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ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
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<title>IIa-IIae, Inq. 1, Tract. 1, Q. 3, M. 1, C. 2</title>
<author ref="#AlexanderOfHales">Alexander of Hales</author>
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<title>IIa-IIae, Inq. 1, Tract. 1, Q. 3, M. 1, C. 2</title>
<date when="2017-08-19">August 19, 2017</date>
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<authority><ref target="https://www.earlyfranciscans.com">ERC Project 714427: Authority and Innovation in Early Franciscan Thought</ref></authority>
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<div xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2">
<head xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Hd1e100">IIa-IIae, Inq. 1, Tract. 1, Q. 3, M. 1, C. 2</head>
<head xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Hd1e103" type="question-title">UTRUM CAUSA MALI SIT DEUS VEL CREATURA TANTUM<!--3-->.</head>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e106">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>Supposito ergo quod malum habeat causam se<lb ed="#Qc"/>cundum
aliquem modum, quaeritur utrum Deus
<lb ed="#Qc"/>sit causa mali aut creatura tantum.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e115">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>Quod Deus sit causa mali, 1. videtur dicere<!--e-->
<lb ed="#Qc"/><name>Augustinus</name>, in libro <title>De gratia et libero ar<lb ed="#Qc"/>bitrio</title><!--4-->:
<quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e123">Existimo operari Deum in cordibus
<lb ed="#Qc"/>hominum ad inclinandas eorum voluntates quo<lb ed="#Qc"/>cumque
voluerit, sive ad bona pro sua miseri<lb ed="#Qc"/>cordia
sive ad mala pro meritis eorum, iudicio
<lb ed="#Qc"/>utique suo aliquando aperto, aliquando occulto,
<lb ed="#Qc"/>semper autem iusto</quote>. Ergo ipse Deus inclinat
<lb ed="#Qc"/>voluntates hominum ad mala; ergo ipse est causa
<lb ed="#Qc"/>malae voluntatis; ergo est causa mali.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e142">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>2. Item, <name>Augustinus</name>, in eodem<!--5-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e146"> Deus ido<lb ed="#Qc"/>lolatriae
peccatum volens vindicare, hoc operatus
<lb ed="#Qc"/>est in eius corde cui iuste irascebatur, ut admo<lb ed="#Qc"/>nitionem
salubrem non audiret, sed contempta,
<lb ed="#Qc"/>iret in<!--f--> bellum, ubi cum suo exercitu caderet</quote>;
<lb ed="#Qc"/>et tangit <name>B. Augustinus</name><!--6--> illud<!--g--> quod habetur
<lb ed="#Qc"/><title>II Paral.</title> 25 de Amasia rege Iuda. Dicitur<!--h--> enim
<lb ed="#Qc"/>sic<!--7-->: <quote>Noluit audire Amasias, ea quod Domini esset
<lb ed="#Qc"/>voluntas ut traderetur in manibus hostium propter
<lb ed="#Qc"/>deos Edom</quote>. Secundum ergo<!--i--> verbum <name>B. Augu<lb ed="#Qc"/>stini</name>
hoc operatus est Dominus in corde eius
<lb ed="#Qc"/>ut non audiret admonitionem salubrem; sed non
<lb ed="#Qc"/>audire admonitionem salubrem est malum; ergo
<lb ed="#Qc"/>Deus operatus est malum.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e178">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>3. Item, ad idem, super illud Psalmi<!--k--><!--8-->: <quote>Convertit
<lb ed="#Qc"/>cor eorum, ut odirent<!--l--> populum eius</quote>, <title>Glossa</title><!--9-->:
<lb ed="#Qc"/><quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e184">Dum auxit felicitatem Israel, hoc Dei beneficio
<lb ed="#Qc"/>ad invidendum Israel conversi sunt, quia iam<!--m-->
<lb ed="#Qc"/>mali erant</quote>. Ergo ipse Deus fuit causa<!--n--> invi<lb ed="#Qc"/>diae
