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fortune-rtfm
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fortune-rtfm
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if - "use" a Perl module if a condition holds (also can "no" a module)
The "if" module is used to conditionally load or unload another module. The construct
will load MODULE only if CONDITION evaluates to true. The above statement has no effect unless
"CONDITION" is true. If the CONDITION does evaluate to true, then the above line has the same effect as:
The use of "=>" above provides necessary quoting of "MODULE". If you don't use the fat comma (eg you
%
select — synchronous I/O multiplexing
#include <sys/select.h>
int select(int nfds, fd_set *restrict readfds,
fd_set *restrict writefds, fd_set *restrict errorfds,
struct timeval *restrict timeout);
Refer to pselect().
%
time - time a simple command or give resource usage
time [options] command [arguments...]
The time command runs the specified program command with the given arguments. When command finishes,
time writes a message to standard error giving timing statistics about this program run. These statis‐
tics consist of (i) the elapsed real time between invocation and termination, (ii) the user CPU time (the
pathname (something like /usr/bin/time).
%
alias — define or display aliases
alias [alias-name[=string]...]
The alias utility shall create or redefine alias definitions or write the values of existing alias defi‐
nitions to standard output. An alias definition provides a string value that shall replace a command name
An alias definition shall affect the current shell execution environment and the execution environments
%
bg — run jobs in the background
bg [job_id...]
If job control is enabled (see the description of set −m), the bg utility shall resume suspended jobs
ground jobs. If the job specified by job_id is already a running background job, the bg utility shall
have no effect and shall exit successfully.
Using bg to place a job into the background shall cause its process ID to become ``known in the current
%
bind — bind a name to a socket
#include <sys/socket.h>
int bind(int socket, const struct sockaddr *address,
socklen_t address_len);
The bind() function shall assign a local socket address address to a socket identified by descriptor
socket that has no local socket address assigned. Sockets created with the socket() function are ini‐
tially unnamed; they are identified only by their address family.
%
break — exit from for, while, or until loop
break [n]
The break utility shall exit from the smallest enclosing for, while, or until loop, if any; or from the
nth enclosing loop if n is specified. The value of n is an unsigned decimal integer greater than or equal
outermost enclosing loop shall be exited. Execution shall continue with the command immediately following
the loop.
%
cd — change the working directory
cd [−L|−P] [directory]
cd −
The cd utility shall change the working directory of the current shell execution environment (see Section
the symbol curpath represents an intermediate value used to simplify the description of the algorithm
used by cd. There is no requirement that curpath be made visible to the application.)
%
command — execute a simple command
command [−p] command_name [argument...]
command [−p][−v|−V] command_name
The command utility shall cause the shell to treat the arguments as a simple command, suppressing the
If the command_name is the same as the name of one of the special built-in utilities, the special proper‐
%
continue — continue for, while, or until loop
continue [n]
The continue utility shall return to the top of the smallest enclosing for, while, or until loop, or to
while or until loop or performing the next assignment of a for loop, and re-executing the loop if appro‐
priate.
%
echo - display a line of text
echo [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]...
echo LONG-OPTION
Echo the STRING(s) to standard output.
-n do not output the trailing newline
-e enable interpretation of backslash escapes
-E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default)
--help display this help and exit
%
eval — construct command by concatenating arguments
eval [argument...]
The eval utility shall construct a command by concatenating arguments together, separating each with a
<space> character. The constructed command shall be read and executed by the shell.
None.
%
exec — execute commands and open, close, or copy file descriptors
exec [command [argument...]]
The exec utility shall open, close, and/or copy file descriptors as specified by any redirections as part
of the command.
are opened with associated redirection statements, it is unspecified whether those file descriptors
remain open when the shell invokes another utility. Scripts concerned that child shells could misuse
%
exit — cause the shell to exit
exit [n]
The exit utility shall cause the shell to exit with the exit status specified by the unsigned decimal
undefined.
A trap on EXIT shall be executed before the shell terminates, except when the exit utility is invoked in
%
export — set the export attribute for variables
export name[=word]...
export −p
The shell shall give the export attribute to the variables corresponding to the specified names, which
shall cause them to be in the environment of subsequently executed commands. If the name of a variable is
followed by =word, then the value of that variable shall be set to word.
%
false - do nothing, unsuccessfully
false [ignored command line arguments]
false OPTION
Exit with a status code indicating failure.
--help display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports.
%
fc — process the command history list
fc [−r] [−e editor] [first [last]]
fc −l [−nr] [first [last]]
fc −s [old=new] [first]
The fc utility shall list, or shall edit and re-execute, commands previously entered to an interactive
sh.
%
fg — run jobs in the foreground
fg [job_id]
If job control is enabled (see the description of set −m), the fg utility shall move a background job
Using fg to place a job into the foreground shall remove its process ID from the list of those ``known in
%
getopts — parse utility options
getopts optstring name [arg...]
The getopts utility shall retrieve options and option-arguments from a list of parameters. It shall sup‐
Each time it is invoked, the getopts utility shall place the value of the next option in the shell vari‐
able specified by the name operand and the index of the next argument to be processed in the shell vari‐
%
hash — remember or report utility locations
hash [utility...]
hash −r
The hash utility shall affect the way the current shell environment remembers the locations of utilities
fied, it shall add utility locations to its list of remembered locations or it shall purge the contents
of the list. When no arguments are specified, it shall report on the contents of the list.
