wavfile.py

"""
Module to read / write wav files using NumPy arrays

Functions
---------
`read`: Return the sample rate (in samples/sec) and data from a WAV file.

`write`: Write a NumPy array as a WAV file.

"""
import io
import sys
import numpy
import struct
import warnings
from enum import IntEnum


__all__ = [
    'WavFileWarning',
    'read',
    'write'
]


class WavFileWarning(UserWarning):
    pass


class WAVE_FORMAT(IntEnum):
    """
    WAVE form wFormatTag IDs

    Complete list is in mmreg.h in Windows 10 SDK.  ALAC and OPUS are the
    newest additions, in v10.0.14393 2016-07
    """
    UNKNOWN = 0x0000
    PCM = 0x0001
    ADPCM = 0x0002
    IEEE_FLOAT = 0x0003
    VSELP = 0x0004
    IBM_CVSD = 0x0005
    ALAW = 0x0006
    MULAW = 0x0007
    DTS = 0x0008
    DRM = 0x0009
    WMAVOICE9 = 0x000A
    WMAVOICE10 = 0x000B
    OKI_ADPCM = 0x0010
    DVI_ADPCM = 0x0011
    IMA_ADPCM = 0x0011  # Duplicate
    MEDIASPACE_ADPCM = 0x0012
    SIERRA_ADPCM = 0x0013
    G723_ADPCM = 0x0014
    DIGISTD = 0x0015
    DIGIFIX = 0x0016
    DIALOGIC_OKI_ADPCM = 0x0017
    MEDIAVISION_ADPCM = 0x0018
    CU_CODEC = 0x0019
    HP_DYN_VOICE = 0x001A
    YAMAHA_ADPCM = 0x0020
    SONARC = 0x0021
    DSPGROUP_TRUESPEECH = 0x0022
    ECHOSC1 = 0x0023
    AUDIOFILE_AF36 = 0x0024
    APTX = 0x0025
    AUDIOFILE_AF10 = 0x0026
    PROSODY_1612 = 0x0027
    LRC = 0x0028
    DOLBY_AC2 = 0x0030
    GSM610 = 0x0031
    MSNAUDIO = 0x0032
    ANTEX_ADPCME = 0x0033
    CONTROL_RES_VQLPC = 0x0034
    DIGIREAL = 0x0035
    DIGIADPCM = 0x0036
    CONTROL_RES_CR10 = 0x0037
    NMS_VBXADPCM = 0x0038
    CS_IMAADPCM = 0x0039
    ECHOSC3 = 0x003A
    ROCKWELL_ADPCM = 0x003B
    ROCKWELL_DIGITALK = 0x003C
    XEBEC = 0x003D
    G721_ADPCM = 0x0040
    G728_CELP = 0x0041
    MSG723 = 0x0042
    INTEL_G723_1 = 0x0043
    INTEL_G729 = 0x0044
    SHARP_G726 = 0x0045
    MPEG = 0x0050
    RT24 = 0x0052
    PAC = 0x0053
    MPEGLAYER3 = 0x0055
    LUCENT_G723 = 0x0059
    CIRRUS = 0x0060
    ESPCM = 0x0061
    VOXWARE = 0x0062
    CANOPUS_ATRAC = 0x0063
    G726_ADPCM = 0x0064
    G722_ADPCM = 0x0065
    DSAT = 0x0066
    DSAT_DISPLAY = 0x0067
    VOXWARE_BYTE_ALIGNED = 0x0069
    VOXWARE_AC8 = 0x0070
    VOXWARE_AC10 = 0x0071
    VOXWARE_AC16 = 0x0072
    VOXWARE_AC20 = 0x0073
    VOXWARE_RT24 = 0x0074
    VOXWARE_RT29 = 0x0075
    VOXWARE_RT29HW = 0x0076
    VOXWARE_VR12 = 0x0077
    VOXWARE_VR18 = 0x0078
    VOXWARE_TQ40 = 0x0079
    VOXWARE_SC3 = 0x007A
    VOXWARE_SC3_1 = 0x007B
    SOFTSOUND = 0x0080
    VOXWARE_TQ60 = 0x0081
