cross_validation.py

"""
The :mod:`sklearn.cross_validation` module includes utilities for cross-
validation and performance evaluation.
"""

# Author: Alexandre Gramfort <alexandre.gramfort@inria.fr>,
#         Gael Varoquaux <gael.varoquaux@normalesup.org>,
#         Olivier Grisel <olivier.grisel@ensta.org>
# License: BSD 3 clause

from __future__ import print_function
from __future__ import division

import warnings
from itertools import chain, combinations
from math import ceil, floor, factorial
import numbers
import time
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod

import numpy as np
import scipy.sparse as sp

from .base import is_classifier, clone
from .utils import indexable, check_random_state, safe_indexing
from .utils.validation import _is_arraylike, _num_samples, check_array
from .utils.multiclass import type_of_target
from .externals.joblib import Parallel, delayed, logger
from .externals.six import with_metaclass
from .externals.six.moves import zip
from .metrics.scorer import check_scoring

__all__ = ['Bootstrap',
           'KFold',
           'LeaveOneLabelOut',
           'LeaveOneOut',
           'LeavePLabelOut',
           'LeavePOut',
           'ShuffleSplit',
           'StratifiedKFold',
           'StratifiedShuffleSplit',
           'check_cv',
           'cross_val_score',
           'cross_val_predict',
           'permutation_test_score',
           'train_test_split']


class _PartitionIterator(with_metaclass(ABCMeta)):
    """Base class for CV iterators where train_mask = ~test_mask

    Implementations must define `_iter_test_masks` or `_iter_test_indices`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    n : int
        Total number of elements in dataset.
    """

    def __init__(self, n, indices=None):
        if indices is None:
            indices = True
        else:
            warnings.warn("The indices parameter is deprecated and will be "
                          "removed (assumed True) in 0.17", DeprecationWarning,
                          stacklevel=1)
        if abs(n - int(n)) >= np.finfo('f').eps:
            raise ValueError("n must be an integer")
        self.n = int(n)
        self._indices = indices

    @property
    def indices(self):
        warnings.warn("The indices attribute is deprecated and will be "
                      "removed (assumed True) in 0.17", DeprecationWarning,
                      stacklevel=1)
        return self._indices

    def __iter__(self):
        indices = self._indices
        if indices:
            ind = np.arange(self.n)
        for test_index in self._iter_test_masks():
            train_index = np.logical_not(test_index)
            if indices:
                train_index = ind[train_index]
                test_index = ind[test_index]
            yield train_index, test_index

    # Since subclasses must implement either _iter_test_masks or
    # _iter_test_indices, neither can be abstract.
    def _iter_test_masks(self):
        """Generates boolean masks corresponding to test sets.

        By default, delegates to _iter_test_indices()
        """
        for test_index in self._iter_test_indices():
            test_mask = self._empty_mask()
            test_mask[test_index] = True
            yield test_mask

    def _iter_test_indices(self):
        """Generates integer indices corresponding to test sets."""
        raise NotImplementedError

    def _empty_mask(self):
        return np.zeros(self.n, dtype=np.bool)


class LeaveOneOut(_PartitionIterator):
    """Leave-One-Out cross validation iterator.

    Provides train/test indices to split data in train test sets. Each
    sample is used once as a test set (singleton) while the remaining
    samples form the training set.

    Note: ``LeaveOneOut(n)`` is equivalent to ``KFold(n, n_folds=n)`` and
    ``LeavePOut(n, p=1)``.

    Due to the high number of test sets (which is the same as the
    number of samples) this cross validation method can be very costly.
    For large datasets one should favor KFold, StratifiedKFold or
    ShuffleSplit.

    Parameters
    ----------
    n : int
        Total number of elements in dataset.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from sklearn import cross_validation
    >>> X = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
    >>> y = np.array([1, 2])
    >>> loo = cross_validation.LeaveOneOut(2)
    >>> len(loo)
    2
    >>> print(loo)
    sklearn.cross_validation.LeaveOneOut(n=2)
    >>> for train_index, test_index in loo:
    ...    print("TRAIN:", train_index, "TEST:", test_index)
    ...    X_train, X_test = X[train_index], X[test_index]
    ...    y_train, y_test = y[train_index], y[test_index]
    ...    print(X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test)
    TRAIN: [1] TEST: [0]
    [[3 4]] [[1 2]] [2] [1]
    TRAIN: [0] TEST: [1]
    [[1 2]] [[3 4]] [1] [2]

    See also
    --------
    LeaveOneLabelOut for splitting the data according to explicit,
    domain-specific stratification of the dataset.
    """

    def _iter_test_indices(self):
        return range(self.n)

    def __repr__(self):
        return '%s.%s(n=%i)' % (
            self.__class__.__module__,
            self.__class__.__name__,
            self.n,
        )

    def __len__(self):
        return self.n


class LeavePOut(_PartitionIterator):
    """Leave-P-Out cross validation iterator

    Provides train/test indices to split data in train test sets. This results
    in testing on all distinct samples of size p, while the remaining n - p
    samples form the training set in each iteration.

    Note: ``LeavePOut(n, p)`` is NOT equivalent to ``KFold(n, n_folds=n // p)``
    which creates non-overlapping test sets.

    Due to the high number of iterations which grows combinatorically with the
    number of samples this cross validation method can be very costly. For
    large datasets one should favor KFold, StratifiedKFold or ShuffleSplit.

    Parameters
    ----------
    n : int
        Total number of elements in dataset.

    p : int
        Size of the test sets.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from sklearn import cross_validation
    >>> X = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6], [7, 8]])
    >>> y = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
    >>> lpo = cross_validation.LeavePOut(4, 2)
    >>> len(lpo)
    6
    >>> print(lpo)
    sklearn.cross_validation.LeavePOut(n=4, p=2)
    >>> for train_index, test_index in lpo:
    ...    print("TRAIN:", train_index, "TEST:", test_index)
    ...    X_train, X_test = X[train_index], X[test_index]
    ...    y_train, y_test = y[train_index], y[test_index]
    TRAIN: [2 3] TEST: [0 1]
    TRAIN: [1 3] TEST: [0 2]
    TRAIN: [1 2] TEST: [0 3]
    TRAIN: [0 3] TEST: [1 2]
    TRAIN: [0 2] TEST: [1 3]
    TRAIN: [0 1] TEST: [2 3]
    """

    def __init__(self, n, p, indices=None):
        super(LeavePOut, self).__init__(n, indices)
        self.p = p

    def _iter_test_indices(self):
        for comb in combinations(range(self.n), self.p):
            yield np.array(comb)

    def __repr__(self):
        return '%s.%s(n=%i, p=%i)' % (
            self.__class__.__module__,
            self.__class__.__name__,
            self.n,
            self.p,
        )

    def __len__(self):
        return int(factorial(self.n) / factorial(self.n - self.p)
                   / factorial(self.p))


class _BaseKFold(with_metaclass(ABCMeta, _PartitionIterator)):
    """Base class to validate KFold approaches"""

    @abstractmethod
    def __init__(self, n, n_folds, indices, shuffle, random_state):
        super(_BaseKFold, self).__init__(n, indices)

        if abs(n_folds - int(n_folds)) >= np.finfo('f').eps:
            raise ValueError("n_folds must be an integer")
        self.n_folds = n_folds = int(n_folds)

        if n_folds <= 1:
            raise ValueError(
                "k-fold cross validation requires at least one"
                " train / test split by setting n_folds=2 or more,"
                " got n_folds={0}.".format(n_folds))
        if n_folds > self.n:
            raise ValueError(
                ("Cannot have number of folds n_folds={0} greater"
                 " than the number of samples: {1}.").format(n_folds, n))

        if not isinstance(shuffle, bool):
            raise TypeError("shuffle must be True or False;"
                            " got {0}".format(shuffle))
        self.shuffle = shuffle
        self.random_state = random_state


class KFold(_BaseKFold):
    """K-Folds cross validation iterator.

