sample.go

package metrics

import (
	"math"
	"math/rand"
	"sort"
	"sync"
	"time"
)

const rescaleThreshold = time.Hour

// Samples maintain a statistically-significant selection of values from
// a stream.
type Sample interface {
	Clear()
	Count() int64
	Max() int64
	Mean() float64
	Min() int64
	Percentile(float64) float64
	Percentiles([]float64) []float64
	Size() int
	Snapshot() Sample
	StdDev() float64
	Sum() int64
	Update(int64)
	Values() []int64
	Variance() float64
}

func NewBoundedHistogramSample() Sample {
	return NewSlidingTimeWindowArraySample(time.Minute * 1)
}

// ExpDecaySample is an exponentially-decaying sample using a forward-decaying
// priority reservoir.  See Cormode et al's "Forward Decay: A Practical Time
// Decay Model for Streaming Systems".
//
// <http://dimacs.rutgers.edu/~graham/pubs/papers/fwddecay.pdf>
type ExpDecaySample struct {
	alpha         float64
	count         int64
	mutex         sync.Mutex
	reservoirSize int
	t0, t1        time.Time
	values        *expDecaySampleHeap
	rand          *rand.Rand
}

// NewExpDecaySample constructs a new exponentially-decaying sample with the
// given reservoir size and alpha.
func NewExpDecaySample(reservoirSize int, alpha float64) Sample {
	if !Enabled {
		return NilSample{}
	}
	s := &ExpDecaySample{
		alpha:         alpha,
		reservoirSize: reservoirSize,
		t0:            time.Now(),
		values:        newExpDecaySampleHeap(reservoirSize),
	}
	s.t1 = s.t0.Add(rescaleThreshold)
	return s
}

// SetRand sets the random source (useful in tests)
func (s *ExpDecaySample) SetRand(prng *rand.Rand) Sample {
	s.rand = prng
	return s
}

// Clear clears all samples.
func (s *ExpDecaySample) Clear() {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	s.count = 0
	s.t0 = time.Now()
	s.t1 = s.t0.Add(rescaleThreshold)
	s.values.Clear()
}

// Count returns the number of samples recorded, which may exceed the
// reservoir size.
func (s *ExpDecaySample) Count() int64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	return s.count
}

// Max returns the maximum value in the sample, which may not be the maximum
// value ever to be part of the sample.
func (s *ExpDecaySample) Max() int64 {
	return SampleMax(s.Values())
}

// Mean returns the mean of the values in the sample.
func (s *ExpDecaySample) Mean() float64 {
	return SampleMean(s.Values())
}

// Min returns the minimum value in the sample, which may not be the minimum
// value ever to be part of the sample.
func (s *ExpDecaySample) Min() int64 {
	return SampleMin(s.Values())
}

// Percentile returns an arbitrary percentile of values in the sample.
func (s *ExpDecaySample) Percentile(p float64) float64 {
	return SamplePercentile(s.Values(), p)
}

// Percentiles returns a slice of arbitrary percentiles of values in the
// sample.
func (s *ExpDecaySample) Percentiles(ps []float64) []float64 {
	return SamplePercentiles(s.Values(), ps)
}

// Size returns the size of the sample, which is at most the reservoir size.
func (s *ExpDecaySample) Size() int {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	return s.values.Size()
}

// Snapshot returns a read-only copy of the sample.
func (s *ExpDecaySample) Snapshot() Sample {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	vals := s.values.Values()
	values := make([]int64, len(vals))
	for i, v := range vals {
		values[i] = v.v
	}
	return &SampleSnapshot{
		count:  s.count,
		values: values,
	}
}

// StdDev returns the standard deviation of the values in the sample.
func (s *ExpDecaySample) StdDev() float64 {
	return SampleStdDev(s.Values())
}

// Sum returns the sum of the values in the sample.
func (s *ExpDecaySample) Sum() int64 {
	return SampleSum(s.Values())
}

// Update samples a new value.
func (s *ExpDecaySample) Update(v int64) {
	s.update(time.Now(), v)
}

// Values returns a copy of the values in the sample.
func (s *ExpDecaySample) Values() []int64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	vals := s.values.Values()
	values := make([]int64, len(vals))
	for i, v := range vals {
		values[i] = v.v
	}
	return values
}

// Variance returns the variance of the values in the sample.
func (s *ExpDecaySample) Variance() float64 {
	return SampleVariance(s.Values())
}

