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v1.xml
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<?xml version='1.0'?>
<!--
v1.xml
Web IDL
This is written in XHTML 1.0 Strict with an inline <options> element that
helps the WebIDL.xsl stylesheet process the document (generating a table
of contents, section numbers, certain processing instructions).
-->
<?xml-stylesheet href='WebIDL.xsl' type='text/xsl'?>
<html xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml' xmlns:x='http://mcc.id.au/ns/local' xml:lang='en'>
<head>
<meta http-equiv='Content-Type' content='text/html; charset=UTF-8'/>
<title>Web IDL</title>
<link rel='stylesheet' href='WebIDL.css' type='text/css'/>
<script src='section-links.js' type='application/ecmascript'/>
<script src='dfn.js' type='application/ecmascript'/>
<options xmlns='http://mcc.id.au/ns/local'>
<versions>
<cvs href='http://heycam.github.io/webidl/v1.html'/>
<this href='http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/xx-WebIDL-2012xxxx/'/>
<latest href='http://www.w3.org/TR/WebIDL/'/>
<previous href='http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-WebIDL-20120419/'/>
<previous href='http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-WebIDL-20120207/'/>
<previous href='http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/'/>
<previous href='http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110712/'/>
<previous href='http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-WebIDL-20101021/'/>
<previous href='http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-WebIDL-20081219/'/>
<previous href='http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-WebIDL-20080829/'/>
<previous href='http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-DOM-Bindings-20080410/'/>
<previous href='http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/WD-DOM-Bindings-20071017/'/>
</versions>
<editors>
<person homepage='http://mcc.id.au/' email='cam@mcc.id.au'>
<name>Cameron McCormack</name>
<affiliation>Mozilla Corporation</affiliation>
</person>
<person email='bzbarsky@mit.edu'>
<name>Boris Zbarsky</name>
<affiliation>Mozilla Corporation</affiliation>
</person>
</editors>
<participate>
<mailing-list email='public-script-coord@w3.org'/>
<bugzilla
file='https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/enter_bug.cgi?product=WebAppsWG&component=WebIDL'
open='https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/buglist.cgi?product=WebAppsWG&component=WebIDL&resolution=---'/>
</participate>
<maturity>ED</maturity>
<links>
<term name='NumericLiteral' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x7.8.3' ref='ECMA-262' section='7.8.3'/>
<term name='ECMAScript error objects' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x15.11' ref='ECMA-262' section='15.11'/>
<term name='ECMAScript Date objects' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x15.9.1.1' ref='ECMA-262' section='15.9.1.1'/>
<term name='ToBoolean' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x9.2'/>
<term name='ToNumber' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x9.3'/>
<term name='ToUint16' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x9.7'/>
<term name='ToInt32' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x9.5'/>
<term name='ToUint32' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x9.6'/>
<term name='ToString' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x9.8'/>
<term name='ToObject' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x9.9'/>
<term name='IsAccessorDescriptor' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x8.10.1'/>
<term name='IsDataDescriptor' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x8.10.2'/>
<term name='Type' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#Type'/>
<term name='sign' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#sign'/>
<term name='floor' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#floor'/>
<term name='abs' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#abs'/>
<term name='modulo' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#modulo'/>
<term name='IsCallable' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x9.11'/>
<term name='callable' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x9.11'/>
<term name='Property Descriptor' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x8.10' ref='ECMA-262' section='8.10'/>
<term name='array index' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x15.4' ref='ECMA-262' section='15.4'/>
<term name='default [[GetOwnProperty]] internal method' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x8.12.1' ref='ECMA-262' section='8.12.1'/>
<term name='default [[DefineOwnProperty]] internal method' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x8.12.9' ref='ECMA-262' section='8.12.9'/>
<term name='equally close values' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x8.5' ref='ECMA-262' section='8.5'/>
<term name='Array prototype object' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x15.4.4' ref='ECMA-262' section='15.4.4'/>
<term name='Object prototype object' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x15.2.4' ref='ECMA-262' section='15.2.4'/>
<term name='Error prototype object' class='external' href='http://es5.github.com/#x15.11.3.1' ref='ECMA-262' section='15.11.3.1'/>
</links>
</options>
</head>
<body>
<?top?>
<!--
<div id='publication-warning'>
<strong>This document is in the process of being prepared to be published as a Candidate Recommendation.
Please note that it as yet has not been published as a CR and that this document
at dev.w3.org is still to be considered an unofficial draft.</strong> <br/> <button onclick="document.body.removeChild(this.parentNode)">Dismiss</button>
</div>
-->
<div class='section'>
<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>
This document defines an interface definition language, Web IDL,
that can be used to describe interfaces that are intended to be
implemented in web browsers. Web IDL is an IDL variant with a
number of features that allow the behavior of common script objects in
the web platform to be specified more readily. How interfaces
described with Web IDL correspond to constructs within ECMAScript
execution environments is also detailed in this document.
It is expected that this document acts
as a guide to implementors of already-published specifications,
and that newly published specifications reference this
document to ensure conforming implementations of interfaces
are interoperable.
</p>
<!-- XXX
Things to consider that aren't in ednotes:
* Consistent linking to term definitions.
* Consistent capitalisation and naming of algorithm variables.
