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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lombardpress/lombardpress-schema/master/src/out/critical.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?><?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lombardpress/lombardpress-schema/master/src/out/critical.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?><TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
<teiHeader>
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<title>III, P. 2, Inq. 3, T. 2, S. 1, Q. 1, T. 5, M. 2, C. 2 AN NON HABENTES POTESTATEM UNIVERSALITER PROHIBEANTUR MALEFICUM OCCIDERE.</title>
<author ref="#AlexanderOfHales">Alexander of Hales</author>
<respStmt>
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<title>III, P. 2, Inq. 3, T. 2, S. 1, Q. 1, T. 5, M. 2, C. 2 AN NON HABENTES POTESTATEM UNIVERSALITER PROHIBEANTUR MALEFICUM OCCIDERE.</title>
<date when="2017-10-16">October 16, 2017</date>
</edition>
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<authority><ref target="https://www.earlyfranciscans.com">ERC Project 714427: Authority and Innovation in Early Franciscan Thought</ref></authority>
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<witness xml:id="Qd" n="quaracchi1948d">Quaracchi 1948, Volume 4</witness>
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<front>
<div xml:id="starts-on"/>
</front>
<body>
<div xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2">
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Hd1e102">III, P. 2, Inq. 3, T. 2, S. 1, Q. 1, T. 5, M. 2, C. 2</head>
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Hd1e105" type="quesition-title">AN NON HABENTES POTESTATEM UNIVERSALITER PROHIBEANTUR MALEFICUM OCCIDERE.</head>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e108">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Deinde quaeritur an illi qui non habent potesta<lb ed="#Qd"/>tem
universaliter prohibeantur maleficum oc<lb ed="#Qd"/>cidere,
cum dicitur <quote>non accides</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e117">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Committitur autem occisio tribus modis, sci<lb ed="#Qd"/>licet
voluntate, necessitate, casu.
</p>
<div xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Dd1e124" type="articulus">
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Hd1e126">ARTICULUS I</head>
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Hd1e129" type="question-title">Utrum peccet Contra hoc praeceptum qui sine potestate occidit maleficum amore iustitiae.</head>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e132">
<pb ed="#Qd" n="530"/>
<cb ed="#Qd" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Quaeritur igitur primo de illo qui non habet
<lb ed="#Qd"/>potestatem, si ex proposito<!--a-->, amore iustitiae et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>odio malitiae<!--b-->, secundum leges interficiendi, oc<lb ed="#Qd"/>cidendo
peccet et<!--c--> iaciat contra hoc praecep<lb ed="#Qd"/>tum
<quote>non occides</quote><!--1-->.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e150">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ad quod sic: 1. <name ref="#Ambrose">Ambrosius</name><!--2-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e157">Puniuntur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>peccata per homines, sicut per iudices, qui po<lb ed="#Qd"/>testate
ad tempus utuntur; puniuntur peccata
<lb ed="#Qd"/>etiam per populos, sicut legimus quia saepe ab
<lb ed="#Qd"/>alienigenis Dei iussu excitatis propter divinae
<lb ed="#Qd"/>maiestatis offensam subactus est populus Iudaeo<lb ed="#Qd"/>rum</quote>.
