BaseBackendTest.py

# Copyright (c) 2019-2020, RTE (https://www.rte-france.com)
# See AUTHORS.txt
# This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License, version 2.0.
# If a copy of the Mozilla Public License, version 2.0 was not distributed with this file,
# you can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
# SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
# This file is part of Grid2Op, Grid2Op a testbed platform to model sequential decision making in power systems.

# do some generic tests that can be implemented directly to test if a backend implementation can work out of the box
# with grid2op.
# see an example of test_Pandapower for how to use this suit.


import os
import numpy as np
import copy
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
import inspect

from grid2op.tests.helper_path_test import PATH_DATA_TEST_PP, PATH_DATA_TEST, MakeBackend, HelperTests
PATH_DATA_TEST_INIT = PATH_DATA_TEST
PATH_DATA_TEST = PATH_DATA_TEST_PP

import grid2op

from grid2op.Action import CompleteAction

try:
    # this is only available starting python 3.7 or 3.8... tests are with python 3.6 :-(
    from math import comb
except ImportError:

    def comb(n, k):
        if n == k:
            return 1
        if n < k:
            return 0
        res = 1
        acc = 1
        for i in range(k):
            res *= int((n - i))
        for i in range(1, k + 1):
            res /= i
        return res

    """
    test to check that it's working
    for i in range(10):
        for j in range(10):
            me_ = comb(i,j)
            real_ = math.comb(i,j)
            assert me_ == real_, "{}, {}".format(i,j)
    """
import warnings

import grid2op
from grid2op.dtypes import dt_bool, dt_int, dt_float
from grid2op.Action import ActionSpace, CompleteAction
from grid2op.Parameters import Parameters
from grid2op.Chronics import ChronicsHandler
from grid2op.Environment import Environment
from grid2op.Exceptions import *
from grid2op.Rules import RulesChecker
from grid2op.Rules import AlwaysLegal
from grid2op.Action._backendAction import _BackendAction
from grid2op.Backend import Backend, PandaPowerBackend

import pdb
                    
    
class BaseTestNames(MakeBackend):
    def get_path(self):
        return PATH_DATA_TEST_INIT
    
    def test_properNames(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        path = self.get_path()

        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            with grid2op.make(
                os.path.join(path, "5bus_example_diff_name"),
                backend=backend,
                _add_to_name=type(self).__name__
            ) as env:
                obs = env.reset()
                assert np.all(type(obs).name_load == ["tutu", "toto", "tata"])
                assert np.all(type(env).name_load == ["tutu", "toto", "tata"])


class BaseTestLoadingCase(MakeBackend):
    def get_path(self):
        return PATH_DATA_TEST

    def get_casefile(self):
        return "test_case14.json"
    
    def test_load_file(self):
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        path_matpower = self.get_path()
        case_file = self.get_casefile()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            backend.load_grid(path_matpower, case_file)
        type(backend).set_env_name("BaseTestLoadingCase")
        backend.assert_grid_correct()

        assert backend.n_line == 20
        assert backend.n_gen == 5
        assert backend.n_load == 11
        assert backend.n_sub == 14

        name_line = [
            "0_1_0",
            "0_4_1",
            "8_9_2",
            "8_13_3",
            "9_10_4",
            "11_12_5",
            "12_13_6",
            "1_2_7",
            "1_3_8",
            "1_4_9",
            "2_3_10",
            "3_4_11",
            "5_10_12",
            "5_11_13",
            "5_12_14",
            "3_6_15",
            "3_8_16",
            "4_5_17",
            "6_7_18",
            "6_8_19",
        ]
        name_line = np.array(name_line)
        assert np.all(sorted(backend.name_line) == sorted(name_line))

        name_sub = [
            "sub_0",
            "sub_1",
            "sub_2",
            "sub_3",
            "sub_4",
            "sub_5",
            "sub_6",
            "sub_7",
            "sub_8",
            "sub_9",
            "sub_10",
            "sub_11",
            "sub_12",
            "sub_13",
        ]
        name_sub = np.array(name_sub)
        assert np.all(sorted(backend.name_sub) == sorted(name_sub))

        name_gen = ["gen_0_4", "gen_1_0", "gen_2_1", "gen_5_2", "gen_7_3"]
        name_gen = np.array(name_gen)
        assert np.all(sorted(backend.name_gen) == sorted(name_gen))

        name_load = [
            "load_1_0",
            "load_2_1",
            "load_13_2",
            "load_3_3",
            "load_4_4",
            "load_5_5",
            "load_8_6",
            "load_9_7",
            "load_10_8",
            "load_11_9",
            "load_12_10",
        ]
        name_load = np.array(name_load)
        assert np.all(sorted(backend.name_load) == sorted(name_load))

        assert np.all(backend.get_topo_vect() == np.ones(np.sum(backend.sub_info)))

        conv, *_  = backend.runpf()
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge it is not supposed to! Error {_}"

        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            p_subs, q_subs, p_bus, q_bus, v_bus = backend.check_kirchoff()

        assert np.max(np.abs(p_subs)) <= self.tolvect
        assert np.max(np.abs(p_bus.flatten())) <= self.tolvect
        if backend.shunts_data_available:
            assert np.max(np.abs(q_subs)) <= self.tolvect
            assert np.max(np.abs(q_bus.flatten())) <= self.tolvect

    def test_assert_grid_correct(self):
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        path_matpower = self.get_path()
        case_file = self.get_casefile()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            backend.load_grid(path_matpower, case_file)
        type(backend).set_env_name("TestLoadingCase_env2_test_assert_grid_correct")
        backend.assert_grid_correct()
        conv, *_  = backend.runpf()
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge it is not supposed to! Error {_}"
        backend.assert_grid_correct_after_powerflow()


class BaseTestLoadingBackendFunc(MakeBackend):
    def get_path(self):
        return PATH_DATA_TEST

    def get_casefile(self):
        return "test_case14.json"
    
    def setUp(self):
        self.backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        self.path_matpower = self.get_path()
        self.case_file = self.get_casefile()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            self.backend.load_grid(self.path_matpower, self.case_file)
        type(self.backend).set_env_name("TestLoadingBackendFunc_env")
        type(self.backend).set_no_storage()
        self.backend.assert_grid_correct()
        self.game_rules = RulesChecker()
        self.action_env_class = ActionSpace.init_grid(self.backend, extra_name=type(self).__name__)
        self.action_env = self.action_env_class(
            gridobj=self.backend, legal_action=self.game_rules.legal_action
        )
        self.bkact_class = _BackendAction.init_grid(self.backend, extra_name=type(self).__name__)
        self.backend.runpf()
        self.backend.assert_grid_correct_after_powerflow()
        super().setUp()

    def tearDown(self):
        super().tearDown()

    def test_theta_ok(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        if self.backend.can_output_theta:
            (
                theta_or,
                theta_ex,
                load_theta,
                gen_theta,
                storage_theta,
            ) = self.backend.get_theta()
            assert theta_or.shape[0] == self.backend.n_line
            assert theta_ex.shape[0] == self.backend.n_line
            assert load_theta.shape[0] == self.backend.n_load
            assert gen_theta.shape[0] == self.backend.n_gen
            assert storage_theta.shape[0] == self.backend.n_storage
            assert np.all(np.isfinite(theta_or))
            assert np.all(np.isfinite(theta_ex))
            assert np.all(np.isfinite(load_theta))
            assert np.all(np.isfinite(gen_theta))
            assert np.all(np.isfinite(storage_theta))
        else:
            with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                # if the "can_output_theta" flag is set to false, then it means the backend
                # should not implement the get_theta class
                self.backend.get_theta()

    def test_runpf_dc(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf(is_dc=True)
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge with error {_}"
        true_values_dc = np.array(
            [
                147.83859556,
                71.16140444,
                5.7716542,
                9.64132512,
                -3.2283458,
                1.50735814,
                5.25867488,
                70.01463596,
                55.1518527,
                40.9721069,
                -24.18536404,
                -61.74649065,
                6.7283458,
                7.60735814,
                17.25131674,
                28.36115279,
                16.55182652,
                42.78702069,
                0.0,
                28.36115279,
            ]
        )
        p_or, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        assert self.compare_vect(p_or, true_values_dc)

    def test_runpf(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        true_values_ac = np.array(
            [
                1.56882891e02,
                7.55103818e01,
                5.22755247e00,
                9.42638103e00,
                -3.78532238e00,
                1.61425777e00,
                5.64385098e00,
                7.32375792e01,
                5.61314959e01,
                4.15162150e01,
                -2.32856901e01,
                -6.11582304e01,
                7.35327698e00,
                7.78606702e00,
                1.77479769e01,
                2.80741759e01,
                1.60797576e01,
                4.40873209e01,
                -1.11022302e-14,
                2.80741759e01,
            ]
        )
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf(is_dc=False)
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge with error {_}"
        assert conv
        p_or, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        assert self.compare_vect(p_or, true_values_ac)

    def test_voltage_convert_powerlines(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        # i have the correct voltages in powerlines if the formula to link mw, mvar, kv and amps is correct
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf(is_dc=False)
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge at loading with error {_}"

        p_or, q_or, v_or, a_or = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        a_th = np.sqrt(p_or**2 + q_or**2) * 1e3 / (np.sqrt(3) * v_or)
        assert self.compare_vect(a_th, a_or)

        p_ex, q_ex, v_ex, a_ex = self.backend.lines_ex_info()
        a_th = np.sqrt(p_ex**2 + q_ex**2) * 1e3 / (np.sqrt(3) * v_ex)
        assert self.compare_vect(a_th, a_ex)

    def test_voltages_correct_load_gen(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        # i have the right voltages to generators and load, if it's the same as the voltage (correct from the above test)
        # of the powerline connected to it.

        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf(is_dc=False)
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge at loading with error {_}"
        load_p, load_q, load_v = self.backend.loads_info()
        gen_p, gen__q, gen_v = self.backend.generators_info()
        p_or, q_or, v_or, a_or = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        p_ex, q_ex, v_ex, a_ex = self.backend.lines_ex_info()

        for c_id, sub_id in enumerate(self.backend.load_to_subid):
            l_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.line_or_to_subid == sub_id)[0]
            if len(l_ids):
                l_id = l_ids[0]
                assert (
                    np.abs(v_or[l_id] - load_v[c_id]) <= self.tol_one
                ), "problem for load {}".format(c_id)
                continue

            l_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.line_ex_to_subid == sub_id)[0]
            if len(l_ids):
                l_id = l_ids[0]
                assert (
                    np.abs(v_ex[l_id] - load_v[c_id]) <= self.tol_one
                ), "problem for load {}".format(c_id)
                continue
            assert False, "load {} has not been checked".format(c_id)

        for g_id, sub_id in enumerate(self.backend.gen_to_subid):
            l_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.line_or_to_subid == sub_id)[0]
            if len(l_ids):
                l_id = l_ids[0]
                assert (
                    np.abs(v_or[l_id] - gen_v[g_id]) <= self.tol_one
                ), "problem for generator {}".format(g_id)
                continue

            l_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.line_ex_to_subid == sub_id)[0]
            if len(l_ids):
                l_id = l_ids[0]
                assert (
                    np.abs(v_ex[l_id] - gen_v[g_id]) <= self.tol_one
                ), "problem for generator {}".format(g_id)
                continue
            assert False, "generator {} has not been checked".format(g_id)

    def test_copy_ac(self, is_dc=False):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        conv, *_ = self.backend.runpf(is_dc=is_dc)
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge at loading with error {_}"
        l_id = 3

        p_or_orig, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        backend_cpy = self.backend.copy()

        self.backend._disconnect_line(l_id)
        conv, *_ = self.backend.runpf(is_dc=is_dc)
        assert conv, f"original backend diverged with error {_}"
        conv2 = backend_cpy.runpf(is_dc=is_dc)
        assert conv2, f"copied backend diverged with error {_}"
        p_or_ref, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        p_or, *_ = backend_cpy.lines_or_info()
        assert self.compare_vect(
            p_or_orig, p_or
        ), "the copied object affects its original 'parent'"
        assert (
            np.abs(p_or_ref[l_id]) <= self.tol_one
        ), "powerline {} has not been disconnected in orig backend".format(l_id)

    def test_copy_dc(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        self.test_copy_ac(True)

    def test_copy2(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        self.backend._disconnect_line(8)
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf(is_dc=False)
        p_or_orig, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()

        adn_backend_cpy = self.backend.copy()
        adn_backend_cpy._disconnect_line(11)
        assert not adn_backend_cpy.get_line_status()[8]
        assert not adn_backend_cpy.get_line_status()[11]
        assert not self.backend.get_line_status()[8]
        assert self.backend.get_line_status()[11]

    def test_get_private_line_status(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        if hasattr(self.backend, "_get_line_status"):
            assert np.all(self.backend._get_line_status())
        else:
            assert np.all(self.backend.get_line_status())

        self.backend._disconnect_line(3)
        if hasattr(self.backend, "_get_line_status"):
            vect_ = self.backend._get_line_status()
        else:
            vect_ = self.backend.get_line_status()
        assert np.sum(~vect_) == 1
        assert not vect_[3]