Potential V2 features:
* Parameterized interface types, for BlahLists
http://www.w3.org/mid/op.vr2r6waf64w2qv@anne-van-kesterens-macbook-pro.local
-->
<!--
<?revision-note http://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/buglist.cgi?query_format=advanced&short_desc_type=allwordssubstr&short_desc=&product=WebAppsWG&component=WebIDL&longdesc_type=allwordssubstr&longdesc=&bug_file_loc_type=allwordssubstr&bug_file_loc=&status_whiteboard_type=allwordssubstr&status_whiteboard=&keywords_type=allwords&keywords=&bug_status=NEW&bug_status=ASSIGNED&bug_status=REOPENED&emailtype1=substring&email1=&emailtype2=substring&email2=&bug_id_type=anyexact&bug_id=&votes=&chfieldfrom=&chfieldto=Now&chfieldvalue=&cmdtype=doit&order=Importance&field0-0-0=noop&type0-0-0=noop&value0-0-0=?>
-->
</div>
<div class='section'>
<h2 id='sotd'>Status of This Document</h2>
<?sotd-top public-script-coord@w3.org http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-script-coord/?>
<p>
This document will remain a Candidate Recommendation until at least 19 July 2012. See the
<a href='#cr-exit'>Candidate Recommendation exit criteria</a> section
for details on the criteria that must be met before this document can
progress to the Proposed Recommendation stage, and for the features that
are considered <em>at risk</em> and which may be dropped from the
specification without the document returning to a Last Call Working Draft.
As yet there is no implementation report available.
</p>
<!--
<p>
The following features are considered <em>at risk</em>, and may be removed in
a future publication of this document if they remain unsued by Web specification
authors:
</p>
<ul>
<li>The <span class='idltype'>unrestricted float</span> and <span class='idltype'>unrestricted double</span> types.</li>
<li><a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-optional-argument-default-value'>Default values</a> for optional arguments.</li>
<li>The <a class='xattr' href='#ArrayClass'>[ArrayClass]</a>, <a class='xattr' href='#Clamp'>[Clamp]</a>, <a class='xattr' href='#EnforceRange'>[EnforceRange]</a> and <a class='xattr' href='#ImplicitThis'>[ImplicitThis]</a> extended attributes.</li>
</ul>
-->
<p>
This document is produced by the
<a href='http://www.w3.org/2008/webapps/'>Web Applications Working Group</a>, part of the
<a href='http://www.w3.org/2006/rwc/Activity'>Rich Web Clients Activity</a>
in the W3C <a href='http://www.w3.org/Interaction/'>Interaction Domain</a>.
Changes made to this document can be found in the specification’s
<a href='https://github.com/heycam/webidl/commits/gh-pages/v1.xml'>commit
log on GitHub</a>.
</p>
<p>
<!--In addition to the issues marked by editorial notes in this document,-->
There is a <a href='https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/buglist.cgi?query_format=advanced&short_desc_type=allwordssubstr&short_desc=&product=WebAppsWG&component=WebIDL&longdesc_type=allwordssubstr&longdesc=&bug_file_loc_type=allwordssubstr&bug_file_loc=&status_whiteboard_type=allwordssubstr&status_whiteboard=&keywords_type=allwords&keywords=&bug_status=UNCONFIRMED&bug_status=NEW&bug_status=ASSIGNED&bug_status=REOPENED&emailtype1=substring&email1=&emailtype2=substring&email2=&bug_id_type=anyexact&bug_id=&votes=&chfieldfrom=&chfieldto=Now&chfieldvalue=&cmdtype=doit&order=Reuse%20same%20sort%20as%20last%20time&field0-0-0=noop&type0-0-0=noop&value0-0-0='>bug tracker</a>
for the specification. Issues raised during the three Last Call comment periods
are tracked in the following documents:
</p>
<dl>
<dt><a href='http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110712/'>12 July 2011 Last Call Working Draft</a></dt>
<dd><a href='http://heycam.github.io/webidl/lc1.txt'>Web IDL LC#1 comment document</a></dd>
<dt><a href='http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/'>27 September 2011 Last call Working Draft</a></dt>
<dd><a href='http://heycam.github.io/webidl/lc2.txt'>Web IDL LC#2 comment document</a></dd>
<dt><a href='http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-WebIDL-20120207/'>7 February 2012 Last Call Working Draft</a></dt>
<dd><a href='http://heycam.github.io/webidl/lc3.txt'>Web IDL LC#3 comment document</a></dd>
</dl>
<?sotd-bottom http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/42538/status?>
</div>
<div id='toc'>
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<?toc sections appendices?>
</div>
<div id='sections'>
<div id='introduction' class='section'>
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p class='norm'>This section is informative.</p>
<p>
Technical reports published by the W3C that include programming
language interfaces have typically been described using the
Object Management Group’s Interface Definition Language (IDL)
<a href='#ref-OMGIDL'>[OMGIDL]</a>. The IDL provides a means to
describe these interfaces in a language independent manner. Usually,
additional language binding appendices are included in such
documents which detail how the interfaces described with the IDL
correspond to constructs in the given language.
</p>
<p>
However, the bindings in these specifications for the language most
commonly used on the web, ECMAScript, are consistently specified with
low enough precision as to result in interoperability issues. In
addition, each specification must describe the same basic information,
such as DOM interfaces described in IDL corresponding to properties
on the ECMAScript global object, or the <a class='idltype' href='#idl-unsigned-long'>unsigned
long</a> IDL type mapping to the <span class='estype'>Number</span>
type in ECMAScript.
