Varnam is a type of musical composition in Carnatic music, the classical music tradition of South India. Varnam means "color" or "beauty" in Sanskrit, and it is a musical form that showcases the melodic and rhythmic aspects of a raga (a musical scale or mode).
Varnam can be classified into two categories: Abhyasa Ganam (practice music) and Sabha Ganam (performance music). Abhyasa Ganam varnams are meant for beginners and intermediate learners of Carnatic music, and they help them to master the basic elements of a raga, such as swaras (notes), gamakas (ornaments), and tala (rhythmic cycle). Sabha Ganam varnams are meant for advanced learners and performers of Carnatic music, and they help them to explore the nuances and variations of a raga, such as sancharas (phrases), prayogas (patterns), and alankaras (embellishments).
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A typical varnam consists of two parts: Purvanga (first part) and Uttaranga (second part). The Purvanga consists of three sections: Pallavi (refrain), Anupallavi (second refrain), and Mukthayi Swara (first set of swara passages). The Uttaranga consists of two sections: Charanam (verse) and Charana Swara (second set of swara passages). The Pallavi and Anupallavi have lyrics that are usually in praise of a deity or a patron, while the Charanam has lyrics that are usually in praise of the composer or the raga. The Mukthayi Swara and Charana Swara have no lyrics, but only swaras that are sung in different speeds and patterns.
Varnams are composed in various ragas and talas, and they can be sung or played on various instruments, such as veena, violin, flute, etc. Varnams are usually sung at the beginning of a Carnatic music concert, as they help to warm up the voice and tune the ears to the raga. Varnams are also considered as miniatures of a raga, as they capture its essence and mood in a concise manner.
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Varnams are attributed to various composers of Carnatic music, such as Purandara Dasa, Ramaswami Dikshitar, Patnam Subramania Iyer, Tiruvotriyur Tyagayyar, etc. Some of the famous varnams are Ninnukori in Mohana raga, Sarasuda in Saveri raga, Viriboni in Bhairavi raga, Jalajaksha in Hamsadhwani raga, etc.
Some examples of varnams in Bharatanatyam are:
- Samini Rammanave in Khamas raga, composed by Papanasam Sivan. This varnam depicts the love and longing of a nayika (heroine) for Lord Rama.
- Swami naan undan adimai in Nattakurinji raga, composed by Poochi Srinivasa Iyengar. This varnam expresses the devotion and surrender of a nayika to Lord Muruga.
- Dani samajendra gamini in Todi raga, composed by Muthuswami Dikshitar. This varnam describes the glory and beauty of Goddess Meenakshi.
- Nee inda maye in Atana raga, composed by Patnam Subramania Iyer. This varnam portrays the anguish and frustration of a nayika who is neglected by her lover.
- Innum en manam in Charukesi raga, composed by Lalgudi Jayaraman. This varnam depicts the joy and ecstasy of a nayika who is united with her lover.
Varnams are not only a musical and dance form, but also a cultural and artistic expression of South India. They reflect the rich heritage and diversity of Carnatic music and Bharatanatyam dance. They also showcase the creativity and skill of the composers and performers who have contributed to this art form over centuries. 8cf37b1e13