    MSRT24 = 0x0082
    G729A = 0x0083
    MVI_MVI2 = 0x0084
    DF_G726 = 0x0085
    DF_GSM610 = 0x0086
    ISIAUDIO = 0x0088
    ONLIVE = 0x0089
    MULTITUDE_FT_SX20 = 0x008A
    INFOCOM_ITS_G721_ADPCM = 0x008B
    CONVEDIA_G729 = 0x008C
    CONGRUENCY = 0x008D
    SBC24 = 0x0091
    DOLBY_AC3_SPDIF = 0x0092
    MEDIASONIC_G723 = 0x0093
    PROSODY_8KBPS = 0x0094
    ZYXEL_ADPCM = 0x0097
    PHILIPS_LPCBB = 0x0098
    PACKED = 0x0099
    MALDEN_PHONYTALK = 0x00A0
    RACAL_RECORDER_GSM = 0x00A1
    RACAL_RECORDER_G720_A = 0x00A2
    RACAL_RECORDER_G723_1 = 0x00A3
    RACAL_RECORDER_TETRA_ACELP = 0x00A4
    NEC_AAC = 0x00B0
    RAW_AAC1 = 0x00FF
    RHETOREX_ADPCM = 0x0100
    IRAT = 0x0101
    VIVO_G723 = 0x0111
    VIVO_SIREN = 0x0112
    PHILIPS_CELP = 0x0120
    PHILIPS_GRUNDIG = 0x0121
    DIGITAL_G723 = 0x0123
    SANYO_LD_ADPCM = 0x0125
    SIPROLAB_ACEPLNET = 0x0130
    SIPROLAB_ACELP4800 = 0x0131
    SIPROLAB_ACELP8V3 = 0x0132
    SIPROLAB_G729 = 0x0133
    SIPROLAB_G729A = 0x0134
    SIPROLAB_KELVIN = 0x0135
    VOICEAGE_AMR = 0x0136
    G726ADPCM = 0x0140
    DICTAPHONE_CELP68 = 0x0141
    DICTAPHONE_CELP54 = 0x0142
    QUALCOMM_PUREVOICE = 0x0150
    QUALCOMM_HALFRATE = 0x0151
    TUBGSM = 0x0155
    MSAUDIO1 = 0x0160
    WMAUDIO2 = 0x0161
    WMAUDIO3 = 0x0162
    WMAUDIO_LOSSLESS = 0x0163
    WMASPDIF = 0x0164
    UNISYS_NAP_ADPCM = 0x0170
    UNISYS_NAP_ULAW = 0x0171
    UNISYS_NAP_ALAW = 0x0172
    UNISYS_NAP_16K = 0x0173
    SYCOM_ACM_SYC008 = 0x0174
    SYCOM_ACM_SYC701_G726L = 0x0175
    SYCOM_ACM_SYC701_CELP54 = 0x0176
    SYCOM_ACM_SYC701_CELP68 = 0x0177
    KNOWLEDGE_ADVENTURE_ADPCM = 0x0178
    FRAUNHOFER_IIS_MPEG2_AAC = 0x0180
    DTS_DS = 0x0190
    CREATIVE_ADPCM = 0x0200
    CREATIVE_FASTSPEECH8 = 0x0202
    CREATIVE_FASTSPEECH10 = 0x0203
    UHER_ADPCM = 0x0210
    ULEAD_DV_AUDIO = 0x0215
    ULEAD_DV_AUDIO_1 = 0x0216
    QUARTERDECK = 0x0220
    ILINK_VC = 0x0230
    RAW_SPORT = 0x0240
    ESST_AC3 = 0x0241
    GENERIC_PASSTHRU = 0x0249
    IPI_HSX = 0x0250
    IPI_RPELP = 0x0251
    CS2 = 0x0260
    SONY_SCX = 0x0270
    SONY_SCY = 0x0271
    SONY_ATRAC3 = 0x0272
    SONY_SPC = 0x0273
    TELUM_AUDIO = 0x0280
    TELUM_IA_AUDIO = 0x0281
    NORCOM_VOICE_SYSTEMS_ADPCM = 0x0285
    FM_TOWNS_SND = 0x0300
    MICRONAS = 0x0350
    MICRONAS_CELP833 = 0x0351
    BTV_DIGITAL = 0x0400
    INTEL_MUSIC_CODER = 0x0401
    INDEO_AUDIO = 0x0402
    QDESIGN_MUSIC = 0x0450
    ON2_VP7_AUDIO = 0x0500
    ON2_VP6_AUDIO = 0x0501
    VME_VMPCM = 0x0680