</p>
<p>
This specification defines an IDL language similar to OMG IDL
for use by specifications that define interfaces for Web APIs. A number of extensions are
given to the IDL to support common functionality that previously must
have been written in prose. In addition, precise language bindings
for ECMAScript Edition 5.1 are given.
</p>
<div id='conventions' class='section'>
<h3>Typographic conventions</h3>
<p>
The following typographic conventions are used in this document:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Defining instances of terms: <dfn id='dfn-example-term'>example term</dfn></li>
<li>Links to terms defined in this document: <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-example-term'>example term</a></li>
<li>Links to terms defined in other documents: <a class='dfnref external' href='#dfn-example-term'>example term</a></li>
<li>Grammar symbols: <span class='sym'>ExampleGrammarSymbol</span></li>
<li>IDL and ECMAScript types: <span class='idltype'>ExampleType</span></li>
<li>Code snippets: <code>a = b + obj.f()</code></li>
<li>Unicode characters: <span class='char'>U+0030 DIGIT ZERO ("0")</span></li>
<li>Extended attributes: <span class='xattr'>[ExampleExtendedAttribute]</span></li>
<li>Variable names in prose and algorithms: <var>exampleVariableName</var>.</li>
<li>IDL informal syntax examples:
<pre class='syntax'>interface <i>identifier</i> {
<em>interface-members…</em>
};</pre>
(Red text is used to highlight specific parts of the syntax discussed in surrounding prose.)</li>
<li>IDL grammar snippets:
<table class='grammar'>
<tr><td><span class='prod-number'>[5]</span></td><td><span class='sym'>ExampleGrammarSymbol</span></td><td class='prod-mid'>→</td><td><span class='prod-lines'>OtherSymbol "sometoken"<br/> | AnotherSymbol<br/> | ε <span class='comment'>// nothing</span></span></td></tr>
</table>
(Each grammar rule is assigned a number for reference, shown on the left.)</li>
<li>Non-normative notes: <div class='note'><p>This is a note.</p></div></li>
<li>Non-normative examples: <div class='example'><p>This is an example.</p></div></li>
<li>Normative warnings: <div class='warning'><p>This is a warning.</p></div></li>
<li>Code blocks: <x:codeblock language='idl'><span class='comment'>// This is an IDL code block.</span>
interface Example {
attribute long something;
};</x:codeblock>
<x:codeblock language='es'><span class='comment'>// This is an ECMAScript code block.</span>
window.onload = function() { window.alert("loaded"); };</x:codeblock></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id='conformance' class='section'>
<h2>Conformance</h2>
<p>
Everything in this specification is normative except for diagrams,
examples, notes and sections marked as being informative.
</p>
<p>
The keywords “<span class='rfc2119'>MUST</span>”,
“<span class='rfc2119'>MUST NOT</span>”,
“<span class='rfc2119'>REQUIRED</span>”,
“<span class='rfc2119'>SHALL</span>”,
“<span class='rfc2119'>SHALL NOT</span>”,
“<span class='rfc2119'>SHOULD</span>”,
“<span class='rfc2119'>SHOULD NOT</span>”,
“<span class='rfc2119'>RECOMMENDED</span>”,
“<span class='rfc2119'>MAY</span>” and
“<span class='rfc2119'>OPTIONAL</span>” in this document are to be
interpreted as described in
<cite><a href='http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119'>Key words for use in RFCs to
Indicate Requirement Levels</a></cite>
<a href='#ref-RFC2119'>[RFC2119]</a>.
</p>
<p>
The following conformance classes are defined by this specification:
</p>
<dl>
<dt><dfn id='dfn-conforming-idl-fragment'>conforming IDL fragment</dfn></dt>
<dd>
<p>
An <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-idl-fragment'>IDL fragment</a> is considered
to be a <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-conforming-idl-fragment'>conforming
IDL fragment</a> if it satisfies all of the
<span class='rfc2119'>MUST</span>-,
<span class='rfc2119'>REQUIRED</span>- and <span class='rfc2119'>SHALL</span>-level
criteria in this specification that apply to IDL fragments.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><dfn id='dfn-conforming-implementation'>conforming implementation</dfn></dt>
<dd>
<p>
A user agent is considered to be a
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-conforming-implementation'>conforming implementation</a>
relative to a <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-conforming-idl-fragment'>conforming
IDL fragment</a> if it satisfies all of the <span class='rfc2119'>MUST</span>-,
<span class='rfc2119'>REQUIRED</span>- and <span class='rfc2119'>SHALL</span>-level
criteria in this specification that apply to implementations for all language
bindings that the user agent supports.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><dfn id='dfn-conforming-ecmascript-implementation'>conforming ECMAScript implementation</dfn></dt>
<dd>
<p>
A user agent is considered to be a
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-conforming-ecmascript-implementation'>conforming ECMAScript implementation</a>
relative to a <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-conforming-idl-fragment'>conforming
IDL fragment</a> if it satisfies all of the <span class='rfc2119'>MUST</span>-,
<span class='rfc2119'>REQUIRED</span>- and <span class='rfc2119'>SHALL</span>-level
criteria in this specification that apply to implementations for the ECMAScript
language binding.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div id='idl' class='section'>
<h2>Interface definition language</h2>
<p>
This section describes a language, <em>Web IDL</em>, which can be used to define
interfaces for APIs in the Web platform. A specification that defines Web APIs
can include one or more <dfn id='dfn-idl-fragment'>IDL fragments</dfn> that
describe the interfaces (the state and behavior that objects can exhibit)
for the APIs defined by that specification.
