mesh_operations.cpp

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/* Author: Ioan Sucan */

#include "geometric_shapes/mesh_operations.h"
#include "geometric_shapes/shape_operations.h"

#include <cstdio>
#include <cmath>
#include <algorithm>
#include <set>
#include <float.h>

#include <console_bridge/console.h>
#include <resource_retriever/retriever.h>

#include <assimp/scene.h>
#include <assimp/Importer.hpp>
#include <assimp/postprocess.h>

#include <Eigen/Geometry>

#include <boost/math/constants/constants.hpp>

namespace shapes
{

namespace detail
{

namespace
{

/// Local representation of a vertex that knows its position in an array (used for sorting)
struct LocalVertexType
{
  LocalVertexType() : x(0.0), y(0.0), z(0.0)
  {
  }

  LocalVertexType(const Eigen::Vector3d &v) : x(v.x()), y(v.y()), z(v.z())
  {
  }

  double x,y,z;
  unsigned int index;
};

/// Sorting operator by point value
struct ltLocalVertexValue
{
  bool operator()(const LocalVertexType &p1, const LocalVertexType &p2) const
  {
    if (p1.x < p2.x)
      return true;
    if (p1.x > p2.x)
      return false;
    if (p1.y < p2.y)
      return true;
    if (p1.y > p2.y)
      return false;
    if (p1.z < p2.z)
      return true;
    return false;
  }
};

/// Sorting operator by point index
struct ltLocalVertexIndex
{
  bool operator()(const LocalVertexType &p1, const LocalVertexType &p2) const
  {
    return p1.index < p2.index;
  }
};

}
}

Mesh* createMeshFromVertices(const EigenSTL::vector_Vector3d &vertices, const std::vector<unsigned int> &triangles)
{
  unsigned int nt = triangles.size() / 3;
  Mesh *mesh = new Mesh(vertices.size(), nt);
  for (unsigned int i = 0 ; i < vertices.size() ; ++i)
  {
    mesh->vertices[3 * i    ] = vertices[i].x();
    mesh->vertices[3 * i + 1] = vertices[i].y();
    mesh->vertices[3 * i + 2] = vertices[i].z();
  }

  std::copy(triangles.begin(), triangles.end(), mesh->triangles);
  mesh->computeTriangleNormals();
  mesh->computeVertexNormals();

  return mesh;
}

Mesh* createMeshFromVertices(const EigenSTL::vector_Vector3d &source)
{
  if (source.size() < 3)
    return NULL;

  if (source.size() % 3 != 0)
    logError("The number of vertices to construct a mesh from is not divisible by 3. Probably constructed triangles will not make sense.");

  std::set<detail::LocalVertexType, detail::ltLocalVertexValue> vertices;
  std::vector<unsigned int> triangles;

  unsigned int n = source.size() / 3;
  for (unsigned int i = 0 ; i < n ; ++i)
  {
    // check if we have new vertices
    unsigned int i3 = i * 3;
    detail::LocalVertexType vt1(source[i3]);
    std::set<detail::LocalVertexType, detail::ltLocalVertexValue>::iterator p1 = vertices.find(vt1);
    if (p1 == vertices.end())
    {
      vt1.index = vertices.size();
      vertices.insert(vt1);
    }
    else
      vt1.index = p1->index;
    triangles.push_back(vt1.index);

    detail::LocalVertexType vt2(source[++i3]);
    std::set<detail::LocalVertexType, detail::ltLocalVertexValue>::iterator p2 = vertices.find(vt2);
    if (p2 == vertices.end())
    {
      vt2.index = vertices.size();
      vertices.insert(vt2);
    }
    else
      vt2.index = p2->index;
    triangles.push_back(vt2.index);

    detail::LocalVertexType vt3(source[++i3]);
    std::set<detail::LocalVertexType, detail::ltLocalVertexValue>::iterator p3 = vertices.find(vt3);
    if (p3 == vertices.end())
    {
      vt3.index = vertices.size();
      vertices.insert(vt3);
    }
    else
      vt3.index = p3->index;

    triangles.push_back(vt3.index);
  }

  // sort our vertices
  std::vector<detail::LocalVertexType> vt;
  vt.insert(vt.end(), vertices.begin(), vertices.end());
  std::sort(vt.begin(), vt.end(), detail::ltLocalVertexIndex());

