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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lombardpress/lombardpress-schema/master/src/out/critical.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?><?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lombardpress/lombardpress-schema/master/src/out/critical.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?><TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
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<title>III, P. 2, Inq. 3, T. 2, S. 1, Q. 1, T. 2, D. 2, M. 7, C. 3</title>
<author ref="#AlexanderOfHales">Alexander of Hales</author>
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<title>III, P. 2, Inq. 3, T. 2, S. 1, Q. 1, T. 2, D. 2, M. 7, C. 3</title>
<date when="2017-10-16">October 16, 2017</date>
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<authority><ref target="https://www.earlyfranciscans.com">ERC Project 714427: Authority and Innovation in Early Franciscan Thought</ref></authority>
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<witness xml:id="Qd" n="quaracchi1948d">Quaracchi 1948, Volume 4</witness>
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<front>
<div xml:id="starts-on"/>
</front>
<body>
<div xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3">
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Hd1e102">III, P. 2, Inq. 3, T. 2, S. 1, Q. 1, T. 2, D. 2, M. 7, C. 3</head>
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Hd1e105" type="question-title">DE FORMA IURANDI PARTIM CONCESSA, PARTIM NON CONCESSA.</head>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e108">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Consequenter quaeritur de forma iuramenti par<lb ed="#Qd"/>tim
concessa, partim non concessa, quae est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iurare per creaturas. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo:
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Primo, an sit licitum iurare per creaturas vel non;
<lb ed="#Qd"/>secundo, quid<!--o--> magis obligat vel iuramen<lb ed="#Qd"/>tum
factum per creaturas vel per Deum.
</p>
<div xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Dd1e126" type="articulus">
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Hd1e128">ARTICULUS I</head>
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Hd1e131" type="question-title">An sit licitum iurare per creaturas vel non.</head>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e134">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Quantum ad primum sic obicitur: 1. <name>Augu<lb ed="#Qd"/>stinus</name><!--4-->,
super illud <title>Matth.</title> 5, 34: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e140" source="http://scta.info/resource/mt5_34">Dico vobis,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>omnino non iurare, neque per caelum neque per
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>terram</quote> etc., dicit in<!--p--> <title>Glossa</title>: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e149">Non penitus iu<lb ed="#Qd"/>rare
prohibuit, sed occasione periurii quod per<lb ed="#Qd"/>fectionis
est<!--q--> docuit</quote> supple, scilicet<!--r--> cum dixit:
<pb ed="#Qd" n="480"/>
<cb ed="#Qd" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/><quote>Non iurare omnino</quote>; <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e163">quod vero superstitiosum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est resecavit</quote>, cum dixit: <quote>Neque per caelum</quote> etc.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Iudaei enim per angelos et<!--a--> Ierusalem iurantes
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et per elementa, creaturas venerabantur; <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e172">quod
<lb ed="#Qd"/>vero infirmitatis est indulsit</quote>, cum dixit: <quote>Quod
<lb ed="#Qd"/>autem<!--b--> iis abundantius est</quote> etc. Ex quo patet
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quoniam<!--c--> iurare per creaturas est superstitiosum;
<lb ed="#Qd"/>non ergo licitum est iurare per creaturas.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e185">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Item, <title>Causa</title> XXII, quaest. 1, <name>Pius Papa</name><!--1-->:
<cit>
<quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e191" source="http://scta.info/resource/gd-p2c22q1-d1e243">Si quis per capillum Dei<!--d--> vel per caput iura<lb ed="#Qd"/>verit
vel alio modo contra Deum suum usus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>fuerit, si in ecclesiastico ordine est, deponatur;
<lb ed="#Qd"/>si laicus, anathematizetur. Et si quis per crea<lb ed="#Qd"/>turas
iuraverit, acerrime castigetur. Si quis au<lb ed="#Qd"/>tem
talem hominem non manifestaverit, non est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dubium quin divina condemnatione coerceatur</quote>
<bibl>
<ref target="http://scta.info/resource/gd-p2c22q1-d1e243">Gratian, Decretum, P. 2, C. 22, Q. 1, C. X [n. 19]</ref>
</bibl>
</cit>.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Iurare ergo per creaturas est tantum crimen ut
<lb ed="#Qd"/>faciat depositionem vel excommunicationem et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>divinam condemnationem; ergo non est licitum.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e221">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Item, <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name>, in sermone <title>De per<lb ed="#Qd"/>iurio</title><!--2-->:
<quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e230">Cum quis ait <mentioned>per salutem meam</mentioned>, sa<lb ed="#Qd"/>lutem
suam obligat Deo; vel cum dicit <mentioned>per fi<lb ed="#Qd"/>lios
meos</mentioned>, oppignorat illos Deo, ut hoc eve<lb ed="#Qd"/>niat
in caput illorum<!--f--> quod exit de ore eius</quote>.