    Provides train/test indices to split data in train test sets. Split
    dataset into k consecutive folds (without shuffling).

    Each fold is then used a validation set once while the k - 1 remaining
    fold form the training set.

    Parameters
    ----------
    n : int
        Total number of elements.

    n_folds : int, default=3
        Number of folds. Must be at least 2.

    shuffle : boolean, optional
        Whether to shuffle the data before splitting into batches.

    random_state : None, int or RandomState
        Pseudo-random number generator state used for random
        sampling. If None, use default numpy RNG for shuffling

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from sklearn import cross_validation
    >>> X = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [1, 2], [3, 4]])
    >>> y = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
    >>> kf = cross_validation.KFold(4, n_folds=2)
    >>> len(kf)
    2
    >>> print(kf)  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
    sklearn.cross_validation.KFold(n=4, n_folds=2, shuffle=False,
                                   random_state=None)
    >>> for train_index, test_index in kf:
    ...    print("TRAIN:", train_index, "TEST:", test_index)
    ...    X_train, X_test = X[train_index], X[test_index]
    ...    y_train, y_test = y[train_index], y[test_index]
    TRAIN: [2 3] TEST: [0 1]
    TRAIN: [0 1] TEST: [2 3]

    Notes
    -----
    The first n % n_folds folds have size n // n_folds + 1, other folds have
    size n // n_folds.

    See also
    --------
    StratifiedKFold: take label information into account to avoid building
    folds with imbalanced class distributions (for binary or multiclass
    classification tasks).
    """

    def __init__(self, n, n_folds=3, indices=None, shuffle=False,
                 random_state=None):
        super(KFold, self).__init__(n, n_folds, indices, shuffle, random_state)
        self.idxs = np.arange(n)
        if shuffle:
            rng = check_random_state(self.random_state)
            rng.shuffle(self.idxs)

    def _iter_test_indices(self):
        n = self.n
        n_folds = self.n_folds
        fold_sizes = (n // n_folds) * np.ones(n_folds, dtype=np.int)
        fold_sizes[:n % n_folds] += 1
        current = 0
        for fold_size in fold_sizes:
            start, stop = current, current + fold_size
            yield self.idxs[start:stop]
            current = stop

    def __repr__(self):
        return '%s.%s(n=%i, n_folds=%i, shuffle=%s, random_state=%s)' % (
            self.__class__.__module__,
            self.__class__.__name__,
            self.n,
            self.n_folds,
            self.shuffle,
            self.random_state,
        )

    def __len__(self):
        return self.n_folds


class StratifiedKFold(_BaseKFold):
    """Stratified K-Folds cross validation iterator

    Provides train/test indices to split data in train test sets.

    This cross-validation object is a variation of KFold that
    returns stratified folds. The folds are made by preserving
    the percentage of samples for each class.

    Parameters
    ----------
    y : array-like, [n_samples]
        Samples to split in K folds.

    n_folds : int, default=3
        Number of folds. Must be at least 2.

    shuffle : boolean, optional
        Whether to shuffle each stratification of the data before splitting
        into batches.

    random_state : None, int or RandomState
        Pseudo-random number generator state used for random
        sampling. If None, use default numpy RNG for shuffling

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from sklearn import cross_validation
    >>> X = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [1, 2], [3, 4]])
    >>> y = np.array([0, 0, 1, 1])
    >>> skf = cross_validation.StratifiedKFold(y, n_folds=2)
    >>> len(skf)
    2
    >>> print(skf)  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
    sklearn.cross_validation.StratifiedKFold(labels=[0 0 1 1], n_folds=2,
                                             shuffle=False, random_state=None)
    >>> for train_index, test_index in skf:
    ...    print("TRAIN:", train_index, "TEST:", test_index)
    ...    X_train, X_test = X[train_index], X[test_index]
    ...    y_train, y_test = y[train_index], y[test_index]
    TRAIN: [1 3] TEST: [0 2]
    TRAIN: [0 2] TEST: [1 3]

    Notes
    -----
    All the folds have size trunc(n_samples / n_folds), the last one has the
    complementary.

    """

    def __init__(self, y, n_folds=3, indices=None, shuffle=False,
                 random_state=None):
        super(StratifiedKFold, self).__init__(
            len(y), n_folds, indices, shuffle, random_state)
        y = np.asarray(y)
        n_samples = y.shape[0]
        unique_labels, y_inversed = np.unique(y, return_inverse=True)
        label_counts = np.bincount(y_inversed)
        min_labels = np.min(label_counts)
        if self.n_folds > min_labels:
            warnings.warn(("The least populated class in y has only %d"
                          " members, which is too few. The minimum"
                          " number of labels for any class cannot"
                          " be less than n_folds=%d."
                          % (min_labels, self.n_folds)), Warning)

        # don't want to use the same seed in each label's shuffle
        if self.shuffle:
            rng = check_random_state(self.random_state)
        else:
            rng = self.random_state

        # pre-assign each sample to a test fold index using individual KFold
        # splitting strategies for each label so as to respect the
        # balance of labels
        per_label_cvs = [
            KFold(max(c, self.n_folds), self.n_folds, shuffle=self.shuffle,
                  random_state=rng) for c in label_counts]
        test_folds = np.zeros(n_samples, dtype=np.int)
        for test_fold_idx, per_label_splits in enumerate(zip(*per_label_cvs)):
            for label, (_, test_split) in zip(unique_labels, per_label_splits):
                label_test_folds = test_folds[y == label]
                # the test split can be too big because we used
                # KFold(max(c, self.n_folds), self.n_folds) instead of
                # KFold(c, self.n_folds) to make it possible to not crash even
                # if the data is not 100% stratifiable for all the labels
                # (we use a warning instead of raising an exception)
                # If this is the case, let's trim it:
                test_split = test_split[test_split < len(label_test_folds)]
                label_test_folds[test_split] = test_fold_idx
                test_folds[y == label] = label_test_folds

        self.test_folds = test_folds
        self.y = y

    def _iter_test_masks(self):
        for i in range(self.n_folds):
            yield self.test_folds == i

    def __repr__(self):
        return '%s.%s(labels=%s, n_folds=%i, shuffle=%s, random_state=%s)' % (
            self.__class__.__module__,
            self.__class__.__name__,
            self.y,
            self.n_folds,
            self.shuffle,
            self.random_state,
        )

    def __len__(self):
        return self.n_folds


class LeaveOneLabelOut(_PartitionIterator):
    """Leave-One-Label_Out cross-validation iterator

    Provides train/test indices to split data according to a third-party
    provided label. This label information can be used to encode arbitrary
    domain specific stratifications of the samples as integers.