Sed constans est quod populi non erant
<lb ed="#Qd"/>constituti iudices, et tamen erant a Deo incitati
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ad vindicandam culpam Iudaeorum. Arguitur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ergo<!--d-->: nullus excitatus a Deo ad aliquid agen<lb ed="#Qd"/>dum,
si facit illud, peccat faciendo illud ad
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod a Deo excitatur; sed tales erant populi a
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Deo excitati; ergo non peccabant occidendo Iu<lb ed="#Qd"/>daeos.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e189">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Item, nullus faciens secundum Legem facit
<lb ed="#Qd"/>contra hoc mandatum; sed, demonstrato aliquo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>malefico digno morte, verum est quod iste se<lb ed="#Qd"/>cundum
Legem est interficiendus<!--3-->; ergo qui in<lb ed="#Qd"/>terficit
illum, facit secundum Legem<!--e-->; ergo non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>peccat.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e206">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Item, Moyses, qui in omnibus commenda<lb ed="#Qd"/>tur,
interfecit Aegyptium rixantem cum Israelita,
<lb ed="#Qd"/><title>Exod.</title> 2, 12, et tamen tunc non habebat iudiciariam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>potestatem; unde dicitur ei, <title>Exod.</title> 2, 14: <quote>Quis te
<lb ed="#Qd"/>constituit iudicem super nos</quote>? Ergo primum.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e219">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Contra: a. <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name>, I <title>De civitate Dei</title><!--4-->:
<lb ed="#Qb"/><quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e226">Qui sine aliqua publica administratione male<lb ed="#Qd"/>ficum
interfecerit, velut homicida iudicabitur, et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>tanto acrius, quanto non sibi a Deo concessam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>potestatem usurpare non timuit</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e236">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>b. Item, <title>Causa</title> XXIII, quaest. 8, dicit <title>Canon</title><!--5-->:
<cit>
<quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e242" source="http://scta.info/resource/gd-p2c23q8-d1e106">Omnis praeter illum vel auctoritatem eius qui
<lb ed="#Qd"/>legitima potestate utitur, qui, ut ait <name>Apostolus</name><!--6-->,
<lb ed="#Qd"/><quote>non sine causa gladium portat</quote>, cui omnis anima
<lb ed="#Qd"/>subdita esse debet, ad <title>Rom.</title> 13, 1, omnis, inquam,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>qui praeter huiusmodi auctoritatem gladium ac<lb ed="#Qd"/>ceperit,
gladio peribit<!--7--></quote>
<bibl>
<ref target="http://scta.info/resource/gd-p2c23q8-d1e106">Gratian, Decretum, c. 23, q. 8</ref>
</bibl>
</cit>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e263">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Solutio: Sicut dictum est<!--8-->, non habens pote<lb ed="#Qd"/>statem
aut interficit voluntate<!--f--> aut necessitate
<lb ed="#Qd"/>aut casu. Primo modo simpliciter et indistincte
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est illicitum; secundo modo et tertio aliquando
<lb ed="#Qd"/>licitum<!--g-->, aliquando illicitum, sicut post manife<lb ed="#Qd"/>stabitur<!--9-->.
Unde nota ad hoc quod, sicut dicitur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in legenda beatae <name>Luciae</name><!--10-->, homo potest esse mi<lb ed="#Qd"/>nister
mortis<!--h-->, non vitae, quia omnis vita a Deo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>solo<!--i--> est, nec eam dari voluit per ministerium.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Sicut ergo auferre rem alterius sine ipsius vo<lb ed="#Qd"/>luntate
et auctoritate semper est illicitum, sic,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et multo fortius, occidere, quod est auferre vi<lb ed="#Qd"/>tam
sine Dei voluntate et auctoritate, cuius pro<lb ed="#Qd"/>prie
est vita et cuius solius est vivificare, semper
<lb ed="#Qd"/>erit illicitum; unde in <title>Deuter.</title> 32, 39: <quote>Ego occi<lb ed="#Qd"/>dam
et<!--k--> ego vivere faciam</quote>. Ideo quicumque
<lb ed="#Qd"/>non accipit potestatem<!--l--> vel a divina auctori<lb ed="#Qd"/>tate,
quae est in Lege, vel ab eius voluntate,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>scilicet Dei, intellecta per internam inspirationem,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>si interficit, facit<!--m--> contra illud praeceptum <quote>non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>occides</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e311">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>[Ad obiecta]: 1. Ad primum ergo quod
<lb ed="#Qd"/>obicitur secundum <name ref="#Ambrose">Ambrosium</name>, distinguen<lb ed="#Qd"/>dum,
secundum quod dicitur in <title>Canone</title>, <title>Causa</title>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>XXIII, quaest. 5<!--11-->, quod peccata aliquando pu<lb ed="#Qd"/>niuntur
per nescientes, aliquando per<!--n--> scien<lb ed="#Qd"/>tes.