    TPC = 0x0681
    LIGHTWAVE_LOSSLESS = 0x08AE
    OLIGSM = 0x1000
    OLIADPCM = 0x1001
    OLICELP = 0x1002
    OLISBC = 0x1003
    OLIOPR = 0x1004
    LH_CODEC = 0x1100
    LH_CODEC_CELP = 0x1101
    LH_CODEC_SBC8 = 0x1102
    LH_CODEC_SBC12 = 0x1103
    LH_CODEC_SBC16 = 0x1104
    NORRIS = 0x1400
    ISIAUDIO_2 = 0x1401
    SOUNDSPACE_MUSICOMPRESS = 0x1500
    MPEG_ADTS_AAC = 0x1600
    MPEG_RAW_AAC = 0x1601
    MPEG_LOAS = 0x1602
    NOKIA_MPEG_ADTS_AAC = 0x1608
    NOKIA_MPEG_RAW_AAC = 0x1609
    VODAFONE_MPEG_ADTS_AAC = 0x160A
    VODAFONE_MPEG_RAW_AAC = 0x160B
    MPEG_HEAAC = 0x1610
    VOXWARE_RT24_SPEECH = 0x181C
    SONICFOUNDRY_LOSSLESS = 0x1971
    INNINGS_TELECOM_ADPCM = 0x1979
    LUCENT_SX8300P = 0x1C07
    LUCENT_SX5363S = 0x1C0C
    CUSEEME = 0x1F03
    NTCSOFT_ALF2CM_ACM = 0x1FC4
    DVM = 0x2000
    DTS2 = 0x2001
    MAKEAVIS = 0x3313
    DIVIO_MPEG4_AAC = 0x4143
    NOKIA_ADAPTIVE_MULTIRATE = 0x4201
    DIVIO_G726 = 0x4243
    LEAD_SPEECH = 0x434C
    LEAD_VORBIS = 0x564C
    WAVPACK_AUDIO = 0x5756
    OGG_VORBIS_MODE_1 = 0x674F
    OGG_VORBIS_MODE_2 = 0x6750
    OGG_VORBIS_MODE_3 = 0x6751
    OGG_VORBIS_MODE_1_PLUS = 0x676F
    OGG_VORBIS_MODE_2_PLUS = 0x6770
    OGG_VORBIS_MODE_3_PLUS = 0x6771
    ALAC = 0x6C61
    _3COM_NBX = 0x7000  # Can't have leading digit
    OPUS = 0x704F
    FAAD_AAC = 0x706D
    AMR_NB = 0x7361
    AMR_WB = 0x7362
    AMR_WP = 0x7363
    GSM_AMR_CBR = 0x7A21
    GSM_AMR_VBR_SID = 0x7A22
    COMVERSE_INFOSYS_G723_1 = 0xA100
    COMVERSE_INFOSYS_AVQSBC = 0xA101
    COMVERSE_INFOSYS_SBC = 0xA102
    SYMBOL_G729_A = 0xA103
    VOICEAGE_AMR_WB = 0xA104
    INGENIENT_G726 = 0xA105
    MPEG4_AAC = 0xA106
    ENCORE_G726 = 0xA107
    ZOLL_ASAO = 0xA108
    SPEEX_VOICE = 0xA109
    VIANIX_MASC = 0xA10A
    WM9_SPECTRUM_ANALYZER = 0xA10B
    WMF_SPECTRUM_ANAYZER = 0xA10C
    GSM_610 = 0xA10D
    GSM_620 = 0xA10E
    GSM_660 = 0xA10F
    GSM_690 = 0xA110
    GSM_ADAPTIVE_MULTIRATE_WB = 0xA111
    POLYCOM_G722 = 0xA112
    POLYCOM_G728 = 0xA113
    POLYCOM_G729_A = 0xA114
    POLYCOM_SIREN = 0xA115
    GLOBAL_IP_ILBC = 0xA116
    RADIOTIME_TIME_SHIFT_RADIO = 0xA117
    NICE_ACA = 0xA118
    NICE_ADPCM = 0xA119
    VOCORD_G721 = 0xA11A
    VOCORD_G726 = 0xA11B
    VOCORD_G722_1 = 0xA11C
    VOCORD_G728 = 0xA11D
    VOCORD_G729 = 0xA11E
    VOCORD_G729_A = 0xA11F
    VOCORD_G723_1 = 0xA120
    VOCORD_LBC = 0xA121
    NICE_G728 = 0xA122
    FRACE_TELECOM_G729 = 0xA123
    CODIAN = 0xA124
    FLAC = 0xF1AC
    EXTENSIBLE = 0xFFFE
    DEVELOPMENT = 0xFFFF