    For instance the labels could be the year of collection of the samples
    and thus allow for cross-validation against time-based splits.

    Parameters
    ----------
    labels : array-like of int with shape (n_samples,)
        Arbitrary domain-specific stratification of the data to be used
        to draw the splits.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from sklearn import cross_validation
    >>> X = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6], [7, 8]])
    >>> y = np.array([1, 2, 1, 2])
    >>> labels = np.array([1, 1, 2, 2])
    >>> lol = cross_validation.LeaveOneLabelOut(labels)
    >>> len(lol)
    2
    >>> print(lol)
    sklearn.cross_validation.LeaveOneLabelOut(labels=[1 1 2 2])
    >>> for train_index, test_index in lol:
    ...    print("TRAIN:", train_index, "TEST:", test_index)
    ...    X_train, X_test = X[train_index], X[test_index]
    ...    y_train, y_test = y[train_index], y[test_index]
    ...    print(X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test)
    TRAIN: [2 3] TEST: [0 1]
    [[5 6]
     [7 8]] [[1 2]
     [3 4]] [1 2] [1 2]
    TRAIN: [0 1] TEST: [2 3]
    [[1 2]
     [3 4]] [[5 6]
     [7 8]] [1 2] [1 2]

    """

    def __init__(self, labels, indices=None):
        super(LeaveOneLabelOut, self).__init__(len(labels), indices)
        # We make a copy of labels to avoid side-effects during iteration
        self.labels = np.array(labels, copy=True)
        self.unique_labels = np.unique(labels)
        self.n_unique_labels = len(self.unique_labels)

    def _iter_test_masks(self):
        for i in self.unique_labels:
            yield self.labels == i

    def __repr__(self):
        return '%s.%s(labels=%s)' % (
            self.__class__.__module__,
            self.__class__.__name__,
            self.labels,
        )

    def __len__(self):
        return self.n_unique_labels


class LeavePLabelOut(_PartitionIterator):
    """Leave-P-Label_Out cross-validation iterator

    Provides train/test indices to split data according to a third-party
    provided label. This label information can be used to encode arbitrary
    domain specific stratifications of the samples as integers.

    For instance the labels could be the year of collection of the samples
    and thus allow for cross-validation against time-based splits.

    The difference between LeavePLabelOut and LeaveOneLabelOut is that
    the former builds the test sets with all the samples assigned to
    ``p`` different values of the labels while the latter uses samples
    all assigned the same labels.

    Parameters
    ----------
    labels : array-like of int with shape (n_samples,)
        Arbitrary domain-specific stratification of the data to be used
        to draw the splits.

    p : int
        Number of samples to leave out in the test split.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from sklearn import cross_validation
    >>> X = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
    >>> y = np.array([1, 2, 1])
    >>> labels = np.array([1, 2, 3])
    >>> lpl = cross_validation.LeavePLabelOut(labels, p=2)
    >>> len(lpl)
    3
    >>> print(lpl)
    sklearn.cross_validation.LeavePLabelOut(labels=[1 2 3], p=2)
    >>> for train_index, test_index in lpl:
    ...    print("TRAIN:", train_index, "TEST:", test_index)
    ...    X_train, X_test = X[train_index], X[test_index]
    ...    y_train, y_test = y[train_index], y[test_index]
    ...    print(X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test)
    TRAIN: [2] TEST: [0 1]
    [[5 6]] [[1 2]
     [3 4]] [1] [1 2]
    TRAIN: [1] TEST: [0 2]
    [[3 4]] [[1 2]
     [5 6]] [2] [1 1]
    TRAIN: [0] TEST: [1 2]
    [[1 2]] [[3 4]
     [5 6]] [1] [2 1]
    """

    def __init__(self, labels, p, indices=None):
        # We make a copy of labels to avoid side-effects during iteration
        super(LeavePLabelOut, self).__init__(len(labels), indices)
        self.labels = np.array(labels, copy=True)
        self.unique_labels = np.unique(labels)
        self.n_unique_labels = len(self.unique_labels)
        self.p = p

    def _iter_test_masks(self):
        comb = combinations(range(self.n_unique_labels), self.p)
        for idx in comb:
            test_index = self._empty_mask()
            idx = np.array(idx)
            for l in self.unique_labels[idx]:
                test_index[self.labels == l] = True
            yield test_index

    def __repr__(self):
        return '%s.%s(labels=%s, p=%s)' % (
            self.__class__.__module__,
            self.__class__.__name__,
            self.labels,
            self.p,
        )

    def __len__(self):
        return int(factorial(self.n_unique_labels) /
                   factorial(self.n_unique_labels - self.p) /
                   factorial(self.p))


class Bootstrap(object):
    """Random sampling with replacement cross-validation iterator

    Provides train/test indices to split data in train test sets
    while resampling the input n_iter times: each time a new
    random split of the data is performed and then samples are drawn
    (with replacement) on each side of the split to build the training
    and test sets.

    Note: contrary to other cross-validation strategies, bootstrapping
    will allow some samples to occur several times in each splits. However
    a sample that occurs in the train split will never occur in the test
    split and vice-versa.

    If you want each sample to occur at most once you should probably
    use ShuffleSplit cross validation instead.

    Parameters
    ----------
    n : int
        Total number of elements in the dataset.

    n_iter : int (default is 3)
        Number of bootstrapping iterations

    train_size : int or float (default is 0.5)
        If int, number of samples to include in the training split
        (should be smaller than the total number of samples passed
        in the dataset).

        If float, should be between 0.0 and 1.0 and represent the
        proportion of the dataset to include in the train split.

    test_size : int or float or None (default is None)
        If int, number of samples to include in the training set
        (should be smaller than the total number of samples passed
        in the dataset).

        If float, should be between 0.0 and 1.0 and represent the
        proportion of the dataset to include in the test split.