<lb ed="#Qb"/><quote>In omni ergo<!--g--> iuratione aut Deus testis adhi<lb ed="#Qd"/>betur
aut creatura Deo obligatur<!--h--> et oppigno<lb ed="#Qd"/>ratur,
ut hoc sit iurare, Deum scilicet testem ad<lb ed="#Qd"/>hibere,
vel Deo aliquid oppignorare<!--i--></quote>. Hoc est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ergo iurare per quamlibet creaturam, scilicet
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Creatorem eius testem adhibere; sed qui iurat
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per creaturam non adhibet Deum testem suae
<lb ed="#Qd"/>assertionis. — Item, non potest aliquis obligare
<lb ed="#Qd"/>vel appignorare<!--k--> creaturam Deo, cum creatura
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Dei sit; cum ergo iurare sit vel<!--l--> Deum testem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>adhibere vel Deo aliquid oppignorare, ergo non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est licitum iurare per creaturam aliquo modo.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e265">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>4. Item, <title>Matth.</title> 5, 34, dicitur: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e269" source="http://scta.info/resource/mt5_34">Nolite iurare om<lb ed="#Qd"/>nino,
neque per caelum, quia thronus Dei est</quote> etc.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ex quo relinquitur quod nullo modo licitum est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iurare per creaturam.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e279">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>5. Item, iuramentum est ad testificationem as<lb ed="#Qd"/>sertionis;
sed irrationabile non potest testificari;
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ergo non convenit iurare per creaturam irratio<lb ed="#Qd"/>nabilem.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e290">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Contra: a. <title>Gen.</title> 42,15, dicitur quod Ioseph<!--m-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iuravit <quote>per salutem Pharaonis</quote>; sed Ioseph<!--n--> com<lb ed="#Qd"/>mendatur
in omnibus; ergo licitum est iurare per
<lb ed="#Qd"/>creaturam.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e301">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>b. Item, <name>Paulus</name>, <title>II Cor.</title> 2<!--4-->, iuravit per creatu<lb ed="#Qd"/>ram,
cum<!--a--> dixit: <quote>Quotidie morior per<!--b--> gloriam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>vestram, fratres</quote>. Gloriam appellat illud per quod
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ordinantur<!--c--> ad gloriam, scilicet praedicationem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Evangelii. Iuravit ergo<!--d--> per creaturam, quia, si<lb ed="#Qd"/>cut
dicit <name>Augustinus</name><!--5-->, ibi iuravit <name>Apostolus</name>.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Si ergo ipse<!--e--> non peccavit, ergo licitum est iu<lb ed="#Qd"/>rare
per creaturam.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e321">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>c. Item, quotidie iuratur in Ecclesia per B.<!--f-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Virginem et per sanctos et per res<!--g--> Deo dedi<lb ed="#Qd"/>catas<!--h-->;
sed omnia ista sunt creaturae; ergo etc.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e330">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Solutio: Super illud <title>Matth.</title> 5, 34: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e334" ana="mt5_34">Dico vobis,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>non iurans omnino</quote>, dicit <title>Glossa</title><!--6-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e339">Non iure<lb ed="#Qd"/>mus
per creaturas, ut veneremur eas ultra quam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>debemus; non iuremus per eas, ut<!--i--> viles exi<lb ed="#Qd"/>stimemus,
ut scilicet, cum per eas iuramus, nihil
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iurare existimemus</quote>. Ex hoc habetur responsio,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quia qui iurat per creaturam aut credit aliquid
<lb ed="#Qd"/>numinis<!--k--> esse in creatura; aut iurat per creatu<lb ed="#Qd"/>ram
intendens fraudem<!--l-->, et volens decipere alium,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quia scilicet non credit iurasse; aut iurat<!--m--> per
<lb ed="#Qd"/>creaturam, intendens solum protestari quod Deus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sit prima Veritas et auctor creaturae. Si primo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>modo iurat per creaturam, ut scilicet credat ali<lb ed="#Qd"/>quid
numinis in ipsa<!--n--> et intendat venerari crea<lb ed="#Qd"/>turam,
dicendum quod peccat peccato idolola<lb ed="#Qd"/>triae.