%
history - GNU History Library
Many programs read input from the user a line at a time. The GNU History library is able to keep track
of those lines, associate arbitrary data with each line, and utilize information from previous lines in
composing new ones.
HISTORY EXPANSION
The history library supports a history expansion feature that is identical to the history expansion in
History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repeat
commands, insert the arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previ‐
ous commands quickly.
%
jobs — display status of jobs in the current session
jobs [−l|−p] [job_id...]
The jobs utility shall display the status of jobs that were started in the current shell environment; see
When jobs reports the termination status of a job, the shell shall remove its process ID from the list of
%
kill - terminate a process
kill [-signal|-s signal|-p] [-q value] [-a] [--] pid|name...
kill -l [number] | -L
The command kill sends the specified signal to the specified processes or process groups. If no signal
caught.
Most modern shells have a builtin kill function, with a usage rather similar to that of the command
described here. The --all, --pid, and --queue options, and the possibility to specify processes by com‐
mand name, are local extensions.
If signal is 0, then no actual signal is sent, but error checking is still performed.
%
login, logout - write utmp and wtmp entries
#include <utmp.h>
void login(const struct utmp *ut);
int logout(const char *ut_line);
Link with -lutil.
The utmp file records who is currently using the system. The wtmp file records all logins and logouts.
The function login() takes the supplied struct utmp, ut, and writes it to both the utmp and the wtmp
file.
%
printf - format and print data
printf FORMAT [ARGUMENT]...
printf OPTION
Print ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION:
--help display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
FORMAT controls the output as in C printf. Interpreted sequences are:
\" double quote
%
pwd - print name of current/working directory
pwd [OPTION]...
Print the full filename of the current working directory.
-L, --logical
use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks
-P, --physical
avoid all symlinks
--help display this help and exit
--version
%
read — read a line from standard input
read [−r] var...
The read utility shall read a single line from standard input.
By default, unless the −r option is specified, <backslash> shall act as an escape character. An unescaped
<backslash> shall preserve the literal value of the following character, with the exception of a <new‐
line>. If a <newline> follows the <backslash>, the read utility shall interpret this as line continua‐
tion. The <backslash> and <newline> shall be removed before splitting the input into fields. All other
%
readonly — set the readonly attribute for variables
readonly name[=word]...
readonly −p
The variables whose names are specified shall be given the readonly attribute. The values of variables
with the readonly attribute cannot be changed by subsequent assignment, nor can those variables be unset
by the unset utility. If the name of a variable is followed by =word, then the value of that variable
shall be set to word.
%
return — return from a function or dot script
return [n]
The return utility shall cause the shell to stop executing the current function or dot script. If the
shell is not currently executing a function or dot script, the results are unspecified.
None.
%
set — set or unset options and positional parameters
set [−abCefhmnuvx] [−o option] [argument...]
set [+abCefhmnuvx] [+o option] [argument...]
set −− [argument...]
set −o
set +o
%
shift — shift positional parameters
shift [n]
the new number of positional parameters.
The value n shall be an unsigned decimal integer less than or equal to the value of the special parameter
%
test - check file types and compare values
test EXPRESSION
test
[ EXPRESSION ]
[ ]
[ OPTION
Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION.
--help display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
%
times — write process times
times
The times utility shall write the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for all of its
child processes, in the following POSIX locale format:
"%dm%fs %dm%fs\n%dm%fs %dm%fs\n", <shell user minutes>,
<shell user seconds>, <shell system minutes>,
<shell system seconds>, <children user minutes>,
%
trap — trap signals
trap n [condition...]
trap [action condition...]
If the first operand is an unsigned decimal integer, the shell shall treat all operands as conditions,
and shall reset each condition to the default value. Otherwise, if there are operands, the first is
treated as an action and the remaining as conditions.
If action is '−', the shell shall reset each condition to the default value. If action is null (""), the
%
true - do nothing, successfully
true [ignored command line arguments]
true OPTION
Exit with a status code indicating success.
--help display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports.
%
type — write a description of command type
type name...
The type utility shall indicate how each argument would be interpreted if used as a command name.
None.
OPERANDS
%
ulimit — set or report file size limit
ulimit [−f] [blocks]
The ulimit utility shall set or report the file-size writing limit imposed on files written by the shell
increase the limit.
%
umask — get or set the file mode creation mask
umask [−S] [mask]
The umask utility shall set the file mode creation mask of the current shell execution environment (see
affect the initial value of the file permission bits of subsequently created files. If umask is called in
a subshell or separate utility execution environment, such as one of the following:
%
unalias — remove alias definitions
unalias alias-name...
unalias −a
Substitution. The aliases shall be removed from the current shell execution environment; see Section
%
unset — unset values and attributes of variables and functions
unset [−fv] name...
Each variable or function specified by name shall be unset.
If −v is specified, name refers to a variable name and the shell shall unset it and remove it from the
environment. Read-only variables cannot be unset.
If −f is specified, name refers to a function and the shell shall unset the function definition.
%
wait — await process completion
wait [pid...]
last command in each element of the asynchronous list shall become known in the current shell execution
If the wait utility is invoked with no operands, it shall wait until all process IDs known to the invok‐
ing shell have terminated and exit with a zero exit status.
%
timedatectl - Control the system time and date
The following options are understood:
--no-ask-password
Do not query the user for authentication for privileged operations.