    def test_get_line_flow(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        self.backend.runpf(is_dc=False)
        true_values_ac = np.array(
            [
                -20.40429168,
                3.85499114,
                4.2191378,
                3.61000624,
                -1.61506292,
                0.75395917,
                1.74717378,
                3.56020295,
                -1.5503504,
                1.17099786,
                4.47311562,
                15.82364194,
                3.56047297,
                2.50341424,
                7.21657539,
                -9.68106571,
                -0.42761118,
                12.47067981,
                -17.16297051,
                5.77869057,
            ]
        )
        p_or_orig, q_or_orig, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        assert self.compare_vect(q_or_orig, true_values_ac)

        self.backend._disconnect_line(3)
        a = self.backend.runpf(is_dc=False)
        true_values_ac = np.array(
            [
                -20.40028207,
                3.65600775,
                3.77916284,
                0.0,
                -2.10761554,
                1.34025308,
                5.86505081,
                3.58514625,
                -2.28717836,
                0.81979017,
                3.72328838,
                17.09556423,
                3.9548798,
                3.18389804,
                11.24144925,
                -11.09660174,
                -1.70423701,
                13.14347167,
                -14.82917601,
                2.276297,
            ]
        )
        p_or_orig, q_or_orig, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        assert self.compare_vect(q_or_orig, true_values_ac)

    def test_pf_ac_dc(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        true_values_ac = np.array(
            [
                -20.40429168,
                3.85499114,
                4.2191378,
                3.61000624,
                -1.61506292,
                0.75395917,
                1.74717378,
                3.56020295,
                -1.5503504,
                1.17099786,
                4.47311562,
                15.82364194,
                3.56047297,
                2.50341424,
                7.21657539,
                -9.68106571,
                -0.42761118,
                12.47067981,
                -17.16297051,
                5.77869057,
            ]
        )
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf(is_dc=True)
        assert conv, f"error {_}"
        p_or_orig, q_or_orig, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        assert np.all(q_or_orig == 0.0), "in dc mode all q must be zero"
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf(is_dc=False)
        assert conv, f"error {_}"
        p_or_orig, q_or_orig, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        assert self.compare_vect(q_or_orig, true_values_ac)

    def test_get_thermal_limit(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        res = self.backend.get_thermal_limit()
        true_values_ac = np.array(
            [
                42339.01974057,
                42339.01974057,
                27479652.23546777,
                27479652.23546777,
                27479652.23546777,
                27479652.23546777,
                27479652.23546777,
                42339.01974057,
                42339.01974057,
                42339.01974057,
                42339.01974057,
                42339.01974057,
                27479652.23546777,
                27479652.23546777,
                27479652.23546777,
                42339.01974057,
                42339.01974057,
                42339.01974057,
                408269.11892695,
                408269.11892695,
            ],
            dtype=dt_float,
        )
        assert self.compare_vect(res, true_values_ac)

    def test_disconnect_line(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        for i in range(self.backend.n_line):
            if i == 18:
                # powerflow diverge if line 1 is removed, unfortunately
                continue
            backend_cpy = self.backend.copy()
            backend_cpy._disconnect_line(i)
            conv, *_  = backend_cpy.runpf()
            assert (
                conv
            ), "Power flow computation does not converge if line {} is removed with error ".format(
                i, _
            )
            flows = backend_cpy.get_line_status()
            assert not flows[i]
            assert np.sum(~flows) == 1

    def test_donothing_action(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf()
        assert conv, f"error {_}"
        init_flow = self.backend.get_line_flow()
        init_lp, *_ = self.backend.loads_info()
        init_gp, *_ = self.backend.generators_info()
        init_ls = self.backend.get_line_status()

        action = self.action_env({})  # update the action
        bk_action = self.bkact_class()
        bk_action += action
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_action)
        after_lp, *_ = self.backend.loads_info()
        after_gp, *_ = self.backend.generators_info()
        after_ls = self.backend.get_line_status()
        assert self.compare_vect(init_lp, after_lp)  # check i didn't modify the loads
        # assert self.compare_vect(init_gp, after_gp)  # check i didn't modify the generators  # TODO here !!! problem with steady state P=C+L
        assert np.all(init_ls == after_ls)  # check i didn't disconnect any powerlines

        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf()
        assert conv, f"Cannot perform a powerflow after doing nothing with error {_}"
        after_flow = self.backend.get_line_flow()
        assert self.compare_vect(init_flow, after_flow)

    def test_apply_action_active_value(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        # test that i can modify only the load / prod active values of the powergrid
        # to do that i modify the productions and load all of a factor 0.5 and compare that the DC flows are
        # also multiply by 2

        # i set up the stuff to have exactly 0 losses
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf(is_dc=True)
        assert conv, f"powergrid diverge after loading (even in DC) with error {_}"
        init_flow, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        init_lp, init_l_q, *_ = self.backend.loads_info()
        init_gp, *_ = self.backend.generators_info()
        init_ls = self.backend.get_line_status()
        ratio = 1.0
        new_cp = ratio * init_lp
        new_pp = ratio * init_gp * np.sum(init_lp) / np.sum(init_gp)
        action = self.action_env(
            {"injection": {"load_p": new_cp, "prod_p": new_pp}}
        )  # update the action
        bk_action = self.bkact_class()
        bk_action += action
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_action)
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf(is_dc=True)
        assert conv, f"powergrid diverge with error {_}"
        # now the system has exactly 0 losses (ie sum load = sum gen)

        # i check that if i divide by 2, then everything is divided by 2
        assert conv
        init_flow, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        init_lp, init_l_q, *_ = self.backend.loads_info()
        init_gp, *_ = self.backend.generators_info()
        init_ls = self.backend.get_line_status()
        ratio = 0.5
        new_cp = ratio * init_lp
        new_pp = ratio * init_gp
        action = self.action_env(
            {"injection": {"load_p": new_cp, "prod_p": new_pp}}
        )  # update the action
        bk_action = self.bkact_class()
        bk_action += action
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_action)
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf(is_dc=True)
        assert conv, "Cannot perform a powerflow after doing nothing (dc)"

        after_lp, after_lq, *_ = self.backend.loads_info()
        after_gp, *_ = self.backend.generators_info()
        after_ls = self.backend.get_line_status()
        assert self.compare_vect(new_cp, after_lp)  # check i didn't modify the loads

        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            p_subs, q_subs, p_bus, q_bus, v_bus = self.backend.check_kirchoff()

        # i'm in DC mode, i can't check for reactive values...
        assert (
            np.max(np.abs(p_subs)) <= self.tolvect
        ), "problem with active values, at substation (kirchoff for DC)"
        assert (
            np.max(np.abs(p_bus.flatten())) <= self.tolvect
        ), "problem with active values, at a bus (kirchoff for DC)"

        assert self.compare_vect(
            new_pp, after_gp
        )  # check i didn't modify the generators
        assert np.all(init_ls == after_ls)  # check i didn't disconnect any powerlines

        after_flow, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        assert self.compare_vect(
            ratio * init_flow, after_flow
        )  # probably an error with the DC approx

    def test_apply_action_prod_v(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf(is_dc=False)
        assert conv, f"powergrid diverge after loading with error {_}"
        prod_p_init, prod_q_init, prod_v_init = self.backend.generators_info()
        ratio = 1.05
        action = self.action_env(
            {"injection": {"prod_v": ratio * prod_v_init}}
        )  # update the action
        bk_action = self.bkact_class()
        bk_action += action
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_action)
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf(is_dc=False)
        assert conv, f"Cannot perform a powerflow after modifying the powergrid with error {_}"

        prod_p_after, prod_q_after, prod_v_after = self.backend.generators_info()
        assert self.compare_vect(
            ratio * prod_v_init, prod_v_after
        )  # check i didn't modify the generators

    def test_apply_action_maintenance(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        # retrieve some initial data to be sure only a subpart of the _grid is modified
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf()
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge with , error: {_}"
        init_lp, *_ = self.backend.loads_info()
        init_gp, *_ = self.backend.generators_info()

        # check that maintenance vector is properly taken into account
        maintenance = np.full((self.backend.n_line,), fill_value=False, dtype=dt_bool)
        maintenance[19] = True
        action = self.action_env({"maintenance": maintenance})  # update the action
        bk_action = self.bkact_class()
        bk_action += action

        # apply the action here
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_action)

        # compute a load flow an performs more tests
        conv, *_ = self.backend.runpf()
        assert conv, "Power does not converge if line {} is removed with error {}".format(19, _)

        # performs basic check
        after_lp, *_ = self.backend.loads_info()
        after_gp, *_ = self.backend.generators_info()
        after_ls = self.backend.get_line_status()
        assert self.compare_vect(init_lp, after_lp)  # check i didn't modify the loads
        # assert self.compare_vect(init_gp, after_gp)  # check i didn't modify the generators  # TODO here problem with steady state P=C+L
        assert np.all(
            ~maintenance == after_ls
        )  # check i didn't disconnect any powerlines beside the correct one

        flows = self.backend.get_line_status()
        assert np.sum(~flows) == 1
        assert not flows[19]

    def test_apply_action_hazard(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf()
        assert conv, f"powerflow did not converge at iteration 0, with error {_}"
        init_lp, *_ = self.backend.loads_info()
        init_gp, *_ = self.backend.generators_info()

        # check that maintenance vector is properly taken into account
        maintenance = np.full((self.backend.n_line,), fill_value=False, dtype=dt_bool)
        maintenance[17] = True
        action = self.action_env({"hazards": maintenance})  # update the action
        bk_action = self.bkact_class()
        bk_action += action
        # apply the action here
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_action)

        # compute a load flow an performs more tests
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf()
        assert conv, "Power does not converge if line {} is removed with error {}".format(19, _)

        # performs basic check
        after_lp, *_ = self.backend.loads_info()
        after_gp, *_ = self.backend.generators_info()
        after_ls = self.backend.get_line_status()
        assert self.compare_vect(init_lp, after_lp)  # check i didn't modify the loads
        # assert self.compare_vect(init_gp, after_gp)  # check i didn't modify the generators  # TODO here problem with steady state P=C+L
        assert np.all(
            maintenance == ~after_ls
        )  # check i didn't disconnect any powerlines beside the correct one

    def test_apply_action_disconnection(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        # retrieve some initial data to be sure only a subpart of the _grid is modified
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf()
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge with , error: {_}"
        init_lp, *_ = self.backend.loads_info()
        init_gp, *_ = self.backend.generators_info()

        # check that maintenance vector is properly taken into account
        maintenance = np.full((self.backend.n_line,), fill_value=False, dtype=dt_bool)
        maintenance[19] = True

        disc = np.full((self.backend.n_line,), fill_value=False, dtype=dt_bool)
        disc[17] = True

        action = self.action_env(
            {"hazards": disc, "maintenance": maintenance}
        )  # update the action
        bk_action = self.bkact_class()
        bk_action += action
        # apply the action here
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_action)

        # compute a load flow an performs more tests
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf()
        assert (
            conv
        ), "Powerflow does not converge if lines {} and {} are removed with error {}".format(17, 19, _)

        # performs basic check
        after_lp, *_ = self.backend.loads_info()
        after_gp, *_ = self.backend.generators_info()
        after_ls = self.backend.get_line_status()
        assert self.compare_vect(init_lp, after_lp)  # check i didn't modify the loads
        # assert self.compare_vect(init_gp, after_gp)  # check i didn't modify the generators # TODO here problem with steady state, P=C+L
        assert np.all(
            disc | maintenance == ~after_ls
        )  # check i didn't disconnect any powerlines beside the correct one

        flows = self.backend.get_line_status()
        assert np.sum(~flows) == 2
        assert not flows[19]
        assert not flows[17]


class BaseTestTopoAction(MakeBackend):
    def make_backend(self, detailed_infos_for_cascading_failures=False):
        return PandaPowerBackend(
            detailed_infos_for_cascading_failures=detailed_infos_for_cascading_failures
        )

    def get_path(self):
        return PATH_DATA_TEST

    def get_casefile(self):
        return "test_case14.json"
    
    def setUp(self):
        self.backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        self.path_matpower = self.get_path()
        self.case_file = self.get_casefile()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            self.backend.load_grid(self.path_matpower, self.case_file)
        type(self.backend).set_env_name("BaseTestTopoAction")
        type(self.backend).set_no_storage()
        self.backend.assert_grid_correct()
        self.game_rules = RulesChecker()
        as_class = ActionSpace.init_grid(self.backend, extra_name=type(self).__name__)
        self.helper_action = as_class(
            gridobj=self.backend, legal_action=self.game_rules.legal_action
        )
        self.bkact_class = _BackendAction.init_grid(self.backend, extra_name=type(self).__name__)
        super().setUp()

    def tearDown(self):
        super().tearDown()

    def compare_vect(self, pred, true):
        return np.max(np.abs(pred - true)) <= self.tolvect

    def _check_kirchoff(self):
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            p_subs, q_subs, p_bus, q_bus, v_bus = self.backend.check_kirchoff()
            assert (
                np.max(np.abs(p_subs)) <= self.tolvect
            ), "problem with active values, at substation"
            assert (
                np.max(np.abs(p_bus.flatten())) <= self.tolvect
            ), "problem with active values, at a bus"

        if self.backend.shunts_data_available:
            assert (
                np.max(np.abs(q_subs)) <= self.tolvect
            ), "problem with reactive values, at substation"
            assert (
                np.max(np.abs(q_bus.flatten())) <= self.tolvect
            ), "problem with reaactive values, at a bus"

    def test_get_topo_vect_speed(self):
        # retrieve some initial data to be sure only a subpart of the _grid is modified
        self.skip_if_needed()
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf()
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge with , error: {_}"
        init_amps_flow = self.backend.get_line_flow()