  // copy the data to a mesh structure
  unsigned int nt = triangles.size() / 3;

  Mesh *mesh = new Mesh(vt.size(), nt);
  for (unsigned int i = 0 ; i < vt.size() ; ++i)
  {
    unsigned int i3 = i * 3;
    mesh->vertices[i3    ] = vt[i].x;
    mesh->vertices[i3 + 1] = vt[i].y;
    mesh->vertices[i3 + 2] = vt[i].z;
  }

  std::copy(triangles.begin(), triangles.end(), mesh->triangles);
  mesh->computeTriangleNormals();
  mesh->computeVertexNormals();

  return mesh;
}

Mesh* createMeshFromResource(const std::string& resource)
{
  static const Eigen::Vector3d one(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
  return createMeshFromResource(resource, one);
}

Mesh* createMeshFromBinary(const char* buffer, std::size_t size,
                           const std::string &assimp_hint)
{
  static const Eigen::Vector3d one(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
  return createMeshFromBinary(buffer, size, one, assimp_hint);
}

Mesh* createMeshFromBinary(const char *buffer, std::size_t size, const Eigen::Vector3d &scale,
                           const std::string &assimp_hint)
{
  if (!buffer || size < 1)
  {
    logWarn("Cannot construct mesh from empty binary buffer");
    return NULL;
  }

  // try to get a file extension
  std::string hint;
  std::size_t pos = assimp_hint.find_last_of(".");
  if (pos != std::string::npos)
  {
    hint = assimp_hint.substr(pos + 1);
    std::transform(hint.begin(), hint.end(), hint.begin(), ::tolower);
  }
  if (hint.empty())
    hint = assimp_hint; // send entire file name as hint if no extension was found

  // Create an instance of the Importer class
  Assimp::Importer importer;

  // Issue #38 fix: as part of the post-processing, we remove all other components in file but
  // the meshes, as anyway the resulting shapes:Mesh object just receives vertices and triangles.
  importer.SetPropertyInteger(AI_CONFIG_PP_RVC_FLAGS,
          aiComponent_NORMALS                  |
          aiComponent_TANGENTS_AND_BITANGENTS  |
          aiComponent_COLORS                   |
          aiComponent_TEXCOORDS                |
          aiComponent_BONEWEIGHTS              |
          aiComponent_ANIMATIONS               |
          aiComponent_TEXTURES                 |
          aiComponent_LIGHTS                   |
          aiComponent_CAMERAS                  |
          aiComponent_MATERIALS);

  // And have it read the given file with some post-processing
  const aiScene* scene = importer.ReadFileFromMemory(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(buffer), size,
                                                     aiProcess_Triangulate            |
                                                     aiProcess_JoinIdenticalVertices  |
                                                     aiProcess_SortByPType            |
                                                     aiProcess_RemoveComponent, hint.c_str());
  if (!scene)
    return NULL;

  // Assimp enforces Y_UP convention by rotating models with different conventions.
  // However, that behaviour is confusing and doesn't match the ROS convention
  // where the Z axis is pointing up.
  // Hopefully this doesn't undo legit use of the root node transformation...
  // Note that this is also what RViz does internally.
  scene->mRootNode->mTransformation = aiMatrix4x4();