--adjust-system-clock
%
iptables-save — dump iptables rules to stdout
ip6tables-save — dump iptables rules to stdout
iptables-save [-M modprobe] [-c] [-t table]
ip6tables-save [-M modprobe] [-c] [-t table]
iptables-save and ip6tables-save are used to dump the contents of IP or IPv6 Table in easily parseable
format to STDOUT. Use I/O-redirection provided by your shell to write to a file.
-M, --modprobe modprobe_program
Specify the path to the modprobe program. By default, iptables-save will inspect /proc/sys/ker‐
nel/modprobe to determine the executable's path.
%
c_rehash - Create symbolic links to files named by the hash values
c_rehash [-old] [-h] [-n] [-v] [ directory...]
c_rehash scans directories and calculates a hash value of each ".pem", ".crt", ".cer", or ".crl" file in
the specified directory list and creates symbolic links for each file, where the name of the link is the
as many programs that use OpenSSL require directories to be set up like this in order to find
certificates.
If any directories are named on the command line, then those are processed in turn. If not, then the
SSL_CERT_DIR environment variable is consulted; this shold be a colon-separated list of directories, like
the Unix PATH variable. If that is not set then the default directory (installation-specific but often
/usr/local/ssl/certs) is processed.
%
gdbm_load - re-create a GDBM database from a dump file.
[--block-size=NUM] [--cache-size=NUM] [--mmap=NUM]
[--mode=MODE] [--no-meta] [--replace]
gdbm_load [-Vh] [--help] [--usage] [--version]
Create a gdbm database file DB_FILE from the dump file FILE. If the FILE argument is not supplied, out‐
put the created database to the standard error.
If the input file is in ASCII dump format, the mode and ownership of the created database are restored
%
yes - output a string repeatedly until killed
yes [STRING]...
yes OPTION
Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or 'y'.
--help display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
Written by David MacKenzie.
%
named-checkconf - named configuration file syntax checking tool
named-checkconf [-h] [-v] [-j] [-t directory] {filename} [-p] [-x] [-z]
named-checkconf checks the syntax, but not the semantics, of a named configuration file. The file is
parsed and checked for syntax errors, along with all files included by it. If no file is specified,
/etc/named.conf is read by default.
run, even if named-checkconf was successful. named-checkconf can be run on these files explicitly,
however.
-h
%
grotty - groff driver for typewriter-like devices
grotty [ -bBcdfhioruUv ] [ -Fdir ] [ files... ]
It is possible to have whitespace between the -F option and its parameter.
grotty translates the output of GNU troff into a form suitable for typewriter-like devices. Normally
the standard input. A filename of - also causes grotty to read the standard input. Output is written to
the standard output.
foreground colors; additionally, bold and italic attributes can be used at the same time (by using the BI
%
systemd-machine-id-setup - Initialize the machine ID in /etc/machine-id
systemd-machine-id-setup
information about this file.
If the tool is invoked without the --commit switch, /etc/machine-id is initialized with a valid, new
machined ID if it is missing or empty. The new machine ID will be acquired in the following fashion:
used to initialize the machine ID in /etc/machine-id.
%
bridge - show / manipulate bridge addresses and devices
OBJECT := { link | fdb | mdb | vlan | monitor }
bridge link set dev DEV [ cost COST ] [ priority PRIO ] [ state STATE] [ guard { on | off } ] [ hairpin
{ on | off } ] [ fastleave { on | off } ] [ root_block { on | off } ] [ learning { on | off } ] [
learning_sync { on | off } ] [ flood { on | off } ] [ hwmode { vepa | veb } ] [ self ] [ master ]
bridge link [ show ] [ dev DEV ]
bridge fdb { add | append | del | replace } LLADDR dev DEV { local | static | dynamic } [ self ] [ master
] [ router ] [ use ] [ dst IPADDR ] [ vni VNI ] [ port PORT ] [ via DEVICE ]
%
grub-mkrelpath - make a system path relative to its root
grub-mkrelpath [OPTION...] PATH
Transform a system filename into GRUB one.
-?, --help
give this help list
--usage
give a short usage message
-V, --version
print program version
%
vgrename — rename a volume group
will refuse to run or give warning messages.
a Volume Group with the same name as the Volume Group containing your root filesystem the machine might
not even boot correctly. However, the two Volume Groups should have different UUIDs (unless the disk was
cloned) so you can rename one of the conflicting Volume Groups with vgrename.
%
rename - rename files
rename [options] expression replacement file...
rename will rename the specified files by replacing the first occurrence of expression in their name by
replacement.
-s, --symlink
Do not rename a symlink but its target.
-v, --verbose
Show which files where renamed, if any.
-V, --version
%
grub-install - install GRUB to a device
grub-install [OPTION...] [OPTION] [INSTALL_DEVICE]
Install GRUB on your drive.
--compress=no|xz|gz|lzo
compress GRUB files [optional]
-d, --directory=DIR
use images and modules under DIR [default=/usr/lib/grub/<platform>]
--fonts=FONTS
install FONTS [default=unicode]
%
pvck — check physical volume metadata
calVolume [PhysicalVolume...]
pvck checks physical volume LVM metadata for consistency.
