locally_linear.py

"""Locally Linear Embedding"""

# Author: Fabian Pedregosa -- <fabian.pedregosa@inria.fr>
#         Jake Vanderplas  -- <vanderplas@astro.washington.edu>
# License: BSD 3 clause (C) INRIA 2011

import numpy as np
from scipy.linalg import eigh, svd, qr, solve
from scipy.sparse import eye, csr_matrix
from scipy.sparse.linalg import eigsh

from ..base import BaseEstimator, TransformerMixin, _UnstableArchMixin
from ..utils import check_random_state, check_array
from ..utils.extmath import stable_cumsum
from ..utils.validation import check_is_fitted
from ..utils.validation import FLOAT_DTYPES
from ..neighbors import NearestNeighbors


def barycenter_weights(X, Z, reg=1e-3):
    """Compute barycenter weights of X from Y along the first axis

    We estimate the weights to assign to each point in Y[i] to recover
    the point X[i]. The barycenter weights sum to 1.

    Parameters
    ----------
    X : array-like, shape (n_samples, n_dim)

    Z : array-like, shape (n_samples, n_neighbors, n_dim)

    reg : float, optional
        amount of regularization to add for the problem to be
        well-posed in the case of n_neighbors > n_dim

    Returns
    -------
    B : array-like, shape (n_samples, n_neighbors)

    Notes
    -----
    See developers note for more information.
    """
    X = check_array(X, dtype=FLOAT_DTYPES)
    Z = check_array(Z, dtype=FLOAT_DTYPES, allow_nd=True)

    n_samples, n_neighbors = X.shape[0], Z.shape[1]
    B = np.empty((n_samples, n_neighbors), dtype=X.dtype)
    v = np.ones(n_neighbors, dtype=X.dtype)

    # this might raise a LinalgError if G is singular and has trace
    # zero
    for i, A in enumerate(Z.transpose(0, 2, 1)):
        C = A.T - X[i]  # broadcasting
        G = np.dot(C, C.T)
        trace = np.trace(G)
        if trace > 0:
            R = reg * trace
        else:
            R = reg
        G.flat[::Z.shape[1] + 1] += R
        w = solve(G, v, sym_pos=True)
        B[i, :] = w / np.sum(w)
    return B


def barycenter_kneighbors_graph(X, n_neighbors, reg=1e-3, n_jobs=None):
    """Computes the barycenter weighted graph of k-Neighbors for points in X

    Parameters
    ----------
    X : {array-like, NearestNeighbors}
        Sample data, shape = (n_samples, n_features), in the form of a
        numpy array or a NearestNeighbors object.

    n_neighbors : int
        Number of neighbors for each sample.

    reg : float, optional
        Amount of regularization when solving the least-squares
        problem. Only relevant if mode='barycenter'. If None, use the
        default.

    n_jobs : int or None, optional (default=None)
        The number of parallel jobs to run for neighbors search.
        ``None`` means 1 unless in a :obj:`joblib.parallel_backend` context.
        ``-1`` means using all processors. See :term:`Glossary <n_jobs>`
        for more details.

    Returns
    -------
    A : sparse matrix in CSR format, shape = [n_samples, n_samples]
        A[i, j] is assigned the weight of edge that connects i to j.

    See also
    --------
    sklearn.neighbors.kneighbors_graph
    sklearn.neighbors.radius_neighbors_graph
    """
    knn = NearestNeighbors(n_neighbors + 1, n_jobs=n_jobs).fit(X)
    X = knn._fit_X
    n_samples = knn.n_samples_fit_
    ind = knn.kneighbors(X, return_distance=False)[:, 1:]
    data = barycenter_weights(X, X[ind], reg=reg)
    indptr = np.arange(0, n_samples * n_neighbors + 1, n_neighbors)
    return csr_matrix((data.ravel(), ind.ravel(), indptr),
                      shape=(n_samples, n_samples))


def null_space(M, k, k_skip=1, eigen_solver='arpack', tol=1E-6, max_iter=100,
               random_state=None):
    """
    Find the null space of a matrix M.

