ans.bst

%% #define NSE 1        % Fri Jun 15 10:51:17 1990
%% #include "TEX$ROOT:[BIBTEX]PHYSICS.BTX"
    % Please notify Charles Karney (Karney@Princeton.EDU)
    % of any bugs, improvements, etc.

    % For Nuclear Science and Engineering
    % Changes made by Paul K. Romano to match style for Nucl. Sci. Eng.
    % Sep. 19, 2010
    %   - Added FUNCTION quote and used on format.title
    %   - In FUNCTION article, added title
    %   - Emphasized journal name in FUNCTION article
    %   - changed FUNCTION format.names to make author names all caps
    % Feb. 13, 2012
    %   - Removed "Technical Report" prefix
    %   - Year for technical report in parentheses
    % Jun. 29, 2012
    %   - Changed format.title to preserve capitalization

    % version 0.99b for BibTeX versions 0.99a or later, LaTeX version 2.09.
    % Copyright (C) 1985, all rights reserved.
    % Copying of this file is authorized only if either
    % (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or
    % (2) if you do make changes, you name it something other than
    % btxbst.doc, plain.bst, unsrt.bst, alpha.bst, and abbrv.bst.
    % This restriction helps ensure that all standard styles are identical.
    % The file btxbst.doc has the documentation for this style.

ENTRY
% Fields:
  { address
%           Usually the address of a publisher or other type of organization.
%           Put information in this field only if it helps the reader find the
%           thing---for example you should omit the address of a major
%           publisher entirely.  For a PROCEEDINGS or an INPROCEEDINGS,
%           however, it's the address of the conference; for those two entry
%           types, include the publisher's or organization's address, if
%           necessary, in the publisher or organization field.
%    annote
%           Long annotation---for annotated bibliographies (begins sentence).
    author
%           Name(s) of author(s), in BibTeX name format.
    booktitle
%           Book title when the thing being referenced isn't the whole book.
%           For book entries, the title field should be used instead.
    chapter
%           Chapter (or section or whatever) number.
    edition
%           Edition of a book---should be an ordinal (e.g., "Second").
    editor
%           Name(s) of editor(s), in BibTeX name format.
%           If there is also an author field, then the editor field should be
%           for the book or collection that the work appears in.
    howpublished
%            How something strange has been published (begins sentence).
    institution
%           Sponsoring institution of a technical report.
    journal
%           Journal name (macros are provided for many).
    key
%           Alphabetizing, labeling, and cross-referencing key
%           (needed when an entry has no author or editor).
    month
%           Month (macros are provided).
    note
%           To help the reader find a reference (begins sentence).
    number
%           Number of a journal or technical report, or of a work in a series.
    organization
%           Organization sponsoring a conference (or publishing a manual); if
%           the editor (or author) is empty, and if the organization produces
%           an awkward label or cross reference, you should put appropriately
%           condensed organization information in the key field as well.
    pages
%           Page number or numbers (use `--' to separate a range, use `+'
%           to indicate pages following that don't form a simple range).
    publisher
%           Publisher name.
    school
%           School name (for theses).
    series
%           The name of a series or set of books.
%           An individual book will will also have it's own title.
    title
%           The title of the thing you're referred to.
    type
%           Type of a Techreport (e.g., "Research Note") to be used instead of
%           the default "Technical Report"; or, similarly, the type of a
%           thesis; or of a part of a book.
    volume
%           The volume number of a journal or multivolume work.
    year
%           The year should contain only numerals (technically, it should end
%           with four numerals, after purification; doesn't a begin sentence).
  }
% There are no integer entry variables
  {}
% These string entry variables are used to form the citation label.
% In a storage pinch, sort.label can be easily computed on the fly.
  { label }