--labelsector sector
parameter allows you to specify a different starting sector for the scan and is useful for recov‐
ery situations. For example, suppose the partition table is corrupted or lost on /dev/sda, but
%
xfs_copy - copy the contents of an XFS filesystem
xfs_copy -V
argument must be the pathname of the device or file containing the XFS filesystem. The remaining argu‐
ments specify one or more target devices or file names. If the pathnames specify devices, a copy of the
source XFS filesystem is created on each device. The target can also be the name of a regular file, in
xfs_copy creates the file. The length of the resulting file is equal to the size of the source filesys‐
tem. However, if the file is created on an XFS filesystem, the file consumes roughly the amount of space
actually used in the source filesystem by the filesystem and the XFS log. The space saving is because
xfs_copy seeks over free blocks instead of copying them and the XFS filesystem supports sparse files
efficiently.
%
pacman - package manager utility
pacman <operation> [options] [targets]
Pacman is a package management utility that tracks installed packages on a Linux system. It features
dependency support, package groups, install and uninstall scripts, and the ability to sync your local
machine with a remote repository to automatically upgrade packages. Pacman packages are a zipped tar
format.
Invoking pacman involves specifying an operation with any potential options and targets to operate on. A
target is usually a package name, file name, URL, or a search string. Targets can be provided as command
line arguments. Additionally, if stdin is not from a terminal and a single hyphen (-) is passed as an
%
ip - show / manipulate routing, devices, policy routing and tunnels
ip [ -force ] -batch filename
OBJECT := { link | address | addrlabel | route | rule | neigh | ntable | tunnel | tuntap | maddress |
flush-attempts } | -o[neline] | -rc[vbuf] [size] | -t[imestamp] | -ts[hort] | -n[etns] name |
-a[ll] | -c[olor] }
-V, -Version
%
mk_cmds - error table compiler
mk_cmds file
Mk_cmds converts a table listing command names and associated help messages into a C source file suitable
The source file name must end with a suffix of ``.ct''; the file consists of a declaration supplying the
name of the command table:
command_table name
followed by entries of the form:
[ request | unimplemented ] name, " string "[, abbrev]...;
%
uniq - report or omit repeated lines
uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
Filter adjacent matching lines from INPUT (or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output).
With no options, matching lines are merged to the first occurrence.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-c, --count
prefix lines by the number of occurrences
-d, --repeated
only print duplicate lines, one for each group
%
ldattach - attach a line discipline to a serial line
The ldattach daemon opens the specified device file (which should refer to a serial device) and attaches
the line discipline ldisc to it for processing of the sent and/or received data. It then goes into the
background keeping the device open so that the line discipline stays loaded.
With no arguments, ldattach prints usage information.
LINE DISCIPLINES
%
gawk - pattern scanning and processing language
gawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] -f program-file [ -- ] file ...
gawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] [ -- ] program-text file ...
Gawk is the GNU Project's implementation of the AWK programming language. It conforms to the definition
AWK Programming Language, by Aho, Kernighan, and Weinberger. Gawk provides the additional features found
in the current version of Brian Kernighan's awk and a number of GNU-specific extensions.
The command line consists of options to gawk itself, the AWK program text (if not supplied via the -f or
--file options), and values to be made available in the ARGC and ARGV pre-defined AWK variables.
When gawk is invoked with the --profile option, it starts gathering profiling statistics from the execu‐
tion of the program. Gawk runs more slowly in this mode, and automatically produces an execution profile
%
lookbib - search bibliographic databases
lookbib [ -v ] [ -istring ] [ -tn ] filename...
lookbib prints a prompt on the standard error (unless the standard input is not a terminal), reads from
the standard input a line containing a set of keywords, searches the bibliographic databases filename...
for references containing those keywords, prints any references found on the standard output, and repeats
this process until the end of input. For each database filename to be searched, if an index filename.i
It is possible to have whitespace between a command line option and its parameter.
-v Print the version number.
%
size - list section sizes and total size.
size [-A|-B|--format=compatibility]
[--help]
[-d|-o|-x|--radix=number]
[--common]
[-t|--totals]
[--target=bfdname] [-V|--version]
[objfile...]
The GNU size utility lists the section sizes---and the total size---for each of the object or archive
files objfile in its argument list. By default, one line of output is generated for each object file or
each module in an archive.
objfile... are the object files to be examined. If none are specified, the file "a.out" will be used.
%
join - join lines of two files on a common field
For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default
join field is the first, delimited by blanks.
-a FILENUM
-e EMPTY
replace missing input fields with EMPTY
%
idle - make process 0 idle
#include <unistd.h>
int idle(void);
idle() is an internal system call used during bootstrap. It marks the process's pages as swappable, low‐
ers its priority, and enters the main scheduling loop. idle() never returns.
EPERM.
RETURN VALUE
%
refer - preprocess bibliographic references for groff
refer [ -benvCPRS ] [ -an ] [ -cfields ] [ -fn ] [ -ifields ] [ -kfield ] [ -lm,n ] [ -pfilename ]
[ -sfields ] [ -tn ] [ -Bfield.macro ] [ filename... ]
refer copies the contents of filename... to the standard output, except that lines between .[ and .] are
are to be processed.
Each citation specifies a reference. The citation can specify a reference that is contained in a biblio‐
graphic database by giving a set of keywords that only that reference contains. Alternatively it can
specify a reference by supplying a database record in the citation. A combination of these alternatives
is also possible.