    Parameters
    ----------
    M : {array, matrix, sparse matrix, LinearOperator}
        Input covariance matrix: should be symmetric positive semi-definite

    k : integer
        Number of eigenvalues/vectors to return

    k_skip : integer, optional
        Number of low eigenvalues to skip.

    eigen_solver : string, {'auto', 'arpack', 'dense'}
        auto : algorithm will attempt to choose the best method for input data
        arpack : use arnoldi iteration in shift-invert mode.
                    For this method, M may be a dense matrix, sparse matrix,
                    or general linear operator.
                    Warning: ARPACK can be unstable for some problems.  It is
                    best to try several random seeds in order to check results.
        dense  : use standard dense matrix operations for the eigenvalue
                    decomposition.  For this method, M must be an array
                    or matrix type.  This method should be avoided for
                    large problems.

    tol : float, optional
        Tolerance for 'arpack' method.
        Not used if eigen_solver=='dense'.

    max_iter : int
        Maximum number of iterations for 'arpack' method.
        Not used if eigen_solver=='dense'

    random_state : int, RandomState instance or None, optional (default=None)
        If int, random_state is the seed used by the random number generator;
        If RandomState instance, random_state is the random number generator;
        If None, the random number generator is the RandomState instance used
        by `np.random`. Used when ``solver`` == 'arpack'.

    """
    if eigen_solver == 'auto':
        if M.shape[0] > 200 and k + k_skip < 10:
            eigen_solver = 'arpack'
        else:
            eigen_solver = 'dense'

    if eigen_solver == 'arpack':
        random_state = check_random_state(random_state)
        # initialize with [-1,1] as in ARPACK
        v0 = random_state.uniform(-1, 1, M.shape[0])
        try:
            eigen_values, eigen_vectors = eigsh(M, k + k_skip, sigma=0.0,
                                                tol=tol, maxiter=max_iter,
                                                v0=v0)
        except RuntimeError as msg:
            raise ValueError("Error in determining null-space with ARPACK. "
                             "Error message: '%s'. "
                             "Note that method='arpack' can fail when the "
                             "weight matrix is singular or otherwise "
                             "ill-behaved.  method='dense' is recommended. "
                             "See online documentation for more information."
                             % msg)

        return eigen_vectors[:, k_skip:], np.sum(eigen_values[k_skip:])
    elif eigen_solver == 'dense':
        if hasattr(M, 'toarray'):
            M = M.toarray()
        eigen_values, eigen_vectors = eigh(
            M, eigvals=(k_skip, k + k_skip - 1), overwrite_a=True)
        index = np.argsort(np.abs(eigen_values))
        return eigen_vectors[:, index], np.sum(eigen_values)
    else:
        raise ValueError("Unrecognized eigen_solver '%s'" % eigen_solver)


def locally_linear_embedding(
        X, n_neighbors, n_components, reg=1e-3, eigen_solver='auto', tol=1e-6,
        max_iter=100, method='standard', hessian_tol=1E-4, modified_tol=1E-12,
        random_state=None, n_jobs=None):
    """Perform a Locally Linear Embedding analysis on the data.

    Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <locally_linear_embedding>`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    X : {array-like, NearestNeighbors}
        Sample data, shape = (n_samples, n_features), in the form of a
        numpy array or a NearestNeighbors object.

    n_neighbors : integer
        number of neighbors to consider for each point.

    n_components : integer
        number of coordinates for the manifold.

    reg : float
        regularization constant, multiplies the trace of the local covariance
        matrix of the distances.

    eigen_solver : string, {'auto', 'arpack', 'dense'}
        auto : algorithm will attempt to choose the best method for input data

        arpack : use arnoldi iteration in shift-invert mode.
                    For this method, M may be a dense matrix, sparse matrix,
                    or general linear operator.
                    Warning: ARPACK can be unstable for some problems.  It is
                    best to try several random seeds in order to check results.

        dense  : use standard dense matrix operations for the eigenvalue
                    decomposition.  For this method, M must be an array
                    or matrix type.  This method should be avoided for
                    large problems.

    tol : float, optional
        Tolerance for 'arpack' method
        Not used if eigen_solver=='dense'.

    max_iter : integer
        maximum number of iterations for the arpack solver.

    method : {'standard', 'hessian', 'modified', 'ltsa'}
        standard : use the standard locally linear embedding algorithm.
                   see reference [1]_
        hessian  : use the Hessian eigenmap method.  This method requires
                   n_neighbors > n_components * (1 + (n_components + 1) / 2.
                   see reference [2]_
        modified : use the modified locally linear embedding algorithm.
                   see reference [3]_
        ltsa     : use local tangent space alignment algorithm
                   see reference [4]_

    hessian_tol : float, optional
        Tolerance for Hessian eigenmapping method.
        Only used if method == 'hessian'

    modified_tol : float, optional
        Tolerance for modified LLE method.
        Only used if method == 'modified'

    random_state : int, RandomState instance or None, optional (default=None)
        If int, random_state is the seed used by the random number generator;
        If RandomState instance, random_state is the random number generator;
        If None, the random number generator is the RandomState instance used
        by `np.random`. Used when ``solver`` == 'arpack'.

