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ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lombardpress/lombardpress-schema/master/src/out/critical.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?><?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lombardpress/lombardpress-schema/master/src/out/critical.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?><TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
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<title>III, P. 2, Inq. 1, Q. 1, C. 5</title>
<author ref="#AlexanderOfHales">Alexander of Hales</author>
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<name xml:id="JW">Jeffrey C. Witt</name>
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<title>III, P. 2, Inq. 1, Q. 1, C. 5</title>
<date when="2017-10-16">October 16, 2017</date>
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<authority><ref target="https://www.earlyfranciscans.com">ERC Project 714427: Authority and Innovation in Early Franciscan Thought</ref></authority>
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<witness xml:id="Qd" n="quaracchi1948d">Quaracchi 1948, Volume 4</witness>
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<div xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5">
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-Hd1e102">III, P. 2, Inq. 1, Q. 1, C. 5</head>
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-Hd1e105" type="question-title">DE IMMUTABILITATE LEGIS AETERNAE.</head>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-d1e108">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Quinto quaeritur de immutabilitate legis ae<lb ed="#Qd"/>ternae
utrum sit immutabilis vel mutabilis.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-d1e115">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ad<!--f--> quod sic: 1. Omnis lex praecipiens con<lb ed="#Qd"/>traria
est variabilis sive mutabilis; lex aeterna
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est huiusmodi; ergo est<!--g--> mutabilis. — Maior
<lb ed="#Qd"/>patet, quoniam secundum praecepta variatur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>lex. — Minor patet per<!--h--> <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinum</name>,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in libro <title>Confessionum</title><!--2-->, ubi dicit: Domine, si
<lb ed="#Qd"/>modo<!--i--> imperas quod aliquando vetasti, quis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dubitat hoc esse faciendum? Ex quo perpen<lb ed="#Qd"/>ditur
quod Deus praecipit quod ante vetuit; sed
<lb ed="#Qd"/>praecipit et vetat secundum legem aeternam; lex
<lb ed="#Qd"/>igitur aeterna praecipit contraria.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-d1e145">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Secunda ratio. Praecepit Deus aliquando
<lb ed="#Qd"/>plures habere uxores, modo autem vetat; ergo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>aliquando praecepit quod modo vetat<!--k-->. Unde
<lb ed="#Qd"/><name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name>, in libro <title>Confessionum</title><!--3-->: Aliqua
<lb ed="#Qd"/>licuerunt in antiquo <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-Qd1e161">saeculo iustis quae modo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>non licent, quia illis praecepit Dominus istud,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>istis aliud pro temporalibus causis</quote>. Ergo lex
<lb ed="#Qd"/>praeceptionis divinae est mutabilis; si ergo virtus
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>legis consistit in praeceptis, constat legem aeter<lb ed="#Qd"/>nam
esse mutabilem.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-d1e178">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Tertia ratio. Nam istud patet ex prophetia<!--l-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>comminationis et promissionis, <title>Ierem.</title> 18, 7—8: <quote>Re<lb ed="#Qd"/>pente
loquar adversus gentem et adversus re<lb ed="#Qd"/>gnum.
Si<!--m--> poenitentiam egerit gens illa</quote> etc. Haec
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est prophetia comminationis. Sed sententia<!--n--> pro<lb ed="#Qd"/>phetiae
comminationis<!--o--> mutabilis est, quia primo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicit: <quote>adversus gentem</quote>, post dicit: <quote>si poeniten<lb ed="#Qd"/>tiam
egerit</quote> etc. <quote>agam et ego poenitentiam</quote>. Si<lb ed="#Qd"/>militer
est de prophetia promissionis, sicut patet
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ibi et alibi<!--4-->. Si ergo sententia Dei, quando com<lb ed="#Qd"/>minatur
vel promittit per Prophetas, procedit a
<lb ed="#Qd"/>lege aeterna, et haec sententia est mutabilis, ergo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et lex aeterna est mutabilis.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-d1e209">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>4. Quarta ratio. Omnis sententia, quae fertur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sub conditione et non absolute, mutabilis est<!--p-->,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et maxime illa quae dependet cum hoc<!--q--> a li<lb ed="#Qd"/>bero
arbitrio; sed sententia legis aeternae fertur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sub conditione et non absolute, et maxime de<lb ed="#Qd"/>pendet
a libero arbitrio; ergo sententia legis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>aeternae<!--r--> est mutabilis; ergo lex aeterna est
<pb ed="#Qd" n="321"/>
<cb ed="#Qd" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>mutabilis. — Minor patet, quoniam lex aeterna
<lb ed="#Qd"/>nunquam iudicabit vel dicet absolute: <mentioned>iste dam<lb ed="#Qd"/>nabitur</mentioned>,
sed semper sub conditione hac<!--a-->: <mentioned>si
<lb ed="#Qd"/>fuerit malus finaliter</mentioned>; similiter non dicet abso<lb ed="#Qd"/>lute<!--b-->:
<mentioned>iste salvabitur</mentioned>, sed sub<!--c--> hac conditione:
<lb ed="#Qb"/><mentioned>si fuerit finaliter bonus</mentioned>; unde semper hoc
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicet sub conditione malitiae vel bonitatis fi<lb ed="#Qd"/>nalis.