        # check that maintenance vector is properly taken into account
        arr = np.array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2], dtype=dt_int)
        id_ = 1
        action = self.helper_action({"set_bus": {"substations_id": [(id_, arr)]}})
        bk_action = self.bkact_class()
        bk_action += action
        # apply the action here
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_action)
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf()
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge with , error: {_}"
        after_amps_flow = self.backend.get_line_flow()

        topo_vect = self.backend.get_topo_vect()
        topo_vect_old = np.array(
            [
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                2,
                2,
                2,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
                1,
            ],
            dtype=dt_int,
        )
        assert self.compare_vect(topo_vect, topo_vect_old)

    def test_topo_set1sub(self):
        # retrieve some initial data to be sure only a subpart of the _grid is modified
        self.skip_if_needed()
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf()
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge with , error: {_}"
        init_amps_flow = self.backend.get_line_flow()

        # check that maintenance vector is properly taken into account
        arr = np.array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2], dtype=dt_int)
        id_ = 1
        action = self.helper_action({"set_bus": {"substations_id": [(id_, arr)]}})
        bk_action = self.bkact_class()
        bk_action += action

        # apply the action here
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_action)
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf()
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge with , error: {_}"
        after_amps_flow = self.backend.get_line_flow()

        topo_vect = self.backend.get_topo_vect()
        assert np.min(topo_vect) == 1, "all buses have been changed"
        assert np.max(topo_vect) == 2, "no buses have been changed"

        # check that the objects have been properly moved
        load_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.load_to_subid == id_)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.load_pos_topo_vect[load_ids]]
            == arr[self.backend.load_to_sub_pos[load_ids]]
        )
        lor_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.line_or_to_subid == id_)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.line_or_pos_topo_vect[lor_ids]]
            == arr[self.backend.line_or_to_sub_pos[lor_ids]]
        )
        lex_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.line_ex_to_subid == id_)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.line_ex_pos_topo_vect[lex_ids]]
            == arr[self.backend.line_ex_to_sub_pos[lex_ids]]
        )
        gen_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.gen_to_subid == id_)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.gen_pos_topo_vect[gen_ids]]
            == arr[self.backend.gen_to_sub_pos[gen_ids]]
        )

        after_amps_flow_th = np.array(
            [
                6.38865247e02,
                3.81726828e02,
                1.78001287e04,
                2.70742428e04,
                1.06755055e04,
                4.71160165e03,
                1.52265925e04,
                3.37755751e02,
                3.00535519e02,
                5.01164454e-13,
                7.01900962e01,
                1.73874580e02,
                2.08904697e04,
                2.11757439e04,
                4.93863382e04,
                1.31935835e02,
                6.99779475e01,
                1.85068609e02,
                7.47283039e02,
                1.14125596e03,
            ]
        )

        after_amps_flow_th = np.array(
            [
                596.58386539,
                342.31364678,
                18142.87789987,
                27084.37162086,
                10155.86483194,
                4625.93022957,
                15064.92626615,
                322.59381855,
                273.6977149,
                82.21908229,
                80.91290202,
                206.04740125,
                20480.81970337,
                21126.22533095,
                49275.71520428,
                128.04429617,
                69.00661266,
                188.44754187,
                688.1371226,
                1132.42521887,
            ]
        )
        assert self.compare_vect(after_amps_flow, after_amps_flow_th)
        self._check_kirchoff()

    def test_topo_change1sub(self):
        # check that switching the bus of 3 object is equivalent to set them to bus 2 (as above)
        self.skip_if_needed()
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf()
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge with , error: {_}"
        init_amps_flow = self.backend.get_line_flow()

        # check that maintenance vector is properly taken into account
        arr = np.array([False, False, False, True, True, True], dtype=dt_bool)
        id_ = 1
        action = self.helper_action({"change_bus": {"substations_id": [(id_, arr)]}})
        bk_action = self.bkact_class()
        bk_action += action
        # apply the action here
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_action)

        # run the powerflow
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf()
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge with , error: {_}"
        after_amps_flow = self.backend.get_line_flow()

        topo_vect = self.backend.get_topo_vect()
        assert np.min(topo_vect) == 1, "all buses have been changed"
        assert np.max(topo_vect) == 2, "no buses have been changed"

        # check that the objects have been properly moved
        load_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.load_to_subid == id_)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.load_pos_topo_vect[load_ids]]
            == 1 + arr[self.backend.load_to_sub_pos[load_ids]]
        )
        lor_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.line_or_to_subid == id_)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.line_or_pos_topo_vect[lor_ids]]
            == 1 + arr[self.backend.line_or_to_sub_pos[lor_ids]]
        )
        lex_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.line_ex_to_subid == id_)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.line_ex_pos_topo_vect[lex_ids]]
            == 1 + arr[self.backend.line_ex_to_sub_pos[lex_ids]]
        )
        gen_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.gen_to_subid == id_)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.gen_pos_topo_vect[gen_ids]]
            == 1 + arr[self.backend.gen_to_sub_pos[gen_ids]]
        )

        after_amps_flow_th = np.array(
            [
                596.58386539,
                342.31364678,
                18142.87789987,
                27084.37162086,
                10155.86483194,
                4625.93022957,
                15064.92626615,
                322.59381855,
                273.6977149,
                82.21908229,
                80.91290202,
                206.04740125,
                20480.81970337,
                21126.22533095,
                49275.71520428,
                128.04429617,
                69.00661266,
                188.44754187,
                688.1371226,
                1132.42521887,
            ]
        )
        assert self.compare_vect(after_amps_flow, after_amps_flow_th)
        self._check_kirchoff()

    def test_topo_change_1sub_twice(self):
        # check that switching the bus of 3 object is equivalent to set them to bus 2 (as above)
        # and that setting it again is equivalent to doing nothing
        self.skip_if_needed()
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf()
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge with , error: {_}"
        init_amps_flow = copy.deepcopy(self.backend.get_line_flow())

        # check that maintenance vector is properly taken into account
        arr = np.array([False, False, False, True, True, True], dtype=dt_bool)
        id_ = 1
        action = self.helper_action({"change_bus": {"substations_id": [(id_, arr)]}})
        bk_action = self.bkact_class()
        bk_action += action

        # apply the action here
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_action)
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf()
        bk_action.reset()
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge with , error: {_}"
        after_amps_flow = self.backend.get_line_flow()

        topo_vect = self.backend.get_topo_vect()
        assert np.min(topo_vect) == 1, "all buses have been changed"
        assert np.max(topo_vect) == 2, "no buses have been changed"

        # check that the objects have been properly moved
        load_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.load_to_subid == id_)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.load_pos_topo_vect[load_ids]]
            == 1 + arr[self.backend.load_to_sub_pos[load_ids]]
        )
        lor_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.line_or_to_subid == id_)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.line_or_pos_topo_vect[lor_ids]]
            == 1 + arr[self.backend.line_or_to_sub_pos[lor_ids]]
        )
        lex_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.line_ex_to_subid == id_)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.line_ex_pos_topo_vect[lex_ids]]
            == 1 + arr[self.backend.line_ex_to_sub_pos[lex_ids]]
        )
        gen_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.gen_to_subid == id_)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.gen_pos_topo_vect[gen_ids]]
            == 1 + arr[self.backend.gen_to_sub_pos[gen_ids]]
        )

        after_amps_flow_th = np.array(
            [
                596.58386539,
                342.31364678,
                18142.87789987,
                27084.37162086,
                10155.86483194,
                4625.93022957,
                15064.92626615,
                322.59381855,
                273.6977149,
                82.21908229,
                80.91290202,
                206.04740125,
                20480.81970337,
                21126.22533095,
                49275.71520428,
                128.04429617,
                69.00661266,
                188.44754187,
                688.1371226,
                1132.42521887,
            ]
        )
        assert self.compare_vect(after_amps_flow, after_amps_flow_th)
        self._check_kirchoff()

        action = self.helper_action({"change_bus": {"substations_id": [(id_, arr)]}})
        bk_action += action

        # apply the action here
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_action)
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf()
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge with error: {_}"

        after_amps_flow = self.backend.get_line_flow()
        assert self.compare_vect(after_amps_flow, init_amps_flow)
        topo_vect = self.backend.get_topo_vect()
        assert np.min(topo_vect) == 1
        assert np.max(topo_vect) == 1
        self._check_kirchoff()

    def test_topo_change_2sub(self):
        # check that maintenance vector is properly taken into account
        self.skip_if_needed()
        arr1 = np.array([False, False, False, True, True, True], dtype=dt_bool)
        arr2 = np.array([1, 1, 2, 2], dtype=dt_int)
        id_1 = 1
        id_2 = 12
        action = self.helper_action(
            {
                "change_bus": {"substations_id": [(id_1, arr1)]},
                "set_bus": {"substations_id": [(id_2, arr2)]},
            }
        )
        bk_action = self.bkact_class()
        bk_action += action

        # apply the action here
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_action)
        conv, *_  = self.backend.runpf()
        assert conv, f"powerflow diverge it should not, error: {_}"

        # check the _grid is correct
        topo_vect = self.backend.get_topo_vect()
        assert np.min(topo_vect) == 1, "all buses have been changed"
        assert np.max(topo_vect) == 2, "no buses have been changed"

        # check that the objects have been properly moved
        load_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.load_to_subid == id_1)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.load_pos_topo_vect[load_ids]]
            == 1 + arr1[self.backend.load_to_sub_pos[load_ids]]
        )
        lor_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.line_or_to_subid == id_1)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.line_or_pos_topo_vect[lor_ids]]
            == 1 + arr1[self.backend.line_or_to_sub_pos[lor_ids]]
        )
        lex_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.line_ex_to_subid == id_1)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.line_ex_pos_topo_vect[lex_ids]]
            == 1 + arr1[self.backend.line_ex_to_sub_pos[lex_ids]]
        )
        gen_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.gen_to_subid == id_1)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.gen_pos_topo_vect[gen_ids]]
            == 1 + arr1[self.backend.gen_to_sub_pos[gen_ids]]
        )

        load_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.load_to_subid == id_2)[0]
        # TODO check the topology symmetry
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.load_pos_topo_vect[load_ids]]
            == arr2[self.backend.load_to_sub_pos[load_ids]]
        )
        lor_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.line_or_to_subid == id_2)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.line_or_pos_topo_vect[lor_ids]]
            == arr2[self.backend.line_or_to_sub_pos[lor_ids]]
        )
        lex_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.line_ex_to_subid == id_2)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.line_ex_pos_topo_vect[lex_ids]]
            == arr2[self.backend.line_ex_to_sub_pos[lex_ids]]
        )
        gen_ids = np.nonzero(self.backend.gen_to_subid == id_2)[0]
        assert np.all(
            topo_vect[self.backend.gen_pos_topo_vect[gen_ids]]
            == arr2[self.backend.gen_to_sub_pos[gen_ids]]
        )

        after_amps_flow = self.backend.get_line_flow()
        after_amps_flow_th = np.array(
            [
                596.97014348,
                342.10559579,
                16615.11815357,
                31328.50690716,
                11832.77202397,
                11043.10650167,
                11043.10650167,
                322.79533908,
                273.86501458,
                82.34066647,
                80.89289074,
                208.42396413,
                22178.16766548,
                27690.51322075,
                38684.31540646,
                129.44842477,
                70.02629553,
                185.67687123,
                706.77680037,
                1155.45754617,
            ]
        )
        assert self.compare_vect(after_amps_flow, after_amps_flow_th)
        self._check_kirchoff()

    def _aux_test_back_orig(self, act_set, prod_p, load_p, p_or, sh_q):
        """function used for test_get_action_to_set"""
        bk_act = self.backend.my_bk_act_class()
        bk_act += act_set
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_act)
        self._aux_aux_check_if_matches(prod_p, load_p, p_or, sh_q)

    def _aux_aux_check_if_matches(self, prod_p, load_p, p_or, sh_q):
        self.backend.runpf()
        prod_p3, prod_q3, prod_v3 = self.backend.generators_info()
        load_p3, load_q3, load_v3 = self.backend.loads_info()
        p_or3, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        if self.backend.shunts_data_available:
            _, sh_q3, *_ = self.backend.shunt_info()
        assert np.all(
            np.abs(prod_p3 - prod_p) <= self.tol_one
        ), "wrong generators value"
        assert np.all(np.abs(load_p3 - load_p) <= self.tol_one), "wrong load value"
        assert np.all(
            np.abs(p_or3 - p_or) <= self.tol_one
        ), "wrong value for active flow origin"
        assert np.all(
            np.abs(p_or3 - p_or) <= self.tol_one
        ), "wrong value for active flow origin"
        if self.backend.shunts_data_available:
            assert np.all(
                np.abs(sh_q3 - sh_q) <= self.tol_one
            ), "wrong value for shunt readtive"

    def test_get_action_to_set(self):
        """this tests the "get_action_to_set" method"""
        self.skip_if_needed()
        self.backend.runpf()
        self.backend.assert_grid_correct_after_powerflow()

        self.backend.runpf()
        act = self.backend.get_action_to_set()

        prod_p, prod_q, prod_v = self.backend.generators_info()
        load_p, load_q, load_v = self.backend.loads_info()
        p_or, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()

        if self.backend.shunts_data_available:
            _, sh_q, *_ = self.backend.shunt_info()
        else:
            sh_q = None