    n_jobs : int or None, optional (default=None)
        The number of parallel jobs to run for neighbors search.
        ``None`` means 1 unless in a :obj:`joblib.parallel_backend` context.
        ``-1`` means using all processors. See :term:`Glossary <n_jobs>`
        for more details.

    Returns
    -------
    Y : array-like, shape [n_samples, n_components]
        Embedding vectors.

    squared_error : float
        Reconstruction error for the embedding vectors. Equivalent to
        ``norm(Y - W Y, 'fro')**2``, where W are the reconstruction weights.

    References
    ----------

    .. [1] Roweis, S. & Saul, L. Nonlinear dimensionality reduction
        by locally linear embedding.  Science 290:2323 (2000).
    .. [2] Donoho, D. & Grimes, C. Hessian eigenmaps: Locally
        linear embedding techniques for high-dimensional data.
        Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  100:5591 (2003).
    .. [3] Zhang, Z. & Wang, J. MLLE: Modified Locally Linear
        Embedding Using Multiple Weights.
        http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.70.382
    .. [4] Zhang, Z. & Zha, H. Principal manifolds and nonlinear
        dimensionality reduction via tangent space alignment.
        Journal of Shanghai Univ.  8:406 (2004)
    """
    if eigen_solver not in ('auto', 'arpack', 'dense'):
        raise ValueError("unrecognized eigen_solver '%s'" % eigen_solver)

    if method not in ('standard', 'hessian', 'modified', 'ltsa'):
        raise ValueError("unrecognized method '%s'" % method)

    nbrs = NearestNeighbors(n_neighbors=n_neighbors + 1, n_jobs=n_jobs)
    nbrs.fit(X)
    X = nbrs._fit_X

    N, d_in = X.shape

    if n_components > d_in:
        raise ValueError("output dimension must be less than or equal "
                         "to input dimension")
    if n_neighbors >= N:
        raise ValueError(
            "Expected n_neighbors <= n_samples, "
            " but n_samples = %d, n_neighbors = %d" %
            (N, n_neighbors)
        )

    if n_neighbors <= 0:
        raise ValueError("n_neighbors must be positive")

    M_sparse = (eigen_solver != 'dense')

    if method == 'standard':
        W = barycenter_kneighbors_graph(
            nbrs, n_neighbors=n_neighbors, reg=reg, n_jobs=n_jobs)

        # we'll compute M = (I-W)'(I-W)
        # depending on the solver, we'll do this differently
        if M_sparse:
            M = eye(*W.shape, format=W.format) - W
            M = (M.T * M).tocsr()
        else:
            M = (W.T * W - W.T - W).toarray()
            M.flat[::M.shape[0] + 1] += 1  # W = W - I = W - I

    elif method == 'hessian':
        dp = n_components * (n_components + 1) // 2

        if n_neighbors <= n_components + dp:
            raise ValueError("for method='hessian', n_neighbors must be "
                             "greater than "
                             "[n_components * (n_components + 3) / 2]")

        neighbors = nbrs.kneighbors(X, n_neighbors=n_neighbors + 1,
                                    return_distance=False)
        neighbors = neighbors[:, 1:]

        Yi = np.empty((n_neighbors, 1 + n_components + dp), dtype=np.float64)
        Yi[:, 0] = 1

        M = np.zeros((N, N), dtype=np.float64)

        use_svd = (n_neighbors > d_in)

        for i in range(N):
            Gi = X[neighbors[i]]
            Gi -= Gi.mean(0)

            # build Hessian estimator
            if use_svd:
                U = svd(Gi, full_matrices=0)[0]
            else:
                Ci = np.dot(Gi, Gi.T)
                U = eigh(Ci)[1][:, ::-1]

            Yi[:, 1:1 + n_components] = U[:, :n_components]

            j = 1 + n_components
            for k in range(n_components):
                Yi[:, j:j + n_components - k] = (U[:, k:k + 1] *
                                                 U[:, k:n_components])
                j += n_components - k