Sed haec conditio, quae est <mentioned>si fuerit bonus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>vel malus finaliter</mentioned>, dependet a libero arbitrio;
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ex quo maxime sequitur quod sit mutabilis.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-d1e251">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ad oppositum: a. <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name>, in III<!--d--> <title>Con<lb ed="#Qd"/>fessionum</title><!--1-->:
<quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-Qd1e260">Ignorabam iustitiam veram interio<lb ed="#Qd"/>rem,
non ex consuetudine iudicantem, sed ex
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iustissima lege Dei omnipotentis, qua formarentur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>regionum mores, cum ipsa ubique et semper, non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>alibi alia, non alias<!--e--> aliter</quote>. Et omne tale sim<lb ed="#Qd"/>pliciter
est immutabile; ergo lex aeterna simpli<lb ed="#Qd"/>citer
est immutabilis.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-d1e277">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>b. Secunda ratio. <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name>, in libro <title>De
<lb ed="#Qd"/>vera religione</title><!--2-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-Qd1e286">Cum secundum legem quadra<lb ed="#Qd"/>turae
iudicetur et torum quadratum et<!--f--> lapis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quadratus et huiusmodi, rursus secundum tutam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>aequalitatis legem iudicentur<!--g--> convenire motus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>pedum currentis formicae et gradientis elephantis,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quis dubitat eam, id est istam legem, intervallis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>locorum et temporum nec maiorem esse nec mi<lb ed="#Qd"/>norem,
cum potentia superet omnia? Haec est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>lex omnium artium, cum sit omnino immutabilis</quote>
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-d1e307">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Solutio<!--3-->: Dicendum quod sicut dicitur voluntas
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Dei dupliciter, scilicet voluntas, quae est essen<lb ed="#Qd"/>tia
Dei, et haec est voluntas beneplaciti et haec
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est immutabilis; et voluntas signi, et haec est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>mutabilis, sic loquendo de lege divina dupliciter
<lb ed="#Qd"/>possumus dicere quod uno modo est mutabilis,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>alio modo est<!--h--> immutabilis, secundum quod dicit
<lb ed="#Qd"/><name>Gregorius</name><!--4-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-Qd1e326">Deus non mutat consilium, sed
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sententiam</quote>. Et appellatur ibi consilium ratio di<lb ed="#Qd"/>vina,
secundum quam diiudicat et<!--i--> disponit om<lb ed="#Qd"/>nia;
sententia autem appellatur ipse temporalis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>effectus qui sequitur, et iste mutabilis est. Si
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ergo loquamur de lege secundum rationem con<lb ed="#Qd"/>silii,
sic ipsa immutabilis est; si secundum ra<lb ed="#Qd"/>tionem
sententiae, sic mutabilis, quia ipse tem<lb ed="#Qd"/>poralis
effectus, sequens ex ipsa, mutatur quo<lb ed="#Qd"/>tidie,
sed ipsa ratio<!--k-->; secundum quam diiudicat
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et disponit et derivantur<!--l--> ab ipsa effectus, manet
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>immutabilis. Et secundum primum modum<!--a--> di<lb ed="#Qd"/>cetur
lex aeterna, scilicet secundum quod acci<lb ed="#Qd"/>pitur
pro consilio vel ratione; secundum quod
<lb ed="#Qd"/>accipitur pro sententia, non dicitur aeterna, sed
<lb ed="#Qd"/>temporalis. Tamen absolute lex dicitur ipsa ratio
<lb ed="#Qd"/>praecipiendi, vetandi<!--b--> etc.; effectus autem eius<!--c-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sunt praeceptio<!--d-->, prohibitio etc. Si ergo ipsa ratio
<lb ed="#Qd"/>immutabilis, patet quod lex aeterna simpliciter
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est immutabilis, effectus autem eius mutabiles
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sunt.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-d1e375">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>[Ad obiecta]: 1. Ad primam rationem in
<lb ed="#Qd"/>contrarium dicendum quod haec est<!--e--> falsa <mentioned>om<lb ed="#Qd"/>nis
lex praecipiens contraria est mutabilis</mentioned>; nisi
<lb ed="#Qd"/>addatur hoc <mentioned>secundum rationes contrarias</mentioned>, ut
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicatur: omnis lex praecipiens contraria et secun<lb ed="#Qd"/>dum