KNOWN_WAVE_FORMATS = {WAVE_FORMAT.PCM, WAVE_FORMAT.IEEE_FLOAT}


def _raise_bad_format(format_tag):
    try:
        format_name = WAVE_FORMAT(format_tag).name
    except ValueError:
        format_name = f'{format_tag:#06x}'
    raise ValueError(f"Unknown wave file format: {format_name}. Supported "
                     "formats: " +
                     ', '.join(x.name for x in KNOWN_WAVE_FORMATS))


def _read_fmt_chunk(fid, is_big_endian):
    """
    Returns
    -------
    size : int
        size of format subchunk in bytes (minus 8 for "fmt " and itself)
    format_tag : int
        PCM, float, or compressed format
    channels : int
        number of channels
    fs : int
        sampling frequency in samples per second
    bytes_per_second : int
        overall byte rate for the file
    block_align : int
        bytes per sample, including all channels
    bit_depth : int
        bits per sample

    Notes
    -----
    Assumes file pointer is immediately after the 'fmt ' id
    """
    if is_big_endian:
        fmt = '>'
    else:
        fmt = '<'

    size = struct.unpack(fmt+'I', fid.read(4))[0]

    if size < 16:
        raise ValueError("Binary structure of wave file is not compliant")

    res = struct.unpack(fmt+'HHIIHH', fid.read(16))
    bytes_read = 16

    format_tag, channels, fs, bytes_per_second, block_align, bit_depth = res

    if format_tag == WAVE_FORMAT.EXTENSIBLE and size >= (16+2):
        ext_chunk_size = struct.unpack(fmt+'H', fid.read(2))[0]
        bytes_read += 2
        if ext_chunk_size >= 22:
            extensible_chunk_data = fid.read(22)
            bytes_read += 22
            raw_guid = extensible_chunk_data[2+4:2+4+16]
            # GUID template {XXXXXXXX-0000-0010-8000-00AA00389B71} (RFC-2361)
            # MS GUID byte order: first three groups are native byte order,
            # rest is Big Endian
            if is_big_endian:
                tail = b'\x00\x00\x00\x10\x80\x00\x00\xAA\x00\x38\x9B\x71'
            else:
                tail = b'\x00\x00\x10\x00\x80\x00\x00\xAA\x00\x38\x9B\x71'
            if raw_guid.endswith(tail):
                format_tag = struct.unpack(fmt+'I', raw_guid[:4])[0]
        else:
            raise ValueError("Binary structure of wave file is not compliant")

    if format_tag not in KNOWN_WAVE_FORMATS:
        _raise_bad_format(format_tag)