  // These post processing steps flatten the root node transformation into child nodes,
  // so they must be delayed until after clearing the root node transform above.
  importer.ApplyPostProcessing(aiProcess_OptimizeMeshes | aiProcess_OptimizeGraph);

  return createMeshFromAsset(scene, scale, hint);
}

Mesh* createMeshFromResource(const std::string& resource, const Eigen::Vector3d &scale)
{
  resource_retriever::Retriever retriever;
  resource_retriever::MemoryResource res;
  try
  {
    res = retriever.get(resource);
  }
  catch (resource_retriever::Exception& e)
  {
    logError("%s", e.what());
    return NULL;
  }

  if (res.size == 0)
  {
    logWarn("Retrieved empty mesh for resource '%s'", resource.c_str());
    return NULL;
  }

  Mesh *m = createMeshFromBinary(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(res.data.get()), res.size, scale, resource);
  if (!m)
  {
    logWarn("Assimp reports no scene in %s.", resource.c_str());
    logWarn("This could be because of a resource filename that is too long for the Assimp library, a known bug. As a workaround shorten the filename/path.");
  }
  return m;
}

namespace
{
void extractMeshData(const aiScene *scene, const aiNode *node, const aiMatrix4x4 &parent_transform, const Eigen::Vector3d &scale,
                     EigenSTL::vector_Vector3d &vertices, std::vector<unsigned int> &triangles)
{
  aiMatrix4x4 transform = parent_transform;
  transform *= node->mTransformation;
  for (unsigned int j = 0 ; j < node->mNumMeshes; ++j)
  {
    const aiMesh* a = scene->mMeshes[node->mMeshes[j]];
    unsigned int offset = vertices.size();
    for (unsigned int i = 0 ; i < a->mNumVertices ; ++i)
    {
      aiVector3D v = transform * a->mVertices[i];
      vertices.push_back(Eigen::Vector3d(v.x * scale.x(), v.y * scale.y(), v.z * scale.z()));
    }
    for (unsigned int i = 0 ; i < a->mNumFaces ; ++i)
      if (a->mFaces[i].mNumIndices == 3)
      {
        triangles.push_back(offset + a->mFaces[i].mIndices[0]);
        triangles.push_back(offset + a->mFaces[i].mIndices[1]);
        triangles.push_back(offset + a->mFaces[i].mIndices[2]);
      }
  }

  for (unsigned int n = 0; n < node->mNumChildren; ++n)
    extractMeshData(scene, node->mChildren[n], transform, scale, vertices, triangles);
}
}

Mesh* createMeshFromAsset(const aiScene* scene, const std::string &resource_name)
{
  static const Eigen::Vector3d one(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
  return createMeshFromAsset(scene, one, resource_name);
}

Mesh* createMeshFromAsset(const aiScene* scene, const Eigen::Vector3d &scale, const std::string &resource_name)
{
  if (!scene->HasMeshes())
  {
    logWarn("Assimp reports scene in %s has no meshes", resource_name.c_str());
    return NULL;
  }
  EigenSTL::vector_Vector3d vertices;
  std::vector<unsigned int> triangles;
  extractMeshData(scene, scene->mRootNode, aiMatrix4x4(), scale, vertices, triangles);
  if (vertices.empty())
  {
    logWarn("There are no vertices in the scene %s", resource_name.c_str());
    return NULL;
  }
  if (triangles.empty())
  {
    logWarn("There are no triangles in the scene %s", resource_name.c_str());
    return NULL;
  }

  return createMeshFromVertices(vertices, triangles);
}

Mesh* createMeshFromShape(const Shape *shape)
{
  if (shape->type == shapes::SPHERE)
    return shapes::createMeshFromShape(static_cast<const shapes::Sphere&>(*shape));
  else
    if (shape->type == shapes::BOX)
      return shapes::createMeshFromShape(static_cast<const shapes::Box&>(*shape));
    else
      if (shape->type == shapes::CYLINDER)
        return shapes::createMeshFromShape(static_cast<const shapes::Cylinder&>(*shape));
      else
        if (shape->type == shapes::CONE)
          return shapes::createMeshFromShape(static_cast<const shapes::Cone&>(*shape));
        else
          logError("Conversion of shape of type '%s' to a mesh is not known", shapeStringName(shape).c_str());
  return NULL;
}