// update samples a new value at a particular timestamp.  This is a method all
// its own to facilitate testing.
func (s *ExpDecaySample) update(t time.Time, v int64) {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	s.count++
	if s.values.Size() == s.reservoirSize {
		s.values.Pop()
	}
	var f64 float64
	if s.rand != nil {
		f64 = s.rand.Float64()
	} else {
		f64 = rand.Float64()
	}
	s.values.Push(expDecaySample{
		k: math.Exp(t.Sub(s.t0).Seconds()*s.alpha) / f64,
		v: v,
	})
	if t.After(s.t1) {
		values := s.values.Values()
		t0 := s.t0
		s.values.Clear()
		s.t0 = t
		s.t1 = s.t0.Add(rescaleThreshold)
		for _, v := range values {
			v.k = v.k * math.Exp(-s.alpha*s.t0.Sub(t0).Seconds())
			s.values.Push(v)
		}
	}
}

// NilSample is a no-op Sample.
type NilSample struct{}

// Clear is a no-op.
func (NilSample) Clear() {}

// Count is a no-op.
func (NilSample) Count() int64 { return 0 }

// Max is a no-op.
func (NilSample) Max() int64 { return 0 }

// Mean is a no-op.
func (NilSample) Mean() float64 { return 0.0 }

// Min is a no-op.
func (NilSample) Min() int64 { return 0 }

// Percentile is a no-op.
func (NilSample) Percentile(p float64) float64 { return 0.0 }

// Percentiles is a no-op.
func (NilSample) Percentiles(ps []float64) []float64 {
	return make([]float64, len(ps))
}

// Size is a no-op.
func (NilSample) Size() int { return 0 }

// Sample is a no-op.
func (NilSample) Snapshot() Sample { return NilSample{} }

// StdDev is a no-op.
func (NilSample) StdDev() float64 { return 0.0 }

// Sum is a no-op.
func (NilSample) Sum() int64 { return 0 }

// Update is a no-op.
func (NilSample) Update(v int64) {}

// Values is a no-op.
func (NilSample) Values() []int64 { return []int64{} }

// Variance is a no-op.
func (NilSample) Variance() float64 { return 0.0 }

// SampleMax returns the maximum value of the slice of int64.
func SampleMax(values []int64) int64 {
	if len(values) == 0 {
		return 0
	}
	var max int64 = math.MinInt64
	for _, v := range values {
		if max < v {
			max = v
		}
	}
	return max
}

// SampleMean returns the mean value of the slice of int64.
func SampleMean(values []int64) float64 {
	if len(values) == 0 {
		return 0.0
	}
	return float64(SampleSum(values)) / float64(len(values))
}

// SampleMin returns the minimum value of the slice of int64.
func SampleMin(values []int64) int64 {
	if len(values) == 0 {
		return 0
	}
	var min int64 = math.MaxInt64
	for _, v := range values {
		if min > v {
			min = v
		}
	}
	return min
}

// SamplePercentiles returns an arbitrary percentile of the slice of int64.
func SamplePercentile(values int64Slice, p float64) float64 {
	return SamplePercentiles(values, []float64{p})[0]
}

// SamplePercentiles returns a slice of arbitrary percentiles of the slice of
// int64.
func SamplePercentiles(values int64Slice, ps []float64) []float64 {
	scores := make([]float64, len(ps))
	size := len(values)
	if size > 0 {
		sort.Sort(values)
		for i, p := range ps {
			pos := p * float64(size+1)
			if pos < 1.0 {
				scores[i] = float64(values[0])
			} else if pos >= float64(size) {
				scores[i] = float64(values[size-1])
			} else {
				lower := float64(values[int(pos)-1])
				upper := float64(values[int(pos)])
				scores[i] = lower + (pos-math.Floor(pos))*(upper-lower)
			}
		}
	}
	return scores
}

// SampleSnapshot is a read-only copy of another Sample.
type SampleSnapshot struct {
	count  int64
	values []int64
}

func NewSampleSnapshot(count int64, values []int64) *SampleSnapshot {
	return &SampleSnapshot{
		count:  count,
		values: values,
	}
}

// Clear panics.
func (*SampleSnapshot) Clear() {
	panic("Clear called on a SampleSnapshot")
}

// Count returns the count of inputs at the time the snapshot was taken.
func (s *SampleSnapshot) Count() int64 { return s.count }

// Max returns the maximal value at the time the snapshot was taken.
func (s *SampleSnapshot) Max() int64 { return SampleMax(s.values) }