Per nescientes, sicut per Sennacherib popu<lb ed="#Qd"/>lus
Iudaeorum, <title>Isai.</title> 10, et per Nabuchodonosor,
<lb ed="#Qd"/><title>IV Reg.</title> ultimo, et per Antiochum, <title>I Machab.</title> 1.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Unde et de Sennacherib dicitur <title>Isai.</title> 10, 5—7: <quote>Vae
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Assur, virga furoris mei</quote>, et sequitur: <quote>Contra
<lb ed="#Qd"/>populum furoris mei<!--o--> mandabo illi ut auferat
<lb ed="#Qd"/>spolia</quote>; et sequitur: <quote>Ipse autem non sic arbitra<lb ed="#Qd"/>bitur,
et cor eius non ita aestimabit</quote>. Per scien<lb ed="#Qd"/>tes,
sicut per filios Israel punita sunt peccata
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Amorrhaeorum, Iosue per totum. In primo casu
<lb ed="#Qd"/>excitatur a Deo voluntas ignorans quantum ad
<pb ed="#Qd" n="531"/>
<cb ed="#Qd" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>actionem punitionis quae iusta est, sed non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quantum ad actionem<!--a--> hominis quae perversa
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est. Unde <title>Isai.</title> 10, 5,7: <quote>Assur<!--b--> virga furoris,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>qua scilicet ego gentes punio pro peccato, sed
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ipse non sic arbitrabitur</quote>, sed <quote>cor eius</quote> erit <quote>ad
<lb ed="#Qd"/>conterendum</quote><!--c--> etc., ac si diceret: non est ad hoc
<lb ed="#Qd"/>eius intentio. Ex quo<!--d--> patet quod, quamvis hoc
<lb ed="#Qd"/>fecerit divina auctoritate, non tamen<!--e--> voluntate,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et ideo illicitum. — In secundo vero casu<!--f--> taxatur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>voluntas quantum ad actionem et quantum ad
<lb ed="#Qd"/>intentionem, ut in bonis Israelitis<!--g-->, qui ex obe<lb ed="#Qd"/>dientia
mandati Dei et ut vindicarent divinam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iniuriam Chananaeos interfecerunt, et ideo licite
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et meritorie. Primo modo populus excitatus a
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Deo peccat, non ex<!--h--> excitatione divina, sed ex
<lb ed="#Qd"/>malitia propria; secundo modo populus excitatus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>non peccat.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e393">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Ad secundum dicendum<!--i--> quod non se<lb ed="#Qd"/>quitur:
<mentioned>multis de causis, iste interficiendus est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>secundum Legem, ergo qui interficit facit secun<lb ed="#Qd"/>dum
Legem</mentioned>. Ad interficiendum enim secundum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Legem<!--k--> sufficit solus reatus, quo dignus sit in<lb ed="#Qd"/>terfici;
ad<!--l--> interficientem vero secundum Legem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>requiruntur plura: iusta causa, iustus ordo, iu<lb ed="#Qd"/>stus
animus. Iusta causa, ut reus meruerit in<lb ed="#Qd"/>terfici,
quia dicitur <title>Exod.</title> 23, 7: <quote>Innocentem et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iustum non occides</quote>. - Iustus ordo, ut occidens
<lb ed="#Qd"/>habeat potestatem<!--m-->, et convictus sit crimine<!--n-->.