%
xzmore, lzmore - view xz or lzma compressed (text) files
xzmore [file...]
lzmore [file...]
time on a soft-copy terminal.
To use a pager other than the default more, set environment variable PAGER to the name of the desired
program. The name lzmore is provided for backward compatibility with LZMA Utils.
e or q When the prompt --More--(Next file: file) is printed, this command causes xzmore to exit.
s When the prompt --More--(Next file: file) is printed, this command causes xzmore to skip the next
file and continue.
%
sserver [ -p port ] [ -S keytab ] [ server_port ]
sserver, it performs a Kerberos authentication, and then sserver returns to sclient the Kerberos princi‐
pal which was used for the Kerberos authentication. It makes a good test that Kerberos has been success‐
fully installed on a machine.
The service name used by sserver and sclient is sample. Hence, sserver will require that there be a
The -S option allows for a different keytab than the default.
%
wc - print newline, word, and byte counts for each file
wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
wc [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
Print newline, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more than one FILE is specified.
A word is a non-zero-length sequence of characters delimited by white space.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
word, character, byte, maximum line length.
-c, --bytes
print the byte counts
%
calc_tickadj - Calculates optimal value for tick given ntp drift file.
calc_tickadj [-flags] [-flag [value]] [--option-name[[=| ]value]]
All arguments must be options.
The calc_tickadj script uses provided ntp drift file to generate optimal tick value. Generally, ntpd can
do better job if the drift value is the smallest possible number.
The example output of
$ ./calc_tickadj
9999 usec; 9999779 nsec
$ cat /etc/ntp/drift
%
pcap-config - write libpcap compiler and linker flags to standard output
pcap-config [ --static ] [ --cflags | --libs | --additional-libs ]
When run with the --cflags option, pcap-config writes to the standard output the -I compiler flags
required to include libpcap's header files. When run with the --libs option, pcap-config writes to the
standard output the -L and -l linker flags required to link with libpcap, including -l flags for
libraries required by libpcap. When run with the --additional-libs option, pcap-config writes to the
standard output the -L and -l flags for libraries required by libpcap, but not the -lpcap flag to link
with libpcap itself.
By default, it writes flags appropriate for compiling with a dynamically-linked version of libpcap; the
--static flag causes it to write flags appropriate for compiling with a statically-linked version of
libpcap.
%
xfs_logprint - print the log of an XFS filesystem
xfs_logprint [ options ] device
the partition or logical volume containing the filesystem. The device can be a regular file if the -f
option is used. The contents of the filesystem remain undisturbed. There are two major modes of opera‐
tion in xfs_logprint.
One mode is better for filesystem operation debugging. It is called the transactional view and is
enabled through the -t option. The transactional view prints only the portion of the log that pertains to
tries to display each transaction without regard to how they are split across log records.
The second mode starts printing out information from the beginning of the log. Some error blocks might
%
kswitch - switch primary ticket cache
kswitch {-c cachename|-p principal}
kswitch makes the specified credential cache the primary cache for the collection, if a cache collection
is available.
-c cachename
Directly specifies the credential cache to be made primary.
-p principal
Causes the cache collection to be searched for a cache containing credentials for principal. If
one is found, that collection is made primary.
%
hexdump - display file contents in hexadecimal, decimal, octal, or ascii
hexdump [options] file...
The hexdump utility is a filter which displays the specified files, or standard input if no files are
specified, in a user-specified format.
-b, --one-byte-octal
One-byte octal display. Display the input offset in hexadecimal, followed by sixteen space-sepa‐
rated, three-column, zero-filled bytes of input data, in octal, per line.
%
btrfs - a toolbox to manage btrfs filesystems
btrfs <command> [<args>]
The btrfs utility is a toolbox for managing btrfs filesystems. There are command groups to work with
There are also standalone tools for some tasks like btrfs-convert or btrfstune that were separate
historically and/or haven’t been merged to the main utility. See section STANDALONE TOOLS for more
details.
Any command name can be shortened as far as it stays unambiguous, however it is recommended to use full
%
xzdec, lzmadec - Small .xz and .lzma decompressors
xzdec [option...] [file...]
lzmadec [option...] [file...]
xzdec is a liblzma-based decompression-only tool for .xz (and only .xz) files. xzdec is intended to work
xz --decompress --stdout (and possibly a few other commonly used options) to decompress .xz files.
lzmadec is identical to xzdec except that lzmadec supports .lzma files instead of .xz files.
To reduce the size of the executable, xzdec doesn't support multithreading or localization, and doesn't
read options from XZ_DEFAULTS and XZ_OPT environment variables. xzdec doesn't support displaying inter‐
process instead of displaying progress information.
%
mii-tool - view, manipulate media-independent interface status
mii-tool [-v, --verbose] [-V, --version] [-R, --reset] [-r, --restart] [-w, --watch] [-l, --log] [-A,
--advertise=media,...] [-F, --force=media] [-p, --phy=addr] interface ...
Most fast ethernet adapters use an MII to autonegotiate link speed and duplex setting.
Most intelligent network devices use an autonegotiation protocol to communicate what media technologies
they support, and then select the fastest mutually supported media technology. The -A or --advertise
options can be used to tell the MII to only advertise a subset of its capabilities. Some passive
devices, such as single-speed hubs, are unable to autonegotiate. To handle such devices, the MII proto‐
-F or --force options can be used to force the MII to operate in one mode, instead of autonegotiating.