Mesh* createMeshFromShape(const Box &box)
{
  double x = box.size[0] / 2.0;
  double y = box.size[1] / 2.0;
  double z = box.size[2] / 2.0;

  // define vertices of box mesh
  Mesh *result = new Mesh(8, 12);
  result->vertices[0] = -x;
  result->vertices[1] = -y;
  result->vertices[2] = -z;

  result->vertices[3] = x;
  result->vertices[4] = -y;
  result->vertices[5] = -z;

  result->vertices[6] = x;
  result->vertices[7] = -y;
  result->vertices[8] = z;

  result->vertices[9] = -x;
  result->vertices[10] = -y;
  result->vertices[11] = z;

  result->vertices[12] = -x;
  result->vertices[13] = y;
  result->vertices[14] = z;

  result->vertices[15] = -x;
  result->vertices[16] = y;
  result->vertices[17] = -z;

  result->vertices[18] = x;
  result->vertices[19] = y;
  result->vertices[20] = z;

  result->vertices[21] = x;
  result->vertices[22] = y;
  result->vertices[23] = -z;

  static const unsigned int tri[] = {0, 1, 2,
                                     2, 3, 0,
                                     4, 3, 2,
                                     2, 6, 4,
                                     7, 6, 2,
                                     2, 1, 7,
                                     3, 4, 5,
                                     5, 0, 3,
                                     0, 5, 7,
                                     7, 1, 0,
                                     7, 5, 4,
                                     4, 6, 7};
  memcpy(result->triangles, tri, sizeof(unsigned int) * 36);
  result->computeTriangleNormals();
  result->computeVertexNormals();
  return result;
}

Mesh* createMeshFromShape(const Sphere &sphere)
{
  // this code is adapted from FCL
  EigenSTL::vector_Vector3d vertices;
  std::vector<unsigned int> triangles;

  const double r = sphere.radius;
  const double pi = boost::math::constants::pi<double>();
  const unsigned int seg = std::max<unsigned int>(6, 0.5 + 2.0 * pi * r / 0.01); // split the sphere longitudinally up to a resolution of 1 cm at the ecuator, or a minimum of 6 segments
  const unsigned int ring = std::max<unsigned int>(6, 2.0 * r / 0.01); // split the sphere into rings along latitude, up to a height of at most 1 cm, or a minimum of 6 rings

  double phi, phid;
  phid = pi * 2.0 / seg;
  phi = 0.0;

  double theta, thetad;
  thetad = pi / (ring + 1);
  theta = 0;

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ring; ++i)
  {
    double theta_ = theta + thetad * (i + 1);
    for (unsigned int j = 0; j < seg; ++j)
      vertices.push_back(Eigen::Vector3d(r * sin(theta_) * cos(phi + j * phid),
                                         r * sin(theta_) * sin(phi + j * phid),
                                         r * cos(theta_)));
  }
  vertices.push_back(Eigen::Vector3d(0.0, 0.0, r));
  vertices.push_back(Eigen::Vector3d(0.0, 0.0, -r));

  for (unsigned int i = 0 ; i < ring - 1; ++i)
  {
    for (unsigned int j = 0 ; j < seg ; ++j)
    {
      unsigned int a, b, c, d;
      a = i * seg + j;
      b = (j == seg - 1) ? (i * seg) : (i * seg + j + 1);
      c = (i + 1) * seg + j;
      d = (j == seg - 1) ? ((i + 1) * seg) : ((i + 1) * seg + j + 1);
      triangles.push_back(a);
      triangles.push_back(c);
      triangles.push_back(b);
      triangles.push_back(b);
      triangles.push_back(c);
      triangles.push_back(d);
    }
  }