% Each entry function starts by calling output.bibitem, to write the
% \bibitem and its arguments to the .BBL file.  Then the various fields
% are formatted and printed by output or output.check.  Those functions
% handle the writing of separators (commas, periods, \newblock's),
% taking care not to do so when they are passed a null string.
% Finally, fin.entry is called to add the final period and finish the
% entry.
%
% A bibliographic reference is formatted into a number of `blocks':
% in the open format, a block begins on a new line and subsequent
% lines of the block are indented.  A block may contain more than
% one sentence (well, not a grammatical sentence, but something to
% be ended with a sentence ending period).  The entry functions should
% call new.block whenever a block other than the first is about to be
% started.  They should call new.sentence whenever a new sentence is
% to be started.  The output functions will ensure that if two
% new.sentence's occur without any non-null string being output between
% them then there won't be two periods output.  Similarly for two
% successive new.block's.
%
% The output routines don't write their argument immediately.
% Instead, by convention, that argument is saved on the stack to be
% output next time (when we'll know what separator needs to come
% after it).  Meanwhile, the output routine has to pop the pending
% output off the stack, append any needed separator, and write it.
%
% To tell which separator is needed, we maintain an output.state.
% It will be one of these values:
%       before.all              just after the \bibitem
%       mid.sentence            in the middle of a sentence: comma needed
%                                       if more sentence is output
%       after.sentence          just after a sentence: period needed
%       after.block             just after a block (and sentence):
%                                       period and \newblock needed.
% Note: These styles don't use after.sentence
%
% VAR: output.state : INTEGER           -- state variable for output
%
% The output.nonnull function saves its argument (assumed to be nonnull)
% on the stack, and writes the old saved value followed by any needed
% separator.  The ordering of the tests is decreasing frequency of
% occurrence.
%
% output.nonnull(s) ==
%  BEGIN
%       s := argument on stack
%       if output.state = mid.sentence then
%           write$(pop() * ", ")
%                 -- "pop" isn't a function: just use stack top
%       else
%           if output.state = after.block then
%               write$(add.period$(pop()))
%               newline$
%               write$("\newblock ")
%           else
%               if output.state = before.all then
%                   write$(pop())
%               else        -- output.state should be after.sentence
%                   write$(add.period$(pop()) * " ")
%               fi
%           fi
%           output.state := mid.sentence
%       fi
%       push s on stack
%  END
%
% The output function calls output.nonnull if its argument is non-empty;
% its argument may be a missing field (thus, not necessarily a string)
%
% output(s) ==
%  BEGIN
%       if not empty$(s) then output.nonnull(s)
%       fi
%  END
%
% The output.check function is the same as the output function except that, if
% necessary, output.check warns the user that the t field shouldn't be empty
% (this is because it probably won't be a good reference without the field;
% the entry functions try to make the formatting look reasonable even when
% such fields are empty).
%
% output.check(s,t) ==
%  BEGIN
%       if empty$(s) then
%           warning$("empty " * t * " in " * cite$)
%       else output.nonnull(s)
%       fi
%  END
%
% The output.bibitem function writes the \bibitem for the current entry
% (the label should already have been set up), and sets up the separator
% state for the output functions.  And, it leaves a string on the stack
% as per the output convention.
%
% output.bibitem ==
%  BEGIN
%       newline$
%       write$("\bibitem[")     % for alphabetic labels,
%       write$(label)           % these three lines
%       write$("]{")            % are used
%       write$("\bibitem{")             % this line for numeric labels
%       write$(cite$)
%       write$("}")
%       push "" on stack
%       output.state := before.all
%  END
%
% The fin.entry function finishes off an entry by adding a period to the
% string remaining on the stack.  If the state is still before.all
% then nothing was produced for this entry, so the result will look bad,
% but the user deserves it. (We don't omit the whole entry because the
% entry was cited, and a bibitem is needed to define the citation label.)
%
% fin.entry ==
%  BEGIN
%       write$(add.period$(pop()))
%       newline$
%  END
%
% The new.block function prepares for a new block to be output, and
% new.sentence prepares for a new sentence.
%
% new.block ==
%  BEGIN
%       if output.state <> before.all then
%           output.state := after.block
%       fi
%  END
%
% new.sentence ==
%  BEGIN
%       if output.state <> after.block then
%           if output.state <> before.all then
%               output.state :=  after.sentence
%           fi
%       fi
%  END
%

INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block }

FUNCTION {init.state.consts}
{ #0 'before.all :=
  #1 'mid.sentence :=
  #2 'after.sentence :=
  #3 'after.block :=
}

% These three functions pop one or two (integer) arguments from the stack
% and push a single one, either 0 or 1.
% The 'skip$ in the `and' and `or' functions are used because
% the corresponding if$ would be idempotent

FUNCTION {not}
{   { #0 }
    { #1 }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {and}
{   'skip$
    { pop$ #0 }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {or}
{   { pop$ #1 }
    'skip$
  if$
}

% Count the real number of characters in a string

INTEGERS { l }
FUNCTION {string.length} {
  #1 'l :=
  { duplicate$ l #1 substring$ "" = not }
  { l #1 + 'l := }
  while$
  pop$
  l #1 -
}

% Checks if the variable on top of the stack ends with a quote. If so, it adds
% #1 on top of the stack, otherwise, it adds #0.

FUNCTION {ends.with.quote}
{ duplicate$ duplicate$ string.length #1 - #2 substring$ "''" = }

% the variables s and t are temporary string holders

STRINGS { s t }

FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
{ 's :=
  output.state mid.sentence =
    { ends.with.quote
        { " "  * write$ }
        { ", " * write$ }
      if$
    }
    { output.state after.block =
        { ends.with.quote
            { write$ }
            { "," * write$ }
          if$
          newline$
          "\newblock " write$
        }
        { output.state before.all =
            'write$
            { add.period$ " " * write$ }
          if$
        }
      if$
      mid.sentence 'output.state :=
    }
  if$
  s
}

FUNCTION {output}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    'pop$
    'output.nonnull
  if$
}

FUNCTION {output.check}
{ 't :=
  duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
    'output.nonnull
  if$
}

FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
{ newline$
  "\bibitem{" write$
  cite$ write$
  "}" write$
  newline$
  ""
  before.all 'output.state :=
}

% This function finishes all entries.

FUNCTION {fin.entry}
{ add.period$
  write$
  newline$
}

FUNCTION {new.block}
{ output.state before.all =
    'skip$
    { after.block 'output.state := }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {new.sentence}
{ skip$
}

% Sometimes we begin a new block only if the block will be big enough.  The
% new.block.checka function issues a new.block if its argument is nonempty;
% new.block.checkb does the same if either of its TWO arguments is nonempty.

FUNCTION {new.block.checka}
{ empty$
    'skip$
    'new.block
  if$
}

FUNCTION {new.block.checkb}
{ empty$
  swap$ empty$
  and
    'skip$
    'new.block
  if$
}

% The new.sentence.check functions are analogous.

FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka}
{ empty$
    'skip$
    'new.sentence
  if$
}

FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb}
{ empty$
  swap$ empty$
  and
    'skip$
    'new.sentence
  if$
}

% Here are some functions for formatting chunks of an entry.
% By convention they either produce a string that can be followed by
% a comma or period (using add.period$, so it is OK to end in a period),
% or they produce the null string.
%
% A useful utility is the field.or.null function, which checks if the
% argument is the result of pushing a `missing' field (one for which no
% assignment was made when the current entry was read in from the database)
% or the result of pushing a string having no non-white-space characters.
% It returns the null string if so, otherwise it returns the field string.
% Its main (but not only) purpose is to guarantee that what's left on the
% stack is a string rather than a missing field.
%
% field.or.null(s) ==
%  BEGIN
%       if empty$(s) then return ""
%       else return s
%  END
%
% Another helper function is emphasize, which returns the argument emphazised,
% if that is non-empty, otherwise it returns the null string.  Italic
% corrections aren't used, so this function should be used when punctation
% will follow the result.
%
% emphasize(s) ==
%  BEGIN
%       if empty$(s) then return ""
%       else return "{\em " * s * "}"
%
% The format.names function formats the argument (which should be in
% BibTeX name format) into "First Von Last, Junior", separated by commas
% and with an "and" before the last (but ending with "et~al." if the last
% of multiple authors is "others").  This function's argument should always
% contain at least one name.
%
% VAR: nameptr, namesleft, numnames: INTEGER
% pseudoVAR: nameresult: STRING         (it's what's accumulated on the stack)
%
% format.names(s) ==
%  BEGIN
%       nameptr := 1
%       numnames := num.names$(s)
%       namesleft := numnames
%       while namesleft > 0
%         do
%                               % for full names:
%           t := format.name$(s, nameptr, "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}")
%                               % for abbreviated first names:
%           t := format.name$(s, nameptr, "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}")
%           if nameptr > 1 then
%               if namesleft > 1 then nameresult := nameresult * ", " * t
%               else if numnames > 2
%                      then nameresult := nameresult * ","
%                    fi
%                    if t = "others"
%                      then nameresult := nameresult * " et~al."
%                      else nameresult := nameresult * " and " * t
%                    fi
%               fi
%           else nameresult := t
%           fi
%           nameptr := nameptr + 1
%           namesleft := namesleft - 1
%         od
%       return nameresult
%  END
%
% The format.authors function returns the result of format.names(author)
% if the author is present, or else it returns the null string
%
% format.authors ==
%  BEGIN
%       if empty$(author) then return ""
%       else return format.names(author)
%       fi
%  END
%
% Format.editors is like format.authors, but it uses the editor field,
% and appends ", editor" or ", editors"
%
% format.editors ==
%  BEGIN
%       if empty$(editor) then return ""
%       else
%           if num.names$(editor) > 1 then
%               return format.names(editor) * ", editors"
%           else
%               return format.names(editor) * ", editor"
%           fi
%       fi
%  END
%
% Other formatting functions are similar, so no "comment version" will be
% given for them.
%
% The `pop$' in this function gets rid of the duplicate `empty' value and
% the `skip$' returns the duplicate field value

FUNCTION {field.or.null}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    'skip$
  if$
}

FUNCTION {emphasize}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    { "{\em " swap$ * "}" * }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {caps}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    { "{\sc " swap$ * "}" * }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {embolden}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    { "{\bf " swap$ * "}" * }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {paren}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    { "(" swap$ * ")" * }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {quote}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    { "``" swap$ * ",''" * }
  if$
}


INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }

INTEGERS { etal }

FUNCTION {format.names}
{ 's :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames #5 >
  s numnames "{ll}" format.name$ "others" = numnames #1 > and
  or 'etal :=
  etal
    { #1 #1 + 'namesleft := }
    { numnames 'namesleft := }
  if$
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { s nameptr "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't :=
      t "others" =
        'skip$
        { t "u" change.case$ 't := }
      if$
      nameptr #1 >
    { namesleft #1 >
        { ", " * t * }
        { nameptr #2 >
        { "," * }
        'skip$
          if$
          t "others" =
          etal or
        { " et~al." * }
        { " and " * t * }
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
    't
      if$
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
    }
  while$
}

FUNCTION {format.authors}
{ author empty$
    { "" }
    { author format.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.editors}
{ editor empty$
    { "" }
    { editor format.names
      editor num.names$ #1 >
        { ", editors" * }
        { ", editor" * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.edited}
{ editor empty$
    { "" }
    { "edited by " editor format.names * }
  if$
}


% The format.title function is used for non-book-like titles.

FUNCTION {format.title}
{ title empty$
    { "" }
    { title quote }
  if$
}

% By default, BibTeX sets the global integer variable global.max$ to the BibTeX
% constant glob_str_size, the maximum length of a global string variable.
% Analogously, BibTeX sets the global integer variable entry.max$ to
% ent_str_size, the maximum length of an entry string variable.
% The style designer may change these if necessary (but this is unlikely)

% The n.dashify function makes each single `-' in a string a double `--'
% if it's not already
%
% pseudoVAR: pageresult: STRING         (it's what's accumulated on the stack)
%
% n.dashify(s) ==
%  BEGIN
%       t := s
%       pageresult := ""
%       while (not empty$(t))
%         do
%           if (first character of t = "-")
%             then
%               if (next character isn't)
%                 then
%                   pageresult := pageresult * "--"
%                   t := t with the "-" removed
%                 else
%                   while (first character of t = "-")
%                     do
%                       pageresult := pageresult * "-"
%                       t := t with the "-" removed
%                     od
%               fi
%             else
%               pageresult := pageresult * the first character
%               t := t with the first character removed
%           fi
%         od
%       return pageresult
%  END