An <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-idl-fragment'>IDL fragment</a> is
a sequence of definitions that matches the <a class='sym' href='#prod-Definitions'>Definitions</a> grammar symbol.
The set of <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-idl-fragment'>IDL fragments</a> that
an implementation supports is not ordered.
See <a href='#idl-grammar'>Appendix <?sref idl-grammar?></a> for the complete grammar and an explanation of the notation used.
</p>
<p>
The different kinds of <dfn id='dfn-definition'>definitions</dfn> that can appear in an
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-idl-fragment'>IDL fragment</a> are:
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-interface'>interfaces</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-partial-interface'>partial interface definitions</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-dictionary'>dictionaries</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-partial-dictionary'>partial dictionary definitions</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-exception'>exceptions</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-typedef'>typedefs</a> and
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-implements-statement'>implements statements</a>.
These are all defined in the following sections.
</p>
<p>
Each <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-definition'>definition</a>
(matching <a class='sym' href='#prod-Definition'>Definition</a>)
can be preceded by a list of <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-extended-attribute'>extended attributes</a> (matching
<a class='sym' href='#prod-ExtendedAttributeList'>ExtendedAttributeList</a>),
which can control how the definition will be handled in language bindings.
The extended attributes defined by this specification that are language binding
agnostic are discussed in <a href='#idl-extended-attributes'>section <?sref idl-extended-attributes?></a>,
while those specific to the ECMAScript language binding are discussed
in <a href='#es-extended-attributes'>section <?sref es-extended-attributes?></a>.
</p>
<pre class='syntax'>[<em>extended-attributes</em>]
interface <i>identifier</i> {
<i>interface-members…</i>
};</pre>
<?productions grammar Definitions Definition CallbackOrInterface?>
<div class='example'>
<p>
The following is an example of an <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-idl-fragment'>IDL fragment</a>.
</p>
<x:codeblock language='idl'>exception GraphicsException {
DOMString reason;
};
interface Paint { };
interface SolidColor : Paint {
attribute float red;
attribute float green;
attribute float blue;
};
interface Pattern : Paint {
attribute DOMString imageURL;
};
[Constructor]
interface GraphicalWindow {
readonly attribute unsigned long width;
readonly attribute unsigned long height;
attribute Paint currentPaint;
void drawRectangle(float x, float y, float width, float height)<!--
raises(GraphicsException)-->;
void drawText(float x, float y, DOMString text)<!--
raises(GraphicsException)-->;
};</x:codeblock>
<p>
Here, four <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-interface'>interfaces</a> and one
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-exception'>exception</a> are being defined.
The <span class='idltype'>GraphicalWindow</span> interface has two
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-read-only'>read only</a> <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-attribute'>attributes</a>,
one writable attribute, and two <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-operation'>operations</a>
defined on it. Objects that implement the <span class='idltype'>GraphicalWindow</span> interface
will expose these attributes and operations in a manner appropriate to the
particular language being used.
</p>
<p>
In ECMAScript, the attributes on the IDL interfaces will be exposed as accessor
properties and the operations as <span class='estype'>Function</span>-valued
data properties on a prototype object for all <span class='idltype'>GraphicalWindow</span>
objects; each ECMAScript object that implements <span class='idltype'>GraphicalWindow</span>
will have that prototype object in its prototype chain.
</p>
<!--JAVA
<p>
In Java, there will exist a Java interface that corresponds to the IDL
<span class='idltype'>GraphicalWindow</span> interface. This Java interface
will have methods that correspond to the operations, and getter and setter
methods that correspond to the attributes. Java objects that are considered
to implement the IDL <span class='idltype'>GraphicalWindow</span> interface
will implement the corresponding Java interface.
</p>
-->
<p>
The <a class='xattr' href='#Constructor'>[Constructor]</a> that appears on <span class='idltype'>GraphicalWindow</span>
is an <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-extended-attribute'>extended attribute</a>.
This extended attribute causes a constructor to exist in ECMAScript implementations,
so that calling <code>new GraphicalWindow()</code> would return a new object
that implemented the interface. <!--JAVA The <a class='xattr' href='#Constructor'>[Constructor]</a>
extended attribute has no effect in the Java language binding, however.-->
</p>
</div>
<div id='idl-names' class='section'>
<h3>Names</h3>
<p>
Every <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-interface'>interface</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-partial-interface'>partial interface definition</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-dictionary'>dictionary</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-partial-dictionary'>partial dictionary definition</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-exception'>exception</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-enumeration'>enumeration</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-callback-function'>callback function</a> and
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-typedef'>typedef</a> (together called <dfn id='dfn-named-definition'>named definitions</dfn>)
and every <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-constant'>constant</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-attribute'>attribute</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-exception-field'>exception field</a>
and <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-dictionary-member'>dictionary member</a> has an
<dfn id='dfn-identifier'>identifier</dfn>, as do some
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-operation'>operations</a>.