        If None, n_test is set as the complement of n_train.

    random_state : int or RandomState
        Pseudo number generator state used for random sampling.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from sklearn import cross_validation
    >>> bs = cross_validation.Bootstrap(9, random_state=0)
    >>> len(bs)
    3
    >>> print(bs)
    Bootstrap(9, n_iter=3, train_size=5, test_size=4, random_state=0)
    >>> for train_index, test_index in bs:
    ...    print("TRAIN:", train_index, "TEST:", test_index)
    ...
    TRAIN: [1 8 7 7 8] TEST: [0 3 0 5]
    TRAIN: [5 4 2 4 2] TEST: [6 7 1 0]
    TRAIN: [4 7 0 1 1] TEST: [5 3 6 5]

    See also
    --------
    ShuffleSplit: cross validation using random permutations.
    """

    # Static marker to be able to introspect the CV type
    indices = True

    def __init__(self, n, n_iter=3, train_size=.5, test_size=None,
                 random_state=None):
        # See, e.g., http://youtu.be/BzHz0J9a6k0?t=9m38s for a motivation
        # behind this deprecation
        warnings.warn("Bootstrap will no longer be supported as a " +
                      "cross-validation method as of version 0.15 and " +
                      "will be removed in 0.17", DeprecationWarning)
        self.n = n
        self.n_iter = n_iter
        if (isinstance(train_size, numbers.Real) and train_size >= 0.0
                and train_size <= 1.0):
            self.train_size = int(ceil(train_size * n))
        elif isinstance(train_size, numbers.Integral):
            self.train_size = train_size
        else:
            raise ValueError("Invalid value for train_size: %r" %
                             train_size)
        if self.train_size > n:
            raise ValueError("train_size=%d should not be larger than n=%d" %
                             (self.train_size, n))

        if isinstance(test_size, numbers.Real) and 0.0 <= test_size <= 1.0:
            self.test_size = int(ceil(test_size * n))
        elif isinstance(test_size, numbers.Integral):
            self.test_size = test_size
        elif test_size is None:
            self.test_size = self.n - self.train_size
        else:
            raise ValueError("Invalid value for test_size: %r" % test_size)
        if self.test_size > n - self.train_size:
            raise ValueError(("test_size + train_size=%d, should not be " +
                              "larger than n=%d") %
                             (self.test_size + self.train_size, n))

        self.random_state = random_state

    def __iter__(self):
        rng = check_random_state(self.random_state)
        for i in range(self.n_iter):
            # random partition
            permutation = rng.permutation(self.n)
            ind_train = permutation[:self.train_size]
            ind_test = permutation[self.train_size:self.train_size
                                   + self.test_size]

            # bootstrap in each split individually
            train = rng.randint(0, self.train_size,
                                size=(self.train_size,))
            test = rng.randint(0, self.test_size,
                               size=(self.test_size,))
            yield ind_train[train], ind_test[test]

    def __repr__(self):
        return ('%s(%d, n_iter=%d, train_size=%d, test_size=%d, '
                'random_state=%s)' % (
                    self.__class__.__name__,
                    self.n,
                    self.n_iter,
                    self.train_size,
                    self.test_size,
                    self.random_state,
                ))

    def __len__(self):
        return self.n_iter


class BaseShuffleSplit(with_metaclass(ABCMeta)):
    """Base class for ShuffleSplit and StratifiedShuffleSplit"""

    def __init__(self, n, n_iter=10, test_size=0.1, train_size=None,
                 indices=None, random_state=None, n_iterations=None):
        if indices is None:
            indices = True
        else:
            warnings.warn("The indices parameter is deprecated and will be "
                          "removed (assumed True) in 0.17", DeprecationWarning)
        self.n = n
        self.n_iter = n_iter
        if n_iterations is not None:  # pragma: no cover
            warnings.warn("n_iterations was renamed to n_iter for consistency "
                          " and will be removed in 0.16.")
            self.n_iter = n_iterations
        self.test_size = test_size
        self.train_size = train_size
        self.random_state = random_state
        self._indices = indices
        self.n_train, self.n_test = _validate_shuffle_split(n,
                                                            test_size,
                                                            train_size)

    @property
    def indices(self):
        warnings.warn("The indices attribute is deprecated and will be "
                      "removed (assumed True) in 0.17", DeprecationWarning,
                      stacklevel=1)
        return self._indices

    def __iter__(self):
        if self._indices:
            for train, test in self._iter_indices():
                yield train, test
            return
        for train, test in self._iter_indices():
            train_m = np.zeros(self.n, dtype=bool)
            test_m = np.zeros(self.n, dtype=bool)
            train_m[train] = True
            test_m[test] = True
            yield train_m, test_m

    @abstractmethod
    def _iter_indices(self):
        """Generate (train, test) indices"""


class ShuffleSplit(BaseShuffleSplit):
    """Random permutation cross-validation iterator.

    Yields indices to split data into training and test sets.

    Note: contrary to other cross-validation strategies, random splits
    do not guarantee that all folds will be different, although this is
    still very likely for sizeable datasets.

    Parameters
    ----------
    n : int
        Total number of elements in the dataset.

    n_iter : int (default 10)
        Number of re-shuffling & splitting iterations.

    test_size : float (default 0.1), int, or None
        If float, should be between 0.0 and 1.0 and represent the
        proportion of the dataset to include in the test split. If
        int, represents the absolute number of test samples. If None,
        the value is automatically set to the complement of the train size.

    train_size : float, int, or None (default is None)
        If float, should be between 0.0 and 1.0 and represent the
        proportion of the dataset to include in the train split. If
        int, represents the absolute number of train samples. If None,
        the value is automatically set to the complement of the test size.

    random_state : int or RandomState
        Pseudo-random number generator state used for random sampling.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from sklearn import cross_validation
    >>> rs = cross_validation.ShuffleSplit(4, n_iter=3,
    ...     test_size=.25, random_state=0)
    >>> len(rs)
    3
    >>> print(rs)
    ... # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    ShuffleSplit(4, n_iter=3, test_size=0.25, ...)
    >>> for train_index, test_index in rs:
    ...    print("TRAIN:", train_index, "TEST:", test_index)
    ...
    TRAIN: [3 1 0] TEST: [2]
    TRAIN: [2 1 3] TEST: [0]
    TRAIN: [0 2 1] TEST: [3]

    >>> rs = cross_validation.ShuffleSplit(4, n_iter=3,
    ...     train_size=0.5, test_size=.25, random_state=0)
    >>> for train_index, test_index in rs:
    ...    print("TRAIN:", train_index, "TEST:", test_index)
    ...
    TRAIN: [3 1] TEST: [2]
    TRAIN: [2 1] TEST: [0]
    TRAIN: [0 2] TEST: [3]