FUNCTION {n.dashify}
{ 't :=
  ""
    { t empty$ not }
    { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
        { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
            { "--" *
              t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
            }
            {   { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
                { "-" *
                  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
                }
              while$
            }
          if$
        }
        { t #1 #1 substring$ *
          t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
        }
      if$
    }
  while$
}

FUNCTION {first.page}
{ 't :=
  ""
    {  t empty$ not t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = not and }
    { t #1 #1 substring$ *
      t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
    }
  while$
}

% The format.date function is for the month and year, but we give a warning if
% there's an empty year but the month is there, and we return the empty string
% if they're both empty.

FUNCTION {format.date}
{ year empty$
    { "" }
    'year
  if$
}

% The format.btitle is for formatting the title field when it is a book-like
% entry---the style used here keeps it in uppers-and-lowers and emphasizes it.

FUNCTION {format.btitle}
{ title emphasize
}

% For several functions we'll need to connect two strings with a
% tie (~) if the second one isn't very long (fewer than 3 characters).
% The tie.or.space.connect function does that.  It concatenates the two
% strings on top of the stack, along with either a tie or space between
% them, and puts this concatenation back onto the stack:
%
% tie.or.space.connect(str1,str2) ==
%    BEGIN
%       if text.length$(str2) < 3
%         then return the concatenation of str1, "~", and str2
%         else return the concatenation of str1, " ", and str2
%    END

FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect}
{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
    { "~" }
    { " " }
  if$
  swap$ * *
}

% The either.or.check function complains if both fields or an either-or pair
% are nonempty.
%
% either.or.check(t,s) ==
%  BEGIN
%       if empty$(s) then
%           warning$(can't use both " * t * " fields in " * cite$)
%       fi
%  END

FUNCTION {either.or.check}
{ empty$
    'pop$
    { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
  if$
}

% The format.bvolume function is for formatting the volume and perhaps
% series name of a multivolume work.  If both a volume and a series field
% are there, we assume the series field is the title of the whole multivolume
% work (the title field should be the title of the thing being referred to),
% and we add an "of <series>".  This function is called in mid-sentence.

FUNCTION {format.bvolume}
{ volume empty$
    { "" }
    { "volume" volume tie.or.space.connect
      series empty$
        'skip$
        { " of " * series emphasize * }
      if$
      "volume and number" number either.or.check
    }
  if$
}

% The format.number.series function is for formatting the series name
% and perhaps number of a work in a series.  This function is similar to
% format.bvolume, although for this one the series must exist (and the
% volume must not exist).  If the number field is empty we output either
% the series field unchanged if it exists or else the null string.
% If both the number and series fields are there we assume the series field
% gives the name of the whole series (the title field should be the title
% of the work being one referred to), and we add an "in <series>".
% We capitilize Number when this function is used at the beginning of a block.

FUNCTION {format.number.series}
{ volume empty$
    { number empty$
        { series field.or.null }
        { output.state mid.sentence =
            { "number" }
            { "Number" }
          if$
          number tie.or.space.connect
          series empty$
            { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ }
            { " in " * series * }
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
    { "" }
  if$
}

% The format.edition function appends " edition" to the edition, if present.
% We lowercase the edition (it should be something like "Third"), because
% this doesn't start a sentence.

FUNCTION {format.edition}
{ edition empty$
    { "" }
    { output.state mid.sentence =
        { edition "l" change.case$ " edition" * }
        { edition "t" change.case$ " edition" * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

% The format.pages function is used for formatting a page range in a book
% (and in rare circumstances, an article).
%
% The multi.page.check function examines the page field for a "-" or "," or "+"
% so that format.pages can use "page" instead of "pages" if none exists.
% Note: global.max$ here means "take the rest of the string"
%
% VAR: multiresult: INTEGER     (actually, a boolean)
%
% multi.page.check(s) ==
%  BEGIN
%       t := s
%       multiresult := false
%       while ((not multiresult) and (not empty$(t)))
%         do
%           if (first character of t = "-" or "," or "+")
%             then multiresult := true
%             else t := t with the first character removed
%           fi
%         od
%       return multiresult
%  END

INTEGERS { multiresult }

FUNCTION {multi.page.check}
{ 't :=
  #0 'multiresult :=
    { multiresult not
      t empty$ not
      and
    }
    { t #1 #1 substring$
      duplicate$ "-" =
      swap$ duplicate$ "," =
      swap$ "+" =
      or or
        { #1 'multiresult := }
        { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
      if$
    }
  while$
  multiresult
}

% This function doesn't begin a sentence so "pages" isn't capitalized.
% Other functions that use this should keep that in mind.

FUNCTION {format.pages}
{ pages empty$
    { "" }
    { pages multi.page.check
        { "pages" pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect }
        { "page" pages tie.or.space.connect }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.pages.a}
{ pages empty$
    { "" }
    { "page" pages first.page tie.or.space.connect }
  if$
}

% The format.vol.num.pages function is for the volume, number, and page range
% of a journal article.  We use the format:  vol(number):pages, with some
% variations for empty fields.  This doesn't begin a sentence.

FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages}
{ volume empty$
    'skip$
    { 
      "," *
      volume field.or.null embolden
      " " swap$ * *
      pages empty$
        'skip$
        { duplicate$ empty$
            { pop$ format.pages.a }
            { ", " * pages first.page * }
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}


% The format.chapter.pages, if the chapter is present, puts whatever is in the
% type field (or else "chapter" if type is empty) in front of a chapter number.
% It then appends the pages, if present.  This doesn't begin a sentence.

FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}
{ chapter empty$
    'format.pages
    { type empty$
        { "chapter" }
        { type "l" change.case$ }
      if$
      chapter tie.or.space.connect
      pages empty$
        'skip$
        { ", " * format.pages * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

% The format.in.ed.booktitle function is used for starting out a sentence
% that begins "In <booktitle>", putting an editor before the title if one
% exists.

FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}
{ booktitle empty$
    { "" }
    { editor empty$
    { "in " booktitle emphasize * }
    { "in " booktitle emphasize * ", " * format.edited * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

% The format.proceedings.booktitle function is used for starting out a sentence
% that begins "Proc. <booktitle>".

FUNCTION {format.proceedings.booktitle}
{ booktitle empty$
    { "" }
    { "Proc. " booktitle * emphasize }
  if$
}

% The function empty.misc.check complains if all six fields are empty, and
% if there's been no sorting or alphabetic-label complaint.

FUNCTION {empty.misc.check}
{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$
  month empty$ year empty$ note empty$
  and and and and and
    { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }
    'skip$
  if$
}

% The function format.thesis.type returns either the (case-changed) type field,
% if it is defined, or else the default string already on the stack
% (like "Master's thesis" or "PhD thesis").

FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}
{ type empty$
    'skip$
    { pop$
      type "t" change.case$
    }
  if$
}

% The function format.tr.number makes a string starting with "Technical Report"
% (or type, if that field is defined), followed by the number if there is one;
% it returns the starting part (with a case change) even if there is no number.
% This is used at the beginning of a sentence.

FUNCTION {format.tr.number}
{ type empty$
    { "" }
    'type
  if$
  number empty$
    { "t" change.case$ }
    { number tie.or.space.connect }
  if$
}

% Now come the cross-referencing functions (these are invoked because
% one entry in the database file(s) cross-references another, by giving
% the other entry's database key in a `crossref' field).  This feature
% allows one or more titled things that are part of a larger titled
% thing to cross-reference the larger thing.  These styles allow for
% five posibilities: (1) an ARTICLE may cross-reference an ARTICLE;
% (2) a BOOK, (3) INBOOK, or (4) INCOLLECTION may cross-reference a BOOK;
% or (5) an INPROCEEDINGS may cross-reference a PROCEEDINGS.
% Each of these is explained in more detail later.
%
% An ARTICLE entry type may cross reference another ARTICLE (this is
% intended for when an entire journal is devoted to a single topic---
% but since there is no JOURNAL entry type, the journal, too, should be
% classified as an ARTICLE but without the author and title fields).
% This will result in two warning messages for the journal's entry
% if it's included in the reference list, but such is life.
%
% format.article.crossref ==
%  BEGIN
%       if empty$(key) then
%           if empty$(journal) then
%               warning$("need key or journal for " * cite$ *
%                                               " to crossref " * crossref)
%               return(" \cite{" * crossref * "}")
%           else
%               return("In " * emphazise.correct (journal) *
%                                               " \cite{" * crossref * "}")
%               fi
%       else
%           return("In " * key * " \cite{" * crossref * "}")
%       fi
%  END
%
% The other cross-referencing functions are similar, so no "comment version"
% will be given for them.

FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}
{ key empty$
    { journal empty$
        { "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref *
          warning$
          ""
        }
        { "In {\em " journal * "\/}" * }
      if$
    }
    { "In " key * }
  if$
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}

% We use just the last names of editors for a cross reference: either
% "editor", or "editor1 and editor2", or "editor1 et~al." depending on
% whether there are one, or two, or more than two editors.

FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor}
{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ caps
  editor num.names$ duplicate$
  #2 >
    { pop$ " et~al." * }
    { #2 <
        'skip$
        { editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
            { " et~al." * }
            { " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ caps * }
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

% A BOOK (or INBOOK) entry type (assumed to be for a single volume in a
% multivolume work) may cross reference another BOOK (the entire multivolume).
% Usually there will be an editor, in which case we use that to construct the
% cross reference; otherwise we use a nonempty key field or else the series
% field (since the series gives the title of the multivolume work).

FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}
{ volume empty$
    { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$
      "In "
    }
    { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect
      " of " *
    }
  if$
  editor empty$
  editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
  or
    { key empty$
        { series empty$
            { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
              crossref * warning$
              "" *
            }
            { "{\em " * series * "\/}" * }
          if$
        }
        { key * }
      if$
    }
    { format.crossref.editor * }
  if$
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}

% An INCOLLECTION entry type may cross reference a BOOK (assumed to be the
% collection), or an INPROCEEDINGS may cross reference a PROCEEDINGS.
% Often there will be an editor, in which case we use that to construct
% the cross reference; otherwise we use a nonempty key field or else
% the booktitle field (which gives the cross-referenced work's title).

FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}
{ editor empty$
  editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
  or
    { key empty$
        { booktitle empty$
            { "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
              crossref * warning$
              ""
            }
            { "In {\em " booktitle * "\/}" * }
          if$
        }
        { "In " key * }
      if$
    }
    { "In " format.crossref.editor * }
  if$
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}

% Now we define the type functions for all entry types that may appear
% in the .BIB file---e.g., functions like `article' and `book'.  These
% are the routines that actually generate the .BBL-file output for
% the entry.  These must all precede the READ command.  In addition, the
% style designer should have a function `default.type' for unknown types.
% Note: The fields (within each list) are listed in order of appearance,
% except as described for an `inbook' or a `proceedings'.
%
% The article function is for an article in a journal.  An article may
% CROSSREF another article.
%       Required fields: author, title, journal, year
%       Optional fields: volume, number, pages, month, note
%
% article ==
%  BEGIN
%       output.bibitem
%       output.check(format.authors,"author")
%       new.block
%       output.check(format.title,"title")
%       new.block
%       if missing$(crossref) then
%           output.check(emphasize(journal),"journal")
%           output(format.vol.num.pages)
%           output.check(format.date,"year")
%       else
%           output.nonnull(format.article.crossref)
%           output(format.pages)
%       fi
%       new.block
%       output(note)
%       fin.entry
%  END
%
% The book function is for a whole book.  A book may CROSSREF another book.
%       Required fields: author or editor, title, publisher, year
%       Optional fields: volume or number, series, address, edition, month,
%                       note
%
% book ==
%  BEGIN
%       if empty$(author) then output.check(format.editors,"author and editor")
%       else    output.check(format.authors,"author")
%               if missing$(crossref) then
%                   either.or.check("author and editor",editor)
%               fi
%       fi
%       new.block
%       output.check(format.btitle,"title")
%       if missing$(crossref) then
%           output(format.bvolume)
%           new.block
%           output(format.number.series)
%           new.sentence
%           output.check(publisher,"publisher")
%           output(address)
%       else
%           new.block
%           output.nonnull(format.book.crossref)
%       fi
%       output(format.edition)
%       output.check(format.date,"year")
%       new.block
%       output(note)
%       fin.entry
%  END
%
% The other entry functions are all quite similar, so no "comment version"
% will be given for them.

FUNCTION {article}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  new.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  crossref missing$
    { journal field.or.null emphasize
      format.vol.num.pages 
      format.date empty$
        'skip$
        { duplicate$ empty$
            { pop$ format.date paren }
            { " " * format.date paren * }
          if$
        }
      if$
      output
    }
    { format.article.crossref output.nonnull
      format.pages output
    }
  if$
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {book}
{ output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
    { format.authors output.nonnull
      crossref missing$
        { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
        'skip$
      if$
    }
  if$
  new.block
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    { format.bvolume output
      new.block
      format.number.series output
      new.sentence
      publisher "publisher" output.check
      address output
    }
    { new.block
      format.book.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$
  format.edition
  duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ " " *
      before.all 'output.state :=
    }
    { output }
  if$
  format.date paren "year" output.check
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

% A booklet is a bound thing without a publisher or sponsoring institution.
%       Required: title
%       Optional: author, howpublished, address, month, year, note

FUNCTION {booklet}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors output
  new.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  howpublished address new.block.checkb
  howpublished output
  address output
  format.date output
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

% For the conference entry type, see inproceedings.

% An inbook is a piece of a book: either a chapter and/or a page range.
% It may CROSSREF a book.  If there's no volume field, the type field
% will come before number and series.
%       Required: author or editor, title, chapter and/or pages, publisher,year
%       Optional: volume or number, series, type, address, edition, month, note

FUNCTION {inbook}
{ output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
    { format.authors output.nonnull
      crossref missing$
        { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
        'skip$
      if$
    }
  if$
  new.block
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    { format.bvolume output
      format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
      new.block
      format.number.series output
      new.sentence
      publisher "publisher" output.check
      address output
    }
    { format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
      new.block
      format.book.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$
  format.edition output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

% An incollection is like inbook, but where there is a separate title
% for the referenced thing (and perhaps an editor for the whole).
% An incollection may CROSSREF a book.
%       Required: author, title, booktitle, publisher, year
%       Optional: editor, volume or number, series, type, chapter, pages,
%                       address, edition, month, note

FUNCTION {incollection}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  new.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  crossref missing$
    { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
      format.bvolume output
      format.number.series output
      format.chapter.pages output
      new.sentence
      publisher "publisher" output.check
      address output
      format.edition output
      format.date "year" output.check
    }
    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
      format.chapter.pages output
    }
  if$
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

% An inproceedings is an article in a conference proceedings, and it may
% CROSSREF a proceedings.  If there's no address field, the month (& year)
% will appear just before note.
%       Required: author, title, booktitle, year
%       Optional: editor, volume or number, series, pages, address, month,
%                       organization, publisher, note

FUNCTION {inproceedings}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  new.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  crossref missing$
    { format.proceedings.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
      format.bvolume output
      format.number.series output
      format.pages output
      address empty$
        { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb
          organization output
          publisher output
          format.date "year" output.check
        }
        { address output.nonnull
          format.date "year" output.check
          new.sentence
          organization output
          publisher output
        }
      if$
    }
    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
      format.pages output
    }
  if$
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

% The conference function is included for Scribe compatibility.

FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings }

% A manual is technical documentation.
%       Required: title
%       Optional: author, organization, address, edition, month, year, note

FUNCTION {manual}
{ output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { organization empty$
        'skip$
        { organization output.nonnull
          address output
        }
      if$
    }
    { format.authors output.nonnull }
  if$
  new.block
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  author empty$
    { organization empty$
        { address new.block.checka
          address output
        }
        'skip$
      if$
    }
    { organization address new.block.checkb
      organization output
      address output
    }
  if$
  format.edition output
  format.date output
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

% A mastersthesis is a Master's thesis.
%       Required: author, title, school, year
%       Optional: type, address, month, note

FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  new.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  "Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
  school "school" output.check
  address output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

% A misc is something that doesn't fit elsewhere.
%       Required: at least one of the `optional' fields
%       Optional: author, title, howpublished, month, year, note

FUNCTION {misc}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors output
  title howpublished new.block.checkb
  format.title output
  howpublished new.block.checka
  howpublished output
  format.date output
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
  empty.misc.check
}

% A phdthesis is like a mastersthesis.
%       Required: author, title, school, year
%       Optional: type, address, month, note

FUNCTION {phdthesis}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  new.block
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  new.block
  "PhD thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
  school "school" output.check
  address output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

% A proceedings is a conference proceedings.
% If there is an organization but no editor field, the organization will
% appear as the first optional field (we try to make the first block nonempty);
% if there's no address field, the month (& year) will appear just before note.
%       Required: title, year
%       Optional: editor, volume or number, series, address, month,
%                       organization, publisher, note

FUNCTION {proceedings}
{ output.bibitem
  editor empty$
    { organization output }
    { format.editors output.nonnull }
  if$
  new.block
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  format.bvolume output
  format.number.series output
  address empty$
    { editor empty$
        { publisher new.sentence.checka }
        { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb
          organization output
        }
      if$
      publisher output
      format.date "year" output.check
    }
    { address output.nonnull
      format.date "year" output.check
      new.sentence
      editor empty$
        'skip$
        { organization output }
      if$
      publisher output
    }
  if$
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

% A techreport is a technical report.
%       Required: author, title, institution, year
%       Optional: type, number, address, month, note

FUNCTION {techreport}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  new.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  format.tr.number output.nonnull
  institution "institution" output.check
  before.all 'output.state :=
  " " format.date paren * "year" output.check
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

% An unpublished is something that hasn't been published.
%       Required: author, title, note
%       Optional: month, year

FUNCTION {unpublished}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  new.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  note "note" output.check
  format.date output
  fin.entry
}

% We use entry type `misc' for an unknown type; BibTeX gives a warning.

FUNCTION {default.type} { misc }

% Here are macros for common things that may vary from style to style.
% Users are encouraged to use these macros.
%
% Months are either written out in full or abbreviated


MACRO {jan} {"Jan."}
MACRO {feb} {"Feb."}
MACRO {mar} {"Mar."}
MACRO {apr} {"Apr."}
MACRO {may} {"May"}
MACRO {jun} {"June"}
MACRO {jul} {"July"}
MACRO {aug} {"Aug."}
MACRO {sep} {"Sept."}
MACRO {oct} {"Oct."}
MACRO {nov} {"Nov."}
MACRO {dec} {"Dec."}


READ

% The sortify function converts to lower case after purify$ing; it's
% used in sorting and in computing alphabetic labels after sorting
%
% The chop.word(w,len,s) function returns either s or, if the first len
% letters of s equals w (this comparison is done in the third line of the
% function's definition), it returns that part of s after w.


% This long comment applies only to alphabetic labels
%
% The format.lab.names function makes a short label by using the initials of
% the von and Last parts of the names (but if there are more than four names,
% (i.e., people) it truncates after three and adds a superscripted "+";
% it also adds such a "+" if the last of multiple authors is "others").
% If there is only one name, and its von and Last parts combined have just
% a single name-token ("Knuth" has a single token, "Brinch Hansen" has two),
% we take the first three letters of the last name.  The boolean
% et.al.char.used tells whether we've used a superscripted "+", so that we
% know whether to include a LaTeX macro for it.
%
% format.lab.names(s) ==
%  BEGIN
%       numnames := num.names$(s)
%       if numnames > 1 then
%           if numnames > 4 then
%               namesleft := 3
%           else
%               namesleft := numnames
%           nameptr := 1
%           nameresult := ""
%           while namesleft > 0
%             do
%               if (name_ptr = numnames) and
%                    format.name$(s, nameptr, "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}") = "others"
%                  then nameresult := nameresult * "{\etalchar{+}}"
%                       et.al.char.used := true
%                  else nameresult := nameresult *
%                               format.name$(s, nameptr, "{v{}}{l{}}")
%               nameptr := nameptr + 1
%               namesleft := namesleft - 1
%             od
%           if numnames > 4 then
%               nameresult := nameresult * "{\etalchar{+}}"
%               et.al.char.used := true
%       else
%           t := format.name$(s, 1, "{v{}}{l{}}")
%           if text.length$(t) < 2 then % there's just one name-token
%               nameresult := text.prefix$(format.name$(s,1,"{ll}"),3)
%           else
%               nameresult := t
%           fi
%       fi
%       return nameresult
%  END
%
% Exactly what fields we look at in constructing the primary part of the label
% depends on the entry type; this selectivity (as opposed to, say, always
% looking at author, then editor, then key) helps ensure that "ignored" fields,
% as described in the LaTeX book, really are ignored.  Note that MISC is part
% of the deepest `else' clause in the nested part of calc.label; thus, any
% unrecognized entry type in the database is handled correctly.
%
% There is one auxiliary function for each of the four different sequences of
% fields we use.  The first of these functions looks at the author field, and
% then, if necessary, the key field.  The other three functions, which might
% look at two fields and the key field, are similar, except that the key field
% takes precedence over the organization field (for labels---not for sorting).
%
% The calc.label function calculates the preliminary label of an entry, which
% is formed by taking three letters of information from the author or editor or
% key or organization field (depending on the entry type and on what's empty,
% but ignoring a leading "The " in the organization), and appending the last
% two characters (digits) of the year. It is an error if the appropriate fields
% among author, editor, organization, and key are missing, and we use
% the first three letters of the cite$ in desperation when this happens.
% The resulting label has the year part, but not the name part, purify$ed
% (purify$ing the year allows some sorting shenanigans by the user).
%
% This function also calculates the version of the label to be used in sorting.
%
% The final label may need a trailing 'a', 'b', etc., to distinguish it from
% otherwise identical labels, but we can't calculated those "extra.label"s
% until after sorting.
%
% calc.label ==
%  BEGIN
%       if type$ = "book" or "inbook" then
%           author.editor.key.label
%       else if type$ = "proceedings" then
%           editor.key.organization.label
%       else if type$ = "manual" then
%           author.key.organization.label
%       else
%           author.key.label
%       fi fi fi
%       label := label * substring$(purify$(field.or.null(year)), -1, 2)
%               % assuming we will also sort, we calculate a sort.label
%       sort.label := sortify(label), but use the last four, not two, digits
%  END


