The most common model for quantum computing is the quantum circuit model. In QuTiP, we use :class:`.QubitCircuit` to represent a quantum circuit. The circuit is characterized by registers and gates:
- Registers: The argument
Nspecifies the number of qubit registers in the circuit and the argumentnum_cbits(optional) specifies the number of classical bits available for measurement and control. - Gates: Each quantum gate is saved as a class object :class:`.Gate`
with information such as gate name, target qubits and arguments.
Gates can also be controlled on a classical bit by specifying the register number
with the argument
classical_controls. - Measurements: We can also carry out measurements on individual qubit (both in the middle and at the end of the circuit). Each measurement is saved as a class object :class:`.Measurement` with parameters such as targets, the target qubit on which the measurement will be carried out, and classical_store, the index of the classical register which stores the result of the measurement.
A circuit with the various gates and registers available is demonstrated below:
.. testcode::
from qutip_qip.circuit import QubitCircuit, Gate
from qutip import tensor, basis
qc = QubitCircuit(N=2, num_cbits=1)
swap_gate = Gate(name="SWAP", targets=[0, 1])
qc.add_gate(swap_gate)
qc.add_measurement("M0", targets=[1], classical_store=0) # measurement gate
qc.add_gate("CNOT", controls=0, targets=1)
qc.add_gate("X", targets=0, classical_controls=[0]) # classically controlled gate
qc.add_gate(swap_gate)
print(qc.gates)
Output:
.. testoutput:: :options: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE [Gate(SWAP, targets=[0, 1], controls=None, classical controls=None, control_value=None), Measurement(M0, target=[1], classical_store=0), Gate(CNOT, targets=[1], controls=[0], classical controls=None, control_value=None), Gate(X, targets=[0], controls=None, classical controls=[0], control_value=None), Gate(SWAP, targets=[0, 1], controls=None, classical controls=None, control_value=None)]
There are a few useful functions associated with the circuit object. For example, the :meth:`.QubitCircuit.propagators` method returns a list of the unitaries associated with the sequence of gates in the circuit. By default, the unitaries are expanded to the full dimension of the circuit:
.. testcode:: U_list = qc.propagators() print(U_list)
Output:
.. testoutput:: [Quantum object: dims = [[2, 2], [2, 2]], shape = (4, 4), type = oper, isherm = True Qobj data = [[1. 0. 0. 0.] [0. 0. 1. 0.] [0. 1. 0. 0.] [0. 0. 0. 1.]], Quantum object: dims = [[2, 2], [2, 2]], shape = (4, 4), type = oper, isherm = True Qobj data = [[1. 0. 0. 0.] [0. 1. 0. 0.] [0. 0. 0. 1.] [0. 0. 1. 0.]], Quantum object: dims = [[2, 2], [2, 2]], shape = (4, 4), type = oper, isherm = True Qobj data = [[0. 0. 1. 0.] [0. 0. 0. 1.] [1. 0. 0. 0.] [0. 1. 0. 0.]], Quantum object: dims = [[2, 2], [2, 2]], shape = (4, 4), type = oper, isherm = True Qobj data = [[1. 0. 0. 0.] [0. 0. 1. 0.] [0. 1. 0. 0.] [0. 0. 0. 1.]]]
Another option is to only return the unitaries in their original dimension. This
can be achieved with the argument expand=False specified to the
:meth:`.QubitCircuit.propagators`.
.. testcode:: U_list = qc.propagators(expand=False) print(U_list)
Output:
.. testoutput:: [Quantum object: dims = [[2, 2], [2, 2]], shape = (4, 4), type = oper, isherm = True Qobj data = [[1. 0. 0. 0.] [0. 0. 1. 0.] [0. 1. 0. 0.] [0. 0. 0. 1.]], Quantum object: dims = [[2, 2], [2, 2]], shape = (4, 4), type = oper, isherm = True Qobj data = [[1. 0. 0. 0.] [0. 1. 0. 0.] [0. 0. 0. 1.] [0. 0. 1. 0.]], Quantum object: dims = [[2], [2]], shape = (2, 2), type = oper, isherm = True Qobj data = [[0. 1.] [1. 0.]], Quantum object: dims = [[2, 2], [2, 2]], shape = (4, 4), type = oper, isherm = True Qobj data = [[1. 0. 0. 0.] [0. 0. 1. 0.] [0. 1. 0. 0.] [0. 0. 0. 1.]]]