    See also
    --------
    Bootstrap: cross-validation using re-sampling with replacement.
    """

    def _iter_indices(self):
        rng = check_random_state(self.random_state)
        for i in range(self.n_iter):
            # random partition
            permutation = rng.permutation(self.n)
            ind_test = permutation[:self.n_test]
            ind_train = permutation[self.n_test:self.n_test + self.n_train]
            yield ind_train, ind_test

    def __repr__(self):
        return ('%s(%d, n_iter=%d, test_size=%s, '
                'random_state=%s)' % (
                    self.__class__.__name__,
                    self.n,
                    self.n_iter,
                    str(self.test_size),
                    self.random_state,
                ))

    def __len__(self):
        return self.n_iter


def _validate_shuffle_split(n, test_size, train_size):
    if test_size is None and train_size is None:
        raise ValueError(
            'test_size and train_size can not both be None')

    if test_size is not None:
        if np.asarray(test_size).dtype.kind == 'f':
            if test_size >= 1.:
                raise ValueError(
                    'test_size=%f should be smaller '
                    'than 1.0 or be an integer' % test_size)
        elif np.asarray(test_size).dtype.kind == 'i':
            if test_size >= n:
                raise ValueError(
                    'test_size=%d should be smaller '
                    'than the number of samples %d' % (test_size, n))
        else:
            raise ValueError("Invalid value for test_size: %r" % test_size)

    if train_size is not None:
        if np.asarray(train_size).dtype.kind == 'f':
            if train_size >= 1.:
                raise ValueError("train_size=%f should be smaller "
                                 "than 1.0 or be an integer" % train_size)
            elif np.asarray(test_size).dtype.kind == 'f' and \
                    train_size + test_size > 1.:
                raise ValueError('The sum of test_size and train_size = %f, '
                                 'should be smaller than 1.0. Reduce '
                                 'test_size and/or train_size.' %
                                 (train_size + test_size))
        elif np.asarray(train_size).dtype.kind == 'i':
            if train_size >= n:
                raise ValueError("train_size=%d should be smaller "
                                 "than the number of samples %d" %
                                 (train_size, n))
        else:
            raise ValueError("Invalid value for train_size: %r" % train_size)

    if np.asarray(test_size).dtype.kind == 'f':
        n_test = ceil(test_size * n)
    elif np.asarray(test_size).dtype.kind == 'i':
        n_test = float(test_size)

    if train_size is None:
        n_train = n - n_test
    else:
        if np.asarray(train_size).dtype.kind == 'f':
            n_train = floor(train_size * n)
        else:
            n_train = float(train_size)

    if test_size is None:
        n_test = n - n_train

    if n_train + n_test > n:
        raise ValueError('The sum of train_size and test_size = %d, '
                         'should be smaller than the number of '
                         'samples %d. Reduce test_size and/or '
                         'train_size.' % (n_train + n_test, n))

    return int(n_train), int(n_test)


class StratifiedShuffleSplit(BaseShuffleSplit):
    """Stratified ShuffleSplit cross validation iterator

    Provides train/test indices to split data in train test sets.

    This cross-validation object is a merge of StratifiedKFold and
    ShuffleSplit, which returns stratified randomized folds. The folds
    are made by preserving the percentage of samples for each class.

    Note: like the ShuffleSplit strategy, stratified random splits
    do not guarantee that all folds will be different, although this is
    still very likely for sizeable datasets.

    Parameters
    ----------
    y : array, [n_samples]
        Labels of samples.

    n_iter : int (default 10)
        Number of re-shuffling & splitting iterations.

    test_size : float (default 0.1), int, or None
        If float, should be between 0.0 and 1.0 and represent the
        proportion of the dataset to include in the test split. If
        int, represents the absolute number of test samples. If None,
        the value is automatically set to the complement of the train size.

    train_size : float, int, or None (default is None)
        If float, should be between 0.0 and 1.0 and represent the
        proportion of the dataset to include in the train split. If
        int, represents the absolute number of train samples. If None,
        the value is automatically set to the complement of the test size.

    random_state : int or RandomState
        Pseudo-random number generator state used for random sampling.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from sklearn.cross_validation import StratifiedShuffleSplit
    >>> X = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [1, 2], [3, 4]])
    >>> y = np.array([0, 0, 1, 1])
    >>> sss = StratifiedShuffleSplit(y, 3, test_size=0.5, random_state=0)
    >>> len(sss)
    3
    >>> print(sss)       # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
    StratifiedShuffleSplit(labels=[0 0 1 1], n_iter=3, ...)
    >>> for train_index, test_index in sss:
    ...    print("TRAIN:", train_index, "TEST:", test_index)
    ...    X_train, X_test = X[train_index], X[test_index]
    ...    y_train, y_test = y[train_index], y[test_index]
    TRAIN: [1 2] TEST: [3 0]
    TRAIN: [0 2] TEST: [1 3]
    TRAIN: [0 2] TEST: [3 1]
    """

    def __init__(self, y, n_iter=10, test_size=0.1, train_size=None,
                 indices=None, random_state=None, n_iterations=None):

        super(StratifiedShuffleSplit, self).__init__(
            len(y), n_iter, test_size, train_size, indices, random_state,
            n_iterations)
        self.y = np.array(y)
        self.classes, self.y_indices = np.unique(y, return_inverse=True)
        n_cls = self.classes.shape[0]

        if np.min(np.bincount(self.y_indices)) < 2:
            raise ValueError("The least populated class in y has only 1"
                             " member, which is too few. The minimum"
                             " number of labels for any class cannot"
                             " be less than 2.")

        if self.n_train < n_cls:
            raise ValueError('The train_size = %d should be greater or '
                             'equal to the number of classes = %d' %
                             (self.n_train, n_cls))
        if self.n_test < n_cls:
            raise ValueError('The test_size = %d should be greater or '
                             'equal to the number of classes = %d' %
                             (self.n_test, n_cls))

    def _iter_indices(self):
        rng = check_random_state(self.random_state)
        cls_count = np.bincount(self.y_indices)
        p_i = cls_count / float(self.n)
        n_i = np.round(self.n_train * p_i).astype(int)
        t_i = np.minimum(cls_count - n_i,
                         np.round(self.n_test * p_i).astype(int))

        for n in range(self.n_iter):
            train = []
            test = []

            for i, cls in enumerate(self.classes):
                permutation = rng.permutation(cls_count[i])
                cls_i = np.where((self.y == cls))[0][permutation]

                train.extend(cls_i[:n_i[i]])
                test.extend(cls_i[n_i[i]:n_i[i] + t_i[i]])

            # Because of rounding issues (as n_train and n_test are not
            # dividers of the number of elements per class), we may end
            # up here with less samples in train and test than asked for.
            if len(train) < self.n_train or len(test) < self.n_test:
                # We complete by affecting randomly the missing indexes
                missing_idx = np.where(np.bincount(train + test,
                                                   minlength=len(self.y)) == 0,
                                       )[0]
                missing_idx = rng.permutation(missing_idx)
                train.extend(missing_idx[:(self.n_train - len(train))])
                test.extend(missing_idx[-(self.n_test - len(test)):])

            train = rng.permutation(train)
            test = rng.permutation(test)

            yield train, test

    def __repr__(self):
        return ('%s(labels=%s, n_iter=%d, test_size=%s, '
                'random_state=%s)' % (
                    self.__class__.__name__,
                    self.y,
                    self.n_iter,
                    str(self.test_size),
                    self.random_state,
                ))

    def __len__(self):
        return self.n_iter


##############################################################################
def _index_param_value(X, v, indices):
    """Private helper function for parameter value indexing."""
    if not _is_arraylike(v) or _num_samples(v) != _num_samples(X):
        # pass through: skip indexing
        return v
    if sp.issparse(v):
        v = v.tocsr()
    return safe_indexing(v, indices)


def cross_val_predict(estimator, X, y=None, cv=None, n_jobs=1,
                      verbose=0, fit_params=None, pre_dispatch='2*n_jobs'):
    """Generate cross-validated estimates for each input data point

    Parameters
    ----------
    estimator : estimator object implementing 'fit' and 'predict'
        The object to use to fit the data.