ipsorum; ergo est<!--o--> causa mali.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e194">
<cb ed="#Qc" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qc"/>4. Item, super illud Psalmi<!--10-->: <quote>Verumtamen
<lb ed="#Qc"/>propter dolos posuisti</quote> etc., <title>Glossa</title><!--11-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e202">More do<lb ed="#Qc"/>losi
fecisti eis, sub specie boni dans<!--q--> quae sunt
<lb ed="#Qc"/>eis mala, sicut dolosus, dum alium deicere<!--p-->
<lb ed="#Qc"/>vult, iuxta lubricum ponit. Unde sequitur: <quote>De<lb ed="#Qc"/>iecisti</quote><!--r--></quote>
etc. Ergo Deus et facit dolum et facit
<lb ed="#Qc"/>malum.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e216">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>5. Item, <name>Anselmus</name>, libro <title>De casu diaboli</title>,
<lb ed="#Qc"/>20 cap.<!--12-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e220">Quid mirum, si quemadmodum Deus
<lb ed="#Qc"/>dicitur inducere in tentationem, quando non li<lb ed="#Qc"/>berat
ab ea, ita fatemur eum dare malam volun<lb ed="#Qc"/>tatem,
non prohibendo eam, cum potest, prae<lb ed="#Qc"/>sertim
cum potestas volendi quidlibet nonnisi
<lb ed="#Qc"/>ab illo sit?</quote> Ergo Deus dat<!--s--> malam voluntatem;
<lb ed="#Qc"/>ergo est causa malae voluntatis.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e236">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>6. Item, idem, in eodem, 27 cap.<!--13-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e240">Non solum
<lb ed="#Qc"/>hoc habet aliquis a Deo quod Deus sponte dat,
<lb ed="#Qc"/>sed etiam quod iniuste rapit<!--t-->, Deo permittente;
<lb ed="#Qc"/>et sicut Deus dicitur facere, quod permittit fieri,
<lb ed="#Qc"/>ita dicitur dare, quod permittit rapi</quote>. Sed per<lb ed="#Qc"/>mittit
mala rapi sive fieri; ergo Deus dat mala;
<lb ed="#Qc"/>ergo est auctor malorum.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e256">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>7. Item, <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e260">quidquid est<!--u--> causa causae, est causa<!--v-->
<lb ed="#Qc"/>causati<!--14--></quote>; sed malum est a libero arbitrio, libe<lb ed="#Qc"/>rum
autem<!--x--> arbitrium, secundum quod huiusmodi,
<lb ed="#Qc"/>est a Deo; ergo malum est a Deo. — Quod au<lb ed="#Qc"/>tem
malum sit a libero arbitrio, dicit
<lb ed="#Qc"/><name>Augustinus</name>, in libro <title>De libero arbitrio</title>, circa
<lb ed="#Qc"/>finem I libri<!--15-->.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e279">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>8. Item, <title>Isai.</title> 1O,15: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e283" source="http://scta.info/resource/is10_15">Numquid elevabitur se<lb ed="#Qc"/>curis</quote>
etc., <title>Glossa</title><!--16-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e288"> Sicut huiusmodi instru<lb ed="#Qc"/>menta
nihil per se sunt agentia, ita Sennacherib
<lb ed="#Qc"/>nihil per se operatus est<!--y--></quote>. Sed operatus est ma<lb ed="#Qc"/>lum;
ergo malum illud erat a Deo.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e299">
<pb ed="#Qc" n="9"/>
<cb ed="#Qc" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qc"/>Contra: a. Super illud ad <title>Rom.</title> 3,5: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e307" source="http://scta.info/resource/rom3_5">Qui in<lb ed="#Qc"/>fert
iram</quote> etc., <title>Glossa</title><!--a--><!--1-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e312">Illius rei Deus est
<lb ed="#Qc"/>ultor, cuius non est auctor, id est iniquitatis</quote>.