    # move file pointer to next chunk
    if size > bytes_read:
        fid.read(size - bytes_read)

    # fmt should always be 16, 18 or 40, but handle it just in case
    _handle_pad_byte(fid, size)

    if format_tag == WAVE_FORMAT.PCM:
        if bytes_per_second != fs * block_align:
            raise ValueError("WAV header is invalid: nAvgBytesPerSec must"
                             " equal product of nSamplesPerSec and"
                             " nBlockAlign, but file has nSamplesPerSec ="
                             f" {fs}, nBlockAlign = {block_align}, and"
                             f" nAvgBytesPerSec = {bytes_per_second}")

    return (size, format_tag, channels, fs, bytes_per_second, block_align,
            bit_depth)


def _read_data_chunk(fid, format_tag, channels, bit_depth, is_big_endian,
                     block_align, mmap=False):
    """
    Notes
    -----
    Assumes file pointer is immediately after the 'data' id

    It's possible to not use all available bits in a container, or to store
    samples in a container bigger than necessary, so bytes_per_sample uses
    the actual reported container size (nBlockAlign / nChannels).  Real-world
    examples:

    Adobe Audition's "24-bit packed int (type 1, 20-bit)"

        nChannels = 2, nBlockAlign = 6, wBitsPerSample = 20

    http://www-mmsp.ece.mcgill.ca/Documents/AudioFormats/WAVE/Samples/AFsp/M1F1-int12-AFsp.wav
    is:

        nChannels = 2, nBlockAlign = 4, wBitsPerSample = 12

    http://www-mmsp.ece.mcgill.ca/Documents/AudioFormats/WAVE/Docs/multichaudP.pdf
    gives an example of:

        nChannels = 2, nBlockAlign = 8, wBitsPerSample = 20
    """
    if is_big_endian:
        fmt = '>'
    else:
        fmt = '<'

    # Size of the data subchunk in bytes
    size = struct.unpack(fmt+'I', fid.read(4))[0]

    # Number of bytes per sample (sample container size)
    bytes_per_sample = block_align // channels
    n_samples = size // bytes_per_sample

    if format_tag == WAVE_FORMAT.PCM:
        if 1 <= bit_depth <= 8:
            dtype = 'u1'  # WAV of 8-bit integer or less are unsigned
        elif bytes_per_sample in {3, 5, 6, 7}:
            # No compatible dtype.  Load as raw bytes for reshaping later.
            dtype = 'V1'
        elif bit_depth <= 64:
            # Remaining bit depths can map directly to signed numpy dtypes
            dtype = f'{fmt}i{bytes_per_sample}'
        else:
            raise ValueError("Unsupported bit depth: the WAV file "
                             f"has {bit_depth}-bit integer data.")
    elif format_tag == WAVE_FORMAT.IEEE_FLOAT:
        if bit_depth in {32, 64}:
            dtype = f'{fmt}f{bytes_per_sample}'
        else:
            raise ValueError("Unsupported bit depth: the WAV file "
                             f"has {bit_depth}-bit floating-point data.")
    else:
        _raise_bad_format(format_tag)

    start = fid.tell()
    if not mmap:
        try:
            count = size if dtype == 'V1' else n_samples
            data = numpy.fromfile(fid, dtype=dtype, count=count)
        except io.UnsupportedOperation:  # not a C-like file
            fid.seek(start, 0)  # just in case it seeked, though it shouldn't
            data = numpy.frombuffer(fid.read(size), dtype=dtype)

        if dtype == 'V1':
            # Rearrange raw bytes into smallest compatible numpy dtype
            dt = f'{fmt}i4' if bytes_per_sample == 3 else f'{fmt}i8'
            a = numpy.zeros((len(data) // bytes_per_sample, numpy.dtype(dt).itemsize),
                            dtype='V1')
            if is_big_endian:
                a[:, :bytes_per_sample] = data.reshape((-1, bytes_per_sample))
            else:
                a[:, -bytes_per_sample:] = data.reshape((-1, bytes_per_sample))
            data = a.view(dt).reshape(a.shape[:-1])
    else:
        if bytes_per_sample in {1, 2, 4, 8}:
            start = fid.tell()
            data = numpy.memmap(fid, dtype=dtype, mode='c', offset=start,
                                shape=(n_samples,))
            fid.seek(start + size)
        else:
            raise ValueError("mmap=True not compatible with "
                             f"{bytes_per_sample}-byte container size.")