            Q, R = qr(Yi)

            w = Q[:, n_components + 1:]
            S = w.sum(0)

            S[np.where(abs(S) < hessian_tol)] = 1
            w /= S

            nbrs_x, nbrs_y = np.meshgrid(neighbors[i], neighbors[i])
            M[nbrs_x, nbrs_y] += np.dot(w, w.T)

        if M_sparse:
            M = csr_matrix(M)

    elif method == 'modified':
        if n_neighbors < n_components:
            raise ValueError("modified LLE requires "
                             "n_neighbors >= n_components")

        neighbors = nbrs.kneighbors(X, n_neighbors=n_neighbors + 1,
                                    return_distance=False)
        neighbors = neighbors[:, 1:]

        # find the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of each local covariance
        # matrix. We want V[i] to be a [n_neighbors x n_neighbors] matrix,
        # where the columns are eigenvectors
        V = np.zeros((N, n_neighbors, n_neighbors))
        nev = min(d_in, n_neighbors)
        evals = np.zeros([N, nev])

        # choose the most efficient way to find the eigenvectors
        use_svd = (n_neighbors > d_in)

        if use_svd:
            for i in range(N):
                X_nbrs = X[neighbors[i]] - X[i]
                V[i], evals[i], _ = svd(X_nbrs,
                                        full_matrices=True)
            evals **= 2
        else:
            for i in range(N):
                X_nbrs = X[neighbors[i]] - X[i]
                C_nbrs = np.dot(X_nbrs, X_nbrs.T)
                evi, vi = eigh(C_nbrs)
                evals[i] = evi[::-1]
                V[i] = vi[:, ::-1]

        # find regularized weights: this is like normal LLE.
        # because we've already computed the SVD of each covariance matrix,
        # it's faster to use this rather than np.linalg.solve
        reg = 1E-3 * evals.sum(1)

        tmp = np.dot(V.transpose(0, 2, 1), np.ones(n_neighbors))
        tmp[:, :nev] /= evals + reg[:, None]
        tmp[:, nev:] /= reg[:, None]

        w_reg = np.zeros((N, n_neighbors))
        for i in range(N):
            w_reg[i] = np.dot(V[i], tmp[i])
        w_reg /= w_reg.sum(1)[:, None]

        # calculate eta: the median of the ratio of small to large eigenvalues
        # across the points.  This is used to determine s_i, below
        rho = evals[:, n_components:].sum(1) / evals[:, :n_components].sum(1)
        eta = np.median(rho)

        # find s_i, the size of the "almost null space" for each point:
        # this is the size of the largest set of eigenvalues
        # such that Sum[v; v in set]/Sum[v; v not in set] < eta
        s_range = np.zeros(N, dtype=int)
        evals_cumsum = stable_cumsum(evals, 1)
        eta_range = evals_cumsum[:, -1:] / evals_cumsum[:, :-1] - 1
        for i in range(N):
            s_range[i] = np.searchsorted(eta_range[i, ::-1], eta)
        s_range += n_neighbors - nev  # number of zero eigenvalues

        # Now calculate M.
        # This is the [N x N] matrix whose null space is the desired embedding
        M = np.zeros((N, N), dtype=np.float64)
        for i in range(N):
            s_i = s_range[i]

            # select bottom s_i eigenvectors and calculate alpha
            Vi = V[i, :, n_neighbors - s_i:]
            alpha_i = np.linalg.norm(Vi.sum(0)) / np.sqrt(s_i)

            # compute Householder matrix which satisfies
            #  Hi*Vi.T*ones(n_neighbors) = alpha_i*ones(s)
            # using prescription from paper
            h = np.full(s_i, alpha_i) - np.dot(Vi.T, np.ones(n_neighbors))

            norm_h = np.linalg.norm(h)
            if norm_h < modified_tol:
                h *= 0
            else:
                h /= norm_h

            # Householder matrix is
            #  >> Hi = np.identity(s_i) - 2*np.outer(h,h)
            # Then the weight matrix is
            #  >> Wi = np.dot(Vi,Hi) + (1-alpha_i) * w_reg[i,:,None]
            # We do this much more efficiently:
            Wi = (Vi - 2 * np.outer(np.dot(Vi, h), h) +
                  (1 - alpha_i) * w_reg[i, :, None])