The -A and -F options are mutually exclusive.
%
lsblk - list block devices
lsblk [options] [device...]
lsblk lists information about all available or the specified block devices. The lsblk command reads the
sysfs filesystem and udev db to gather information.
The command prints all block devices (except RAM disks) in a tree-like format by default. Use lsblk
--help to get a list of all available columns.
The default output, as well as the default output from options like --fs and --topology, is subject to
change. So whenever possible, you should avoid using default outputs in your scripts. Always explicitly
define expected columns by using --output columns-list in environments where a stable output is required.
%
watch - execute a program periodically, showing output fullscreen
watch [options] command
run until interrupted.
-d, --differences [permanent]
Highlight the differences between successive updates. Option will read optional argument that
changes highlight to be permanent, allowing to see what has changed at least once since first
iteration.
-n, --interval seconds
%
slattach - attach a network interface to a serial line
slattach [-dehlLmnqv] [-c command] [-p proto] [-s speed] [tty]
Slattach is a tiny little program that can be used to put a normal terminal ("serial") line into one of
several "network" modes, thus allowing you to use it for point-to-point links to other computers.
tty Path to a serial device like /dev/ttyS*, /dev/cua* or /dev/ptmx to spawn a new pseudo tty.
[-c command]
tions when a link goes down.
[-d] Enable debugging output. Useful when determining why a given setup doesn't work.
%
systemd-notify - Notify service manager about start-up completion and other daemon status changes
used to send arbitrary information, encoded in an environment-block-like list of strings. Most
importantly, it can be used for start-up completion notification.
set for the service unit this command is called from.
%
xzgrep - search compressed files for a regular expression
xzgrep [grep_options] [-e] pattern file...
xzegrep ...
xzfgrep ...
lzgrep ...
lzegrep ...
lzfgrep ...
%
xfs_io - debug the I/O path of an XFS filesystem
xfs_io [ -adfmrRstxT ] [ -c cmd ] ... [ -p prog ] file
xfs_io -V
than the raw XFS volume itself. These code paths include not only the obvious read/write/mmap interfaces
for manipulating files, but also cover all of the XFS extensions (such as space preallocation, additional
inode flags, etc).
gram exits.
%
pkttyagent - Textual authentication helper
pkttyagent [--version] [--help]
pkttyagent [--process { pid | pid,pid-start-time } | --system-bus-name busname] [--notify-fd fd]
[--fallback]
pkttyagent is used to start a textual authentication agent for the subject specified by either --process
or --system-bus-name. If neither of these options are given, the parent process is used.
To get notified when the authentication agent has been registered either listen to the Changed D-Bus
signal or use --notify-fd to pass the number of a file descriptor that has been passed to the program.
If --fallback is used, the textual authentication agent will not replace an existing authentication
%
more - file perusal filter for crt viewing
more [options] file...
Options are also taken from the environment variable MORE (make sure to precede them with a dash (-)) but
command-line options will override those.
-d Prompt with "[Press space to continue, 'q' to quit.]", and display "[Press 'h' for instructions.]"
instead of ringing the bell when an illegal key is pressed.
-l Do not pause after any line containing a ^L (form feed).
%
head - output the first part of files
head [OPTION]... [FILE]...
header giving the file name.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-c, --bytes=[-]NUM
print the first NUM bytes of each file; with the leading '-', print all but the last NUM bytes of
each file
%
expr - evaluate expressions
expr EXPRESSION
expr OPTION
--help display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence
%
ipset — administration tool for IP sets
| version | - }
-file filename }
%
objdump - display information from object files.
objdump [-a|--archive-headers]
[-b bfdname|--target=bfdname]
[-C|--demangle[=style] ]
[-d|--disassemble]
[-D|--disassemble-all]
[-z|--disassemble-zeroes]
[-EB|-EL|--endian={big | little }]
[-f|--file-headers]
[-F|--file-offsets]
[--file-start-context]
[-g|--debugging]
[-e|--debugging-tags]
[-h|--section-headers|--headers]
[-i|--info]
%
gresource - GResource tool
gresource [--section SECTION] list FILE [PATH]
gresource [--section SECTION] details FILE [PATH]
gresource [--section SECTION] extract FILE PATH
gresource sections FILE
gresource offers a simple commandline interface to GResource. It lets you list and extract resources that
have been compiled into a resource file or included in an elf file (a binary or a shared library).
%
lvmdiskscan scans all SCSI, (E)IDE disks, multiple devices and a bunch of other block devices in the sys‐
tem looking for LVM physical volumes. The size reported is the real device size. Define a filter in
-l, --lvmpartition
Only reports Physical Volumes.
%
numfmt - Convert numbers from/to human-readable strings
numfmt [OPTION]... [NUMBER]...
Reformat NUMBER(s), or the numbers from standard input if none are specified.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
--debug
print warnings about invalid input
-d, --delimiter=X
use X instead of whitespace for field delimiter
--field=FIELDS
%
logsave - save the output of a command in a logfile
logsave [ -asv ] logfile cmd_prog [ ... ]
The logsave program will execute cmd_prog with the specified argument(s), and save a copy of its output
to logfile. If the containing directory for logfile does not exist, logsave will accumulate the output
in memory until it can be written out. A copy of the output will also be written to standard output.