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/><name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name><!--1-->, super <title>Matth.</title><!--5-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e426">Officia vindic<lb ed="#Qd"/>tae
possunt impleri quo modo iudex, quo modo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>lex</quote>. Et <name ref="#Ambrose">Ambrosius</name><!--2-->, super <title>I ad Cor.</title> 5, 6:
<lb ed="#Qd"/><quote>Totum massam corrumpit</quote>: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e439">Si quis potestatem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>non habet quem scit reum abicere, vel probare
<lb ed="#Qd"/>non valet, immunis est, et iudicis non est sine
<lb ed="#Qd"/>accusatione damnare, sicut nec Christus Iudam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>abiecit</quote>. — Iustus animus ut illud fiat solum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>amore iustitiae, non libidine vindictae vel appe<lb ed="#Qd"/>titu
poenae. Unde <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name>, in <title>Quaestio<lb ed="#Qd"/>nibus super Exodum</title><!--3-->:
<quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e459">Cum minister iudicis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>occidit quem iudex iussit occidi, profecto, si id
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sponte facit, homicida est, si eum etiam occidit
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quem scit a iudice debuisse occidi</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e470">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Ad tertium dicendum, secundum <name>Augu<lb ed="#Qd"/>stinum</name><!--o-->,
II libro <title>Contra Faustum</title><!--4-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e476">Ille utitur<!--p-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>gladio qui nulla superiore ac legitima potestate
<lb ed="#Qd"/>vel iubente<!--q--> vel concedente in sanguinem ali<lb ed="#Qd"/>cuius
armatur. Nam utique Dominus iusserat ut
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ferrum discipuli eius ferrent<!--5-->, sed non iusserat
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ut ferirent. Quid ergo incongruum est, si Petrus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>post hoc peccatum factus est pastor Ecclesiae,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sicut Moyses post percussum Aegyptium factus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est rector illius Synagogae? Uterque enim non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>detestabili immanitate, sed emendabili animositate
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iustitiae regulam excessit, uterque odio improbi<lb ed="#Qd"/>tatis
alienae, sed ille fraterno, iste dominico,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>licet<!--r--> adhuc tamen amore carnali, peccavit</quote>.
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Dd1e508" type="articulus">
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Hd1e510">ARTICULUS II</head>
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Hd1e513" type="question-title">Utrum peccet contra hoc praeceptum qui, defendendo se, aliquem accidit.</head>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e516">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Postea quaeritur de illo qui non habet pote<lb ed="#Qd"/>statem
et tamen cogitur necessitate, defendendo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>se, utrum iaciat contra hoc praeceptum<!--6-->.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e525">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ad quod sic: a. Secundum leges vim vi re<lb ed="#Qd"/>pellere
licet<!--7-->. Et <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name>, I <title>De libero ar<lb ed="#Qd"/>bitrio</title><!--8-->,
dicit quod <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e536">lex iusta est quae dat pote<lb ed="#Qd"/>statem
vel viatori ut latronem, ne ab eo occi<lb ed="#Qd"/>datur<!--s-->,
occidat, vel cuipiam viro ac feminae ut
<lb ed="#Qd"/>violenter sibi stupratorem irruentem, ante illi<lb ed="#Qd"/>citum
stuprum, si possit, interimat</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e548">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>b. Item, <title>Exod.</title> 22, 2: <quote>Si perfodiens inventus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sit fur et percussus mortuus fuerit</quote> etc. <name>Augu<lb ed="#Qd"/>stinus</name><!--9-->:
<quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e556">Non est illi homicidium. Si autem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ortus<!--t--> fuerit <quote>sol super eum</quote>, reus erit. Intelli<lb ed="#Qd"/>gitur
ergo non pertinere ad homicidium, si fur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>nocturnus occidatur, si autem diurnus, ad ho<lb ed="#Qd"/>micidium
pertinere. Hoc enim est quod ait<!--10-->: <quote>Si
<lb ed="#Qd"/>oriatur sol super eum</quote> etc., quia poterat decernere
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod ad furandum, non ad occidendum, venis<lb ed="#Qd"/>set,
et ideo non debet occidi</quote>.