        # modify its state for injection
        act2 = copy.deepcopy(act)
        act2._dict_inj["prod_p"] *= 1.5
        act2._dict_inj["load_p"] *= 1.5
        bk_act2 = self.backend.my_bk_act_class()
        bk_act2 += act2
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_act2)
        self.backend.runpf()
        prod_p2, prod_q2, prod_v2 = self.backend.generators_info()
        load_p2, load_q2, load_v2 = self.backend.loads_info()
        p_or2, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        assert np.any(np.abs(prod_p2 - prod_p) >= self.tol_one)
        assert np.any(np.abs(load_p2 - load_p) >= self.tol_one)
        assert np.any(np.abs(p_or2 - p_or) >= self.tol_one)
        # check i can put it back to orig state
        try:
            self._aux_test_back_orig(act, prod_p, load_p, p_or, sh_q)
        except AssertionError as exc_:
            raise AssertionError("Error for injection: {}".format(exc_))

        # disconnect a powerline
        act2 = copy.deepcopy(act)
        l_id = 0
        act2._set_line_status[l_id] = -1
        act2._set_topo_vect[act2.line_or_pos_topo_vect[l_id]] = -1
        act2._set_topo_vect[act2.line_ex_pos_topo_vect[l_id]] = -1
        bk_act2 = self.backend.my_bk_act_class()
        bk_act2 += act2
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_act2)
        self.backend.runpf()
        p_or2, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        assert np.abs(p_or2[l_id]) <= self.tol_one, "line has not been disconnected"
        assert np.any(np.abs(p_or2 - p_or) >= self.tol_one)
        # check i can put it back to orig state
        try:
            self._aux_test_back_orig(act, prod_p, load_p, p_or, sh_q)
        except AssertionError as exc_:
            raise AssertionError("Error for line_status: {}".format(exc_))

        # change topology
        act2 = copy.deepcopy(act)
        act2._set_topo_vect[6:9] = 2
        act2._set_topo_vect[6:9] = 2
        bk_act2 = self.backend.my_bk_act_class()
        bk_act2 += act2
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_act2)
        self.backend.runpf()
        p_or2, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        assert np.any(np.abs(p_or2 - p_or) >= self.tol_one)
        # check i can put it back to orig state
        try:
            self._aux_test_back_orig(act, prod_p, load_p, p_or, sh_q)
        except AssertionError as exc_:
            raise AssertionError("Error for topo: {}".format(exc_))

        # change shunt
        if self.backend.shunts_data_available:
            act2 = copy.deepcopy(act)
            act2.shunt_q[:] = -25.0
            bk_act2 = self.backend.my_bk_act_class()
            bk_act2 += act2
            self.backend.apply_action(bk_act2)
            self.backend.runpf()
            prod_p2, prod_q2, prod_v2 = self.backend.generators_info()
            _, sh_q2, *_ = self.backend.shunt_info()
            p_or2, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
            assert np.any(np.abs(prod_p2 - prod_p) >= self.tol_one)
            assert np.any(np.abs(p_or2 - p_or) >= self.tol_one)
            assert np.any(np.abs(sh_q2 - sh_q) >= self.tol_one)
            # check i can put it back to orig state
            try:
                self._aux_test_back_orig(act, prod_p, load_p, p_or, sh_q)
            except AssertionError as exc_:
                raise AssertionError("Error for shunt: {}".format(exc_))

    def test_get_action_to_set_storage(self):
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = grid2op.make(
                "educ_case14_storage",
                test=True,
                backend=self.make_backend_with_glue_code(),
                _add_to_name=type(self).__name__
            )
            env2 = grid2op.make(
                "educ_case14_storage",
                test=True,
                backend=self.make_backend_with_glue_code(),
                _add_to_name=type(self).__name__
            )
        obs, *_ = env.step(env.action_space({"set_storage": [-1.0, 1.0]}))
        act = env.backend.get_action_to_set()

        bk_act2 = env2.backend.my_bk_act_class()
        bk_act2 += act
        env2.backend.apply_action(bk_act2)
        env2.backend.runpf()
        assert np.all(env2.backend.storages_info()[0] == env.backend.storages_info()[0])

    def _aux_test_back_orig_2(self, obs, prod_p, load_p, p_or, sh_q):
        self.backend.update_from_obs(obs)
        self._aux_aux_check_if_matches(prod_p, load_p, p_or, sh_q)

    def test_update_from_obs(self):
        """this tests the "update_from_obs" method"""
        self.skip_if_needed()

        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = grid2op.make(
                "rte_case14_realistic",
                test=True,
                backend=self.make_backend_with_glue_code(),
                _add_to_name=type(self).__name__
            )

        self.backend.close()
        self.backend = env.backend
        act = self.backend.get_action_to_set()
        obs = env.reset()

        # store the initial value that should be there when i reapply the "update_from_obs"
        prod_p, prod_q, prod_v = self.backend.generators_info()
        load_p, load_q, load_v = self.backend.loads_info()
        p_or, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        if self.backend.shunts_data_available:
            _, sh_q, *_ = self.backend.shunt_info()
        else:
            sh_q = None

        # modify its state for injection
        act2 = copy.deepcopy(act)
        act2._dict_inj["prod_p"] *= 1.5
        act2._dict_inj["load_p"] *= 1.5
        bk_act2 = self.backend.my_bk_act_class()
        bk_act2 += act2
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_act2)
        self.backend.runpf()
        prod_p2, prod_q2, prod_v2 = self.backend.generators_info()
        load_p2, load_q2, load_v2 = self.backend.loads_info()
        p_or2, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        assert np.any(np.abs(prod_p2 - prod_p) >= self.tol_one)
        assert np.any(np.abs(load_p2 - load_p) >= self.tol_one)
        assert np.any(np.abs(p_or2 - p_or) >= self.tol_one)
        # check i can put it back to orig state
        try:
            self._aux_test_back_orig_2(obs, prod_p, load_p, p_or, sh_q)
        except AssertionError as exc_:
            raise AssertionError("Error for injection: {}".format(exc_))

        # disconnect a powerline
        act2 = copy.deepcopy(act)
        l_id = 0
        act2._set_line_status[l_id] = -1
        act2._set_topo_vect[act2.line_or_pos_topo_vect[l_id]] = -1
        act2._set_topo_vect[act2.line_ex_pos_topo_vect[l_id]] = -1
        bk_act2 = self.backend.my_bk_act_class()
        bk_act2 += act2
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_act2)
        self.backend.runpf()
        p_or2, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        assert np.abs(p_or2[l_id]) <= self.tol_one, "line has not been disconnected"
        assert np.any(np.abs(p_or2 - p_or) >= self.tol_one)
        # check i can put it back to orig state
        try:
            self._aux_test_back_orig_2(obs, prod_p, load_p, p_or, sh_q)
        except AssertionError as exc_:
            raise AssertionError("Error for line_status: {}".format(exc_))

        # change topology
        act2 = copy.deepcopy(act)
        act2._set_topo_vect[6:9] = 2
        act2._set_topo_vect[6:9] = 2
        bk_act2 = self.backend.my_bk_act_class()
        bk_act2 += act2
        self.backend.apply_action(bk_act2)
        self.backend.runpf()
        p_or2, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
        assert np.any(np.abs(p_or2 - p_or) >= self.tol_one)
        # check i can put it back to orig state
        try:
            self._aux_test_back_orig_2(obs, prod_p, load_p, p_or, sh_q)
        except AssertionError as exc_:
            raise AssertionError("Error for topo: {}".format(exc_))

        # change shunt
        if self.backend.shunts_data_available:
            act2 = copy.deepcopy(act)
            act2.shunt_q[:] = -25.0
            bk_act2 = self.backend.my_bk_act_class()
            bk_act2 += act2
            self.backend.apply_action(bk_act2)
            self.backend.runpf()
            prod_p2, prod_q2, prod_v2 = self.backend.generators_info()
            _, sh_q2, *_ = self.backend.shunt_info()
            p_or2, *_ = self.backend.lines_or_info()
            assert np.any(np.abs(prod_p2 - prod_p) >= self.tol_one)
            assert np.any(np.abs(p_or2 - p_or) >= self.tol_one)
            assert np.any(np.abs(sh_q2 - sh_q) >= self.tol_one)
            # check i can put it back to orig state
            try:
                self._aux_test_back_orig_2(obs, prod_p, load_p, p_or, sh_q)
            except AssertionError as exc_:
                raise AssertionError("Error for shunt: {}".format(exc_))


class BaseTestEnvPerformsCorrectCascadingFailures(MakeBackend):
    """
    Test the "next_grid_state" method of the back-end
    """

    def get_casefile(self):
        return "test_case14.json"

    def get_path(self):
        return PATH_DATA_TEST

    def setUp(self):
        self.backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code(detailed_infos_for_cascading_failures=True)
        self.path_matpower = self.get_path()
        self.case_file = self.get_casefile()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            self.backend.load_grid(self.path_matpower, self.case_file)
        type(self.backend).set_env_name("TestEnvPerformsCorrectCascadingFailures_env")
        type(self.backend).set_no_storage()
        self.backend.assert_grid_correct()
        self.game_rules = RulesChecker()
        self.action_env = ActionSpace(
            gridobj=self.backend, legal_action=self.game_rules.legal_action
        )

        self.lines_flows_init = np.array(
            [
                638.28966637,
                305.05042301,
                17658.9674809,
                26534.04334098,
                10869.23856329,
                4686.71726729,
                15612.65903298,
                300.07915572,
                229.8060832,
                169.97292682,
                100.40192958,
                265.47505664,
                21193.86923911,
                21216.44452327,
                49701.1565287,
                124.79684388,
                67.59759985,
                192.19424706,
                666.76961936,
                1113.52773632,
            ]
        )
        # _parameters for the environment
        self.env_params = Parameters()

        # used for init an env too
        self.chronics_handler = ChronicsHandler()
        self.id_first_line_disco = 8  # due to hard overflow
        self.id_2nd_line_disco = 11  # due to soft overflow
        super().setUp()

    def tearDown(self):
        super().tearDown()

    def next_grid_state_no_overflow(self):
        # first i test that, when there is no overflow, i dont do a cascading failure

        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = Environment(
                init_grid_path=os.path.join(self.path_matpower, self.case_file),
                backend=self.backend,
                init_env_path=os.path.join(self.path_matpower, self.case_file),
                chronics_handler=self.chronics_handler,
                parameters=self.env_params,
                name="test_pp_env1" + type(self).__name__,
                
            )

        disco, infos, conv_ = self.backend.next_grid_state(env, is_dc=False)
        assert conv_ is None
        assert not infos

    def test_next_grid_state_1overflow(self):
        # second i test that, when is one line on hard overflow it is disconnected
        self.skip_if_needed()
        case_file = self.case_file
        env_params = copy.deepcopy(self.env_params)
        env_params.HARD_OVERFLOW_THRESHOLD = 1.5
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = Environment(
                init_grid_path=os.path.join(self.path_matpower, case_file),
                init_env_path=os.path.join(self.path_matpower, case_file),
                backend=self.backend,
                chronics_handler=self.chronics_handler,
                parameters=env_params,
                name="test_pp_env2" + type(self).__name__,
            )
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            self.backend.load_grid(self.path_matpower, case_file)
        type(self.backend).set_no_storage()
        self.backend.assert_grid_correct()

        thermal_limit = 10 * self.lines_flows_init
        thermal_limit[self.id_first_line_disco] = (
            self.lines_flows_init[self.id_first_line_disco] / 2
        )
        self.backend.set_thermal_limit(thermal_limit)

        disco, infos, conv_ = self.backend.next_grid_state(env, is_dc=False)
        assert conv_ is None
        assert len(infos) == 1  # check that i have only one overflow
        assert np.sum(disco >= 0) == 1

    def test_next_grid_state_1overflow_envNoCF(self):
        # third i test that, if a line is on hard overflow, but i'm on a "no cascading failure" mode,
        # i don't simulate a cascading failure
        self.skip_if_needed()
        self.env_params.NO_OVERFLOW_DISCONNECTION = True
        case_file = self.case_file
        env_params = copy.deepcopy(self.env_params)
        env_params.HARD_OVERFLOW_THRESHOLD = 1.5
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = Environment(
                init_grid_path=os.path.join(self.path_matpower, case_file),
                backend=self.backend,
                init_env_path=os.path.join(self.path_matpower, case_file),
                chronics_handler=self.chronics_handler,
                parameters=self.env_params,
                name="test_pp_env3" + type(self).__name__,
            )
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            self.backend.load_grid(self.path_matpower, case_file)
        type(self.backend).set_no_storage()
        self.backend.assert_grid_correct()
        conv, *_ = self.backend.runpf()
        assert conv, f"powerflow should converge at loading, error: {_}"
        lines_flows_init = self.backend.get_line_flow()
        thermal_limit = 10 * lines_flows_init
        thermal_limit[self.id_first_line_disco] = (
            lines_flows_init[self.id_first_line_disco] / 2
        )
        self.backend.set_thermal_limit(thermal_limit)

        disco, infos, conv_ = self.backend.next_grid_state(env, is_dc=False)
        assert conv_ is None
        assert not infos  # check that don't simulate a cascading failure
        assert np.sum(disco >= 0) == 0