If cmd_prog is a single hyphen ('-'), then instead of executing a program, logsave will take its input
from standard input and save it in logfile
logsave is useful for saving the output of initial boot scripts until the /var partition is mounted, so
the output can be written to /var/log.
%
certtool - GnuTLS certificate tool
certtool [-flags] [-flag [value]] [--option-name[[=| ]value]]
All arguments must be options.
or non interactively by specifying the template command line option.
provide it using the environment variables GNUTLS_PIN and GNUTLS_SO_PIN.
-d number, --debug=number
%
systemd-socket-activate - Test socket activation of daemons
connection.
The daemon to launch and its options should be specified after options intended for
systemd-socket-activate.
If the --inetd option is given, the socket file descriptor will be used as the standard input and output
of the launched process. Otherwise, standard input and output will be inherited, and sockets will be
systemd-socket-activate will be passed through to the daemon, in the original positions. Other sockets
%
losetup - set up and control loop devices
Get info:
losetup loopdev
losetup -l [-a]
losetup -j file [-o offset]
Detach a loop device:
losetup -d loopdev...
Detach all associated loop devices:
%
passwd - change user password
passwd [options] [LOGIN]
the account or associated password validity period.
Password Changes
and compared against the stored password. The user has only one chance to enter the correct password. The
After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked to see if the user is
permitted to change the password at this time. If not, passwd refuses to change the password and exits.
%
unicode_stop - revert keyboard and console from unicode mode
unicode_stop
The unicode_stop command will more-or-less undo the effect of unicode_start. It puts the keyboard in
%
sudo, sudoedit — execute a command as another user
sudo -h | -K | -k | -V
sudo -v [-AknS] [-a type] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-u user]
sudo -l [-AknS] [-a type] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-U user] [-u user] [command]
sudo [-AbEHnPS] [-a type] [-C num] [-c class] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-r role] [-t type]
[-u user] [VAR=value] [-i | -s] [command]
sudoedit [-AknS] [-a type] [-C num] [-c class] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-u user] file ...
sudo allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user, as specified by the
security policy. The invoking user's real (not effective) user ID is used to determine the user name with
which to query the security policy.
sudo supports a plugin architecture for security policies and input/output logging. Third parties can
develop and distribute their own policy and I/O logging plugins to work seamlessly with the sudo front end.
%
groff - front-end for the groff document formatting system
groff [-abcegijklpstzCEGNRSUVXZ] [-d cs] [-D arg] [-f fam] [-F dir] [-I dir] [-K arg] [-L arg] [-m name]
[-M dir] [-n num] [-o list] [-P arg] [-r cn] [-T dev] [-w name] [-W name] [file ...]
groff -h | --help
groff -v | --version [option ...]
The groff program and macro suite is the implementation of a roff(7) system within the free software col‐
lection GNU ⟨http://www.gnu.org⟩. The groff system has all features of the classical roff, but adds many
extensions.
%
tzselect - select a timezone
tzselect
The tzselect program asks the user for information about the current location, and outputs the resulting
timezone description to standard output. The output is suitable as a value for the TZ environment vari‐
able.
All interaction with the user is done via standard input and standard error.
The exit status is zero if a timezone was successfully obtained from the user, nonzero otherwise.
ENVIRONMENT
%
modprobe - Add and remove modules from the Linux Kernel
modprobe [-v] [-V] [-C config-file] [-n] [-i] [-q] [-b] [modulename] [module parameters...]
modprobe [-r] [-v] [-n] [-i] [modulename...]
modprobe [-c]
modprobe [--dump-modversions] [filename]
modprobe intelligently adds or removes a module from the Linux kernel: note that for convenience, there
is no difference between _ and - in module names (automatic underscore conversion is performed).
modprobe looks in the module directory /lib/modules/`uname -r` for all the modules and other files,
modprobe will also use module options specified on the kernel command line in the form of
%
systemd-hwdb - hardware database management tool
systemd-hwdb [options] update
systemd-hwdb [options] query modalias
systemd-hwdb expects a command and command specific arguments. It manages the binary hardware database.
-h, --help
Print help text.
--usr
Generate in /usr/lib/udev instead of /etc/udev.
%
named - Internet domain name server
[-M option] [-m flag] [-n #cpus] [-p port] [-s] [-S #max-socks] [-t directory] [-U #listeners]
[-u user] [-v] [-V] [-X lock-file] [-x cache-file]
When invoked without arguments, named will read the default configuration file /etc/named.conf, read any
initial data, and listen for queries.
%
systemctl - Control the systemd system and service manager
manages.
The following options are understood:
-t, --type=
The argument should be a comma-separated list of unit types such as service and socket.
If one of the arguments is a unit type, when listing units, limit display to certain unit types.
%
geouplookup6 - look up country using IP Address or hostname
geouplookup6 [-d directory] [-f filename] [-v] <ipaddress|hostname>
geouplookup6 uses the GeoIP library and database to find the Country that an IP address or hostname orig‐
inates from. You must install a database suitable for geoiplookup6. IE: GeoIPv6.dat
For example:
geoiplookup6 ipv6.google.com
%
external-journal ] [ -E extended_options ] [ -z undo_file ] device
use a journal, if the system has been shut down uncleanly without any errors, normally, after replaying
the committed transactions in the journal, the file system should be marked as clean. Hence, for
indicates that further checking is required.