            # Update M as follows:
            # >> W_hat = np.zeros( (N,s_i) )
            # >> W_hat[neighbors[i],:] = Wi
            # >> W_hat[i] -= 1
            # >> M += np.dot(W_hat,W_hat.T)
            # We can do this much more efficiently:
            nbrs_x, nbrs_y = np.meshgrid(neighbors[i], neighbors[i])
            M[nbrs_x, nbrs_y] += np.dot(Wi, Wi.T)
            Wi_sum1 = Wi.sum(1)
            M[i, neighbors[i]] -= Wi_sum1
            M[neighbors[i], i] -= Wi_sum1
            M[i, i] += s_i

        if M_sparse:
            M = csr_matrix(M)

    elif method == 'ltsa':
        neighbors = nbrs.kneighbors(X, n_neighbors=n_neighbors + 1,
                                    return_distance=False)
        neighbors = neighbors[:, 1:]

        M = np.zeros((N, N))

        use_svd = (n_neighbors > d_in)

        for i in range(N):
            Xi = X[neighbors[i]]
            Xi -= Xi.mean(0)

            # compute n_components largest eigenvalues of Xi * Xi^T
            if use_svd:
                v = svd(Xi, full_matrices=True)[0]
            else:
                Ci = np.dot(Xi, Xi.T)
                v = eigh(Ci)[1][:, ::-1]

            Gi = np.zeros((n_neighbors, n_components + 1))
            Gi[:, 1:] = v[:, :n_components]
            Gi[:, 0] = 1. / np.sqrt(n_neighbors)

            GiGiT = np.dot(Gi, Gi.T)

            nbrs_x, nbrs_y = np.meshgrid(neighbors[i], neighbors[i])
            M[nbrs_x, nbrs_y] -= GiGiT
            M[neighbors[i], neighbors[i]] += 1

    return null_space(M, n_components, k_skip=1, eigen_solver=eigen_solver,
                      tol=tol, max_iter=max_iter, random_state=random_state)


class LocallyLinearEmbedding(TransformerMixin,
                             _UnstableArchMixin, BaseEstimator):
    """Locally Linear Embedding

    Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <locally_linear_embedding>`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    n_neighbors : integer
        number of neighbors to consider for each point.

    n_components : integer
        number of coordinates for the manifold

    reg : float
        regularization constant, multiplies the trace of the local covariance
        matrix of the distances.

    eigen_solver : string, {'auto', 'arpack', 'dense'}
        auto : algorithm will attempt to choose the best method for input data

        arpack : use arnoldi iteration in shift-invert mode.
                    For this method, M may be a dense matrix, sparse matrix,
                    or general linear operator.
                    Warning: ARPACK can be unstable for some problems.  It is
                    best to try several random seeds in order to check results.

        dense  : use standard dense matrix operations for the eigenvalue
                    decomposition.  For this method, M must be an array
                    or matrix type.  This method should be avoided for
                    large problems.

    tol : float, optional
        Tolerance for 'arpack' method
        Not used if eigen_solver=='dense'.

    max_iter : integer
        maximum number of iterations for the arpack solver.
        Not used if eigen_solver=='dense'.

    method : string ('standard', 'hessian', 'modified' or 'ltsa')
        standard : use the standard locally linear embedding algorithm.  see
                   reference [1]
        hessian  : use the Hessian eigenmap method. This method requires
                   ``n_neighbors > n_components * (1 + (n_components + 1) / 2``
                   see reference [2]
        modified : use the modified locally linear embedding algorithm.
                   see reference [3]
        ltsa     : use local tangent space alignment algorithm
                   see reference [4]

    hessian_tol : float, optional
        Tolerance for Hessian eigenmapping method.
        Only used if ``method == 'hessian'``

    modified_tol : float, optional
        Tolerance for modified LLE method.
        Only used if ``method == 'modified'``

    neighbors_algorithm : string ['auto'|'brute'|'kd_tree'|'ball_tree']
        algorithm to use for nearest neighbors search,
        passed to neighbors.NearestNeighbors instance

    random_state : int, RandomState instance or None, optional (default=None)
        If int, random_state is the seed used by the random number generator;
        If RandomState instance, random_state is the random number generator;
        If None, the random number generator is the RandomState instance used
        by `np.random`. Used when ``eigen_solver`` == 'arpack'.

    n_jobs : int or None, optional (default=None)
        The number of parallel jobs to run.
        ``None`` means 1 unless in a :obj:`joblib.parallel_backend` context.
        ``-1`` means using all processors. See :term:`Glossary <n_jobs>`
        for more details.