rationes<!--f--> contrarias etc. Lex autem aeterna<!--g-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>nunquam praecipit secundum rationes contrarias,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>immo secundum rationem unam et immutabilem.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-d1e396">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Ad secundam dicendum quod<!--h--> solvitur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ibi per hoc quod dicitur in auctoritate illa <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-Qd1e402">ex
<lb ed="#Qd"/>temporalibus causis</quote>; unde est ibi<!--i--> mutatio ra<lb ed="#Qd"/>tione
alicuius temporalis quod subiaceat<!--k--> legi
<lb ed="#Qd"/>aeternae et eius praeceptis. Et hoc est quod dicit
<lb ed="#Qd"/><name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name><!--l-->, in libro <title>De vera religione</title><!--5-->: <quote>Ut
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ars<!--m--> medicinae, cum eadem maneat nec ullo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>pacto mutetur, mutat tamen<!--n--> praecepta languen<lb ed="#Qd"/>tibus,
quia mutabilis est nostra valetudo, ita di<lb ed="#Qd"/>vina
providentia, cum sit omnino incommutabilis<!--o-->,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>mutabili tamen creaturae varie subvenit pro di<lb ed="#Qd"/>versitate
morborum, aliis alia iubet aut<!--p--> vetat</quote>.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Unde varietas<!--q--> est in effectu temporali.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-d1e432">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Ad tertium dicendum quod<!--r-->, si dicatur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sententia legis aeternae poena temporalis quae
<lb ed="#Qd"/>debetur ex merito, sic ipsa mutatur; si autem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicatur sententia ipsa ratio, haec est aeterna et<!--s-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>immutabilis.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-d1e445">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>4. Et quod obicitur quod ipsa respicit liberum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>arbitrium, dicendum quod actus istius sententiae
<lb ed="#Qd"/>mutabilis est; unde quod iste puniatur, hoc est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>mutabile; sed ratio sententiae<!--t-->, quae dicit quod,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>si permaneat aliquis in malitia finaliter, punie<lb ed="#Qd"/>tur,
immutabilis est, licet ipsa sententia sive
<lb ed="#Qd"/>actus sententiae sit mutabilis. Ratio autem illius
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sententiae a libero arbitrio non dependet, licet
<lb ed="#Qd"/>esse bonam finaliter ab ipso dependeat. Unde <name>Au<lb ed="#Qd"/>gustinus</name>,
<title>De libero arbitrio</title><!--6-->, ponit exemplum
<pb ed="#Qd" n="322"/>
<cb ed="#Qd" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>de contrariis legibus, quarum una tribuit po<lb ed="#Qd"/>pulo
potestatem dandi tumorem, alia aufert, et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicit quod ratio harum immutabilis est et tracta
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ex aeternitate. Unde ipse dicit: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-Qd1e481">Si populus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quodam tempore iuste<!--a--> honores dedit, quo<lb ed="#Qd"/>dam
rursus iuste non dedit, haec est<!--b--> vicis<lb ed="#Qd"/>situdo
temporalis; ut<!--c--> esset iusta, ex illa aeter<lb ed="#Qd"/>nitate<!--d-->
tracta est</quote>, hoc est ex ratione aeterna,
<lb ed="#Qb"/><quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-Qd1e493">qua semper iustum est gravem populum hono<lb ed="#Qd"/>res
dare, levem non dare</quote>. Et similiter ratio ae<lb ed="#Qd"/>terna
immutabilis, quae dicit<!--e--> quod, si permaneas
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in malo finaliter, punieris, dicit etiam quod, si per<lb ed="#Qd"/>maneas
in bono finaliter, praemiaberis. Haec autem
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ratio immutabilis est<!--f--> et absoluta, non dependens
<lb ed="#Qd"/>a libero arbitrio sicut sententia. Sed lex aeterna di<lb ed="#Qd"/>citur
ipsa ratio sententiae. Unde <name>Augustinus</name>, in
<lb ed="#Qd"/>libro <title>De libero arbitrio</title><!--1-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in1q1c5-Qd1e515">Lex illa, quae summa
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ratio nominatur, cui semper obtemperandum<!--g--> est,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per quam mali miseram<!--h-->, boni bonam vitam me<lb ed="#Qd"/>rentur<!--i-->,
per quam denique illa<!--k-->, quam tempo<lb ed="#Qd"/>ralem
vocandam<!--l--> diximus, recte fertur recte<lb ed="#Qd"/>que<!--m-->
mutatur, potestne cuipiam intelligenti<!--n--> non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>incommutabilis aeternaque<!--o--> videri?</quote> quasi di<lb ed="#Qd"/>cat:
non. Ex quo habeo legem aeternam, quae
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est summa ratio, esse incommutabilem, licet ef<lb ed="#Qd"/>fectus
eius sint mutabiles<!--p-->, quia temporales sunt.
</p>
</div>
</body>
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