// Mean returns the mean value at the time the snapshot was taken.
func (s *SampleSnapshot) Mean() float64 { return SampleMean(s.values) }

// Min returns the minimal value at the time the snapshot was taken.
func (s *SampleSnapshot) Min() int64 { return SampleMin(s.values) }

// Percentile returns an arbitrary percentile of values at the time the
// snapshot was taken.
func (s *SampleSnapshot) Percentile(p float64) float64 {
	return SamplePercentile(s.values, p)
}

// Percentiles returns a slice of arbitrary percentiles of values at the time
// the snapshot was taken.
func (s *SampleSnapshot) Percentiles(ps []float64) []float64 {
	return SamplePercentiles(s.values, ps)
}

// Size returns the size of the sample at the time the snapshot was taken.
func (s *SampleSnapshot) Size() int { return len(s.values) }

// Snapshot returns the snapshot.
func (s *SampleSnapshot) Snapshot() Sample { return s }

// StdDev returns the standard deviation of values at the time the snapshot was
// taken.
func (s *SampleSnapshot) StdDev() float64 { return SampleStdDev(s.values) }

// Sum returns the sum of values at the time the snapshot was taken.
func (s *SampleSnapshot) Sum() int64 { return SampleSum(s.values) }

// Update panics.
func (*SampleSnapshot) Update(int64) {
	panic("Update called on a SampleSnapshot")
}

// Values returns a copy of the values in the sample.
func (s *SampleSnapshot) Values() []int64 {
	values := make([]int64, len(s.values))
	copy(values, s.values)
	return values
}

// Variance returns the variance of values at the time the snapshot was taken.
func (s *SampleSnapshot) Variance() float64 { return SampleVariance(s.values) }

// SampleStdDev returns the standard deviation of the slice of int64.
func SampleStdDev(values []int64) float64 {
	return math.Sqrt(SampleVariance(values))
}

// SampleSum returns the sum of the slice of int64.
func SampleSum(values []int64) int64 {
	var sum int64
	for _, v := range values {
		sum += v
	}
	return sum
}

// SampleVariance returns the variance of the slice of int64.
func SampleVariance(values []int64) float64 {
	if len(values) == 0 {
		return 0.0
	}
	m := SampleMean(values)
	var sum float64
	for _, v := range values {
		d := float64(v) - m
		sum += d * d
	}
	return sum / float64(len(values))
}

// A uniform sample using Vitter's Algorithm R.
//
// <http://www.cs.umd.edu/~samir/498/vitter.pdf>
type UniformSample struct {
	count         int64
	mutex         sync.Mutex
	reservoirSize int
	values        []int64
	rand          *rand.Rand
}

// NewUniformSample constructs a new uniform sample with the given reservoir
// size.
func NewUniformSample(reservoirSize int) Sample {
	if !Enabled {
		return NilSample{}
	}
	return &UniformSample{
		reservoirSize: reservoirSize,
		values:        make([]int64, 0, reservoirSize),
	}
}

// SetRand sets the random source (useful in tests)
func (s *UniformSample) SetRand(prng *rand.Rand) Sample {
	s.rand = prng
	return s
}

// Clear clears all samples.
func (s *UniformSample) Clear() {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	s.count = 0
	s.values = make([]int64, 0, s.reservoirSize)
}

// Count returns the number of samples recorded, which may exceed the
// reservoir size.
func (s *UniformSample) Count() int64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	return s.count
}

// Max returns the maximum value in the sample, which may not be the maximum
// value ever to be part of the sample.
func (s *UniformSample) Max() int64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	return SampleMax(s.values)
}

// Mean returns the mean of the values in the sample.
func (s *UniformSample) Mean() float64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	return SampleMean(s.values)
}

// Min returns the minimum value in the sample, which may not be the minimum
// value ever to be part of the sample.
func (s *UniformSample) Min() int64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	return SampleMin(s.values)
}

// Percentile returns an arbitrary percentile of values in the sample.
func (s *UniformSample) Percentile(p float64) float64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	return SamplePercentile(s.values, p)
}

// Percentiles returns a slice of arbitrary percentiles of values in the
// sample.
func (s *UniformSample) Percentiles(ps []float64) []float64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	return SamplePercentiles(s.values, ps)
}

// Size returns the size of the sample, which is at most the reservoir size.
func (s *UniformSample) Size() int {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	return len(s.values)
}

// Snapshot returns a read-only copy of the sample.
func (s *UniformSample) Snapshot() Sample {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	values := make([]int64, len(s.values))
	copy(values, s.values)
	return &SampleSnapshot{
		count:  s.count,
		values: values,
	}
}