    _handle_pad_byte(fid, size)

    if channels > 1:
        data = data.reshape(-1, channels)
    return data


def _skip_unknown_chunk(fid, is_big_endian):
    if is_big_endian:
        fmt = '>I'
    else:
        fmt = '<I'

    data = fid.read(4)
    # call unpack() and seek() only if we have really read data from file
    # otherwise empty read at the end of the file would trigger
    # unnecessary exception at unpack() call
    # in case data equals somehow to 0, there is no need for seek() anyway
    if data:
        size = struct.unpack(fmt, data)[0]
        fid.seek(size, 1)
        _handle_pad_byte(fid, size)


def _read_riff_chunk(fid):
    str1 = fid.read(4)  # File signature
    if str1 == b'RIFF':
        is_big_endian = False
        fmt = '<I'
    elif str1 == b'RIFX':
        is_big_endian = True
        fmt = '>I'
    else:
        # There are also .wav files with "FFIR" or "XFIR" signatures?
        raise ValueError(f"File format {repr(str1)} not understood. Only "
                         "'RIFF' and 'RIFX' supported.")

    # Size of entire file
    file_size = struct.unpack(fmt, fid.read(4))[0] + 8

    str2 = fid.read(4)
    if str2 != b'WAVE':
        raise ValueError(f"Not a WAV file. RIFF form type is {repr(str2)}.")

    return file_size, is_big_endian


def _handle_pad_byte(fid, size):
    # "If the chunk size is an odd number of bytes, a pad byte with value zero
    # is written after ckData." So we need to seek past this after each chunk.
    if size % 2:
        fid.seek(1, 1)


def read(filename, mmap=False):
    """
    Open a WAV file.

    Return the sample rate (in samples/sec) and data from an LPCM WAV file.

    Parameters
    ----------
    filename : string or open file handle
        Input WAV file.
    mmap : bool, optional
        Whether to read data as memory-mapped (default: False).  Not compatible
        with some bit depths; see Notes.  Only to be used on real files.

        .. versionadded:: 0.12.0

    Returns
    -------
    rate : int
        Sample rate of WAV file.
    data : numpy array
        Data read from WAV file. Data-type is determined from the file;
        see Notes.  Data is 1-D for 1-channel WAV, or 2-D of shape
        (Nsamples, Nchannels) otherwise. If a file-like input without a
        C-like file descriptor (e.g., :class:`python:io.BytesIO`) is
        passed, this will not be writeable.

    Notes
    -----
    Common data types: [1]_

    =====================  ===========  ===========  =============
         WAV format            Min          Max       NumPy dtype
    =====================  ===========  ===========  =============
    32-bit floating-point  -1.0         +1.0         float32
    32-bit integer PCM     -2147483648  +2147483647  int32
    24-bit integer PCM     -2147483648  +2147483392  int32
    16-bit integer PCM     -32768       +32767       int16
    8-bit integer PCM      0            255          uint8
    =====================  ===========  ===========  =============

    WAV files can specify arbitrary bit depth, and this function supports
    reading any integer PCM depth from 1 to 64 bits.  Data is returned in the
    smallest compatible numpy int type, in left-justified format.  8-bit and
    lower is unsigned, while 9-bit and higher is signed.

    For example, 24-bit data will be stored as int32, with the MSB of the
    24-bit data stored at the MSB of the int32, and typically the least
    significant byte is 0x00.  (However, if a file actually contains data past
    its specified bit depth, those bits will be read and output, too. [2]_)

    This bit justification and sign matches WAV's native internal format, which
    allows memory mapping of WAV files that use 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes per sample
    (so 24-bit files cannot be memory-mapped, but 32-bit can).

    IEEE float PCM in 32- or 64-bit format is supported, with or without mmap.
    Values exceeding [-1, +1] are not clipped.

    Non-linear PCM (mu-law, A-law) is not supported.