Si autem intendit fraudem, dicimus quod
<lb ed="#Qd"/>talis peccat peccato periurii. Si autem nec in<lb ed="#Qd"/>tendat<!--o-->
venerari aliquod numen in creatura nec
<lb ed="#Qd"/>intendat<!--p--> dolum ad proximum, sed solum<!--q--> in<lb ed="#Qd"/>tendat
protestari per creaturam et in ipsa<!--r--> pri<lb ed="#Qd"/>mam
Veritatem venerari, sic dicimus quod lici<lb ed="#Qd"/>tum
est iurare per creaturam nec peccat qui sic
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iurat. Et hoc est quod dicit <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name>, <title>Ad
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Publicolam</title>, <title>Causa</title> XXll, quaest. 1<!--7-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e392">Deus per
<lb ed="#Qd"/>creaturas iurare prohibuit ne vel more<!--s--> gentilium
<lb ed="#Qd"/>aliquod numen deitatis creaturis inesse credere<lb ed="#Qd"/>mus
vel ne creaturas contemptibiles iudicando,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per eas promissa pro nihilo duceremus</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e405">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Quidam tamen dicunt quod non<!--t--> licitum sit
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iurare per omnes creaturas, sicut dictum est<!--8-->,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quia distinguunt quod quaedam sunt creaturae
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Deo dicatae et ad cultum divinum mancipatae,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ut reliquiae sanctorum et Evangelium, et per
<lb ed="#Qd"/>has<!--u--> est licitum, ut dicunt, iurare; per alias au<lb ed="#Qd"/>tem
quae non sunt huiusmodi, non est licitum,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et hoc est, ut dicunt, quia<!--v--> aliae non admittun<lb ed="#Qd"/>tur
in solemni iuramento, sed istae<!--x--> solum.
<cb ed="#Qd" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Tamen, sicut dicit <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name><!--1-->, contingit iurare
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per quamlibet creaturam. Unde super illud <title>Rom.</title>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>1, 9: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e438" source="http://scta.info/resource/rom1_29">Testis est mihi Deus</quote>, dicit ipse<!--2--> in <title>Glossa</title>:
<lb ed="#Qb"/><quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e441">Qui per lapidem iurat falsum, periurus est</quote>.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Et constat quod hoc non esset nisi tale iuramen<lb ed="#Qd"/>tum<!--a-->
obligatorium esset, non autem obligaret
<lb ed="#Qd"/>nisi per creaturam talem iurare contingeret.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e452">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>[Ad obiecta]: 1. Ad primum quod obicie<lb ed="#Qd"/>batur
in contrarium, dicendum<!--b--> quod prohibitum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est hoc modo iurare per creaturas, ne scilicet
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in iuratione eas veneremur vel per eas dolum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>vel fraudem intendamus, sed non quod in iura<lb ed="#Qd"/>mento<!--c-->
per creaturam Creatorem Deum, aucto<lb ed="#Qd"/>rem
creaturae, protestemur et ipsum in creatura
<lb ed="#Qd"/>veneremur.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e472">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Ad secundum dicendum quod <title>Canon</title> lo<lb ed="#Qd"/>quitur
contra quosdam qui credebant Deum se<lb ed="#Qd"/>cundum<!--d-->
divinitatem habere capillos et caput,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et tales proprie sunt blasphemi<!--3-->.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e483">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Ad tertium dicendum quod iuramentum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>duplex est: quoddam est<!--e--> assertorium, quoddam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>vero est imprecatorium<!--f-->. Iuramentum imprecato<lb ed="#Qd"/>rium