// StdDev returns the standard deviation of the values in the sample.
func (s *UniformSample) StdDev() float64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	return SampleStdDev(s.values)
}

// Sum returns the sum of the values in the sample.
func (s *UniformSample) Sum() int64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	return SampleSum(s.values)
}

// Update samples a new value.
func (s *UniformSample) Update(v int64) {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	s.count++
	if len(s.values) < s.reservoirSize {
		s.values = append(s.values, v)
	} else {
		var r int64
		if s.rand != nil {
			r = s.rand.Int63n(s.count)
		} else {
			r = rand.Int63n(s.count)
		}
		if r < int64(len(s.values)) {
			s.values[int(r)] = v
		}
	}
}

// Values returns a copy of the values in the sample.
func (s *UniformSample) Values() []int64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	values := make([]int64, len(s.values))
	copy(values, s.values)
	return values
}

// Variance returns the variance of the values in the sample.
func (s *UniformSample) Variance() float64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	return SampleVariance(s.values)
}

// expDecaySample represents an individual sample in a heap.
type expDecaySample struct {
	k float64
	v int64
}

func newExpDecaySampleHeap(reservoirSize int) *expDecaySampleHeap {
	return &expDecaySampleHeap{make([]expDecaySample, 0, reservoirSize)}
}

// expDecaySampleHeap is a min-heap of expDecaySamples.
// The internal implementation is copied from the standard library's container/heap
type expDecaySampleHeap struct {
	s []expDecaySample
}

func (h *expDecaySampleHeap) Clear() {
	h.s = h.s[:0]
}

func (h *expDecaySampleHeap) Push(s expDecaySample) {
	n := len(h.s)
	h.s = h.s[0 : n+1]
	h.s[n] = s
	h.up(n)
}

func (h *expDecaySampleHeap) Pop() expDecaySample {
	n := len(h.s) - 1
	h.s[0], h.s[n] = h.s[n], h.s[0]
	h.down(0, n)

	n = len(h.s)
	s := h.s[n-1]
	h.s = h.s[0 : n-1]
	return s
}

func (h *expDecaySampleHeap) Size() int {
	return len(h.s)
}

func (h *expDecaySampleHeap) Values() []expDecaySample {
	return h.s
}

func (h *expDecaySampleHeap) up(j int) {
	for {
		i := (j - 1) / 2 // parent
		if i == j || !(h.s[j].k < h.s[i].k) {
			break
		}
		h.s[i], h.s[j] = h.s[j], h.s[i]
		j = i
	}
}

func (h *expDecaySampleHeap) down(i, n int) {
	for {
		j1 := 2*i + 1
		if j1 >= n || j1 < 0 { // j1 < 0 after int overflow
			break
		}
		j := j1 // left child
		if j2 := j1 + 1; j2 < n && !(h.s[j1].k < h.s[j2].k) {
			j = j2 // = 2*i + 2  // right child
		}
		if !(h.s[j].k < h.s[i].k) {
			break
		}
		h.s[i], h.s[j] = h.s[j], h.s[i]
		i = j
	}
}

// SlidingTimeWindowArraySample is ported from Coda Hale's dropwizard library
// <https://github.com/dropwizard/metrics/pull/1139>
// A reservoir implementation backed by a sliding window that stores only the
// measurements made in the last given window of time
type SlidingTimeWindowArraySample struct {
	startTick    int64
	measurements *ChunkedAssociativeArray
	window       int64
	count        int64
	lastTick     int64
	mutex        sync.Mutex
}

const (
	// SlidingTimeWindowCollisionBuffer allow this many duplicate ticks
	// before overwriting measurements
	SlidingTimeWindowCollisionBuffer = 256

	// SlidingTimeWindowTrimThreshold is number of updates between trimming data
	SlidingTimeWindowTrimThreshold = 256

	// SlidingTimeWindowClearBufferTicks is the number of ticks to keep past the
	// requested trim
	SlidingTimeWindowClearBufferTicks = int64(time.Hour/time.Nanosecond) *
		SlidingTimeWindowCollisionBuffer
)

// NewSlidingTimeWindowArraySample creates new object with given window of time
func NewSlidingTimeWindowArraySample(window time.Duration) Sample {
	if !Enabled {
		return NilSample{}
	}
	return &SlidingTimeWindowArraySample{
		startTick:    time.Now().UnixNano(),
		measurements: NewChunkedAssociativeArray(ChunkedAssociativeArrayDefaultChunkSize),
		window:       window.Nanoseconds() * SlidingTimeWindowCollisionBuffer,
	}
}