    References
    ----------
    .. [1] IBM Corporation and Microsoft Corporation, "Multimedia Programming
       Interface and Data Specifications 1.0", section "Data Format of the
       Samples", August 1991
       http://www.tactilemedia.com/info/MCI_Control_Info.html
    .. [2] Adobe Systems Incorporated, "Adobe Audition 3 User Guide", section
       "Audio file formats: 24-bit Packed Int (type 1, 20-bit)", 2007

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from os.path import dirname, join as pjoin
    >>> from scipy.io import wavfile
    >>> import scipy.io

    Get the filename for an example .wav file from the tests/data directory.

    >>> data_dir = pjoin(dirname(scipy.io.__file__), 'tests', 'data')
    >>> wav_fname = pjoin(data_dir, 'test-44100Hz-2ch-32bit-float-be.wav')

    Load the .wav file contents.

    >>> samplerate, data = wavfile.read(wav_fname)
    >>> print(f"number of channels = {data.shape[1]}")
    number of channels = 2
    >>> length = data.shape[0] / samplerate
    >>> print(f"length = {length}s")
    length = 0.01s

    Plot the waveform.

    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    >>> import numpy as np
    >>> time = np.linspace(0., length, data.shape[0])
    >>> plt.plot(time, data[:, 0], label="Left channel")
    >>> plt.plot(time, data[:, 1], label="Right channel")
    >>> plt.legend()
    >>> plt.xlabel("Time [s]")
    >>> plt.ylabel("Amplitude")
    >>> plt.show()

    """
    if hasattr(filename, 'read'):
        fid = filename
        mmap = False
    else:
        fid = open(filename, 'rb')

    try:
        file_size, is_big_endian = _read_riff_chunk(fid)
        fmt_chunk_received = False
        data_chunk_received = False
        while fid.tell() < file_size:
            # read the next chunk
            chunk_id = fid.read(4)

            if not chunk_id:
                if data_chunk_received:
                    # End of file but data successfully read
                    warnings.warn(
                        "Reached EOF prematurely; finished at {:d} bytes, "
                        "expected {:d} bytes from header."
                        .format(fid.tell(), file_size),
                        WavFileWarning, stacklevel=2)
                    break
                else:
                    raise ValueError("Unexpected end of file.")
            elif len(chunk_id) < 4:
                msg = f"Incomplete chunk ID: {repr(chunk_id)}"
                # If we have the data, ignore the broken chunk
                if fmt_chunk_received and data_chunk_received:
                    warnings.warn(msg + ", ignoring it.", WavFileWarning,
                                  stacklevel=2)
                else:
                    raise ValueError(msg)

            if chunk_id == b'fmt ':
                fmt_chunk_received = True
                fmt_chunk = _read_fmt_chunk(fid, is_big_endian)
                format_tag, channels, fs = fmt_chunk[1:4]
                bit_depth = fmt_chunk[6]
                block_align = fmt_chunk[5]
            elif chunk_id == b'fact':
                _skip_unknown_chunk(fid, is_big_endian)
            elif chunk_id == b'data':
                data_chunk_received = True
                if not fmt_chunk_received:
                    raise ValueError("No fmt chunk before data")
                data = _read_data_chunk(fid, format_tag, channels, bit_depth,
                                        is_big_endian, block_align, mmap)
            elif chunk_id == b'LIST':
                # Someday this could be handled properly but for now skip it
                _skip_unknown_chunk(fid, is_big_endian)
            elif chunk_id in {b'JUNK', b'Fake'}:
                # Skip alignment chunks without warning
                _skip_unknown_chunk(fid, is_big_endian)
            else:
                warnings.warn("Chunk (non-data) not understood, skipping it.",
                              WavFileWarning, stacklevel=2)
                _skip_unknown_chunk(fid, is_big_endian)
    finally:
        if not hasattr(filename, 'read'):
            fid.close()
        else:
            fid.seek(0)

    return fs, data


def write(filename, rate, data):
    """
    Write a NumPy array as a WAV file.

    Parameters
    ----------
    filename : string or open file handle
        Output wav file.
    rate : int
        The sample rate (in samples/sec).
    data : ndarray
        A 1-D or 2-D NumPy array of either integer or float data-type.