-n option is specified, and -c, -l, or -L options are not specified. However, even if it is safe to do
%
unshare - run program with some namespaces unshared from parent
unshare [options] program [arguments]
Unshares the indicated namespaces from the parent process and then executes the specified program.
The namespaces can optionally be made persistent by bind mounting /proc/pid/ns/type files to a filesystem
The namespaces to be unshared are indicated via options. Unshareable namespaces are:
mount namespace
Mounting and unmounting filesystems will not affect the rest of the system (CLONE_NEWNS flag),
except for filesystems which are explicitly marked as shared (with mount --make-shared; see
%
mechanisms which use the standard libsasl database of user secrets.
the -d (delete user) flag.
%
pinky - lightweight finger
pinky [OPTION]... [USER]...
-l produce long format output for the specified USERs
-b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format
-h omit the user's project file in long format
-p omit the user's plan file in long format
-s do short format output, this is the default
-f omit the line of column headings in short format
%
tic - the terminfo entry-description compiler
The tic command translates a terminfo file from source format into compiled format. The compiled format
hashed database (one record per entry). The tic command writes only one type of entry, depending on how
it was built:
· For directory trees, the top-level directory, e.g., /usr/share/terminfo, specifies the location of
the database.
· For hashed databases, a filename is needed. If the given file is not found by that name, but can be
%
python - an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language
python [ -B ] [ -b ] [ -d ] [ -E ] [ -h ] [ -i ] [ -I ]
[ -m module-name ] [ -q ] [ -O ] [ -OO ] [ -s ] [ -S ] [ -u ]
[ -v ] [ -V ] [ -W argument ] [ -x ] [ [ -X option ] -? ]
[ -c command | script | - ] [ arguments ]
Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language that combines remarkable
power with very clear syntax. For an introduction to programming in Python, see the Python Tutorial.
The Python Library Reference documents built-in and standard types, constants, functions and modules.
Finally, the Python Reference Manual describes the syntax and semantics of the core language in (perhaps
installed on your system as well.)
Python's basic power can be extended with your own modules written in C or C++. On most systems such
%
troff - the troff processor of the groff text formatting system
troff [-abcivzCERU] [-d cs] [-f fam] [-F dir] [-I dir] [-m name] [-M dir] [-n num] [-o list] [-r cn]
[-T name] [-w name] [-W name] [file ...]
appropriate order and with the appropriate options.
It is possible to have whitespace between a command line option and its parameter.
-a Generate an ASCII approximation of the typeset output.
%
gtester - test running utility
gtester [OPTION...] [testprogram]
gtester is a utility to run unit tests that have been written using the GLib test framework.
When called with the -o option, gtester writes an XML report of the test results, which can be converted
into HTML using the gtester-report utility.
-h, --help
print help and exit
-v, --version
print version information and exit
%
lexgrog - parse header information in man pages
lexgrog [-m|-c] [-dfw?V] [-E encoding] file ...
lexgrog is an implementation of the traditional “groff guess” utility in lex. It reads the list of files
on its command line as either man page source files or preformatted “cat” pages, and displays their name
and description as used by apropos and whatis, the list of preprocessing filters required by the man page
before it is passed to nroff or troff, or both.
grams that need to check man pages for correctness. If one of lexgrog's input files is “-”, it will read
from standard input; if any input file is compressed, a decompressed version will be read automatically.
-d, --debug
%
lvscan — scan (all disks) for Logical Volumes
lockingfailure] [-P|--partial] [--reportformat {basic|json}] [-v|--verbose]
lvscan scans all known volume groups or all supported LVM block devices in the system for defined Logical
Volumes. The output consists of one line for each Logical Volume indicating whether or not it is active,
obtain more-comprehensive information about the Logical Volumes.
--all Include information in the output about internal Logical Volumes that are components of normally-
accessible Logical Volumes, such as mirrors, but which are not independently accessible (e.g. not
%
msggrep - pattern matching on message catalog
msggrep [OPTION] [INPUTFILE]
Extracts all messages of a translation catalog that match a given pattern or belong to some given source
files.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
Input file location:
INPUTFILE
input PO file
-D, --directory=DIRECTORY
add DIRECTORY to list for input files search
%
lvmconf — LVM configuration modifier
lvmconf [--disable-cluster] [--enable-cluster] [--enable-halvm] [--disable-halvm] [--file <configfile>]
[--lockinglib <lib>] [--lockinglibdir <dir>] [--services] [--mirrorservice] [--startstopservices]
lvmconf is a script that modifies the locking configuration in an lvm configuration file. See
lvm configuration if needed.
--disable-cluster
Set locking_type to the default non-clustered type. Also reset lvmetad use to its default.
--enable-cluster
Set locking_type to the default clustered type on this system. Also disable lvmetad use as it is
%
colrm - remove columns from a file
colrm [first [last]]
colrm removes selected columns from a file. Input is taken from standard input. Output is sent to stan‐
dard output.
If called with one parameter the columns of each line will be removed starting with the specified first
column. If called with two parameters the columns from the first column to the last column will be
removed.
-V, --version
%
ntpdc - vendor-specific NTPD control program
ntpdc [-flags] [-flag [value]] [--option-name[[=| ]value]] [ host ...]
using a much more sane interface.
either in interactive mode or controlled using command line arguments. Extensive state and statistics
information is available through the ntpdc interface. In addition, nearly all the configuration options
ntpdc.
%
paste - merge lines of files
paste [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to
standard output.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.