    Attributes
    ----------
    embedding_ : array-like, shape [n_samples, n_components]
        Stores the embedding vectors

    reconstruction_error_ : float
        Reconstruction error associated with `embedding_`

    nbrs_ : NearestNeighbors object
        Stores nearest neighbors instance, including BallTree or KDtree
        if applicable.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from sklearn.datasets import load_digits
    >>> from sklearn.manifold import LocallyLinearEmbedding
    >>> X, _ = load_digits(return_X_y=True)
    >>> X.shape
    (1797, 64)
    >>> embedding = LocallyLinearEmbedding(n_components=2)
    >>> X_transformed = embedding.fit_transform(X[:100])
    >>> X_transformed.shape
    (100, 2)

    References
    ----------

    .. [1] Roweis, S. & Saul, L. Nonlinear dimensionality reduction
        by locally linear embedding.  Science 290:2323 (2000).
    .. [2] Donoho, D. & Grimes, C. Hessian eigenmaps: Locally
        linear embedding techniques for high-dimensional data.
        Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  100:5591 (2003).
    .. [3] Zhang, Z. & Wang, J. MLLE: Modified Locally Linear
        Embedding Using Multiple Weights.
        http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.70.382
    .. [4] Zhang, Z. & Zha, H. Principal manifolds and nonlinear
        dimensionality reduction via tangent space alignment.
        Journal of Shanghai Univ.  8:406 (2004)
    """

    def __init__(self, n_neighbors=5, n_components=2, reg=1E-3,
                 eigen_solver='auto', tol=1E-6, max_iter=100,
                 method='standard', hessian_tol=1E-4, modified_tol=1E-12,
                 neighbors_algorithm='auto', random_state=None, n_jobs=None):
        self.n_neighbors = n_neighbors
        self.n_components = n_components
        self.reg = reg
        self.eigen_solver = eigen_solver
        self.tol = tol
        self.max_iter = max_iter
        self.method = method
        self.hessian_tol = hessian_tol
        self.modified_tol = modified_tol
        self.random_state = random_state
        self.neighbors_algorithm = neighbors_algorithm
        self.n_jobs = n_jobs

    def _fit_transform(self, X):
        self.nbrs_ = NearestNeighbors(self.n_neighbors,
                                      algorithm=self.neighbors_algorithm,
                                      n_jobs=self.n_jobs)

        random_state = check_random_state(self.random_state)
        X = check_array(X, dtype=float)
        self.nbrs_.fit(X)
        self.embedding_, self.reconstruction_error_ = \
            locally_linear_embedding(
                self.nbrs_, self.n_neighbors, self.n_components,
                eigen_solver=self.eigen_solver, tol=self.tol,
                max_iter=self.max_iter, method=self.method,
                hessian_tol=self.hessian_tol, modified_tol=self.modified_tol,
                random_state=random_state, reg=self.reg, n_jobs=self.n_jobs)

    def fit(self, X, y=None):
        """Compute the embedding vectors for data X

        Parameters
        ----------
        X : array-like of shape [n_samples, n_features]
            training set.

        y : Ignored

        Returns
        -------
        self : returns an instance of self.
        """
        self._fit_transform(X)
        return self

    def fit_transform(self, X, y=None):
        """Compute the embedding vectors for data X and transform X.

        Parameters
        ----------
        X : array-like of shape [n_samples, n_features]
            training set.

        y : Ignored

        Returns
        -------
        X_new : array-like, shape (n_samples, n_components)
        """
        self._fit_transform(X)
        return self.embedding_

    def transform(self, X):
        """
        Transform new points into embedding space.

        Parameters
        ----------
        X : array-like, shape = [n_samples, n_features]

        Returns
        -------
        X_new : array, shape = [n_samples, n_components]

        Notes
        -----
        Because of scaling performed by this method, it is discouraged to use
        it together with methods that are not scale-invariant (like SVMs)
        """
        check_is_fitted(self)

        X = check_array(X)
        ind = self.nbrs_.kneighbors(X, n_neighbors=self.n_neighbors,
                                    return_distance=False)
        weights = barycenter_weights(X, self.nbrs_._fit_X[ind],
                                     reg=self.reg)
        X_new = np.empty((X.shape[0], self.n_components))
        for i in range(X.shape[0]):
            X_new[i] = np.dot(self.embedding_[ind[i]].T, weights[i])
        return X_new