% When sorting, we compute the sortkey by executing "presort" on each entry.
% The presort key contains a number of "sortify"ed strings, concatenated
% with multiple blanks between them.  This makes things like "brinch  per"
% come before "brinch hansen  per".
%
% The fields used here are: the sort.label for alphabetic labels (as set by
% calc.label), followed by the author names (or editor names or organization
% (with a leading "The " removed) or key field, depending on entry type and on
% what's empty), followed by year, followed by the first bit of the title
% (chopping off a leading "The ", "A ", or "An ").
% Names are formatted: Von Last First Junior.
% The names within a part will be separated by a single blank
% (such as "brinch hansen"), two will separate the name parts themselves
% (except the von and last), three will separate the names,
% four will separate the names from year (and from label, if alphabetic),
% and four will separate year from title.
%
% The sort.format.names function takes an argument that should be in
% BibTeX name format, and returns a string containing "   "-separated
% names in the format described above.  The function is almost the same
% as format.names.


% This long comment applies only to alphabetic labels, when sorted
%
% Now comes the final computation for alphabetic labels, putting in the 'a's
% and 'b's and so forth if required.  This involves two passes: a forward
% pass to put in the 'b's, 'c's and so on, and a backwards pass
% to put in the 'a's (we don't want to put in 'a's unless we know there
% are 'b's).
% We have to keep track of the longest (in width$ terms) label, for use
% by the "thebibliography" environment.
%
% VAR: longest.label, last.sort.label, next.extra: string
%      longest.label.width, last.extra.num: integer
%
% initialize.longest.label ==
%  BEGIN
%       longest.label := ""
%       last.sort.label := int.to.chr$(0)
%       next.extra := ""
%       longest.label.width := 0
%       last.extra.num := 0
%  END
%
% forward.pass ==
%  BEGIN
%       if last.sort.label = sort.label then
%           last.extra.num := last.extra.num + 1
%           extra.label := int.to.chr$(last.extra.num)
%       else
%           last.extra.num := chr.to.int$("a")
%           extra.label := ""
%           last.sort.label := sort.label
%       fi
%  END
%
% reverse.pass ==
%  BEGIN
%       if next.extra = "b" then
%           extra.label := "a"
%       fi
%       label := label * extra.label
%       if width$(label) > longest.label.width then
%           longest.label := label
%           longest.label.width := width$(label)
%       fi
%       next.extra := extra.label
%  END


% Now comes the computation for numeric labels.
% We use either the sorted order or original order.
% We still have to keep track of the longest (in width$ terms) label, for use
% by the "thebibliography" environment.

STRINGS { longest.label }

INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width }

FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label}
{ "" 'longest.label :=
  #1 'number.label :=
  #0 'longest.label.width :=
}

FUNCTION {longest.label.pass}
{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label :=
  number.label #1 + 'number.label :=
  label width$ longest.label.width >
    { label 'longest.label :=
      label width$ 'longest.label.width :=
    }
    'skip$
  if$
}

EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label}

ITERATE {longest.label.pass}


% Now we're ready to start writing the .BBL file.
% We begin, if necessary, with a LaTeX macro for unnamed names in an alphabetic
% label; next comes stuff from the `preamble' command in the database files.
% Then we give an incantation containing the command
%     \begin{thebibliography}{...}
% where the `...' is the longest label.
%
% We also call init.state.consts, for use by the output routines.

FUNCTION {begin.bib}
{ preamble$ empty$
    'skip$
    { preamble$ write$ newline$ }
  if$
  "\begin{thebibliography}{"  longest.label  * "}" * write$ newline$
}

EXECUTE {begin.bib}

EXECUTE {init.state.consts}

% Now we produce the output for all the entries

ITERATE {call.type$}

% Finally, we finish up by writing the `\end{thebibliography}' command.

FUNCTION {end.bib}
{ newline$
  "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$
}

EXECUTE {end.bib}