    X : array-like
        The data to fit. Can be, for example a list, or an array at least 2d.

    y : array-like, optional, default: None
        The target variable to try to predict in the case of
        supervised learning.

    cv : cross-validation generator or int, optional, default: None
        A cross-validation generator to use. If int, determines
        the number of folds in StratifiedKFold if y is binary
        or multiclass and estimator is a classifier, or the number
        of folds in KFold otherwise. If None, it is equivalent to cv=3.
        This generator must include all elements in the test set exactly once.
        Otherwise, a ValueError is raised.

    n_jobs : integer, optional
        The number of CPUs to use to do the computation. -1 means
        'all CPUs'.

    verbose : integer, optional
        The verbosity level.

    fit_params : dict, optional
        Parameters to pass to the fit method of the estimator.

    pre_dispatch : int, or string, optional
        Controls the number of jobs that get dispatched during parallel
        execution. Reducing this number can be useful to avoid an
        explosion of memory consumption when more jobs get dispatched
        than CPUs can process. This parameter can be:

            - None, in which case all the jobs are immediately
              created and spawned. Use this for lightweight and
              fast-running jobs, to avoid delays due to on-demand
              spawning of the jobs

            - An int, giving the exact number of total jobs that are
              spawned

            - A string, giving an expression as a function of n_jobs,
              as in '2*n_jobs'

    Returns
    -------
    preds : ndarray
        This is the result of calling 'predict'
    """
    X, y = indexable(X, y)

    cv = _check_cv(cv, X, y, classifier=is_classifier(estimator))
    # We clone the estimator to make sure that all the folds are
    # independent, and that it is pickle-able.
    parallel = Parallel(n_jobs=n_jobs, verbose=verbose,
                        pre_dispatch=pre_dispatch)
    preds_blocks = parallel(delayed(_fit_and_predict)(clone(estimator), X, y,
                                                      train, test, verbose,
                                                      fit_params)
                            for train, test in cv)
    p = np.concatenate([p for p, _ in preds_blocks])
    locs = np.concatenate([loc for _, loc in preds_blocks])
    if not _check_is_partition(locs, X.shape[0]):
        raise ValueError('cross_val_predict only works for partitions')
    preds = p.copy()
    preds[locs] = p
    return preds


def _fit_and_predict(estimator, X, y, train, test, verbose, fit_params):
    """Fit estimator and predict values for a given dataset split.

    Parameters
    ----------
    estimator : estimator object implementing 'fit' and 'predict'
        The object to use to fit the data.

    X : array-like of shape at least 2D
        The data to fit.

    y : array-like, optional, default: None
        The target variable to try to predict in the case of
        supervised learning.

    train : array-like, shape (n_train_samples,)
        Indices of training samples.

    test : array-like, shape (n_test_samples,)
        Indices of test samples.

    verbose : integer
        The verbosity level.

    fit_params : dict or None
        Parameters that will be passed to ``estimator.fit``.

    Returns
    -------
    preds : sequence
        Result of calling 'estimator.predict'

    test : array-like
        This is the value of the test parameter
    """
    # Adjust length of sample weights
    fit_params = fit_params if fit_params is not None else {}
    fit_params = dict([(k, _index_param_value(X, v, train))
                        for k, v in fit_params.items()])

    X_train, y_train = _safe_split(estimator, X, y, train)
    X_test, _ = _safe_split(estimator, X, y, test, train)

    if y_train is None:
        estimator.fit(X_train, **fit_params)
    else:
        estimator.fit(X_train, y_train, **fit_params)
    preds = estimator.predict(X_test)
    return preds, test


def _check_is_partition(locs, n):
    """Check whether locs is a reordering of the array np.arange(n)

    Parameters
    ----------
    locs : ndarray
        integer array to test
    n : int
        number of expected elements

    Returns
    -------
    is_partition : bool
        True iff sorted(locs) is range(n)
    """
    if len(locs) != n:
        return False
    hit = np.zeros(n, bool)
    hit[locs] = True
    if not np.all(hit):
        return False
    return True


def cross_val_score(estimator, X, y=None, scoring=None, cv=None, n_jobs=1,
                    verbose=0, fit_params=None, pre_dispatch='2*n_jobs'):
    """Evaluate a score by cross-validation

    Parameters
    ----------
    estimator : estimator object implementing 'fit'
        The object to use to fit the data.

    X : array-like
        The data to fit. Can be, for example a list, or an array at least 2d.

    y : array-like, optional, default: None
        The target variable to try to predict in the case of
        supervised learning.

    scoring : string, callable or None, optional, default: None
        A string (see model evaluation documentation) or
        a scorer callable object / function with signature
        ``scorer(estimator, X, y)``.

    cv : cross-validation generator or int, optional, default: None
        A cross-validation generator to use. If int, determines
        the number of folds in StratifiedKFold if y is binary
        or multiclass and estimator is a classifier, or the number
        of folds in KFold otherwise. If None, it is equivalent to cv=3.

    n_jobs : integer, optional
        The number of CPUs to use to do the computation. -1 means
        'all CPUs'.

    verbose : integer, optional
        The verbosity level.

    fit_params : dict, optional
        Parameters to pass to the fit method of the estimator.

    pre_dispatch : int, or string, optional
        Controls the number of jobs that get dispatched during parallel
        execution. Reducing this number can be useful to avoid an
        explosion of memory consumption when more jobs get dispatched
        than CPUs can process. This parameter can be:

            - None, in which case all the jobs are immediately
              created and spawned. Use this for lightweight and
              fast-running jobs, to avoid delays due to on-demand
              spawning of the jobs

            - An int, giving the exact number of total jobs that are
              spawned

            - A string, giving an expression as a function of n_jobs,
              as in '2*n_jobs'

    Returns
    -------
    scores : array of float, shape=(len(list(cv)),)
        Array of scores of the estimator for each run of the cross validation.
    """
    X, y = indexable(X, y)

    cv = _check_cv(cv, X, y, classifier=is_classifier(estimator))
    scorer = check_scoring(estimator, scoring=scoring)
    # We clone the estimator to make sure that all the folds are
    # independent, and that it is pickle-able.
    parallel = Parallel(n_jobs=n_jobs, verbose=verbose,
                        pre_dispatch=pre_dispatch)
    scores = parallel(delayed(_fit_and_score)(clone(estimator), X, y, scorer,
                                              train, test, verbose, None,
                                              fit_params)
                      for train, test in cv)
    return np.array(scores)[:, 0]


class FitFailedWarning(RuntimeWarning):
    pass


def _fit_and_score(estimator, X, y, scorer, train, test, verbose,
                   parameters, fit_params, return_train_score=False,
                   return_parameters=False, error_score='raise'):
    """Fit estimator and compute scores for a given dataset split.