<lb ed="#Qc"/>Ergo Deus non est<!--b--> auctor iniquitatis; ergo non
<lb ed="#Qc"/>est causa mali.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e323">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>b. Item, ad <title>Rom.</title> 6,10, super illud: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e327" source="http://scta.info/resource/rom6_10">Quod autem
<lb ed="#Qc"/>mortuus est peccato</quote> etc., <title>Glossa</title><!--2-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e332">Non Deo
<lb ed="#Qc"/>auctore fit homo deterior, sed voluntatis<!--c--> vitium
<lb ed="#Qc"/>est, quo homo est deterior</quote>. Ergo, ut supra, Deus
<lb ed="#Qc"/>non est auctor mali.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e342">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>c. Item, super illud <title>Psalmi</title><!--3-->: <quote>Ut dolum face<lb ed="#Qc"/>rent
in servos eius</quote>, <title>Glossa</title><!--4-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e348"> Istorum tam gra<lb ed="#Qc"/>vium<!--d-->
peccatorum auctor non est Deus, qui nullius
<lb ed="#Qc"/>etiam peccati levissimi auctor credendus est</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e356">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>d. Item, <name>Augustinus</name><!--e-->, libro <title>83 Quaestio<lb ed="#Qc"/>num</title><!--5-->:
<quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e362">Nullo sapiente homine fit homo dete<lb ed="#Qc"/>rior;
est autem Deus omni sapiente homine
<lb ed="#Qc"/>praestantior; multo minus igitur non fit Deo
<lb ed="#Qc"/>auctore homo deterior, cum quod dicitur illo
<lb ed="#Qc"/>auctore, dicitur illo volente</quote>. Sed Deus non vult
<lb ed="#Qc"/>malum<!--f-->; ergo non est auctor mali.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e376">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>e. Item, si est causa mali<!--g-->, est in Deo vel in
<lb ed="#Qc"/>homine aut in eo quod nec Deus est<!--h--> nec homo;
<lb ed="#Qc"/>sed non est in Deo: bonorum enim Deus causa
<lb ed="#Qc"/>est; ergo est in homine vel in aliquo alio.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e387">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>f. Item, <name>Dionysius</name><!--6-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e391">Malum non est in
<lb ed="#Qc"/>Deo, et malum non est<!--m--> res mota a Deo </quote>. Ergo
<lb ed="#Qc"/>Deus non est causa mali.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e400">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>g. Item, <name>Augustinus</name><!--k-->, libro <title>De libero arbi<lb ed="#Qc"/>trio</title><!--7-->:
<quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e406">Vide quo pertineat defectus<!--l-->, et ad Deum
[non] pertinere<!--m--> non dubites</quote>. Sed malum est
<lb ed="#Qc"/>privatio vel detectus boni; ergo nullo modo per<lb ed="#Qc"/>tinet
ad Deum; ergo Deus non est causa mali.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e414">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>h. Item, super illud <title>Luc.</title> 6,9: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e418" source="http://scta.info/resource/lc6_9">Licet animam sal<lb ed="#Qc"/>vam
facere</quote> etc., <title>Glossa</title><!--8-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e423">Non est auctor mali
<lb ed="#Qc"/>Deus</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e429">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>Ex iis concluditur quod non est malum a Deo.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e434">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>Respondeo: Malum culpae non est a Deo, sed
<lb ed="#Qc"/>malum poenae est a Deo, in quantum est poena<!--9-->.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e441">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>[Ad obiecta]: Et respondendum est ad obiecta.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e446">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>I. Ad primum ergo dicendum quod illud
<lb ed="#Qc"/>verbum <name>Augustini</name> intelligitur de malo poenae.
<lb ed="#Qc"/>Peccatum enim aliquando est poena peccati,
<lb ed="#Qc"/>quando scilicet homo incidit in peccatum ex me<lb ed="#Qc"/>rito
suo; et in quantum poena est, a Deo est,
<lb ed="#Qc"/>in quantum vero peccatum, ab homine est. Et
<cb ed="#Qc" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qc"/>hoc patet per hoc quod addit <name>Augustinus</name>:
<lb ed="#Qc"/><quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e465">Iudicio Dei aliquando aperto, aliquando occulto,
