial(
            self._open_if_changed, old_url=old_url, bg=bg, tab=tab,
            window=window))

        ed.edit(url or old_url)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window',
                       hide=True)
    def set_mark(self, key):
        """Set a mark at the current scroll position in the current tab.

        Args:
            key: mark identifier; capital indicates a global mark
        """
        self._tabbed_browser.set_mark(key)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window',
                       hide=True)
    def jump_mark(self, key):
        """Jump to the mark named by `key`.

        Args:
            key: mark identifier; capital indicates a global mark
        """
        self._tabbed_browser.jump_mark(key)

    def _open_if_changed(self, url=None, old_url=None, bg=False, tab=False,
                         window=False):
        """Open a URL unless it's already open in the tab.

        Args:
            old_url: The original URL to compare against.
            url: The URL to open.
            bg: Open in a new background tab.
            tab: Open in a new tab.
            window: Open in a new window.
        """
        if bg or tab or window or url != old_url:
            self.openurl(url=url, bg=bg, tab=tab, window=window)

    @cmdutils.register(instance='command-dispatcher', scope='window')
    def fullscreen(self, leave=False):
        """Toggle fullscreen mode.

        Args:
            leave: Only leave fullscreen if it was entered by the page.
        """
        if leave:
            tab = self._current_widget()
            try:
                tab.action.exit_fullscreen()
            except browsertab.UnsupportedOperationError:
                pass
            return

        window = self._tabbed_browser.window()
        if window.isFullScreen():
            window.showNormal()
        else:
            window.showFullScreen()