<!--missing p break-->
<lb ed="#Qb"/>c. Item, quod melius, scilicet irruentum in<!--u-->
<pb ed="#Q" n="532"/>
<cb ed="#Q" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>se interficere aut permitti se interfici ab eo, et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>maius praeeligendum est. Sed dicit <name>Augusti<lb ed="#Qd"/>nus</name>,
<title>De libero arbitrio</title><!--1-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e583">Multo enim mitius<!--a-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est eum qui alienae vitae insidiatur quam eum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>qui suam tuetur occidi. Et multo est immanius
<lb ed="#Qd"/>hominem stuprum perpeti quam eum, a quo vis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>infertur, ab eo, cui inferre conatur, interimi</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e596">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Contra: 1. <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name>, I <title>De libero arbi<lb ed="#Qd"/>trio</title><!--2-->:
<quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e605">Quomodo apud divinam providentiam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>peccato<!--b--> liberi sunt qui pro iis rebus, quas in<lb ed="#Qd"/>viti
amittere possunt, humana caede polluti sunt?</quote>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Sed vitam temporalem quilibet invitus potest
<lb ed="#Qd"/>amittere; ergo non est sine culpa, si pro ipsa
<lb ed="#Qd"/>tuenda hominem interficit.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e620">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Item, praeceptum est non occidere homi<lb ed="#Qd"/>nem,
scilicet auctoritate propria; sed iste qui
<lb ed="#Qd"/>impetitur ad mortem ab alio non est iudex nec
<lb ed="#Qd"/>minister legis; ergo, si interficit, interficit<!--c--> auc<lb ed="#Qd"/>toritate
propria.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e633">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Item, <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name>, I <title>De libero arbitrio</title><!--3-->:
<lb ed="#Qb"/><quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e640">Potest illi legi, quae tuendorum civium causa
<lb ed="#Qd"/>vim hostilem eadem vi repelli iubet, sine libidine
<lb ed="#Qd"/>obtemperari; et de omnibus ministris, qui iure
<lb ed="#Qd"/>atque ordine potestatibus quibusque<!--d--> subiecti
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sunt, id dici potest. Sed illi homines, lege in<lb ed="#Qd"/>culpata,
quomodo inculpati<!--e--> queant esse, non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>video: non enim eos lex cogit occidere, sed re<lb ed="#Qd"/>linquit
in potestate. Liberum itaque est eis ne<lb ed="#Qd"/>minem
necare<!--f--> pro iis rebus quas inviti possunt
<lb ed="#Qd"/>amittere, et<!--g--> ob hoc amare non debent</quote>. Ex hoc
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sequitur idem quod prius.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e665">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>4. Item, <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name>, <title>Ad Publicolam</title><!--4-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e672">De
<lb ed="#Qd"/>occidendis hominibus, ne ab eis quisquam oc<lb ed="#Qd"/>cidatur,
non mihi<!--h--> placet consilium, nisi forte
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sit miles aut publica functione teneatur, ut non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>pro se hoc faciat sed pro aliis, accepta legitima
<lb ed="#Qd"/>potestate, si eius congruat personae</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e686">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>5. Item, si dicatur, sicut contingit in viola<lb ed="#Qd"/>tione
sabbati, quod necessitas facit licitum quod
<lb ed="#Qd"/>alias esset illicitum, et ideo necessitas vitandi
<lb ed="#Qd"/>mortem excusat - contra: Qui dixit <quote>non moc<lb ed="#Qd"/>chaberis</quote>,
dixit <quote>non occides</quote>, in Decalogo. Si
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ergo necessitas non excusat in uno, ergo<!--i--> nec
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in alio. - Item, quamvis aliquis impetatur ad
<lb ed="#Qd"/>mortem a muliere ut cognoscat ipsam, tamen
<lb ed="#Qd"/>tenetur ipsam non cognoscere. Ergo, quamvis
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>aliquis impetatur ad mortem ab aliquo<!--k-->, tenetur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ipsum non occidere.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e715">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>6. Item, quaedam bona sunt in summo, ut vir<lb ed="#Qd"/>tutes,