    Parameters
    ----------
    estimator : estimator object implementing 'fit'
        The object to use to fit the data.

    X : array-like of shape at least 2D
        The data to fit.

    y : array-like, optional, default: None
        The target variable to try to predict in the case of
        supervised learning.

    scorer : callable
        A scorer callable object / function with signature
        ``scorer(estimator, X, y)``.

    train : array-like, shape (n_train_samples,)
        Indices of training samples.

    test : array-like, shape (n_test_samples,)
        Indices of test samples.

    verbose : integer
        The verbosity level.

    error_score : 'raise' (default) or numeric
        Value to assign to the score if an error occurs in estimator fitting.
        If set to 'raise', the error is raised. If a numeric value is given,
        FitFailedWarning is raised. This parameter does not affect the refit
        step, which will always raise the error.

    parameters : dict or None
        Parameters to be set on the estimator.

    fit_params : dict or None
        Parameters that will be passed to ``estimator.fit``.

    return_train_score : boolean, optional, default: False
        Compute and return score on training set.

    return_parameters : boolean, optional, default: False
        Return parameters that has been used for the estimator.

    Returns
    -------
    train_score : float, optional
        Score on training set, returned only if `return_train_score` is `True`.

    test_score : float
        Score on test set.

    n_test_samples : int
        Number of test samples.

    scoring_time : float
        Time spent for fitting and scoring in seconds.

    parameters : dict or None, optional
        The parameters that have been evaluated.
    """
    if verbose > 1:
        if parameters is None:
            msg = "no parameters to be set"
        else:
            msg = '%s' % (', '.join('%s=%s' % (k, v)
                          for k, v in parameters.items()))
        print("[CV] %s %s" % (msg, (64 - len(msg)) * '.'))

    # Adjust length of sample weights
    fit_params = fit_params if fit_params is not None else {}
    fit_params = dict([(k, _index_param_value(X, v, train))
                        for k, v in fit_params.items()])

    if parameters is not None:
        estimator.set_params(**parameters)

    start_time = time.time()

    X_train, y_train = _safe_split(estimator, X, y, train)
    X_test, y_test = _safe_split(estimator, X, y, test, train)

    try:
        if y_train is None:
            estimator.fit(X_train, **fit_params)
        else:
            estimator.fit(X_train, y_train, **fit_params)

    except Exception as e:
        if error_score == 'raise':
            raise
        elif isinstance(error_score, numbers.Number):
            test_score = error_score
            if return_train_score:
                train_score = error_score
            warnings.warn("Classifier fit failed. The score on this train-test"
                          " partition for these parameters will be set to %f. "
                          "Details: \n%r" % (error_score, e), FitFailedWarning)
        else:
            raise ValueError("error_score must be the string 'raise' or a"
                             " numeric value. (Hint: if using 'raise', please"
                             " make sure that it has been spelled correctly.)"
                             )

    else:
        test_score = _score(estimator, X_test, y_test, scorer)
        if return_train_score:
            train_score = _score(estimator, X_train, y_train, scorer)

    scoring_time = time.time() - start_time

    if verbose > 2:
        msg += ", score=%f" % test_score
    if verbose > 1:
        end_msg = "%s -%s" % (msg, logger.short_format_time(scoring_time))
        print("[CV] %s %s" % ((64 - len(end_msg)) * '.', end_msg))

    ret = [train_score] if return_train_score else []
    ret.extend([test_score, _num_samples(X_test), scoring_time])
    if return_parameters:
        ret.append(parameters)
    return ret


def _safe_split(estimator, X, y, indices, train_indices=None):
    """Create subset of dataset and properly handle kernels."""
    if hasattr(estimator, 'kernel') and callable(estimator.kernel):
        # cannot compute the kernel values with custom function
        raise ValueError("Cannot use a custom kernel function. "
                         "Precompute the kernel matrix instead.")

    if not hasattr(X, "shape"):
        if getattr(estimator, "_pairwise", False):
            raise ValueError("Precomputed kernels or affinity matrices have "
                             "to be passed as arrays or sparse matrices.")
        X_subset = [X[idx] for idx in indices]
    else:
        if getattr(estimator, "_pairwise", False):
            # X is a precomputed square kernel matrix
            if X.shape[0] != X.shape[1]:
                raise ValueError("X should be a square kernel matrix")
            if train_indices is None:
                X_subset = X[np.ix_(indices, indices)]
            else:
                X_subset = X[np.ix_(indices, train_indices)]
        else:
            X_subset = safe_indexing(X, indices)

    if y is not None:
        y_subset = safe_indexing(y, indices)
    else:
        y_subset = None

    return X_subset, y_subset


def _score(estimator, X_test, y_test, scorer):
    """Compute the score of an estimator on a given test set."""
    if y_test is None:
        score = scorer(estimator, X_test)
    else:
        score = scorer(estimator, X_test, y_test)
    if not isinstance(score, numbers.Number):
        raise ValueError("scoring must return a number, got %s (%s) instead."
                         % (str(score), type(score)))
    return score


def _permutation_test_score(estimator, X, y, cv, scorer):
    """Auxiliary function for permutation_test_score"""
    avg_score = []
    for train, test in cv:
        estimator.fit(X[train], y[train])
        avg_score.append(scorer(estimator, X[test], y[test]))
    return np.mean(avg_score)


def _shuffle(y, labels, random_state):
    """Return a shuffled copy of y eventually shuffle among same labels."""
    if labels is None:
        ind = random_state.permutation(len(y))
    else:
        ind = np.arange(len(labels))
        for label in np.unique(labels):
            this_mask = (labels == label)
            ind[this_mask] = random_state.permutation(ind[this_mask])
    return y[ind]


def check_cv(cv, X=None, y=None, classifier=False):
    """Input checker utility for building a CV in a user friendly way.

    Parameters
    ----------
    cv : int, a cv generator instance, or None
        The input specifying which cv generator to use. It can be an
        integer, in which case it is the number of folds in a KFold,
        None, in which case 3 fold is used, or another object, that
        will then be used as a cv generator.

    X : array-like
        The data the cross-val object will be applied on.

    y : array-like
        The target variable for a supervised learning problem.

    classifier : boolean optional
        Whether the task is a classification task, in which case
        stratified KFold will be used.

