Lighting.pm6

use v6;

use Pray::Geometry::Vector3D;
use Pray::Geometry::Ray;
use Pray::Scene::Color;

class Pray::Scene::Lighting {
    has Pray::Scene::Color $.color = white;
    has Real $.intensity = 1;
    has Pray::Scene::Color $.color_scaled = $!color.scale($!intensity);

    method color_shaded () { $!color_scaled };
}

class Pray::Scene::Ambiance is Pray::Scene::Lighting {}

class Pray::Scene::Diffusion is Pray::Scene::Lighting {
    multi method color_shaded (
        Pray::Scene::Color $light_color,
        Real :$cos!,
    ) {
        self.color_scaled.scale($cos).scale($light_color)
    }

    multi method color_shaded (
        Pray::Scene::Color $light_color,
        $int,
        Pray::Geometry::Vector3D $light_dir,
    ) {
        self.color_shaded(
            $light_color,
            cos => $int.direction.dot($light_dir)
        )
    }
}

class Pray::Scene::Specularity is Pray::Scene::Lighting {
    has Real $.sharpness = 100;

    method color_shaded (
        Pray::Scene::Color $light_color,
        $int,
        Pray::Geometry::Vector3D $light_dir,
    ) {
        my $reflect_dir = $light_dir.reflect($int.direction);
        my $specular = $reflect_dir.reverse.dot($int.ray.direction);

        if $specular > 0 {
            if $specular != 1 {
                $specular **= $!sharpness;
                return black if $specular ~~ Failure;
            }

            $specular =
                self.color_scaled\
                .scale($specular).scale($light_color);

            return $specular;
        } else {
            return black;
        }
    }
}

class Pray::Scene::Reflection is Pray::Scene::Lighting {
    method color_shaded (
        $int,
        :$recurse,
    ) {
        my $reflect_dir = $int.ray.direction\
            .reflect($int.direction).scale(-1);
        my $reflect_ray = Pray::Geometry::Ray.new(
            position => $int.position,
            direction => $reflect_dir
        );
        
        my $reflect_color = $int.scene.ray_color(
            $reflect_ray,
            recurse => $recurse,
            containers => $int.containers,
        );
        
        return $reflect_color.scale(self.color_scaled);
    }
}

class Pray::Scene::Transparency is Pray::Scene::Lighting {
    has Real $.refraction;
    
    method color_shaded (
        $int,
        :$recurse
    ) {
        #refractive index when we're not inside any object
        my $ambient_ri = $int.scene.refraction;
        #`[[[
            vacuum        1
            normal air    1.000277
            cold air    1.000293
            water        1.3330
        ]]]
        
        # refractive index 1 - material ray is passing from
        my $ri_1 = $ambient_ri;

        # refractive index 2 - material ray is passing to
        my $ri_2 = $!refraction;

        # get index of container if we're leaving one
        my $ri_i = 0;
        my @containers := $int.containers.clone;
        if @containers {
            $ri_i =
                (^@containers)\
                    .first({ @containers[$_] === $int.object }) //
                $ri_i
                if $int.exiting;
            
            $ri_1 =
                @containers[$ri_i]\
                .material.transparent.refraction;
        }
        
        # adjust container list for new ray
        if $int.exiting {
            @containers.splice($ri_i, 1);
            ($ri_1, $ri_2) = $ri_2, $ri_1;
        } else {
            @containers.unshift($int.object);
        }

        # ratio of refractive indices
        my $ratio =
            ($ri_1 // $ambient_ri) /
            ($ri_2 // $ambient_ri);

        # refracted ray direction
        my $refract_dir;
        my $reflect = 0;

        if $ratio == 1 { # 1 == no refraction
            $refract_dir = $int.ray.direction;
        } else {
            # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell%27s_law#Vector_form

            # angle between boundary surface and incoming ray
            my $cos_theta_1 = $int.direction.dot($int.ray.direction.reverse);
            
            # angle between boundary surface and outgoing ray
            my $cos_theta_2 = 1 - $ratio**2 * (1 - $cos_theta_1**2);
            
            if $cos_theta_2 >= 0 {
                $cos_theta_2 .= sqrt;
                
                $refract_dir = $int.ray.direction.scale($ratio).add(
                    $int.direction.scale($ratio*$cos_theta_1 - $cos_theta_2)
                );

                # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_equations#Power_or_intensity_equations
                my $refl_pol_1 = (
                    ($ri_1 * $cos_theta_1 - $ri_2 * $cos_theta_2) /
                    ($ri_1 * $cos_theta_1 + $ri_2 * $cos_theta_2)
                ) ** 2;
                my $refl_pol_2 = (
                    ($ri_1 * $cos_theta_2 - $ri_2 * $cos_theta_1) /
                    ($ri_1 * $cos_theta_2 + $ri_2 * $cos_theta_1)
                ) ** 2;
                $reflect = ($refl_pol_1 + $refl_pol_2) / 2;
            } else {
                # total internal reflection
                $reflect = 1;
            }
        }

        my $color = black;

        if $refract_dir {
            my $refract_ray = Pray::Geometry::Ray.new(
                position => $int.position,
                direction => $refract_dir
            );
            
            my $refract_color = $int.scene.ray_color(
                $refract_ray,
                :@containers,
                :$recurse
            );
            
            $refract_color .= scale($.color_scaled) unless $int.exiting;
            $color = $refract_color;
        }

        if $reflect {
            my $reflect_dir = $int.ray.direction\
                .reflect($int.direction).scale(-1);

            my $reflect_ray = Pray::Geometry::Ray.new(
                position => $int.position,
                direction => $reflect_dir
            );

            my $reflect_color = $int.scene.ray_color(
                $reflect_ray,
                :containers($int.containers),
                :$recurse
            );

            $reflect_color .= scale($reflect) unless $reflect == 1;
            $color = $color.scale(1-$reflect).add($reflect_color);
        }

        $color;
    }
}