est, cum aliquis<!--g--> sibi imprecatur poenam,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>nisi ita<!--h--> faciat sicut promittit; et dicit <name>Augu<lb ed="#Qd"/>stinus</name>,
in sermone <title>De periurio</title><!--4-->, quod forma vel
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ratio talis iuramenti est<!--i--> talis <mentioned>per salutem meam</mentioned>,
<lb ed="#Qb"/><mentioned>per filios meos</mentioned>. Unde dicit: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e500">Cum quis ait <mentioned>per
<lb ed="#Qd"/>salutem meam</mentioned>, salutem suam obligat Deo; vel
<lb ed="#Qd"/>cum dicit <mentioned>per filios meos</mentioned><!--k-->, oppignorat eos Deo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ut hoc eveniat in caput eorum quod exit de ore
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ipsius</quote>. Et istud est iuramentum de re futura,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et<!--l--> promissorium. Iuramentum autem asserto<lb ed="#Qd"/>rium
est de re praesenti vel praeterita. Cum ergo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>assertorie iuratur per creaturam, ipsam creatura
<lb ed="#Qd"/>non adducitur ut testis, immo Deus, qui est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>auctor creaturae. Unde in <title>Canone</title>, XXII <title>Causa</title><!--n-->,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quaest. 1<!--5-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e524" source="http://scta.info/resource/gd-p2c22q1-d1e347">Sciendum est quod sancti non tam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per creaturas quam per Creatorem creaturarum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iurabant, nec in creaturis aliud quam Creatorem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ipsarum venerabantur, sicut Ioseph, qui per<!--p-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Pharaonem iurando, hoc in eo veneratus est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod Dei iudicio positus erat in<!--q--> infimis. Unde
<lb ed="#Qd"/><name>Apostolus</name>, <title>Rom.</title> 13, 1: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e539" source="http://scta.info/resource/rom13_1">Omnis potestas a Deo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est</quote></quote>. Et similiter<!--r--> ad hoc idem ponit auctoritatem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in Sermone <title>De periurio</title><!--6--> ubi dicit, quod in omni
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iuratione aut Deus testis adhibetur aut creatura
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Deo obligatur et oppignoratur, ut scilicet hoc sit
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iurare<!--a-->, <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e556">Deum scilicet testem adhibere vel Deo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>aliquid oppignorare</quote>, hoc est ergo iurare per
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quamlibet creaturam, scilicet<!--b--> Creatorem eius te<lb ed="#Qd"/>stem
adhibere. Item, <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name><!--7-->, in <title>Glossa</title>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>super illud <title>Rom.</title> 1, 9: <quote>Testis est mihi Deus</quote>, di<lb ed="#Qd"/>cit:
<quote>Qui per lapidem iurat falsum, periurus est,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quia<!--c--> Creatorem Deum adhibet testem</quote>. Sicut
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ergo in adoratione videmus quod veneratio facta
<lb ed="#Qd"/>creaturae semper refertur ad prototypum, id est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ad exemplar,ut dicit <name>Ioannes Damascenus</name><!--8-->,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sicut veneratio crucis refertur ad ipsum Cruci<lb ed="#Qd"/>fixum<!--d-->,