// Clear clears all samples.
func (s *SlidingTimeWindowArraySample) Clear() {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	s.count = 0
	s.measurements.Clear()
}

// Count returns the number of samples recorded, which may exceed the
// reservoir size.
func (s *SlidingTimeWindowArraySample) Count() int64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	return s.count
}

// Max returns the maximum value in the sample, which may not be the maximum
// value ever to be part of the sample.
func (s *SlidingTimeWindowArraySample) Max() int64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	s.trim()
	return SampleMax(s.measurements.Values())
}

// Mean returns the mean of the values in the sample.
func (s *SlidingTimeWindowArraySample) Mean() float64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	s.trim()
	return SampleMean(s.measurements.Values())
}

// Min returns the minimum value in the sample, which may not be the minimum
// value ever to be part of the sample.
func (s *SlidingTimeWindowArraySample) Min() int64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	s.trim()
	return SampleMin(s.measurements.Values())
}

// Percentile returns an arbitrary percentile of values in the sample.
func (s *SlidingTimeWindowArraySample) Percentile(p float64) float64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	s.trim()
	return SamplePercentile(s.measurements.Values(), p)
}

// Percentiles returns a slice of arbitrary percentiles of values in the
// sample.
func (s *SlidingTimeWindowArraySample) Percentiles(ps []float64) []float64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	s.trim()
	return SamplePercentiles(s.measurements.Values(), ps)
}

// Size returns the size of the sample, which is at most the reservoir size.
func (s *SlidingTimeWindowArraySample) Size() int {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	s.trim()
	return s.measurements.Size()
}

// trim requires s.mutex to already be acquired
func (s *SlidingTimeWindowArraySample) trim() {
	now := s.getTick()
	windowStart := now - s.window
	windowEnd := now + SlidingTimeWindowClearBufferTicks
	if windowStart < windowEnd {
		s.measurements.Trim(windowStart, windowEnd)
	} else {
		// long overflow handling that can only happen 1 year after class loading
		s.measurements.Clear()
	}
}

// getTick requires s.mutex to already be acquired
func (s *SlidingTimeWindowArraySample) getTick() int64 {
	oldTick := s.lastTick
	tick := (time.Now().UnixNano() - s.startTick) * SlidingTimeWindowCollisionBuffer
	var newTick int64
	if tick-oldTick > 0 {
		newTick = tick
	} else {
		newTick = oldTick + 1
	}
	s.lastTick = newTick
	return newTick
}

// Snapshot returns a read-only copy of the sample.
func (s *SlidingTimeWindowArraySample) Snapshot() Sample {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	s.trim()
	origValues := s.measurements.Values()
	values := make([]int64, len(origValues))
	copy(values, origValues)
	return &SampleSnapshot{
		count:  s.count,
		values: values,
	}
}

// StdDev returns the standard deviation of the values in the sample.
func (s *SlidingTimeWindowArraySample) StdDev() float64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	s.trim()
	return SampleStdDev(s.measurements.Values())
}

// Sum returns the sum of the values in the sample.
func (s *SlidingTimeWindowArraySample) Sum() int64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	s.trim()
	return SampleSum(s.measurements.Values())
}

// Update samples a new value.
func (s *SlidingTimeWindowArraySample) Update(v int64) {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	var newTick int64
	s.count += 1
	if s.count%SlidingTimeWindowTrimThreshold == 0 {
		s.trim()
	}
	newTick = s.getTick()
	longOverflow := newTick < s.lastTick
	if longOverflow {
		s.measurements.Clear()
	}
	s.measurements.Put(newTick, v)
}

// Values returns a copy of the values in the sample.
func (s *SlidingTimeWindowArraySample) Values() []int64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	s.trim()
	origValues := s.measurements.Values()
	values := make([]int64, len(origValues))
	copy(values, origValues)
	return values
}

// Variance returns the variance of the values in the sample.
func (s *SlidingTimeWindowArraySample) Variance() float64 {
	s.mutex.Lock()
	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
	s.trim()
	return SampleVariance(s.measurements.Values())
}

type int64Slice []int64

func (p int64Slice) Len() int           { return len(p) }
func (p int64Slice) Less(i, j int) bool { return p[i] < p[j] }
func (p int64Slice) Swap(i, j int)      { p[i], p[j] = p[j], p[i] }