The identifier is determined by an
<a class='sym' href='#prod-identifier'>identifier</a> token somewhere
in the declaration:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
For <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-named-definition'>named definitions</a>,
the <a class='sym' href='#prod-identifier'>identifier</a> token that appears
directly after the <code>interface</code>,
<code>dictionary</code>, <code>exception</code>, <code>enum</code>
or <code>callback</code> keyword
determines the identifier of that definition.
<pre class='syntax'>interface <em>interface-identifier</em> { <i>interface-members…</i> };
partial interface <em>interface-identifier</em> { <i>interface-members…</i> };
exception <em>exception-identifier</em> { <i>exception-members…</i> };
dictionary <em>dictionary-identifier</em> { <i>dictionary-members…</i> };
partial dictionary <em>dictionary-identifier</em> { <i>dictionary-members…</i> };
enum <em>enumeration-identifier</em> { <i>enumeration-values…</i> };
callback <em>callback-identifier</em> = <i>callback-signature</i>;</pre>
</li>
<li>
For <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-attribute'>attributes</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-typedef'>typedefs</a>, <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-exception-field'>exception fields</a>
and <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-dictionary-member'>dictionary members</a>,
the final <a class='sym' href='#prod-identifier'>identifier</a> token before the
semicolon at the end of the declaration determines the identifier.
<pre class='syntax'>interface <i>identifier</i> {
attribute <i>type</i> <em>attribute-identifier</em>;
};
typedef <i>type</i> <em>typedef-identifier</em>;
exception <i>identifier</i> {
<i>type</i> <em>exception-member-identifier</em>;
};
dictionary <i>identifier</i> {
<i>type</i> <em>dictionary-member-identifier</em>;
};</pre>
</li>
<li>
For <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-constant'>constants</a>,
the <a class='sym' href='#prod-identifier'>identifier</a> token before the
equals sign determines the identifier.
<pre class='syntax'>const <i>type</i> <em>constant-identifier</em> = <i>value</i>;</pre>
</li>
<li>
For <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-operation'>operations</a>, the
<a class='sym' href='#prod-identifier'>identifier</a> token that appears
after the return type but before the opening parenthesis (that is,
one that is matched as part of the <a class='sym' href='#prod-OptionalIdentifier'>OptionalIdentifier</a>
grammar symbol in an <a class='sym' href='#prod-Operation'>Operation</a>) determines the identifier of the operation. If
there is no such <a class='sym' href='#prod-identifier'>identifier</a> token,
then the operation does not have an identifier.
<pre class='syntax'><i>return-type</i> <em>operation-identifier</em>(<i>arguments…</i>);</pre>
</li>
</ul>
<div class='note'>
<p>
Operations can have no identifier when they are being used to declare a
<a href='#idl-special-operations'>special kind of operation</a>, such as a getter or setter.
</p>
</div>
<p>
For all of these constructs, the <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-identifier'>identifier</a>
is the value of the <a class='sym' href='#prod-identifier'>identifier</a> token with any leading
<span class='char'>U+005F LOW LINE ("_")</span> character (underscore) removed.
</p>
<div class='note'>
<p>
A leading <span class='char'>"_"</span> is used to escape an identifier from looking
like a reserved word so that, for example, an interface named “interface” can be
defined. The leading <span class='char'>"_"</span> is dropped to unescape the
identifier.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Operation arguments can take a slightly wider set of identifiers. In an operation
declaration, the identifier of an argument is specified immediately after its
type and is given by either an <a class='sym' href='#prod-identifier'>identifier</a>
token or by one of the keywords that match the <a class='sym' href='#prod-ArgumentNameKeyword'>ArgumentNameKeyword</a>
symbol. If one of these keywords is used, it need not be escaped with a leading
underscore.
</p>
<pre class='syntax'><i>return-type</i> <i>operation-identifier</i>(<i>argument-type</i> <em>argument-identifier</em>, …);</pre>
<?productions grammar ArgumentNameKeyword?>
<p>
If an <a class='sym' href='#prod-identifier'>identifier</a> token is used, then the
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-identifier'>identifier</a> of the operation argument
is the value of that token with any leading
<span class='char'>U+005F LOW LINE ("_")</span> character (underscore) removed.
If instead one of the <a class='sym' href='#prod-ArgumentNameKeyword'>ArgumentNameKeyword</a>
keyword token is used, then the <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-identifier'>identifier</a> of the operation argument
is simply that token.
</p>
<p>
The <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-identifier'>identifier</a> of any of the abovementioned
IDL constructs <span class='rfc2119'>MUST NOT</span> be “constructor”, “toString”
or begin with a <span class='char'>U+005F LOW LINE ("_")</span> character. These
are known as <dfn id='dfn-reserved-identifier'>reserved identifiers</dfn>.
</p>
<div class="note">
<p>Further restrictions on identifier names for particular constructs may be made
in later sections.</p>
</div>
<p>
Within the set of <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-idl-fragment'>IDL fragments</a>
that a given implementation supports,
the <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-identifier'>identifier</a> of every
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-interface'>interface</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-dictionary'>dictionary</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-exception'>exception</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-enumeration'>enumeration</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-callback-function'>callback function</a> and
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-typedef'>typedef</a>
<span class='rfc2119'>MUST NOT</span>
be the same as the identifier of any other
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-interface'>interface</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-dictionary'>dictionary</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-exception'>exception</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-enumeration'>enumeration</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-callback-function'>callback function</a> or
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-typedef'>typedef</a>.