ita dicimus quod testificatio facta in iu<lb ed="#Qd"/>ramento<!--e-->
per creaturas, ut per sanctos, refertur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ad ipsum auctorem Deum, et<!--f--> iuratio facta per
<lb ed="#Qd"/>crucem refertur ad ipsum cuius est crux. Iurare
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ergo per creaturam est Creatorem eius testem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>veritatis adducere. — Ad illud vero quod obicit
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod <mentioned>nullus potest creaturam Deo obligare</mentioned>,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicendum quod ille qui iurat per creaturam non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>obligat vel oppignorat illam Deo, sed bonum<!--g-->,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod ex creatura percipit, Deo obligat et oppi<lb ed="#Qd"/>gnorat,
ut scilicet in illo bono puniatur, nisi<!--h-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>eveniat pro quo iurat. Et hoc vult dicere <name>Augu<lb ed="#Qd"/>stinus</name>,
cum dicit<!--9-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e612">Cum quis iurat per filios
<lb ed="#Qd"/>suos<!--i--> vel per salutem suam, oppignorat haec<!--k-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Deo</quote>, id est, bonum suum, quod habet et per<lb ed="#Qd"/>cipit
in illis, quia qui iurat per filios suos<!--l-->, iurat
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per creaturam in qua habet consolationem, et ita
<lb ed="#Qd"/>bonum percipit ex ea<!--m-->. Non ergo obligat crea<lb ed="#Qd"/>turam
Deo proprie, sed bonum suum. — Et per
<lb ed="#Qd"/>hoc<!--n--> patet solutio ad illam rationem, quae est
<lb ed="#Qb"/><mentioned>quod irrationabilia non possunt testificari</mentioned>. Non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>enim creatura testificatur quando per ipsam iu<lb ed="#Qd"/>ratur,
immo Deus, qui est Creator ipsius crea<lb ed="#Qd"/>turae,
et ad ipsum testificatio refertur, alioquin
<lb ed="#Qd"/>non esset iuramentum.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e640">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>4. Ad quartum similiter patet solutio. Nam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>prohibuit Dominus<!--o--> iurare per creaturas, ne sci<lb ed="#Qd"/>licet
divinum numen in eis venerarentur homines
<lb ed="#Qd"/>vel ne<!--p--> dolum, iurando per eas, intenderent. Et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>hoc est quod dicit<!--q--> <name>Hieronymus</name><!--10-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e653">Iudaeis,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quasi parvulis, concessum fuit<!--r--> iurare per Creato<lb ed="#Qd"/>rem;
praeceptum ut, si iurare contingeret, nonnisi
<pb ed="#Qd" n="482"/>
<cb ed="#Qd" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per Creatorem iurarent<!--a-->, non per creaturam, quia
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iurantes per angelos et elementa<!--b-->, creaturas ve<lb ed="#Qd"/>nerabantur
honore; et melius erat haec<!--c--> exhi<lb ed="#Qd"/>beri
Deo quam creaturis</quote>. <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e673">Infirmis<!--1--> ergo illud
<lb ed="#Qd"/>prohibuit. Sanctis vero, qui in creaturis Creatorem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>venerabantur tantum, non prohibuit; unde Ioseph
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per salutem Pharaonis iurando, hoc Dei iudicio
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in eo veneratus est quo positus erat in<!--d--> intimis.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Christus vero per creaturas ita iurare prohibuit ne
<lb ed="#Qd"/>vel aliquod divinum in eis crederetur, pro quo re<lb ed="#Qd"/>verentia
eis deberetur<!--e--> vel ne per iurantes fal<lb ed="#Qd"/>sum,
homines se iuramento teneri non putarent</quote>.