    def test_set_thermal_limit(self):
        thermal_limit = np.arange(self.backend.n_line)
        self.backend.set_thermal_limit(thermal_limit)
        assert np.all(self.backend.thermal_limit_a == thermal_limit)

    def test_nb_timestep_overflow_disc0(self):
        # on this _grid, first line with id 5 is overheated,
        # it is disconnected
        # then powerline 16 have a relative flow of 1.5916318201096937
        # in this scenario i don't have a second line disconnection.
        self.skip_if_needed()
        case_file = self.case_file
        env_params = copy.deepcopy(self.env_params)
        env_params.HARD_OVERFLOW_THRESHOLD = 1.5
        env_params.NB_TIMESTEP_OVERFLOW_ALLOWED = 0
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = Environment(
                init_grid_path=os.path.join(self.path_matpower, case_file),
                backend=self.backend,
                init_env_path=os.path.join(self.path_matpower, case_file),
                chronics_handler=self.chronics_handler,
                parameters=env_params,
                name="test_pp_env4" + type(self).__name__,
            )
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            self.backend.load_grid(self.path_matpower, case_file)
        type(self.backend).set_no_storage()
        self.backend.assert_grid_correct()
        conv, *_ = self.backend.runpf()
        assert conv, f"powerflow should converge at loading, error: {_}"
        lines_flows_init = self.backend.get_line_flow()

        thermal_limit = 10 * lines_flows_init
        thermal_limit[self.id_first_line_disco] = (
            lines_flows_init[self.id_first_line_disco] / 2
        )
        thermal_limit[self.id_2nd_line_disco] = 400
        self.backend.set_thermal_limit(thermal_limit)

        disco, infos, conv_ = self.backend.next_grid_state(env, is_dc=False)
        assert conv_ is None
        assert len(infos) == 2  # check that there is a cascading failure of length 2
        assert disco[self.id_first_line_disco] >= 0
        assert disco[self.id_2nd_line_disco] >= 0
        assert np.sum(disco >= 0) == 2

    def test_nb_timestep_overflow_nodisc(self):
        # on this _grid, first line with id 18 is overheated,
        # it is disconnected
        # then powerline 16 have a relative flow of 1.5916318201096937

        # in this scenario i don't have a second line disconnection because
        # the overflow is a soft overflow and  the powerline is presumably overflow since 0
        # timestep
        self.skip_if_needed()
        case_file = self.case_file
        env_params = copy.deepcopy(self.env_params)
        env_params.HARD_OVERFLOW_THRESHOLD = 1.5
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = Environment(
                init_grid_path=os.path.join(self.path_matpower, case_file),
                backend=self.backend,
                chronics_handler=self.chronics_handler,
                init_env_path=os.path.join(self.path_matpower, case_file),
                parameters=env_params,
                name="test_pp_env5" + type(self).__name__,
            )
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            self.backend.load_grid(self.path_matpower, case_file)
        type(self.backend).set_no_storage()
        self.backend.assert_grid_correct()

        env._timestep_overflow[self.id_2nd_line_disco] = 0
        thermal_limit = 10 * self.lines_flows_init
        thermal_limit[self.id_first_line_disco] = (
            self.lines_flows_init[self.id_first_line_disco] / 2
        )
        thermal_limit[self.id_2nd_line_disco] = 400
        self.backend.set_thermal_limit(thermal_limit)

        disco, infos, conv_ = self.backend.next_grid_state(env, is_dc=False)
        assert conv_ is None
        assert len(infos) == 1  # check that don't simulate a cascading failure
        assert disco[self.id_first_line_disco] >= 0
        assert np.sum(disco >= 0) == 1

    def test_nb_timestep_overflow_nodisc_2(self):
        # on this _grid, first line with id 18 is overheated,
        # it is disconnected
        # then powerline 16 have a relative flow of 1.5916318201096937

        # in this scenario i don't have a second line disconnection because
        # the overflow is a soft overflow and  the powerline is presumably overflow since only 1
        # timestep
        self.skip_if_needed()
        case_file = self.case_file
        env_params = copy.deepcopy(self.env_params)
        env_params.HARD_OVERFLOW_THRESHOLD = 1.5
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = Environment(
                init_grid_path=os.path.join(self.path_matpower, case_file),
                backend=self.backend,
                chronics_handler=self.chronics_handler,
                init_env_path=os.path.join(self.path_matpower, case_file),
                parameters=env_params,
                name="test_pp_env6" + type(self).__name__,
            )
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            self.backend.load_grid(self.path_matpower, case_file)
        type(self.backend).set_no_storage()
        self.backend.assert_grid_correct()

        env._timestep_overflow[self.id_2nd_line_disco] = 1

        thermal_limit = 10 * self.lines_flows_init
        thermal_limit[self.id_first_line_disco] = (
            self.lines_flows_init[self.id_first_line_disco] / 2
        )
        thermal_limit[self.id_2nd_line_disco] = 400
        self.backend.set_thermal_limit(thermal_limit)

        disco, infos, conv_ = self.backend.next_grid_state(env, is_dc=False)
        assert conv_ is None
        assert len(infos) == 1  # check that don't simulate a cascading failure
        assert disco[self.id_first_line_disco] >= 0
        assert np.sum(disco >= 0) == 1

    def test_nb_timestep_overflow_disc2(self):
        # on this _grid, first line with id 18 is overheated,
        # it is disconnected
        # then powerline 16 have a relative flow of 1.5916318201096937

        # in this scenario I have a second disconnection, because the powerline is allowed to be on overflow for 2
        # timestep and is still on overflow here.
        self.skip_if_needed()
        case_file = self.case_file
        env_params = copy.deepcopy(self.env_params)
        env_params.HARD_OVERFLOW_THRESHOLD = 1.5
        env_params.NB_TIMESTEP_OVERFLOW_ALLOWED = 2
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = Environment(
                init_grid_path=os.path.join(self.path_matpower, case_file),
                backend=self.backend,
                chronics_handler=self.chronics_handler,
                init_env_path=os.path.join(self.path_matpower, case_file),
                parameters=env_params,
                name="test_pp_env7" + type(self).__name__,
            )
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            self.backend.load_grid(self.path_matpower, case_file)
        type(self.backend).set_no_storage()
        self.backend.assert_grid_correct()

        env._timestep_overflow[self.id_2nd_line_disco] = 2

        thermal_limit = 10 * self.lines_flows_init
        thermal_limit[self.id_first_line_disco] = (
            self.lines_flows_init[self.id_first_line_disco] / 2
        )
        thermal_limit[self.id_2nd_line_disco] = 400
        self.backend.set_thermal_limit(thermal_limit)

        disco, infos, conv_ = self.backend.next_grid_state(env, is_dc=False)
        assert conv_ is None
        assert len(infos) == 2  # check that there is a cascading failure of length 2
        assert disco[self.id_first_line_disco] >= 0
        assert disco[self.id_2nd_line_disco] >= 0
        assert np.sum(disco >= 0) == 2
        for i, grid_tmp in enumerate(infos):
            assert not grid_tmp.get_line_status()[self.id_first_line_disco]
            if i == 1:
                assert not grid_tmp.get_line_status()[self.id_2nd_line_disco]


class BaseTestChangeBusAffectRightBus(MakeBackend):
    def test_set_bus(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        # print("test_set_bus")
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = grid2op.make("rte_case14_realistic", test=True, backend=backend,
                               _add_to_name=type(self).__name__)
        env.reset()
        action = env.action_space({"set_bus": {"lines_or_id": [(17, 2)]}})
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)
        assert np.all(np.isfinite(obs.v_or))
        assert np.sum(env.backend.get_topo_vect() == 2) == 1
        assert np.all(np.isfinite(obs.to_vect()))

    def test_change_bus(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        # print("test_change_bus")
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = grid2op.make("rte_case14_realistic", test=True, backend=backend,
                       _add_to_name=type(self).__name__)
        env.reset()
        action = env.action_space({"change_bus": {"lines_or_id": [17]}})
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)
        assert np.all(np.isfinite(obs.v_or))
        assert np.sum(env.backend.get_topo_vect() == 2) == 1

    def test_change_bustwice(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        # print("test_change_bustwice")
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = grid2op.make("rte_case14_realistic", test=True, backend=backend,
                       _add_to_name=type(self).__name__)
        env.reset()
        action = env.action_space({"change_bus": {"lines_or_id": [17]}})
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)
        assert not done
        assert np.all(np.isfinite(obs.v_or))
        assert np.sum(env.backend.get_topo_vect() == 2) == 1

        action = env.action_space({"change_bus": {"lines_or_id": [17]}})
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)
        assert not done
        assert np.all(np.isfinite(obs.v_or))
        assert np.sum(env.backend.get_topo_vect() == 2) == 0

    def test_isolate_load(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        # print("test_isolate_load")
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = grid2op.make("rte_case14_realistic", test=True, backend=backend,
                       _add_to_name=type(self).__name__)
        act = env.action_space({"set_bus": {"loads_id": [(0, 2)]}})
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(act)
        assert done, "an isolated load has not lead to a game over"

    def test_reco_disco_bus(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        # print("test_reco_disco_bus")
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env_case1 = grid2op.make(
                "rte_case5_example",
                test=True,
                gamerules_class=AlwaysLegal,
                backend=backend,
                _add_to_name=type(self).__name__
            )
        obs = env_case1.reset()  # reset is good
        act = env_case1.action_space.disconnect_powerline(
            line_id=5
        )  # I disconnect a powerline
        obs, reward, done, info = env_case1.step(act)  # do the action, it's valid
        act_case1 = env_case1.action_space.reconnect_powerline(
            line_id=5, bus_or=2, bus_ex=2
        )  # reconnect powerline on bus 2 both ends
        # this should lead to a game over a the powerline is out of the grid, 2 buses are, but without anything
        # this is a non connex grid
        obs_case1, reward_case1, done_case1, info_case1 = env_case1.step(act_case1)
        assert done_case1

    def test_reco_disco_bus2(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        # print("test_reco_disco_bus2")
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env_case2 = grid2op.make(
                "rte_case5_example",
                test=True,
                gamerules_class=AlwaysLegal,
                backend=backend,
                _add_to_name=type(self).__name__
            )
        obs = env_case2.reset()  # reset is good
        obs, reward, done, info = env_case2.step(
            env_case2.action_space()
        )  # do the action, it's valid
        act_case2 = env_case2.action_space.reconnect_powerline(
            line_id=5, bus_or=2, bus_ex=2
        )  # reconnect powerline on bus 2 both ends
        # this should lead to a game over a the powerline is out of the grid, 2 buses are, but without anything
        # this is a non connex grid
        obs_case2, reward_case2, done_case2, info_case2 = env_case2.step(act_case2)
        # this was illegal before, but test it is still illegal
        assert done_case2

    def test_reco_disco_bus3(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        # print("test_reco_disco_bus3")
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env_case2 = grid2op.make(
                "rte_case5_example",
                test=True,
                gamerules_class=AlwaysLegal,
                backend=backend,
                _add_to_name=type(self).__name__
            )
        obs = env_case2.reset()  # reset is good
        obs, reward, done, info = env_case2.step(
            env_case2.action_space()
        )  # do the action, it's valid
        act_case2 = env_case2.action_space.reconnect_powerline(
            line_id=5, bus_or=1, bus_ex=2
        )  # reconnect powerline on bus 2 both ends
        # this should not lead to a game over this time, the grid is connex!
        obs_case2, reward_case2, done_case2, info_case2 = env_case2.step(act_case2)
        assert done_case2 is False

    def test_reco_disco_bus4(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        # print("test_reco_disco_bus4")
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env_case2 = grid2op.make(
                "rte_case5_example",
                test=True,
                gamerules_class=AlwaysLegal,
                backend=backend,
                _add_to_name=type(self).__name__
            )
        obs = env_case2.reset()  # reset is good
        obs, reward, done, info = env_case2.step(
            env_case2.action_space()
        )  # do the action, it's valid
        act_case2 = env_case2.action_space.reconnect_powerline(
            line_id=5, bus_or=2, bus_ex=1
        )  # reconnect powerline on bus 2 both ends
        # this should not lead to a game over this time, the grid is connex!
        obs_case2, reward_case2, done_case2, info_case2 = env_case2.step(act_case2)
        assert done_case2 is False

    def test_reco_disco_bus5(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        # print("test_reco_disco_bus5")
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env_case2 = grid2op.make(
                "rte_case5_example",
                test=True,
                gamerules_class=AlwaysLegal,
                backend=backend,
                _add_to_name=type(self).__name__
            )
        obs = env_case2.reset()  # reset is good
        act_case2 = env_case2.action_space(
            {"set_bus": {"lines_or_id": [(5, 2)], "lines_ex_id": [(5, 2)]}}
        )  # reconnect powerline on bus 2 both ends
        # this should not lead to a game over this time, the grid is connex!
        obs_case2, reward_case2, done_case2, info_case2 = env_case2.step(act_case2)
        assert done_case2


class BaseTestShuntAction(MakeBackend):
    def test_shunt_ambiguous_id_incorrect(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            with grid2op.make(
                "rte_case5_example",
                test=True,
                gamerules_class=AlwaysLegal,
                action_class=CompleteAction,
                backend=backend,
                _add_to_name=type(self).__name__ + "_1"
            ) as env_case2:
                with self.assertRaises(AmbiguousAction):
                    act = env_case2.action_space({"shunt": {"set_bus": [(0, 2)]}})

    def test_shunt_effect(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        backend1 = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        backend2 = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env_ref = grid2op.make(
                "rte_case14_realistic",
                test=True,
                gamerules_class=AlwaysLegal,
                action_class=CompleteAction,
                backend=backend1,
                _add_to_name=type(self).__name__  + "_2"
            )
            env_change_q = grid2op.make(
                "rte_case14_realistic",
                test=True,
                gamerules_class=AlwaysLegal,
                action_class=CompleteAction,
                backend=backend2,
                _add_to_name=type(self).__name__ + "_3"
            )
            param = env_ref.parameters
            param.NO_OVERFLOW_DISCONNECTION = True
            env_ref.change_parameters(param)
            env_change_q.change_parameters(param)
            env_ref.set_id(0)
            env_change_q.set_id(0)
            env_ref.reset()
            env_change_q.reset()
            
        obs_ref, *_ = env_ref.step(env_ref.action_space())
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("error")
            act = env_change_q.action_space({"shunt": {"shunt_q": [(0, -30)]}})
        obs_change_p_down, *_ = env_change_q.step(act)
        assert obs_ref.v_or[10] < obs_change_p_down.v_or[10] - self.tol_one
        obs_change_p_up, *_ = env_change_q.step(
            env_change_q.action_space({"shunt": {"shunt_q": [(0, +30)]}})
        )
        obs_ref, *_ = env_ref.step(env_ref.action_space())
        assert obs_ref.v_or[10] > obs_change_p_up.v_or[10] + self.tol_one
        obs_disco_sh, *_ = env_change_q.step(
            env_change_q.action_space({"shunt": {"set_bus": [(0, -1)]}})
        )
        # given the shunt amount at first, this is the right test to do
        assert obs_ref.v_or[10] > obs_disco_sh.v_or[10] + self.tol_one
        