    Returns
    -------
    checked_cv: a cross-validation generator instance.
        The return value is guaranteed to be a cv generator instance, whatever
        the input type.
    """
    return _check_cv(cv, X=X, y=y, classifier=classifier, warn_mask=True)


def _check_cv(cv, X=None, y=None, classifier=False, warn_mask=False):
    # This exists for internal use while indices is being deprecated.
    is_sparse = sp.issparse(X)
    needs_indices = is_sparse or not hasattr(X, "shape")
    if cv is None:
        cv = 3
    if isinstance(cv, numbers.Integral):
        if warn_mask and not needs_indices:
            warnings.warn('check_cv will return indices instead of boolean '
                          'masks from 0.17', DeprecationWarning)
        else:
            needs_indices = None
        if classifier:
            if type_of_target(y) in ['binary', 'multiclass']:
                cv = StratifiedKFold(y, cv, indices=needs_indices)
            else:
                cv = KFold(_num_samples(y), cv, indices=needs_indices)
        else:
            if not is_sparse:
                n_samples = len(X)
            else:
                n_samples = X.shape[0]
            cv = KFold(n_samples, cv, indices=needs_indices)
    if needs_indices and not getattr(cv, "_indices", True):
        raise ValueError("Sparse data and lists require indices-based cross"
                         " validation generator, got: %r", cv)
    return cv


def permutation_test_score(estimator, X, y, cv=None,
                           n_permutations=100, n_jobs=1, labels=None,
                           random_state=0, verbose=0, scoring=None):
    """Evaluate the significance of a cross-validated score with permutations

    Parameters
    ----------
    estimator : estimator object implementing 'fit'
        The object to use to fit the data.

    X : array-like of shape at least 2D
        The data to fit.

    y : array-like
        The target variable to try to predict in the case of
        supervised learning.

    scoring : string, callable or None, optional, default: None
        A string (see model evaluation documentation) or
        a scorer callable object / function with signature
        ``scorer(estimator, X, y)``.

    cv : integer or cross-validation generator, optional
        If an integer is passed, it is the number of fold (default 3).
        Specific cross-validation objects can be passed, see
        sklearn.cross_validation module for the list of possible objects.

    n_permutations : integer, optional
        Number of times to permute ``y``.

    n_jobs : integer, optional
        The number of CPUs to use to do the computation. -1 means
        'all CPUs'.

    labels : array-like of shape [n_samples] (optional)
        Labels constrain the permutation among groups of samples with
        a same label.

    random_state : RandomState or an int seed (0 by default)
        A random number generator instance to define the state of the
        random permutations generator.

    verbose : integer, optional
        The verbosity level.

    Returns
    -------
    score : float
        The true score without permuting targets.

    permutation_scores : array, shape (n_permutations,)
        The scores obtained for each permutations.

    pvalue : float
        The returned value equals p-value if `scoring` returns bigger
        numbers for better scores (e.g., accuracy_score). If `scoring` is
        rather a loss function (i.e. when lower is better such as with
        `mean_squared_error`) then this is actually the complement of the
        p-value:  1 - p-value.

    Notes
    -----
    This function implements Test 1 in:

        Ojala and Garriga. Permutation Tests for Studying Classifier
        Performance.  The Journal of Machine Learning Research (2010)
        vol. 11

    """
    X, y = indexable(X, y)
    cv = _check_cv(cv, X, y, classifier=is_classifier(estimator))
    scorer = check_scoring(estimator, scoring=scoring)
    random_state = check_random_state(random_state)

    # We clone the estimator to make sure that all the folds are
    # independent, and that it is pickle-able.
    score = _permutation_test_score(clone(estimator), X, y, cv, scorer)
    permutation_scores = Parallel(n_jobs=n_jobs, verbose=verbose)(
        delayed(_permutation_test_score)(
            clone(estimator), X, _shuffle(y, labels, random_state), cv,
            scorer)
        for _ in range(n_permutations))
    permutation_scores = np.array(permutation_scores)
    pvalue = (np.sum(permutation_scores >= score) + 1.0) / (n_permutations + 1)
    return score, permutation_scores, pvalue


permutation_test_score.__test__ = False  # to avoid a pb with nosetests


def train_test_split(*arrays, **options):
    """Split arrays or matrices into random train and test subsets

    Quick utility that wraps input validation and
    ``next(iter(ShuffleSplit(n_samples)))`` and application to input
    data into a single call for splitting (and optionally subsampling)
    data in a oneliner.

    Parameters
    ----------
    *arrays : sequence of arrays or scipy.sparse matrices with same shape[0]
        Python lists or tuples occurring in arrays are converted to 1D numpy
        arrays.

    test_size : float, int, or None (default is None)
        If float, should be between 0.0 and 1.0 and represent the
        proportion of the dataset to include in the test split. If
        int, represents the absolute number of test samples. If None,
        the value is automatically set to the complement of the train size.
        If train size is also None, test size is set to 0.25.

    train_size : float, int, or None (default is None)
        If float, should be between 0.0 and 1.0 and represent the
        proportion of the dataset to include in the train split. If
        int, represents the absolute number of train samples. If None,
        the value is automatically set to the complement of the test size.

    random_state : int or RandomState
        Pseudo-random number generator state used for random sampling.

    Returns
    -------
    splitting : list of arrays, length=2 * len(arrays)
        List containing train-test split of input array.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> import numpy as np
    >>> from sklearn.cross_validation import train_test_split
    >>> a, b = np.arange(10).reshape((5, 2)), range(5)
    >>> a
    array([[0, 1],
           [2, 3],
           [4, 5],
           [6, 7],
           [8, 9]])
    >>> list(b)
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

    >>> a_train, a_test, b_train, b_test = train_test_split(
    ...     a, b, test_size=0.33, random_state=42)
    ...
    >>> a_train
    array([[4, 5],
           [0, 1],
           [6, 7]])
    >>> b_train
    [2, 0, 3]
    >>> a_test
    array([[2, 3],
           [8, 9]])
    >>> b_test
    [1, 4]

    """
    n_arrays = len(arrays)
    if n_arrays == 0:
        raise ValueError("At least one array required as input")

    test_size = options.pop('test_size', None)
    train_size = options.pop('train_size', None)
    random_state = options.pop('random_state', None)
    dtype = options.pop('dtype', None)
    if dtype is not None:
        warnings.warn("dtype option is ignored and will be removed in 0.18.",
                      DeprecationWarning)

    allow_nd = options.pop('allow_nd', None)
    allow_lists = options.pop('allow_lists', None)

    if allow_lists is not None:
        warnings.warn("The allow_lists option is deprecated and will be "
                      "assumed True in 0.18 and removed.", DeprecationWarning)

    if options:
        raise TypeError("Invalid parameters passed: %s" % str(options))
    if allow_nd is not None:
        warnings.warn("The allow_nd option is deprecated and will be "
                      "assumed True in 0.18 and removed.", DeprecationWarning)
    if allow_lists is False or allow_nd is False:
        arrays = [check_array(x, 'csr', allow_nd=allow_nd,
                              force_all_finite=False, ensure_2d=False) if x is not None else x
                  for x in arrays]

    if test_size is None and train_size is None:
        test_size = 0.25
    arrays = indexable(*arrays)
    n_samples = _num_samples(arrays[0])
    cv = ShuffleSplit(n_samples, test_size=test_size,
                      train_size=train_size,
                      random_state=random_state)

    train, test = next(iter(cv))
    return list(chain.from_iterable((safe_indexing(a, train),
                                     safe_indexing(a, test)) for a in arrays))


train_test_split.__test__ = False  # to avoid a pb with nosetests