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Dd1e697" type="articulus">
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Hd1e699">ARTICULUS II.</head>
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Hd1e702" type="question-title">Quod iuramentum magis obligat, vel quod fit per Creatorem vel quod fit per creaturas.</head>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e705">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Postmodum quaeritur I. quod iuramentum ma<lb ed="#Qd"/>gis
obligat, vel quod fit per Creatorem vel quod
<lb ed="#Qd"/>fit per creaturas.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e714">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ad quod sic: a. <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name>, <title>Ad Publicolam</title><!--2-->,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et in <title>Canone</title>, XXII <title>Causa</title>, quaest. 1<!--3-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e723" source="http://scta.info/resource/gd-p2c22q1-d1e344">Quanto
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per quod iuratur magis sanctum est, tanto magis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est poenale periurium</quote>. Sed magis est sanctus,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>immo in infinitum est<!--f--> sanctior Deus quam crea<lb ed="#Qd"/>tura;
ergo magis est poenale periurium, quando
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iuratur falsum per Deum quam quando iuratur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>falsum peri creaturam; sed non est<!--h--> magis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>poenale periurium nisi quia magis obligat iura<lb ed="#Qd"/>mentum<!--i-->;
ergo magis obligat iuramentum<!--k--> fac<lb ed="#Qd"/>tum
per Deum quam per creaturam.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e746">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Contra: 1. <title>Causa</title> XXII, quaest. 1<!--4-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e750" source="http://scta.info/resource/gd-p2c22q1-d1e347">Dupliciter
<lb ed="#Qd"/>reus est, qui per creaturas iurat mendaciter<!--l-->,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quia et contra prohibitionem iurat, per quod sibi
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iurare non licet, a quo peccato est immunis qui
<lb ed="#Qd"/>nonnisi per Creatorem iurat; et proximum dolo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>capit, quod facit etiam per Creatorem menda<lb ed="#Qd"/>citer
iurans</quote>. Si ergo duplex est reatus in illo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>qui iurat falsum per creaturam, a quorum uno
<lb ed="#Qd"/>immunis est qui iurat falsum per Creatorem,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>gravius est periurium iactum per creaturam quam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>factum per Creatorem; sed non est gravius periu<lb ed="#Qd"/>rium
nisi quia magis obligat iuramentum; ergo etc.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e779">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Item, ille qui iurat per creaturam non iurat
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per ipsam solam, sed etiam per eius auctorem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Deum: ille enim, qui iurat per creaturam, Deum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>auctorem illius creaturae<!--m--> testem invocat; sed
<lb ed="#Qd"/>maior est contemptus in illo qui contemnit crea<lb ed="#Qd"/>turam
et Creatorem quam in illo qui solum al<lb ed="#Qd"/>terum
contemnit; cum ergo omnis periurans con<lb ed="#Qd"/>temnat
illud per quod iurat, maius est periurium
<lb ed="#Qd"/>unde contemnitur Deus et creatura quam unde
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>contemnitur Deus solus; gravius ergo est periu<lb ed="#Qd"/>rium
tactum per creaturam quam per Deum.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e808">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Item, ad solemnitatem iuramenti additur iura<lb ed="#Qd"/>mentum
per creaturas, quia asportantur reliquiae
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sanctorum et Evangelium, per quae iuratur so<lb ed="#Qd"/>lemniter;
sed iuramentum solemne maxime obli<lb ed="#Qd"/>gat;
si ergo illud fit<!--n--> per creaturas, iuramentum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per creaturas<!--o--> maxime obligat.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e824">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>II. Iuxta hoc quaeritur unde hoc est<!--p--> quod
<lb ed="#Qd"/>violatio iuramenti solemnis iacit irregularem; per
<lb ed="#Qd"/>hoc enim videtur quod ipsum maxime ligat.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e833">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Solutio: I. Dicendum quod gravius et fortius
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est iuramentum factum per Deum quam factum<!--q-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per creaturas et magis obligat. Et hoc est quod
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicit <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name><!--5-->, in <title>Canone</title>, XXII <title>Causa</title>,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quaest. 1: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e849">Si periurium tanto magis poenale
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est<!--r--> quanto sanctius est illud per quod iuratur,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>apparet quod et<!--s--> si per creaturam mendaciter
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iurans dupliciter peccet, graviori tamen se subi<lb ed="#Qd"/>cit