        # test specific rule on shunt: if alone on a bus, it's disconnected ???
        obs_co_bus2_sh_alone, *_ = env_change_q.step(
            env_change_q.action_space({"shunt": {"set_bus": [(0, 2)]}})
        )
        assert obs_co_bus2_sh_alone._shunt_bus == -1
        assert obs_co_bus2_sh_alone._shunt_v == 0.
        assert obs_co_bus2_sh_alone._shunt_p == 0
        assert obs_co_bus2_sh_alone._shunt_q == 0
        
        # note that above the backend can diverge (shunt is alone on its bus !)
        # on pp it does not ... but it probably should
        env_ref.set_id(0)
        env_change_q.set_id(0)
        env_ref.reset()
        env_change_q.reset()
        act = env_change_q.action_space({"set_bus": {"lines_or_id": [(10, 2)]}, 
                                         "shunt": {"set_bus": [(0, 2)]}
                                         })
        
        obs_co_bus2_sh_notalone, *_ = env_change_q.step(act)
        assert obs_co_bus2_sh_notalone.line_or_bus[10] == 2
        assert np.allclose(obs_co_bus2_sh_notalone.v_or[10], 23.15359878540039)
        assert obs_co_bus2_sh_notalone._shunt_bus == 2
        assert np.allclose(obs_co_bus2_sh_notalone._shunt_v, 23.15359878540039)
        assert obs_co_bus2_sh_notalone._shunt_p == 0
        assert obs_co_bus2_sh_notalone._shunt_q == -25.464233


class BaseTestResetEqualsLoadGrid(MakeBackend):
    def setUp(self):
        backend1 = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        backend2 = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            self.env1 = grid2op.make("rte_case5_example", test=True, backend=backend1, _add_to_name=type(self).__name__)
            self.backend1 = self.env1.backend
            self.env2 = grid2op.make("rte_case5_example", test=True, backend=backend2, _add_to_name=type(self).__name__)
            self.backend2 = self.env2.backend
        np.random.seed(69)
        super().setUp()

    def tearDown(self):
        self.env1.close()
        self.env2.close()
        super().tearDown()

    def test_reset_equals_reset(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        # Reset backend1 with reset
        self.env1.reset()
        # Reset backend2 with reset
        self.env2.reset()
        self._compare_backends()

    def _compare_backends(self):
        # Compare
        if hasattr(self.backend1, "prod_pu_to_kv") and hasattr(
            self.backend2, "prod_pu_to_kv"
        ):
            assert np.all(self.backend1.prod_pu_to_kv == self.backend2.prod_pu_to_kv)
        if hasattr(self.backend1, "load_pu_to_kv") and hasattr(
            self.backend2, "load_pu_to_kv"
        ):
            assert np.all(self.backend1.load_pu_to_kv == self.backend2.load_pu_to_kv)
        if hasattr(self.backend1, "lines_or_pu_to_kv") and hasattr(
            self.backend2, "lines_or_pu_to_kv"
        ):
            assert np.all(
                self.backend1.lines_or_pu_to_kv == self.backend2.lines_or_pu_to_kv
            )
        if hasattr(self.backend1, "lines_ex_pu_to_kv") and hasattr(
            self.backend2, "lines_ex_pu_to_kv"
        ):
            assert np.all(
                self.backend1.lines_ex_pu_to_kv == self.backend2.lines_ex_pu_to_kv
            )
        if hasattr(self.backend1, "p_or") and hasattr(self.backend2, "p_or"):
            assert np.all(self.backend1.p_or == self.backend2.p_or)
        if hasattr(self.backend1, "q_or") and hasattr(self.backend2, "q_or"):
            assert np.all(self.backend1.q_or == self.backend2.q_or)
        if hasattr(self.backend1, "v_or") and hasattr(self.backend2, "v_or"):
            assert np.all(self.backend1.v_or == self.backend2.v_or)
        if hasattr(self.backend1, "a_or") and hasattr(self.backend2, "a_or"):
            assert np.all(self.backend1.a_or == self.backend2.a_or)
        if hasattr(self.backend1, "p_ex") and hasattr(self.backend2, "p_ex"):
            assert np.all(self.backend1.p_ex == self.backend2.p_ex)
        if hasattr(self.backend1, "a_ex") and hasattr(self.backend2, "a_ex"):
            assert np.all(self.backend1.a_ex == self.backend2.a_ex)
        if hasattr(self.backend1, "v_ex") and hasattr(self.backend2, "v_ex"):
            assert np.all(self.backend1.v_ex == self.backend2.v_ex)

    def test_reset_equals_load_grid(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        # Reset backend1 with reset
        self.env1.reset()
        # Reset backend2 with load_grid
        self.backend2.reset = self.backend2.load_grid
        self.env2.reset()

        # Compare
        self._compare_backends()

    def test_load_grid_equals_load_grid(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        # Reset backend1 with load_grid
        self.backend1.reset = self.backend1.load_grid
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            self.env1.reset()
        # Reset backend2 with load_grid
        self.backend2.reset = self.backend2.load_grid
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            self.env2.reset()

        # Compare
        self._compare_backends()

    def test_obs_from_same_chronic(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        # Store first observation
        obs1 = self.env1.current_obs
        obs2 = None
        for i in range(3):
            self.env1.step(self.env1.action_space({}))

        # Reset to first chronic
        self.env1.chronics_handler.tell_id(-1)
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            self.env1.reset()

        # Store second observation
        obs2 = self.env1.current_obs

        # Compare
        assert np.allclose(obs1.prod_p, obs2.prod_p)
        assert np.allclose(obs1.prod_q, obs2.prod_q)
        assert np.allclose(obs1.prod_v, obs2.prod_v)
        assert np.allclose(obs1.load_p, obs2.load_p)
        assert np.allclose(obs1.load_q, obs2.load_q)
        assert np.allclose(obs1.load_v, obs2.load_v)
        assert np.allclose(obs1.p_or, obs2.p_or)
        assert np.allclose(obs1.q_or, obs2.q_or)
        assert np.allclose(obs1.v_or, obs2.v_or)
        assert np.allclose(obs1.a_or, obs2.a_or)
        assert np.allclose(obs1.p_ex, obs2.p_ex)
        assert np.allclose(obs1.q_ex, obs2.q_ex)
        assert np.allclose(obs1.v_ex, obs2.v_ex)
        assert np.allclose(obs1.a_ex, obs2.a_ex)
        assert np.allclose(obs1.rho, obs2.rho)
        assert np.all(obs1.line_status == obs2.line_status)
        assert np.all(obs1.topo_vect == obs2.topo_vect)
        assert np.all(obs1.timestep_overflow == obs2.timestep_overflow)
        assert np.all(obs1.time_before_cooldown_line == obs2.time_before_cooldown_line)
        assert np.all(obs1.time_before_cooldown_sub == obs2.time_before_cooldown_sub)
        assert np.all(obs1.time_next_maintenance == obs2.time_next_maintenance)
        assert np.all(obs1.duration_next_maintenance == obs2.duration_next_maintenance)
        assert np.all(obs1.target_dispatch == obs2.target_dispatch)
        assert np.all(obs1.actual_dispatch == obs2.actual_dispatch)

    def test_combined_changes(self):
        # Unlimited sub changes
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        params = grid2op.Parameters.Parameters()
        params.MAX_SUB_CHANGED = 999

        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = grid2op.make(
                "rte_case14_realistic", test=True, backend=backend, param=params, _add_to_name=type(self).__name__
            )

        # Find N valid iadd combination of R change actions
        acts = self.aux_random_topos_act(env, n=16, r=3)
        # Pick one at random
        act = np.random.choice(acts)

        # Reset env
        obs = env.reset()
        # At t=0 everything is on bus 1 normally
        assert np.all(obs.topo_vect == 1)

        # Step
        obs, _, done, _ = env.step(act)
        # This should use valid actions
        assert done == False
        # At t=1, unchanged elements should be on bus 1
        assert np.all(obs.topo_vect[~act._change_bus_vect] == 1)

    def aux_nth_combination(self, iterable, r, index):
        "Equivalent to list(combinations(iterable, r))[index]"
        pool = tuple(iterable)
        n = len(pool)
        if r < 0 or r > n:
            raise ValueError
        c = 1
        k = min(r, n - r)
        for i in range(1, k + 1):
            c = c * (n - k + i) // i
        if index < 0:
            index += c
        if index < 0 or index >= c:
            raise IndexError
        result = []
        while r:
            c, n, r = c * r // n, n - 1, r - 1
            while index >= c:
                index -= c
                c, n = c * (n - r) // n, n - 1
            result.append(pool[-1 - n])
        return tuple(result)

    def aux_random_topos_act(self, env, n=128, r=2):
        actsp = env.action_space
        acts = actsp.get_all_unitary_topologies_change(actsp)
        res = []
        n_comb = comb(len(acts), r)
        while len(res) < n:
            env.reset()
            rnd_idx = np.random.randint(n_comb)
            a = self.aux_nth_combination(acts, r, rnd_idx)
            atest = env.action_space({})
            for atmp in a:
                atest += atmp
            _, _, done, _ = env.step(atest)
            if not done:
                res.append(copy.deepcopy(atest))
        return res


class BaseTestVoltageOWhenDisco(MakeBackend):
    def test_this(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            with grid2op.make("rte_case14_realistic", test=True, backend=backend, _add_to_name=type(self).__name__) as env:
                line_id = 1
                act = env.action_space({"set_line_status": [(line_id, -1)]})
                obs, *_ = env.step(act)
                assert (
                    obs.v_or[line_id] == 0.0
                )  # is not 0 however line is not connected


class BaseTestChangeBusSlack(MakeBackend):
    def test_change_slack_case14(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = grid2op.make("rte_case14_realistic", test=True, backend=backend, _add_to_name=type(self).__name__)
        action = env.action_space(
            {
                "set_bus": {
                    "generators_id": [(env.n_gen - 1, 2)],
                    "lines_or_id": [(0, 2)],
                }
            }
        )
        obs, reward, am_i_done, info = env.step(action)
        assert am_i_done is False
        assert np.all(obs.prod_p >= 0.0)
        assert np.sum(obs.prod_p) >= np.sum(obs.load_p)

        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            p_subs, q_subs, p_bus, q_bus, v_bus = env.backend.check_kirchoff()
        assert np.all(np.abs(p_subs) <= self.tol_one)
        assert np.all(np.abs(p_bus) <= self.tol_one)


class BaseTestStorageAction(MakeBackend):
    def _aux_test_kirchoff(self):
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            p_subs, q_subs, p_bus, q_bus, diff_v_bus = self.env.backend.check_kirchoff()
        assert np.all(
            np.abs(p_subs) <= self.tol_one
        ), "error with active value at some substations"
        assert np.all(
            np.abs(q_subs) <= self.tol_one
        ), "error with reactive value at some substations"
        assert np.all(
            np.abs(p_bus) <= self.tol_one
        ), "error with active value at some bus"
        assert np.all(
            np.abs(q_bus) <= self.tol_one
        ), "error with reactive value at some bus"
        assert np.all(diff_v_bus <= self.tol_one), "error with voltage discrepency"

    def test_there_are_storage(self):
        """test the backend properly loaded the storage units"""
        self.skip_if_needed()
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            self.env = grid2op.make("educ_case14_storage", test=True, backend=backend, _add_to_name=type(self).__name__)
        assert self.env.n_storage == 2

    def test_storage_action_mw(self):
        """test the actions are properly implemented in the backend"""
        self.skip_if_needed()
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            self.env = grid2op.make("educ_case14_storage", test=True, backend=backend, _add_to_name=type(self).__name__)

        array_modif = np.array([-1.5, -10.0], dtype=dt_float)
        act = self.env.action_space({"set_storage": array_modif})
        obs, reward, done, info = self.env.step(act)
        assert not info["exception"]
        storage_p, storage_q, storage_v = self.env.backend.storages_info()
        assert np.all(np.abs(storage_p - array_modif) <= self.tol_one)
        assert np.all(np.abs(storage_q - 0.0) <= self.tol_one)
        self._aux_test_kirchoff()

        array_modif = np.array([2, 8], dtype=dt_float)
        act = self.env.action_space({"set_storage": array_modif})
        obs, reward, done, info = self.env.step(act)
        assert not info["exception"]
        storage_p, storage_q, storage_v = self.env.backend.storages_info()
        assert np.all(np.abs(storage_p - array_modif) <= self.tol_one)
        assert np.all(np.abs(storage_q - 0.0) <= self.tol_one)
        self._aux_test_kirchoff()