  for (unsigned int j = 0 ; j < seg ; ++j)
  {
    unsigned int a, b;
    a = j;
    b = (j == seg - 1) ? 0 : (j + 1);
    triangles.push_back(ring * seg);
    triangles.push_back(a);
    triangles.push_back(b);

    a = (ring - 1) * seg + j;
    b = (j == seg - 1) ? (ring - 1) * seg : ((ring - 1) * seg + j + 1);
    triangles.push_back(a);
    triangles.push_back(ring * seg + 1);
    triangles.push_back(b);
  }
  return createMeshFromVertices(vertices, triangles);
}

Mesh* createMeshFromShape(const Cylinder &cylinder)
{
  // this code is adapted from FCL
  EigenSTL::vector_Vector3d vertices;
  std::vector<unsigned int> triangles;

  // magic number defining how many triangles to construct for the unit cylinder; perhaps this should be a param
  static unsigned int tot_for_unit_cylinder = 100;

  double r = cylinder.radius;
  double h = cylinder.length;

  const double pi = boost::math::constants::pi<double>();
  unsigned int tot = ceil(tot_for_unit_cylinder * r);
  double phid = pi * 2 / tot;

  double circle_edge = phid * r;
  unsigned int h_num = ceil(h / circle_edge);

  double phi = 0;
  double hd = h / h_num;

  for (unsigned int i = 0 ; i < tot ; ++i)
    vertices.push_back(Eigen::Vector3d(r * cos(phi + phid * i), r * sin(phi + phid * i), h / 2));

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < h_num - 1 ; ++i)
    for(unsigned int j = 0; j < tot; ++j)
      vertices.push_back(Eigen::Vector3d(r * cos(phi + phid * j), r * sin(phi + phid * j), h / 2 - (i + 1) * hd));

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tot; ++i)
    vertices.push_back(Eigen::Vector3d(r * cos(phi + phid * i), r * sin(phi + phid * i), - h / 2));

  vertices.push_back(Eigen::Vector3d(0, 0, h / 2));
  vertices.push_back(Eigen::Vector3d(0, 0, -h / 2));

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tot ; ++i)
  {
    triangles.push_back((h_num + 1) * tot);
    triangles.push_back(i);
    triangles.push_back((i == tot - 1) ? 0 : (i + 1));
  }

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tot; ++i)
  {
    triangles.push_back((h_num + 1) * tot + 1);
    triangles.push_back(h_num * tot + ((i == tot - 1) ? 0 : (i + 1)));
    triangles.push_back(h_num * tot + i);
  }

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < h_num; ++i)
  {
    for (unsigned int j = 0; j < tot; ++j)
    {
      int a, b, c, d;
      a = j;
      b = (j == tot - 1) ? 0 : (j + 1);
      c = j + tot;
      d = (j == tot - 1) ? tot : (j + 1 + tot);

      int start = i * tot;
      triangles.push_back(start + b);
      triangles.push_back(start + a);
      triangles.push_back(start + c);
      triangles.push_back(start + b);
      triangles.push_back(start + c);
      triangles.push_back(start + d);
    }
  }
  return createMeshFromVertices(vertices, triangles);
}

Mesh* createMeshFromShape(const Cone &cone)
{
  // this code is adapted from FCL
  EigenSTL::vector_Vector3d vertices;
  std::vector<unsigned int> triangles;

  // magic number defining how many triangles to construct for the unit cylinder; perhaps this should be a param
  static unsigned int tot_for_unit_cone = 100;

  double r = cone.radius;
  double h = cone.length;

  const double pi = boost::math::constants::pi<double>();
  unsigned int tot = tot_for_unit_cone * r;
  double phid = pi * 2 / tot;

  double circle_edge = phid * r;
  unsigned int h_num = ceil(h / circle_edge);

  double phi = 0;
  double hd = h / h_num;