poenae qui per Creatorem iurat mendaciter</quote>.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Et iterum<!--t-->, <name>Ioannes Chrysostomus</name><!--6-->, ultima
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dist. III <title>Sententiarum</title><!--7-->, hoc confirmat: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e864">Si qua
<lb ed="#Qd"/>causa fuerit, modicum videbitur facere qui iurat
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per Deum; qui vero iurat per Evangelium, maius
<lb ed="#Qd"/>aliquid fecisse<!--u--> videtur</quote>. Ita opponit ipse se<lb ed="#Qd"/>cundum
quosdam, sed post respondet dicens<!--8-->:
<lb ed="#Qb"/><quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-Qd1e876">Quibus dicendum est: stulti, Scripturae propter
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Deum factae sunt, non Deus propter Scripturas;
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ita creaturae factae sunt propter Deum</quote>. Ex quo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>vult habere quod maius est iurare per Deum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quam per creaturas.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e888">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>[Ad obiectu]: 1. Ad illud quod primo obi<lb ed="#Qd"/>citur
quod <mentioned>dupliciter reus est qui per creaturam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iurat mendaciter</mentioned>, dicendum quod hoc non di<lb ed="#Qd"/>citur
de<!--v--> quocumque iurante per creaturam, sed
<pb ed="#Q" n="483"/>
<cb ed="#Q" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>de illo qui in illo iuramento creaturam intendit
<lb ed="#Qd"/>venerari tamquam habentem aliquid divinum in
<lb ed="#Qd"/>se, et qui etiam cum hoc proximum dolo capit,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et ideo dicit <title>Canon</title> quod <quote>iurat, per quod non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>licet</quote>; tunc enim iuratur per quod non licet<!--a-->,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quando iuratur per creaturam venerando ipsam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>tamquam divinam.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e919">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Ad illud quod secundo obicitur, dicen<lb ed="#Qd"/>dum
quod bonitas Creatoris, ut in se est<!--b-->, excedit
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in infinitum bonitatem eius<!--c--> prout habet esse in
<lb ed="#Qd"/>creatura. Unde <title>Psalmus</title><!--1-->: <quote>Confessio eius</quote>, id est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>laus eius, <quote>super caelum et terram</quote>, id est plus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quam de ipsa<!--d--> in creaturis appareat. Ideo sanc<lb ed="#Qd"/>tius
est, cum iuratur per Creatorem in se quam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per Creatorem in creatura, et fortius est iura<lb ed="#Qd"/>mentum.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e942">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Ad tertium<!--e--> quod obicitur quod <mentioned>iura<lb ed="#Qd"/>mentum
per creaturas additur ad solemnitatem</mentioned>,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicendum<!--f--> quod, comparando simplicem formam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iuramenti simplici<!--g-->, plus est hoc quam illud.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Sed comparando iuramentum iactum per Deum et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>cum hoc addito iuramento per creaturam ad iura<lb ed="#Qd"/>mentum
tactum per solum Deum, bene concedo
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod plus est illud quam istud. Quanto enim
<lb ed="#Qd"/>plus crescunt solemnitates, ut cum iuratur per
<lb ed="#Qd"/>crucem et reliquias et Evangelia, tanto maius
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est iuramentum. Non tamen maius est iuramen<lb ed="#Qd"/>tum
per creaturam in se quam per Creatorem,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>immo e converso, licet maius sit iuramentum et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>solemnius collectum ex iuramento per Deum et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per<!--h--> creaturam quam iuramentum factum per
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Deum solum.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t2d2m7c3-d1e981">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>II. Ad quaestionem ultimo factam dicen<lb ed="#Qd"/>dum
quod violatio iuramenti solemnis<!--i--> facit irre<lb ed="#Qd"/>gularem
ratione infamiae: infamia enim facit irre<lb ed="#Qd"/>gularem.
Oportet enim eum<!--k--> qui debet ad sacros
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ordines accedere<!--l--> habere bonam famam commu<lb ed="#Qd"/>nem.
Unde <name>Apostolus</name>, <title>I<!--m--> Tim.</title> 3, 7 dicit quod opor<lb ed="#Qd"/>tet<!--n-->
ordinandos, maxime in praelationem, habere
<lb ed="#Qd"/><quote>bonum testimonium ab iis qui foris sunt</quote>; et de
<lb ed="#Qd"/>diaconibus dicit ibidem<!--o--> quod sint nullum cri<lb ed="#Qd"/>men
habentes; et<!--p--> ad <title>Titum</title> 1, 6 praecipit ipse
<lb ed="#Qd"/><name>Apostolus</name> <name>Tito</name> constituat presbyteros et dis<lb ed="#Qd"/>ponat
quales debent esse, quoniam <quote>sine crimine</quote>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>debent esse. Ratione ergo<!--q--> infamiae evenit illa
<lb ed="#Qd"/>irregularitas.
</p>
</div>
</div>
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