        # illegal action
        array_modif = np.array([2, 12], dtype=dt_float)
        act = self.env.action_space({"set_storage": array_modif})
        obs, reward, done, info = self.env.step(act)
        assert info["exception"]
        storage_p, storage_q, storage_v = self.env.backend.storages_info()
        assert np.all(np.abs(storage_p - [0.0, 0.0]) <= self.tol_one)
        assert np.all(np.abs(storage_q - 0.0) <= self.tol_one)
        self._aux_test_kirchoff()

        # full discharge now
        array_modif = np.array([-1.5, -10.0], dtype=dt_float)
        for nb_ts in range(3):
            act = self.env.action_space({"set_storage": array_modif})
            obs, reward, done, info = self.env.step(act)
            assert not info["exception"]
            storage_p, storage_q, storage_v = self.env.backend.storages_info()
            assert np.all(
                np.abs(storage_p - array_modif) <= self.tol_one
            ), f"error for P for time step {nb_ts}"
            assert np.all(
                np.abs(storage_q - 0.0) <= self.tol_one
            ), f"error for Q for time step {nb_ts}"
            self._aux_test_kirchoff()

        obs, reward, done, info = self.env.step(act)
        assert not info["exception"]
        # i have emptied second battery
        storage_p, *_ = self.env.backend.storages_info()
        assert np.all(np.abs(storage_p - [-1.5, -4.4599934]) <= self.tol_one)
        assert np.all(np.abs(obs.storage_charge[1] - 0.0) <= self.tol_one)
        self._aux_test_kirchoff()

        obs, reward, done, info = self.env.step(act)
        assert not info["exception"]
        # i have emptied second battery
        storage_p, *_ = self.env.backend.storages_info()
        assert np.all(np.abs(storage_p - [-1.5, 0.0]) <= self.tol_one)
        assert np.all(np.abs(obs.storage_charge[1] - 0.0) <= self.tol_one)
        self._aux_test_kirchoff()

    def test_storage_action_topo(self):
        """test the modification of the bus of a storage unit"""
        self.skip_if_needed()
        param = Parameters()
        param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_SUB = 0
        param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_LINE = 0
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            self.env = grid2op.make(
                "educ_case14_storage",
                test=True,
                backend=backend,
                param=param,
                action_class=CompleteAction,
                _add_to_name=type(self).__name__
            )

        # test i can do a reset
        obs = self.env.reset()

        # test i can do a step
        obs, reward, done, info = self.env.step(self.env.action_space())
        exc_ = info["exception"]
        assert (
            not done
        ), f"i should be able to do a step with some storage units error is {exc_}"
        storage_p, storage_q, storage_v = self.env.backend.storages_info()
        assert np.all(np.abs(storage_p - 0.0) <= self.tol_one)
        assert np.all(np.abs(storage_q - 0.0) <= self.tol_one)

        # first case, standard modification
        array_modif = np.array([-1.5, -10.0], dtype=dt_float)
        act = self.env.action_space(
            {
                "set_storage": array_modif,
                "set_bus": {
                    "storages_id": [(0, 2)],
                    "lines_or_id": [(8, 2)],
                    "generators_id": [(3, 2)],
                },
            }
        )
        obs, reward, done, info = self.env.step(act)
        assert not info["exception"]
        storage_p, storage_q, storage_v = self.env.backend.storages_info()
        assert np.all(np.abs(storage_p - array_modif) <= self.tol_one)
        assert np.all(np.abs(storage_q - 0.0) <= self.tol_one)
        assert obs.storage_bus[0] == 2
        assert obs.line_or_bus[8] == 2
        assert obs.gen_bus[3] == 2
        self._aux_test_kirchoff()

        # second case, still standard modification (set to orig)
        array_modif = np.array([1.5, 10.0], dtype=dt_float)
        act = self.env.action_space(
            {
                "set_storage": array_modif,
                "set_bus": {
                    "storages_id": [(0, 1)],
                    "lines_or_id": [(8, 1)],
                    "generators_id": [(3, 1)],
                },
            }
        )
        obs, reward, done, info = self.env.step(act)
        assert not info["exception"]
        storage_p, storage_q, storage_v = self.env.backend.storages_info()
        assert np.all(np.abs(storage_p - array_modif) <= self.tol_one)
        assert np.all(np.abs(storage_q - 0.0) <= self.tol_one)
        assert obs.storage_bus[0] == 1
        assert obs.line_or_bus[8] == 1
        assert obs.gen_bus[3] == 1
        self._aux_test_kirchoff()

        # fourth case: isolated storage on a busbar (so it is disconnected, but with 0. production => so thats fine)
        array_modif = np.array([0.0, 7.0], dtype=dt_float)
        act = self.env.action_space(
            {
                "set_storage": array_modif,
                "set_bus": {
                    "storages_id": [(0, 2)],
                    "lines_or_id": [(8, 1)],
                    "generators_id": [(3, 1)],
                },
            }
        )
        obs, reward, done, info = self.env.step(act)
        assert done  # as of grid2op 1.9.6
        assert info["exception"]  # as of grid2op 1.9.6
        
        # LEGACY BEHAVIOUR: storage was automatically disconnected in this case
        # which was NOT normal !
        
        # assert not info[
        #     "exception"
        # ], "error when storage is disconnected with 0 production, throw an error, but should not"
        # assert not done
        # storage_p, storage_q, storage_v = self.env.backend.storages_info()
        # assert np.all(
        #     np.abs(storage_p - [0.0, array_modif[1]]) <= self.tol_one
        # ), "storage is not disconnected, yet alone on its busbar"
        # assert obs.storage_bus[0] == -1, "storage should be disconnected"
        # assert storage_v[0] == 0.0, "storage 0 should be disconnected"
        # assert obs.line_or_bus[8] == 1
        # assert obs.gen_bus[3] == 1
        # self._aux_test_kirchoff()

        # check that if i don't touch it it's set to 0
        # act = self.env.action_space()
        # obs, reward, done, info = self.env.step(act)
        # assert not info["exception"]
        # storage_p, storage_q, storage_v = self.env.backend.storages_info()
        # assert np.all(
        #     np.abs(storage_p - 0.0) <= self.tol_one
        # ), "storage should produce 0"
        # assert np.all(
        #     np.abs(storage_q - 0.0) <= self.tol_one
        # ), "storage should produce 0"
        # assert obs.storage_bus[0] == -1, "storage should be disconnected"
        # assert storage_v[0] == 0.0, "storage 0 should be disconnected"
        # assert obs.line_or_bus[8] == 1
        # assert obs.gen_bus[3] == 1
        # self._aux_test_kirchoff()

        # # trying to act on a disconnected storage => illegal)
        # array_modif = np.array([2.0, 7.0], dtype=dt_float)
        # act = self.env.action_space({"set_storage": array_modif})
        # obs, reward, done, info = self.env.step(act)
        # assert info["exception"]  # action should be illegal
        # assert not done  # this is fine, as it's illegal it's replaced by do nothing
        # self._aux_test_kirchoff()

        # # trying to reconnect a storage alone on a bus => game over, not connected bus
        # array_modif = np.array([1.0, 7.0], dtype=dt_float)
        # act = self.env.action_space(
        #     {
        #         "set_storage": array_modif,
        #         "set_bus": {
        #             "storages_id": [(0, 2)],
        #             "lines_or_id": [(8, 1)],
        #             "generators_id": [(3, 1)],
        #         },
        #     }
        # )
        # obs, reward, done, info = self.env.step(act)
        # assert info["exception"]  # this is a game over
        # assert done


class BaseIssuesTest(MakeBackend):
    def test_issue_125(self):
        # https://github.com/rte-france/Grid2Op/issues/125
        self.skip_if_needed()
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = grid2op.make("rte_case14_realistic", test=True, backend=backend, _add_to_name=type(self).__name__)
        action = env.action_space({"set_bus": {"loads_id": [(1, -1)]}})
        obs, reward, am_i_done, info = env.step(action)
        assert info["is_illegal"] is False
        assert info["is_ambiguous"] is False
        assert len(info["exception"])
        assert am_i_done

        env.reset()
        action = env.action_space({"set_bus": {"generators_id": [(1, -1)]}})
        obs, reward, am_i_done, info = env.step(action)
        assert info["is_illegal"] is False
        assert info["is_ambiguous"] is False
        assert len(info["exception"])
        assert am_i_done

    def test_issue_134(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        param = Parameters()

        param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_LINE = 0
        param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_SUB = 0
        # param.NO_OVERFLOW_DISCONNECTION = True
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = grid2op.make(
                "rte_case14_realistic", test=True, backend=backend, param=param,
                _add_to_name=type(self).__name__
            )
        obs_init = env.get_obs()
        LINE_ID = 2

        # Disconnect ex
        action = env.action_space(
            {
                "set_bus": {
                    "lines_or_id": [(LINE_ID, 0)],
                    "lines_ex_id": [(LINE_ID, -1)],
                }
            }
        )
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)
        assert not done
        assert obs.line_status[LINE_ID] == False
        assert obs.topo_vect[obs.line_or_pos_topo_vect[LINE_ID]] == -1
        assert obs.topo_vect[obs.line_ex_pos_topo_vect[LINE_ID]] == -1

        # Reconnect ex on bus 2
        action = env.action_space(
            {
                "set_bus": {
                    "lines_or_id": [(LINE_ID, 0)],
                    "lines_ex_id": [(LINE_ID, 2)],
                }
            }
        )
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)
        assert not done
        assert obs.line_status[LINE_ID] == True
        assert obs.topo_vect[obs.line_or_pos_topo_vect[LINE_ID]] == 1
        assert obs.topo_vect[obs.line_ex_pos_topo_vect[LINE_ID]] == 2

        # Disconnect or
        action = env.action_space(
            {
                "set_bus": {
                    "lines_or_id": [(LINE_ID, -1)],
                    "lines_ex_id": [(LINE_ID, 0)],
                }
            }
        )
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)
        assert not done, f"Episode should not have ended here, error : {info['exception']}"
        assert obs.line_status[LINE_ID] == False
        assert obs.topo_vect[obs.line_or_pos_topo_vect[LINE_ID]] == -1
        assert obs.topo_vect[obs.line_ex_pos_topo_vect[LINE_ID]] == -1

        # Reconnect or on bus 1
        action = env.action_space(
            {
                "set_bus": {
                    "lines_or_id": [(LINE_ID, 1)],
                    "lines_ex_id": [(LINE_ID, 0)],
                }
            }
        )
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)
        assert not done
        assert obs.line_status[LINE_ID] == True
        assert obs.topo_vect[obs.line_or_pos_topo_vect[LINE_ID]] == 1
        assert obs.topo_vect[obs.line_ex_pos_topo_vect[LINE_ID]] == 2

    def test_issue_134_check_ambiguity(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        param = Parameters()

        param.MAX_LINE_STATUS_CHANGED = 9999
        param.MAX_SUB_CHANGED = 99999
        param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_LINE = 0
        param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_SUB = 0
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = grid2op.make(
                "rte_case14_realistic", test=True, backend=backend, param=param,
                _add_to_name=type(self).__name__
            )
        LINE_ID = 2

        # Reconnect or on bus 1 disconnect on bus ex -> this should be ambiguous
        action = env.action_space(
            {
                "set_bus": {
                    "lines_or_id": [(LINE_ID, 1)],
                    "lines_ex_id": [(LINE_ID, -1)],
                }
            }
        )
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)
        assert info["is_ambiguous"] == True

    def test_issue_134_withcooldown_forrules(self):
        self.skip_if_needed()
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        param = Parameters()

        param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_LINE = 20
        param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_SUB = 2
        param.NO_OVERFLOW_DISCONNECTION = True
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = grid2op.make(
                "rte_case14_realistic", test=True, backend=backend, param=param,
                _add_to_name=type(self).__name__
            )
        LINE_ID = 2