</p>
<p>
Within an <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-idl-fragment'>IDL fragment</a>, a reference
to a <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-definition'>definition</a> need not appear after
the declaration of the referenced definition. References can also be made
across <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-idl-fragment'>IDL fragments</a>.
</p>
<div class='example'>
<p>Therefore, the following <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-idl-fragment'>IDL fragment</a> is valid:</p>
<x:codeblock language='idl'>interface B : A {
void f(ArrayOfLongs x);
};
interface A {
};
typedef long[] ArrayOfLongs;</x:codeblock>
</div>
<div class='example'>
<p>
The following <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-idl-fragment'>IDL fragment</a>
demonstrates how <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-identifier'>identifiers</a>
are given to definitions, <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-interface-member'>interface members</a>
and <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-exception-member'>exception members</a>.
</p>
<x:codeblock language='idl'><span class='comment'>// Typedef identifier: "number"</span>
typedef float number;
<span class='comment'>// Exception identifier: "FrameworkException"</span>
exception FrameworkException {
<span class='comment'>// Constant identifier: "ERR_NOT_FOUND"</span>
const long ERR_NOT_FOUND = 1;
<span class='comment'>// Exception field identifier: "code"</span>
long code;
};
<span class='comment'>// Interface identifier: "System"</span>
interface System {
<span class='comment'>// Operation identifier: "createObject"</span>
<span class='comment'>// Operation argument identifier: "interface"</span>
object createObject(DOMString _interface);
<span class='comment'>// Operation argument identifier: "interface"</span>
object[] createObjectArray(DOMString interface);
<span class='comment'>// Operation has no identifier; it declares a getter.</span>
getter DOMString (DOMString keyName);
};
<span class='comment'>// Interface identifier: "TextField"</span>
interface TextField {
<span class='comment'>// Attribute identifier: "const"</span>
attribute boolean _const;
<span class='comment'>// Attribute identifier: "value"</span>
attribute DOMString? _value;
};</x:codeblock>
<p>
Note that while the second <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-attribute'>attribute</a>
on the <span class='idltype'>TextField</span> <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-interface'>interface</a>
need not have been escaped with an underscore (because “value” is
not a keyword in the IDL grammar), it is still unescaped
to obtain the attribute’s <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-identifier'>identifier</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id='idl-interfaces' class='section'>
<h3>Interfaces</h3>
<p>
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-idl-fragment'>IDL fragments</a> are used to
describe object oriented systems. In such systems, objects are entities
that have identity and which are encapsulations of state and behavior.
An <dfn id='dfn-interface'>interface</dfn> is a definition (matching
<a class='sym' href='#prod-Interface'>Interface</a> or
<span class='sym'>"callback"</span> <a class='sym' href='#prod-Interface'>Interface</a>) that declares some
state and behavior that an object implementing that interface will expose.
</p>
<pre class='syntax'>interface <i>identifier</i> {
<i>interface-members…</i>
};</pre>
<p>
An interface is a specification of a set of
<dfn id='dfn-interface-member'>interface members</dfn>
(matching <a class='sym' href='#prod-InterfaceMembers'>InterfaceMembers</a>),
which are the <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-constant'>constants</a>,
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-attribute'>attributes</a> and
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-operation'>operations</a>
that appear between the braces in the interface declaration.
Attributes describe the state that an object
implementing the interface will expose, and operations describe the
behaviors that can be invoked on the object. Constants declare
named constant values that are exposed as a convenience to users
of objects in the system.
</p>
<p>
Interfaces in Web IDL describe how objects that implement the
interface behave. In bindings for object oriented languages, it is
expected that an object that implements a particular IDL interface
provides ways to inspect and modify the object's state and to
invoke the behavior described by the interface.
</p>
<!--JAVA
<div class='note'>
<p>
In the Java language binding, for example, this is achieved by having the
object implement a Java interface that has methods for reading and
writing attribute values and to invoke an operation.
</p>
</div>
-->
<p>
An interface can be defined to <dfn id='dfn-inherit'>inherit</dfn> from another interface.
If the identifier of the interface is followed by a
<span class='char'>U+003A COLON (":")</span> character
and an <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-identifier'>identifier</a>,
then that identifier identifies the inherited interface.
An object that implements an interface that inherits from another
also implements that inherited interface. The object therefore will also
have members that correspond to the interface members from the inherited interface.
</p>
<pre class='syntax'>interface <i>identifier</i> : <em>identifier-of-inherited-interface</em> {
<i>interface-members…</i>
};</pre>
<p>
The order that members appear in has no significance except in the
case of <a href='#idl-overloading'>overloading</a>.
</p>
<p>
Interfaces may specify an interface member that has the same name as
one from an inherited interface. Objects that implement the derived
interface will expose the member on the derived interface. It is
language binding specific whether the overridden member can be
accessed on the object.
</p>
<div class='example'>
<p>
Consider the following two interfaces.