The pre-defined gates for the class :class:`.Gate` are shown in the table below:
| Gate name | Description |
|---|---|
| "RX" | Rotation around x axis |
| "RY" | Rotation around y axis |
| "RZ" | Rotation around z axis |
| "X" | Pauli-X gate |
| "Y" | Pauli-Y gate |
| "Z" | Pauli-Z gate |
| "S" | Single-qubit rotation or Z90 |
| "T" | Square root of S gate |
| "SQRTNOT" | Square root of NOT gate |
| "SNOT" | Hardmard gate |
| "PHASEGATE" | Add a phase one the state 1 |
| "CRX" | Controlled rotation around x axis |
| "CRY" | Controlled rotation around y axis |
| "CRZ" | Controlled rotation around z axis |
| "CX" | Controlled X gate |
| "CY" | Controlled Y gate |
| "CZ" | Controlled Z gate |
| "CS" | Controlled S gate |
| "CT" | Controlled T gate |
| "CPHASE" | Controlled phase gate |
| "CNOT" | Controlled NOT gate |
| "CSIGN" | Same as CPHASE |
| "QASMU" | U rotation gate used as a primitive in the QASM standard |
| "BERKELEY" | Berkeley gate |
| "SWAPalpha" | SWAPalpha gate |
| "SWAP" | Swap the states of two qubits |
| "ISWAP" | Swap gate with additional phase for 01 and 10 states |
| "SQRTSWAP" | Square root of the SWAP gate |
| "SQRTISWAP" | Square root of the ISWAP gate |
| "FREDKIN" | Fredkin gate |
| "TOFFOLI" | Toffoli gate |
| "GLOBALPHASE" | Global phase |
For some of the gates listed above, :class:`.QubitCircuit` also has a primitive :func:`.QubitCircuit.resolve_gates()` method that decomposes them into elementary gate sets such as CNOT or SWAP with single-qubit gates (RX, RY and RZ). However, this method is not fully optimized. It is very likely that the depth of the circuit can be further reduced by merging quantum gates. It is required that the gate resolution be carried out before the measurements to the circuit are added.
Custom Gates
In addition to these pre-defined gates, QuTiP also allows the user to define their own gate.
The following example shows how to define a customized gate.
The key step is to define a
gate function returning a :class:`qutip.Qobj` and save it in the attribute user_gates.
Note
Available from QuTiP 4.4
.. testcode::
from qutip_qip.circuit import Gate
from qutip_qip.operations import rx
def user_gate1(arg_value):
# controlled rotation X
mat = np.zeros((4, 4), dtype=np.complex)
mat[0, 0] = mat[1, 1] = 1.
mat[2:4, 2:4] = rx(arg_value)
return Qobj(mat, dims=[[2, 2], [2, 2]])
def user_gate2():
# S gate
mat = np.array([[1., 0],
[0., 1.j]])
return Qobj(mat, dims=[[2], [2]])
qc = QubitCircuit(2)
qc.user_gates = {"CTRLRX": user_gate1,
"S" : user_gate2}
# qubit 0 controls qubit 1
qc.add_gate("CTRLRX", targets=[0,1], arg_value=np.pi/2)
# qubit 1 controls qubit 0
qc.add_gate("CTRLRX", targets=[1,0], arg_value=np.pi/2)
# we also add a gate using a predefined Gate object
g_T = Gate("S", targets=[1])
qc.add_gate(g_T)
props = qc.propagators()
print(props[0])
Output:
.. testoutput::
:options: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
Quantum object: dims = [[2, 2], [2, 2]], shape = (4, 4), type = oper, isherm = False
Qobj data =
[[1. +0.j 0. +0.j 0. +0.j
0. +0.j ]
[0. +0.j 1. +0.j 0. +0.j
0. +0.j ]
[0. +0.j 0. +0.j 0.70710678+0.j
0. -0.70710678j]
[0. +0.j 0. +0.j 0. -0.70710678j
0.70710678+0.j ]]
.. testcode::
print(props[1])
Output:
.. testoutput::
:options: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
Quantum object: dims = [[2, 2], [2, 2]], shape = (4, 4), type = oper, isherm = False
Qobj data =
[[1. +0.j 0. +0.j 0. +0.j
0. +0.j ]
[0. +0.j 0.70710678+0.j 0. +0.j
0. -0.70710678j]
[0. +0.j 0. +0.j 1. +0.j
0. +0.j ]
[0. +0.j 0. -0.70710678j 0. +0.j
0.70710678+0.j ]]
.. testcode::
print(props[2])
Output:
.. testoutput:: :options: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE Quantum object: dims = [[2, 2], [2, 2]], shape = (4, 4), type = oper, isherm = False Qobj data = [[1.+0.j 0.+0.j 0.+0.j 0.+0.j] [0.+0.j 0.+1.j 0.+0.j 0.+0.j] [0.+0.j 0.+0.j 1.+0.j 0.+0.j] [0.+0.j 0.+0.j 0.+0.j 0.+1.j]]
A quantum circuit (described above) can directly be plotted using the QCircuit library (https://github.com/CQuIC/qcircuit). QCiruit is a quantum circuit drawing application and is implemented directly into QuTiP.
More information related to installing these packages is also available in the installation guide (:ref:`circuit_plot_packages`).
An example code for plotting the example quantum circuit from above is given:
from qutip_qip.circuit import QubitCircuit, Gate
# create the quantum circuit
qc = QubitCircuit(2, num_cbits=1)
qc.add_gate("CNOT", controls=0, targets=1)
qc.add_gate("SNOT", targets=1)
qc.add_gate("ISWAP", targets=[0,1])
qc.add_measurement("M0", targets=1, classical_store=0)
# plot the quantum circuit
qc.png
There are two different ways to simulate the action of quantum circuits using QuTiP:
- The first method utilizes unitary application through matrix products on the input states. This method simulates circuits exactly in a deterministic manner. This is achieved through :class:`.CircuitSimulator`. A short guide to exact simulation can be found at :ref:`qip_simulator`. The teleportation notebook is also useful as an example.
- A different method of circuit simulation employs driving Hamiltonians with the ability to simulate circuits in the presence of noise. This can be achieved through the various classes in :class:`.device`.A short guide to processors for QIP simulation can be found at :ref:`qip_processor`.