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < h_num - 1; ++i)
  {
    double h_i = h / 2 - (i + 1) * hd;
    double rh = r * (0.5 - h_i / h);
    for(unsigned int j = 0; j < tot; ++j)
      vertices.push_back(Eigen::Vector3d(rh * cos(phi + phid * j), rh * sin(phi + phid * j), h_i));
  }

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tot; ++i)
    vertices.push_back(Eigen::Vector3d(r * cos(phi + phid * i), r * sin(phi + phid * i), - h / 2));

  vertices.push_back(Eigen::Vector3d(0, 0, h / 2));
  vertices.push_back(Eigen::Vector3d(0, 0, -h / 2));

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tot; ++i)
  {
    triangles.push_back(h_num * tot);
    triangles.push_back(i);
    triangles.push_back((i == tot - 1) ? 0 : (i + 1));
  }

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tot; ++i)
  {
    triangles.push_back(h_num * tot + 1);
    triangles.push_back((h_num - 1) * tot + ((i == tot - 1) ? 0 : (i + 1)));
    triangles.push_back((h_num - 1) * tot + i);
  }

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < h_num - 1; ++i)
    for (unsigned int j = 0; j < tot; ++j)
    {
      int a, b, c, d;
      a = j;
      b = (j == tot - 1) ? 0 : (j + 1);
      c = j + tot;
      d = (j == tot - 1) ? tot : (j + 1 + tot);

      int start = i * tot;
      triangles.push_back(start + b);
      triangles.push_back(start + a);
      triangles.push_back(start + c);
      triangles.push_back(start + b);
      triangles.push_back(start + c);
      triangles.push_back(start + d);
    }
  return createMeshFromVertices(vertices, triangles);
}

namespace
{
  inline void writeFloatToSTL(char *&ptr , float data)
  {
    memcpy(ptr, &data, sizeof(float));
    ptr += sizeof(float);
  }
  inline void writeFloatToSTL(char *&ptr , double datad)
  {
    float data = datad;
    memcpy(ptr, &data, sizeof(float));
    ptr += sizeof(float);
  }
}

void writeSTLBinary(const Mesh* mesh, std::vector<char> &buffer)
{
  buffer.resize(84 + mesh->triangle_count * 50);
  memset(&buffer[0], 0, 80);
  char *ptr = &buffer[80];
  uint32_t nt = mesh->triangle_count;
  memcpy(ptr, &nt, sizeof(uint32_t));
  ptr += sizeof(uint32_t);
  for (unsigned int i = 0 ; i < mesh->triangle_count ; ++i)
  {
    unsigned int i3 = i * 3;

    if (mesh->triangle_normals)
    {
      writeFloatToSTL(ptr, mesh->triangle_normals[i3]);
      writeFloatToSTL(ptr, mesh->triangle_normals[i3 + 1]);
      writeFloatToSTL(ptr, mesh->triangle_normals[i3 + 2]);
    }
    else
    {
      memset(ptr, 0, sizeof(float) * 3);
      ptr += sizeof(float) * 3;
    }

    unsigned int index = mesh->triangles[i3] * 3;
    writeFloatToSTL(ptr, mesh->vertices[index]);
    writeFloatToSTL(ptr, mesh->vertices[index + 1]);
    writeFloatToSTL(ptr, mesh->vertices[index + 2]);
    index = mesh->triangles[i3 + 1] * 3;
    writeFloatToSTL(ptr, mesh->vertices[index]);
    writeFloatToSTL(ptr, mesh->vertices[index + 1]);
    writeFloatToSTL(ptr, mesh->vertices[index + 2]);
    index = mesh->triangles[i3 + 2] * 3;
    writeFloatToSTL(ptr, mesh->vertices[index]);
    writeFloatToSTL(ptr, mesh->vertices[index + 1]);
    writeFloatToSTL(ptr, mesh->vertices[index + 2]);
    memset(ptr, 0, 2);
    ptr += 2;
  }
}

}