</p>
<x:codeblock language='idl'>interface A {
void f();
void g();
};
interface B : A {
void f();
void g(DOMString x);
};</x:codeblock>
<p>
In the ECMAScript language binding, an instance of <span class='idltype'>B</span>
will have a prototype chain that looks like the following:
</p>
<pre> [Object.prototype: the Object prototype object]
↑
[A.prototype: interface prototype object for A]
↑
[B.prototype: interface prototype object for B]
↑
[instanceOfB]</pre>
<p>
Calling <code>instanceOfB.f()</code> in ECMAScript will invoke the f defined
on <span class='idltype'>B</span>. However, the f from <span class='idltype'>A</span>
can still be invoked on an object that implements <span class='idltype'>B</span> by
calling <code>A.prototype.f.call(instanceOfB)</code>.
</p>
<!--JAVA
<p>
In the Java language binding, the two IDL interfaces will correspond to
the following Java interfaces:
</p>
<x:codeblock language='java'>public interface A {
void f();
void g();
}
public interface B extends A {
void f();
void g(String x);
}</x:codeblock>
<p>
Calling <code>instanceOfB.f()</code> in Java will invoke
the f defined on <span class='idltype'>B</span>. Due to
the way method overriding is defined in Java, there is no
way to call the f defined on <span class='idltype'>A</span>
on an object that implements <span class='idltype'>B</span>.
Since the signature of g is different in <span class='idltype'>A</span>
and <span class='idltype'>B</span>, however, both can be called
with, for example, <code>instanceOfB.g()</code> and
<code>instanceOfB.g("")</code>.
</p>
<p>
In both languages, the f and g from the derived interface
<span class='idltype'>B</span> are always accessible.
</p>
-->
</div>
<p>
The <dfn id='dfn-inherited-interfaces'>inherited interfaces</dfn> of
a given interface <var>A</var> is the set of all interfaces that <var>A</var>
inherits from, directly or indirectly. If <var>A</var> does not <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-inherit'>inherit</a>
from another interface, then the set is empty. Otherwise, the set
includes the interface <var>B</var> that <var>A</var> <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-inherit-dictionary'>inherits</a>
from and all of <var>B</var>’s <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-inherited-interfaces'>inherited interfaces</a>.
</p>
<p>
An interface <span class='rfc2119'>MUST NOT</span> be declared such that
its inheritance hierarchy has a cycle. That is, an interface
<var>A</var> cannot inherit from itself, nor can it inherit from another
interface <var>B</var> that inherits from <var>A</var>, and so on.
</p>
<p>
Note that general multiple inheritance of interfaces is not supported, and
objects also cannot implement arbitrary sets of interfaces.
Objects can be defined to implement a single given interface <var>A</var>,
which means that it also implements all of <var>A</var>’s
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-inherited-interfaces'>inherited interfaces</a>. In addition,
an <a href='#idl-implements-statements'>implements statement</a> can be
used to define that objects implementing an interface will always
also implement another interface.
</p>
<p>
Each interface member can be preceded by a list of <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-extended-attribute'>extended attributes</a> (matching
<a class='sym' href='#prod-ExtendedAttributeList'>ExtendedAttributeList</a>),
which can control how the interface member will be handled in language bindings.
</p>
<pre class='syntax'>interface <i>identifier</i> {
[<em>extended-attributes</em>]
const <i>type</i> <i>identifier</i> = <i>value</i>;
[<em>extended-attributes</em>]
attribute <i>type</i> <i>identifier</i>;
[<em>extended-attributes</em>]
<i>return-type</i> <i>identifier</i>(<i>arguments…</i>);
};</pre>
<p>
A <dfn id='dfn-callback-interface'>callback interface</dfn> is
an <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-interface'>interface</a>
that uses the <code>callback</code> keyword at the start of
its definition. Callback interfaces are ones that can be
implemented by <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-user-object'>user objects</a>
and not by <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-platform-object'>platform objects</a>,
as described in <a href='#idl-objects'>section <?sref idl-objects?></a>
<?sdir idl-objects?>.
</p>
<pre class='syntax'>callback interface <i>identifier</i> {
<i>interface-members…</i>
};</pre>
<div class='note'>
<p>See also the similarly named <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-callback-function'>callback function</a> definition.</p>
</div>
<p>
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-callback-interface'>Callback interfaces</a>
<span class='rfc2119'>MUST NOT</span> <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-inherit'>inherit</a>
from any non-callback interfaces, and non-callback interfaces <span class='rfc2119'>MUST NOT</span>
inherit from any callback interfaces.
Callback interfaces <span class='rfc2119'>MUST NOT</span> have any
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-consequential-interfaces'>consequential interfaces</a>.
</p>
<p>
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-static-attribute'>Static attributes</a> <span class='rfc2119'>MUST NOT</span>
be defined on a <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-callback-interface'>callback interface</a>.
</p>
<div class='warning'>
<p>
Specification authors <span class='rfc2119'>SHOULD NOT</span> define
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-callback-interface'>callback interfaces</a>
that have only a single <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-operation'>operation</a>,
unless required to describe the requirements of existing APIs.
Instead, a <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-callback-function'>callback function</a> <span class='rfc2119'>SHOULD</span> be used.
</p>
<p>
The definition of <span class='idltype'>EventListener</span> as a
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-callback-interface'>callback interface</a>
is an example of an existing API that needs to allow
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-user-object'>user objects</a> with a
given property (in this case “handleEvent”) to be considered to implement the interface.