    Notes
    -----
    * Writes a simple uncompressed WAV file.
    * To write multiple-channels, use a 2-D array of shape
      (Nsamples, Nchannels).
    * The bits-per-sample and PCM/float will be determined by the data-type.

    Common data types: [1]_

    =====================  ===========  ===========  =============
         WAV format            Min          Max       NumPy dtype
    =====================  ===========  ===========  =============
    32-bit floating-point  -1.0         +1.0         float32
    32-bit PCM             -2147483648  +2147483647  int32
    16-bit PCM             -32768       +32767       int16
    8-bit PCM              0            255          uint8
    =====================  ===========  ===========  =============

    Note that 8-bit PCM is unsigned.

    References
    ----------
    .. [1] IBM Corporation and Microsoft Corporation, "Multimedia Programming
       Interface and Data Specifications 1.0", section "Data Format of the
       Samples", August 1991
       http://www.tactilemedia.com/info/MCI_Control_Info.html

    Examples
    --------
    Create a 100Hz sine wave, sampled at 44100Hz.
    Write to 16-bit PCM, Mono.

    >>> from scipy.io.wavfile import write
    >>> import numpy as np
    >>> samplerate = 44100; fs = 100
    >>> t = np.linspace(0., 1., samplerate)
    >>> amplitude = np.iinfo(np.int16).max
    >>> data = amplitude * np.sin(2. * np.pi * fs * t)
    >>> write("example.wav", samplerate, data.astype(np.int16))

    """
    if hasattr(filename, 'write'):
        fid = filename
    else:
        fid = open(filename, 'wb')

    fs = rate

    try:
        dkind = data.dtype.kind
        if not (dkind == 'i' or dkind == 'f' or (dkind == 'u' and
                                                 data.dtype.itemsize == 1)):
            raise ValueError("Unsupported data type '%s'" % data.dtype)

        header_data = b''

        header_data += b'RIFF'
        header_data += b'\x00\x00\x00\x00'
        header_data += b'WAVE'

        # fmt chunk
        header_data += b'fmt '
        if dkind == 'f':
            format_tag = WAVE_FORMAT.IEEE_FLOAT
        else:
            format_tag = WAVE_FORMAT.PCM
        if data.ndim == 1:
            channels = 1
        else:
            channels = data.shape[1]
        bit_depth = data.dtype.itemsize * 8
        bytes_per_second = fs*(bit_depth // 8)*channels
        block_align = channels * (bit_depth // 8)

        fmt_chunk_data = struct.pack('<HHIIHH', format_tag, channels, fs,
                                     bytes_per_second, block_align, bit_depth)
        if not (dkind == 'i' or dkind == 'u'):
            # add cbSize field for non-PCM files
            fmt_chunk_data += b'\x00\x00'

        header_data += struct.pack('<I', len(fmt_chunk_data))
        header_data += fmt_chunk_data

        # fact chunk (non-PCM files)
        if not (dkind == 'i' or dkind == 'u'):
            header_data += b'fact'
            header_data += struct.pack('<II', 4, data.shape[0])

        # check data size (needs to be immediately before the data chunk)
        if ((len(header_data)-4-4) + (4+4+data.nbytes)) > 0xFFFFFFFF:
            raise ValueError("Data exceeds wave file size limit")

        fid.write(header_data)

        # data chunk
        fid.write(b'data')
        fid.write(struct.pack('<I', data.nbytes))
        if data.dtype.byteorder == '>' or (data.dtype.byteorder == '=' and
                                           sys.byteorder == 'big'):
            data = data.byteswap()
        _array_tofile(fid, data)

        # Determine file size and place it in correct
        #  position at start of the file.
        size = fid.tell()
        fid.seek(4)
        fid.write(struct.pack('<I', size-8))

    finally:
        if not hasattr(filename, 'write'):
            fid.close()
        else:
            fid.seek(0)


def _array_tofile(fid, data):
    # ravel gives a c-contiguous buffer
    fid.write(data.ravel().view('b').data)