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10.3897_zookeys.106.1242.xml
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10.3897_zookeys.106.1242.xml
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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//TaxonX//DTD Taxonomic Treatment Publishing DTD v0 20100105//EN" "tax-treatment-NS0.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:tp="http://www.plazi.org/taxpub">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ZooKeys</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ZooKeys</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1313-2989</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1313-2970</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Pensoft Publishers</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/zookeys.106.1242</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Record of the invasive alien ladybird <italic>Harmonia axyridis</italic> (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) from Kenya</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Nedvěd</surname>
<given-names>Oldřich</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Háva</surname>
<given-names>Jiří</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Kulíková</surname>
<given-names>Daniela</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, and Institute of Entomology, Biology Center, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic</aff>
<aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Private Entomological Laboratory & Collection, Rýznerova 37, CZ-252 62 Únětice u Prahy, Praha-západ, Czech Republic</aff>
<aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Podřipská 188, CZ-41185 Horní Beřkovice, Czech Republic</aff>
<author-notes>
<fn fn-type="corresp">
<p>Corresponding author: Oldřich Nedvěd (<email xlink:type="simple">nedved@prf.jcu.cz</email>).</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by">
<p>Academic editor: Michael Thomas</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>15</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<issue>106</issue>
<fpage>77</fpage>
<lpage>81</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>11</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2011</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>27</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2011</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Oldřich Nedvěd, Jiří Háva, Daniela Kulíková</copyright-statement>
<license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0" xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<label>Abstract</label>
<p>The biological control agent and alien invasive ladybird <italic><tp:taxon-name>Harmonia axyridis</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Pallas, 1773) was recorded for the first time in Kenya, and in equatorial Africa, in 2010.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<label>Keywords</label>
<kwd>Multicolored Asian Ladybird</kwd>
<kwd>distribution</kwd>
<kwd>new record</kwd>
<kwd>Kenya</kwd>
<kwd>Afrotropical region</kwd>
<kwd>invasive predator</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="Introduction"><title>Introduction</title>
<p>The multicolored Asian lady beetle or harlequin ladybird <italic><tp:taxon-name>Harmonia axyridis</tp:taxon-name></italic> (Pallas) (<tp:taxon-name>Coleoptera</tp:taxon-name>: <tp:taxon-name>Coccinellidae</tp:taxon-name>) is native to temperate (and mountain subtropical) Central and East Asia: China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and eastern Russia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Kuznetsov 1992</xref>). It was introduced in many regions of the world as a biological control agent against aphids, and later became an invasive species, spreading 100–500 <!--PageBreak-->km each year. It is established in at least 37 countries in four continents (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Brown et al. in press</xref>). In Africa, this species was intentionally introduced in two Mediterranean countries: Tunisia, where it did not survive, and Egypt (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Ferran et al. 2000</xref>), where it established a limited population (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Brown et al. in press</xref>). Conversely, it has invaded and established in South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Stals and Prinsloo 2007</xref>) and neighbouring Lesotho (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Stals 2010</xref>) although it was not intentionally introduced there.</p>
<p>This article reports the first record of this alien invasive ladybird beetle in Kenya.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="Material examined"><title>Material examined</title>
<p>Kenya E, Coast province, Kikambala (<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates">3°48.28'S, 39°50.00'E</named-content>; cca. 45 km N of Mombasa), 30.12.2010–8.1.2011, 2 ♀♀ lgt. + 20 exx. observ., Jiří Háva & Daniela Kulíková lgt., J. Háva coll. et det.</p>
<p>We observed the beetles on the plant <italic><tp:taxon-name>Ipomoea pescapre</tp:taxon-name></italic> (<tp:taxon-name>Convolvulaceae</tp:taxon-name>) on the sea coast (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>). All individuals belonged to the colour morph <italic>succinea</italic> (Hope), with 19 well-developed spots on the elytra and well-developed elytral ridges (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>). Like a previous record of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Harmonia axyridis</tp:taxon-name></italic> in Uruguay (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Nedvěd and Krejčík 2010</xref>), this finding was done by chance by a non-professional entomologist.<!--PageBreak--></p>
<fig id="F1" position="float" orientation="portrait">
<label>Figure 1.</label>
<caption><p>The host plant <italic><tp:taxon-name>Ipomoea pescapre</tp:taxon-name></italic> (<tp:taxon-name>Convolvulaceae</tp:taxon-name>) on the sea coast in Kikambala.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-106-077-g001.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple"/>
</fig>
<fig id="F2" position="float" orientation="portrait">
<label>Figure 2.</label>
<caption><p>Female of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Harmonia axyridis</tp:taxon-name></italic> from Kikambala, colour morph <italic>succinea</italic>, with 19 spots and elytral ridge.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ZooKeys-106-077-g002.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="Discussion"><title>Discussion</title>
<p>Because Kikambala is a holiday centre, but not a port or transport node, we consider the occurrence of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Harmonia axyridis</tp:taxon-name></italic> here to be the result of a wider and lasting invasion, rather than a singular incidental and ephemeral introduction with goods.</p>
<p>The observed colour morph <italic>succinea</italic> is the most common morph in the eastern part of its natural range (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Blekhman et al. 2010</xref>) and in the invasive European population (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Brown et al. 2008</xref>). The size of the spots suggests that the individuals recorded emerged from pupae at temperatures of around 25°C – the spots would be smaller or missing at higher temperatures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Michie et al. 2010</xref>).</p>
<p>High temperature may be limiting the continued spread of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Harmonia axyridis</tp:taxon-name></italic>, at least at a local scale. The American (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Acar et al. 2001</xref>) and European (Fois et al. unpublished) invasive populations do not survive temperatures above 33°C. However, the CLIMEX model that used known physiological limits of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Harmonia axyridis</tp:taxon-name></italic> indicated that this species may tolerate most southern and eastern African countries, including Kenya (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Poutsma et al. 2008</xref>). The coastal climate near Mombasa is rather hot (average annual temperature 26°C, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Climate & Temperature 2011</xref>), while at higher elevations inland, mild temperatures (<italic>e.g.</italic> 18°C in the capital, Nairobi) are more favourable for <italic><tp:taxon-name>Harmonia axyridis</tp:taxon-name></italic>.</p>
<p><!--PageBreak-->Although there were several independent introductions of <italic><tp:taxon-name>Harmonia axyridis</tp:taxon-name></italic> in Europe and North America, with different source populations from East Asia, there is a single main invasive population/strain in several continents (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Lombaert et al. 2010</xref>). Thus in future the origin of the population in Kenya should be compared with known populations from both the native and invasive ranges, using molecular genetic methods (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Blekhman et al. 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Thomas et al. 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Lawson Handley et al. in press</xref>) to determine if it is the same strain, or a different one that might have higher temperature requirements.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="Conclusion"><title>Conclusion</title>
<p>We consider that <italic><tp:taxon-name>Harmonia axyridis</tp:taxon-name></italic> has established in Kenya, the first fully tropical country to be invaded, but that its further spread may be hampered by high temperature and low prey availability. In this region we suggest that <italic><tp:taxon-name>Harmonia axyridis</tp:taxon-name></italic> may pose a low threat to biodiversity, such as the native ladybird beetles, which are mostly coccidophagous.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ack>
<title>Acknowledgement</title>
<p>The study was supported by grant number QH82047 by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic.</p>
</ack>
<ref-list>
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