        # Disconnect ex -> this is an action on the powerline
        for (or_, ex_) in [(0, -1), (-1, 0)]:
            obs = env.reset()
            action = env.action_space(
                {
                    "set_bus": {
                        "lines_or_id": [(LINE_ID, or_)],
                        "lines_ex_id": [(LINE_ID, ex_)],
                    }
                }
            )
            # i disconnect a powerline, i should not act on the substation but on the line LINE_ID
            obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)
            assert np.all(obs.time_before_cooldown_sub == 0)
            assert (
                obs.time_before_cooldown_line[LINE_ID]
                == param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_LINE
            )
            assert obs.line_status[LINE_ID] == False
            assert obs.topo_vect[obs.line_or_pos_topo_vect[LINE_ID]] == -1
            assert obs.topo_vect[obs.line_ex_pos_topo_vect[LINE_ID]] == -1

            # i try to reconnect it, should not be possible whether i do it from
            # setting a bus at one extremity or playing with the status
            obs, *_ = env.step(env.action_space({"set_line_status": [(LINE_ID, 1)]}))
            assert obs.line_status[LINE_ID] == False
            assert np.all(obs.time_before_cooldown_sub == 0)
            assert (
                obs.time_before_cooldown_line[LINE_ID]
                == param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_LINE - 1
            )

            obs, *_ = env.step(env.action_space({"change_line_status": [LINE_ID]}))
            assert obs.line_status[LINE_ID] == False
            assert np.all(obs.time_before_cooldown_sub == 0)
            assert (
                obs.time_before_cooldown_line[LINE_ID]
                == param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_LINE - 2
            )

            obs, *_ = env.step(
                env.action_space(
                    {
                        "set_bus": {
                            "lines_or_id": [(LINE_ID, 0)],
                            "lines_ex_id": [(LINE_ID, 1)],
                        }
                    }
                )
            )
            assert obs.line_status[LINE_ID] == False
            assert np.all(obs.time_before_cooldown_sub == 0)
            assert (
                obs.time_before_cooldown_line[LINE_ID]
                == param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_LINE - 3
            )

            obs, *_ = env.step(
                env.action_space(
                    {
                        "set_bus": {
                            "lines_or_id": [(LINE_ID, 1)],
                            "lines_ex_id": [(LINE_ID, 0)],
                        }
                    }
                )
            )
            assert obs.line_status[LINE_ID] == False
            assert np.all(obs.time_before_cooldown_sub == 0)
            assert (
                obs.time_before_cooldown_line[LINE_ID]
                == param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_LINE - 4
            )

            # i wait enough for the cooldown to pass
            for _ in range(param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_LINE - 4):
                obs, *_ = env.step(env.action_space())
            assert np.all(obs.time_before_cooldown_sub == 0)

            # and now i try to reconnect, this should not affect the substation but the cooldown on the line
            obs, *_ = env.step(
                env.action_space(
                    {
                        "set_bus": {
                            "lines_or_id": [(LINE_ID, -2 * or_)],
                            "lines_ex_id": [(LINE_ID, -2 * ex_)],
                        }
                    }
                )
            )
            assert obs.line_status[LINE_ID] == True
            assert np.all(obs.time_before_cooldown_sub == 0)
            assert (
                obs.time_before_cooldown_line[LINE_ID]
                == param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_LINE
            )

            # and now i try to modify the buses at one end of the powerline,
            # this should affect the substation and NOT the line (so be possible)
            obs, *_ = env.step(
                env.action_space(
                    {
                        "set_bus": {
                            "lines_or_id": [(LINE_ID, -1 * or_)],
                            "lines_ex_id": [(LINE_ID, -1 * ex_)],
                        }
                    }
                )
            )
            assert obs.line_status[LINE_ID] == True
            if or_ != 0:
                assert (
                    obs.time_before_cooldown_sub[obs.line_or_to_subid[LINE_ID]]
                    == param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_SUB
                )
            else:
                assert (
                    obs.time_before_cooldown_sub[obs.line_ex_to_subid[LINE_ID]]
                    == param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_SUB
                )
            assert (
                obs.time_before_cooldown_line[LINE_ID]
                == param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_LINE - 1
            )

    def test_issue_copyenv(self):
        # https://github.com/BDonnot/lightsim2grid/issues/10
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env1 = grid2op.make("rte_case14_realistic", test=True, backend=backend, _add_to_name=type(self).__name__)
        env2 = env1.copy()
        obs1 = env1.reset()
        obs2 = env2.get_obs()
        assert np.any(obs1.prod_p != obs2.prod_p)


class BaseStatusActions(MakeBackend):
    def _make_my_env(self):
        backend = self.make_backend_with_glue_code()
        param = Parameters()
        param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_LINE = 0
        param.NB_TIMESTEP_COOLDOWN_SUB = 0
        param.NO_OVERFLOW_DISCONNECTION = True
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
            env = grid2op.make(
                "rte_case14_realistic", test=True, backend=backend, param=param,
                _add_to_name=type(self).__name__
            )
        return env

    def _init_disco_or_not(self, LINE_ID, env, disco_before_the_action):
        if not disco_before_the_action:
            # powerline is supposed to be connected before the action takes place
            statuses = env.get_obs().line_status
        else:
            # i disconnect it
            action = env.action_space({"set_line_status": [(LINE_ID, -1)]})
            obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)
            statuses = obs.line_status
        return statuses

    def _line_connected(self, LINE_ID, obs, busor=1):
        assert obs.line_status[LINE_ID]
        assert obs.topo_vect[obs.line_or_pos_topo_vect[LINE_ID]] == busor
        assert obs.topo_vect[obs.line_ex_pos_topo_vect[LINE_ID]] == 1

    def _line_disconnected(self, LINE_ID, obs):
        assert not obs.line_status[LINE_ID]
        assert obs.topo_vect[obs.line_or_pos_topo_vect[LINE_ID]] == -1
        assert obs.topo_vect[obs.line_ex_pos_topo_vect[LINE_ID]] == -1

    def _only_line_impacted(self, LINE_ID, action, statuses):
        lines_impacted, subs_impacted = action.get_topological_impact(statuses)
        assert np.sum(subs_impacted) == 0
        assert np.sum(lines_impacted) == 1 and lines_impacted[LINE_ID]

    def _only_sub_impacted(self, LINE_ID, action, statuses):
        lines_impacted, subs_impacted = action.get_topological_impact(statuses)
        assert (
            np.sum(subs_impacted) == 1
            and subs_impacted[action.line_or_to_subid[LINE_ID]]
        )
        assert np.sum(lines_impacted) == 0

    def test_setmin1_prevConn(self):
        """{"set_line_status": [(LINE_ID, -1)]} when connected"""
        self.skip_if_needed()
        env = self._make_my_env()
        LINE_ID = 1

        # set the grid to right configuration
        statuses = self._init_disco_or_not(LINE_ID, env, disco_before_the_action=False)

        action = env.action_space({"set_line_status": [(LINE_ID, -1)]})
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)

        # right consequences
        self._line_disconnected(LINE_ID, obs)

        # right way to count it
        self._only_line_impacted(LINE_ID, action, statuses)

    def test_set1_prevConn(self):
        """{"set_line_status": [(LINE_ID, +1)]} when connected"""
        self.skip_if_needed()
        env = self._make_my_env()
        LINE_ID = 1

        # set the grid to right configuration
        statuses = self._init_disco_or_not(LINE_ID, env, disco_before_the_action=False)

        action = env.action_space({"set_line_status": [(LINE_ID, +1)]})
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)

        # right consequences
        self._line_connected(LINE_ID, obs)

        # right way to count it
        self._only_line_impacted(LINE_ID, action, statuses)

    def test_setmin1_prevDisc(self):
        """{"set_line_status": [(LINE_ID, -1)]} when disconnected"""
        self.skip_if_needed()
        env = self._make_my_env()
        LINE_ID = 1

        # set the grid to right configuration
        statuses = self._init_disco_or_not(LINE_ID, env, disco_before_the_action=True)

        # and now i test the impact of the action
        action = env.action_space({"set_line_status": [(LINE_ID, -1)]})
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)

        # right consequences
        self._line_disconnected(LINE_ID, obs)

        # right way to count it
        self._only_line_impacted(LINE_ID, action, statuses)

    def test_set1_prevDisc(self):
        """{"set_line_status": [(LINE_ID, +1)]} when disconnected"""
        self.skip_if_needed()
        env = self._make_my_env()
        LINE_ID = 1

        # set the grid to right configuration
        statuses = self._init_disco_or_not(LINE_ID, env, disco_before_the_action=True)

        # and now i test the impact of the action
        action = env.action_space({"set_line_status": [(LINE_ID, +1)]})
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)

        # right consequences
        self._line_connected(LINE_ID, obs)

        # right way to count it
        self._only_line_impacted(LINE_ID, action, statuses)

    def test_chgt_prevConn(self):
        """{"change_line_status": [LINE_ID]} when connected"""
        self.skip_if_needed()
        env = self._make_my_env()
        LINE_ID = 1

        # set the grid to right configuration
        statuses = self._init_disco_or_not(LINE_ID, env, disco_before_the_action=False)

        # and now i test the impact of the action
        action = env.action_space({"change_line_status": [LINE_ID]})
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)

        # right consequences
        self._line_disconnected(LINE_ID, obs)

        # right way to count it
        self._only_line_impacted(LINE_ID, action, statuses)

    def test_chgt_prevDisc(self):
        """{"change_line_status": [LINE_ID]} when disconnected"""
        self.skip_if_needed()
        env = self._make_my_env()
        LINE_ID = 1

        # set the grid to right configuration
        statuses = self._init_disco_or_not(LINE_ID, env, disco_before_the_action=True)

        # and now i test the impact of the action
        action = env.action_space({"change_line_status": [LINE_ID]})
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)

        # right consequences
        self._line_connected(LINE_ID, obs)

        # right way to count it
        self._only_line_impacted(LINE_ID, action, statuses)

    def test_setbusmin1_prevConn(self):
        """{"set_bus": {"lines_or_id": [(LINE_ID, -1)]}} when connected"""
        self.skip_if_needed()
        env = self._make_my_env()
        LINE_ID = 1

        # set the grid to right configuration
        statuses = self._init_disco_or_not(LINE_ID, env, disco_before_the_action=False)

        # and now i test the impact of the action
        action = env.action_space({"set_bus": {"lines_or_id": [(LINE_ID, -1)]}})
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)

        # right consequences
        self._line_disconnected(LINE_ID, obs)

        # right way to count it
        self._only_line_impacted(LINE_ID, action, statuses)

    def test_setbusmin1_prevDisc(self):
        """{"set_bus": {"lines_or_id": [(LINE_ID, -1)]}} when disco"""
        self.skip_if_needed()
        env = self._make_my_env()
        LINE_ID = 1

        # set the grid to right configuration
        statuses = self._init_disco_or_not(LINE_ID, env, disco_before_the_action=True)

        # and now i test the impact of the action
        action = env.action_space({"set_bus": {"lines_or_id": [(LINE_ID, -1)]}})
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)

        # right consequences
        self._line_disconnected(LINE_ID, obs)

        # right way to count it
        self._only_sub_impacted(LINE_ID, action, statuses)

    def test_setbus2_prevConn(self):
        """{"set_bus": {"lines_or_id": [(LINE_ID, 2)]}} when connected"""
        self.skip_if_needed()
        env = self._make_my_env()
        LINE_ID = 1

        # set the grid to right configuration
        statuses = self._init_disco_or_not(LINE_ID, env, disco_before_the_action=False)

        # and now i test the impact of the action
        action = env.action_space({"set_bus": {"lines_or_id": [(LINE_ID, 2)]}})
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)

        # right consequences
        self._line_connected(LINE_ID, obs, busor=2)

        # right way to count it
        self._only_sub_impacted(LINE_ID, action, statuses)

    def test_setbus2_prevDisc(self):
        """{"set_bus": {"lines_or_id": [(LINE_ID, 2)]}} when disconnected"""
        self.skip_if_needed()
        env = self._make_my_env()
        LINE_ID = 1

        # set the grid to right configuration
        statuses = self._init_disco_or_not(LINE_ID, env, disco_before_the_action=True)

        # and now i test the impact of the action
        action = env.action_space({"set_bus": {"lines_or_id": [(LINE_ID, 2)]}})
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)

        # right consequences
        self._line_connected(LINE_ID, obs, busor=2)

        # right way to count it
        self._only_line_impacted(LINE_ID, action, statuses)

    def test_chgtbus_prevConn(self):
        """{"change_bus": {"lines_or_id": [LINE_ID]}}  when connected"""
        self.skip_if_needed()
        env = self._make_my_env()
        LINE_ID = 1

        # set the grid to right configuration
        statuses = self._init_disco_or_not(LINE_ID, env, disco_before_the_action=False)

        # and now i test the impact of the action
        action = env.action_space({"change_bus": {"lines_or_id": [LINE_ID]}})
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)

        # right consequences
        self._line_connected(LINE_ID, obs, busor=2)

        # right way to count it
        self._only_sub_impacted(LINE_ID, action, statuses)

    def test_chgtbus_prevDisc(self):
        """{"change_bus": {"lines_or_id": [LINE_ID]}}  when discconnected"""
        self.skip_if_needed()
        env = self._make_my_env()
        LINE_ID = 1

        # set the grid to right configuration
        statuses = self._init_disco_or_not(LINE_ID, env, disco_before_the_action=True)

        # and now i test the impact of the action
        action = env.action_space({"change_bus": {"lines_or_id": [LINE_ID]}})
        obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)

        # right consequences
        self._line_disconnected(LINE_ID, obs)

        # right way to count it
        self._only_sub_impacted(LINE_ID, action, statuses)