<lb ed="#Qc"/>semper autem iusto</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e472">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>2. Simili modo respondendum est ad secundo
<lb ed="#Qc"/>obiectum. Nam obduratio in non audiendo admo<lb ed="#Qc"/>nitionem
salubrem est poena peccati praecedentis,
<lb ed="#Qc"/>et sic a Deo est.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e483">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>3. Ad tertium dicendum quod hoc quod dicitur
<lb ed="#Qc"/>in <title>Glossa</title><!--10--> super illud: <quote>Convertit cor eorum</quote> etc.,
<lb ed="#Qc"/><quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e489"> non ideo dicit <mentioned>convertit Deus corda eorum</mentioned>,
<lb ed="#Qc"/>quia Deus sit auctor mali</quote>, sed quia, <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e494">cum ipsi
<lb ed="#Qc"/>suo vitio essent mali, ille de malo illorum<!--n--> bene
<lb ed="#Qc"/>fecit </quote>. Unde in eadem <title>Glossa</title>: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e501">Dum auxit
<lb ed="#Qc"/>felicitatem </quote> etc., ut supra<!--11-->; et sequitur: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e507"> Con<lb ed="#Qc"/>vertit
cor eorum, non itaque<!--o--> cor illorum malum<!--p-->
<lb ed="#Qc"/>faciendo, sed populo suo bene faciendo</quote>. In quo<!--q-->
<lb ed="#Qc"/>notatur quod illud quod factum fuit a Domino,
<lb ed="#Qc"/>scilicet prosperitas Israel, esset occasio quaedam
<lb ed="#Qc"/>ipsis mali, non quod Deus sit occasio vel causa
<lb ed="#Qc"/>mali.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e523">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>4. Ad quartum dicendum quod illud intelli<lb ed="#Qc"/>gitur
de bonis temporalibus, quae dantur a Deo
<lb ed="#Qc"/>et sunt materia vel occasio cadendi<!--r--> in aliquod
<lb ed="#Qc"/>peccatum, non quod Deus faciat cadere in malum.
<lb ed="#Qc"/>Et quod dicitur <quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e536">more dolosi</quote>, non intelligitur
<lb ed="#Qc"/>quod Deus morem habeat<!--s--> dolosi, sed quaedam
<lb ed="#Qc"/>remota similitudo vel proportio intelligitur.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e544">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>5. Ad quintum, quod dicit <name>Anselmus</name><!--t-->, di<lb ed="#Qc"/>cendum
quod non dicitur Deus proprie dare<!--u-->
<lb ed="#Qc"/>malam voluntatem, sed dat voluntatem et homo
<lb ed="#Qc"/>efficit eam malam; sed <mentioned>dare</mentioned> respectu malae vo<lb ed="#Qc"/>luntatis,
in quantum est mala, est permittere.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e557">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>6. Ad sextum dicendum quod <mentioned>dare</mentioned> sumi<lb ed="#Qc"/>tur
ibi pro permittere. Unde dicitur in auctoritate:
<lb ed="#Qc"/><quote xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-Qd1e563">Sicut Deus dicitur facere, quod permittit fieri,
<lb ed="#Qc"/>ita dicitur dare, quod<!--v--> permittit rapi</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e569">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>7. Ad septimum dicendum quod tenet ratio
<lb ed="#Qc"/>in iis ubi<!--x--> causa media tenet rationem extre<lb ed="#Qc"/>morum
secundum unum modum; sed non sic
<lb ed="#Qc"/>est hic: nam liberum arbitrium deficiens est causa
<lb ed="#Qc"/>mali, Deus autem causa liberi arbitrii, non se<lb ed="#Qc"/>cundum
rationem deficientis: et ita non est con<lb ed="#Qc"/>tinuatio
in medio et extremis; propter quod non
<lb ed="#Qc"/>valet illa ratio.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e590">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>8. Ad auctoritatem vero <title>Isai.</title> 10,15 di<lb ed="#Qc"/>cendum<!--y-->
quod <mentioned>operatum</mentioned> dicitur dupliciter:
<pb ed="#Qc" n="10"/>
<cb ed="#Qc" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qc"/>unum ipsa poena illata peccatoribus mediante
<lb ed="#Qc"/>Sennacherib tamquam instrumento, et secun<lb ed="#Qc"/>dum
hunc modum operatum est a Deo; alio
<lb ed="#Qc"/>vero modo ipsa actio mala est operata, et ra<lb ed="#Qc"/>tione
actionis in se adhuc est dicere quod a
<cb ed="#Qc" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qc"/>Deo est mediante Sennacherib; ratione vero
<lb ed="#Qc"/>mali non est a Deo, sed sistit in libero arbitrio
<lb ed="#Qc"/>deficiente.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l2Bi1t1q3m1c2-d1e621">
<lb ed="#Qc"/>Ex iam dictis patent ea quae obiecta sunt in
<lb ed="#Qc"/>contrarium.
</p>
</div>
</body>
</text>
</TEI>