For new APIs, and those for which there are no compatibility concerns,
using a <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-callback-function'>callback function</a> will allow
only a <span class='estype'>Function</span> object (in the ECMAScript
language binding).
</p>
</div>
<div class='note'>
<p>
Specification authors wanting to define APIs that take ECMAScript objects
as “property bag” like function arguments are suggested to use
<a href='#idl-dictionaries'>dictionary types</a> rather than
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-callback-interface'>callback interfaces</a>.
</p>
<p>
For example, instead of this:
</p>
<x:codeblock language='idl'>callback interface Options {
attribute DOMString? option1;
attribute DOMString? option2;
attribute long? option3;
};
interface A {
void doTask(DOMString type, Options options);
};</x:codeblock>
<p>
to be used like this:
</p>
<x:codeblock language='es'>var a = getA(); <span class='comment'>// Get an instance of A.</span>
a.doTask("something", { option1: "banana", option3: 100 });</x:codeblock>
<p>
instead write the following:
</p>
<x:codeblock language='idl'>dictionary Options {
DOMString? option1;
DOMString? option2;
long? option3;
};
interface A {
void doTask(DOMString type, Options options);
};</x:codeblock>
</div>
<p>
The IDL for interfaces can be split into multiple parts by using
<dfn id='dfn-partial-interface'>partial interface</dfn> definitions
(matching <span class='sym'>"partial"</span> <a class='sym' href='#prod-PartialInterface'>PartialInterface</a>).
The <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-identifier'>identifier</a> of a partial
interface definition <span class='rfc2119'>MUST</span> be the same
as the identifier of an interface definition. All of
the members that appear on each of the partial interfaces are considered to be
members of the interface itself.
</p>
<pre class='syntax'>interface <em>SomeInterface</em> {
<i>interface-members…</i>
};
partial interface <em>SomeInterface</em> {
<i>interface-members…</i>
};</pre>
<div class='note'>
<p>Partial interface definitions are intended for use as a specification
editorial aide, allowing the definition of an interface to be separated
over more than one section of the document, and sometimes multiple documents.</p>
</div>
<p>
The order of appearance of an <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-interface'>interface</a>
definition and any of its <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-partial-interface'>partial interface</a>
definitions does not matter.
</p>
<div class='note'>
<p>A partial interface definition cannot specify that the interface
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-inherit'>inherits</a> from another interface.
Inheritance must be specified on the original <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-interface'>interface</a>
definition.</p>
</div>
<p>
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-extended-attribute'>Extended attributes</a> can be specified on
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-partial-interface'>partial interface</a> definitions, with some
limitations. The following extended attributes <span class='rfc2119'>MUST NOT</span>
be specified on partial interface definitions:
<a class='xattr' href='#ArrayClass'>[ArrayClass]</a>,
<a class='xattr' href='#Constructor'>[Constructor]</a>,
<a class='xattr' href='#ImplicitThis'>[ImplicitThis]</a>,
<!--JAVA
<a class='xattr' href='#JavaPackage'>[JavaPackage]</a>,
-->
<a class='xattr' href='#NamedConstructor'>[NamedConstructor]</a>,
<a class='xattr' href='#NoInterfaceObject'>[NoInterfaceObject]</a>.
</p>
<div class='note'>
<p>The above list of <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-extended-attribute'>extended attributes</a>
is all of those defined in this document that are applicable to
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-interface'>interfaces</a> except for
<a class='xattr' href='#Exposed'>[Exposed]</a>,
<a class='xattr' href='#Global'>[Global]</a>,
<a class='xattr' href='#OverrideBuiltins'>[OverrideBuiltins]</a>,
<a class='xattr' href='#PrimaryGlobal'>[PrimaryGlobal]</a> and
<a class='xattr' href='#Unforgeable'>[Unforgeable]</a>.</p>
</div>
<p>
Any <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-extended-attribute'>extended attribute</a> specified
on a <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-partial-interface'>partial interface</a> definition
is considered to appear on the <a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-interface'>interface</a>
itself.
</p>
<p>
The relevant language binding determines how interfaces correspond to constructs
in the language.
</p>
<!--
<p>
An <dfn id='dfn-interface-forward-declaration'>interface forward declaration</dfn>
is a definition that matches the <a class='sym' href='#prod-Interface'>Interface</a> non-terminal
whose <a class='sym' href='#prod-InterfaceBody'>InterfaceBody</a> is empty
(that is, <a class='sym' href='#prod-InterfaceBody'>InterfaceBody</a> ⇒ ε). A forward declaration
is used to introduce an interface name to allow for the definition of mutually
recursive interfaces, since scoped names
need to resolve to types that have been
<a class='dfnref' href='#dfn-declared-previously'>declared previously</a>.
</p>
-->
<p>
The following extended attributes are applicable to interfaces:
<a class='xattr' href='#ArrayClass'>[ArrayClass]</a>,
<a class='xattr' href='#Constructor'>[Constructor]</a>,
<a class='xattr' href='#Exposed'>[Exposed]</a>,
<a class='xattr' href='#Global'>[Global]</a>,
<a class='xattr' href='#ImplicitThis'>[ImplicitThis]</a>,
<!--JAVA
<a class='xattr' href='#JavaPackage'>[JavaPackage]</a>,