quaedam in medio, ut naturalia, quaedam in
<lb ed="#Qd"/>intimo, ut temporalia. Si ergo non licet destruere<!--l-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>meliora pro deterioribus conservandis<!--m-->, non licet
<lb ed="#Qd"/>interficere furem, sive diurnum sive nocturnum.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e729">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>[Solutio]: Quidam<!--5--> distinguunt necessitatem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>evitabilem et inevitabilem. Si sit evitabilis ne<lb ed="#Qd"/>cessitas,
scilicet quod posset<!--n--> aliter evadere, ut
<lb ed="#Qd"/>fugiendo vel alio modo, homicida est talis sic
<lb ed="#Qd"/>interficiens et peccat contra istud mandatum
<lb ed="#Qb"/><quote>non occides</quote>. Si vero sit inevitabilis, quod non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>possit<!--o--> evadere nisi interficiat, aut occidit mo<lb ed="#Qd"/>tus
ira et<!--p--> libidine vindictae aut cum dolore
<lb ed="#Qd"/>evadendi necessitate, prout dicit <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name>,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in <title>Quaestionibus super Matthaeum</title><!--6-->: <quote>Cum homo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ab homine occiditur, multum distat utrum ulci<lb ed="#Qd"/>scendi
cupiditate, sicut fit<!--a--> ab inimico, vel iniuste
<lb ed="#Qd"/>aliquid auferendi, sicut a latrone, vel obediendi
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ordine, sicut a iudice, vel evadendi vel subve<lb ed="#Qd"/>niendi
necessitate</quote>. Primo modo occidens homi<lb ed="#Qd"/>cida
est, secundo modo non iudicabitur<!--r--> aliquis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>homicida quantum ad culpam, quamvis iudicetur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quantum ad irregularitatem.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e772">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Sed contra<!--s--> obicitur: Nam dicit <title>Canon</title>
<lb ed="#Qd"/><name>Nicolai Papae</name>, dist. 50<!--7-->:
<cit>
<quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e780" source="http://scta.info/resource/gd-p1d50-d1e199">De clericis, quibus.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>consuluisti, scilicet qui se defendendo paganum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>occiderunt, si postea per poenitentiam [emendati]
<lb ed="#Qd"/>possunt ad pristinum statum redire aut ad al<lb ed="#Qd"/>tiorem
ascendere, scito nos nullam occasionem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dare nec ullam tribuere licentiam eis quemlibet
<lb ed="#Qd"/>hominem quolibet modo occidendi</quote>
<bibl>
<ref target="http://scta.info/resource/gd-p1d50-d1e199">Gratian, Decretum, I, d. 50, c. 6</ref>
</bibl>
</cit>.
Ergo in<!--t-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>nullo casu licet clericis occidere.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e806">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ad idem <title>Canon</title> <name>Martini</name>, dist. eadem<!--8-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e810">Si
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quis homicidii aut facto aut consilio aut prae<lb ed="#Qd"/>cepto<!--u-->
aut defensione post baptismum conscius
<lb ed="#Qd"/>fuerit, et per aliquam subreptionem ad clericatum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>venerit, deiciatur et in fine vitae suae commu<lb ed="#Qd"/>nionem
tantum accipiat</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e824">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Item, <title>Canon</title> ex Concilio Erlendensi<!--9-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e828">De
<lb ed="#Qd"/>clericis, qui in<!--v--> obsidione positi sunt, statutum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est<!--x--> ut qui altario ministrant et Christi corpus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et sanguinem tradunt<!--y-->, ab omni humano san<lb ed="#Qd"/>guine
etiam hostili se abstineant; quod si in hoc
<lb ed="#Qd"/>inciderint, purgati per poenitentiam, officio et
<cb ed="#Qd" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>communioni reddantur</quote>. Si ergo necessaria est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>poenitentia, in occidendo fuit culpa.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e849">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Propter hoc quidam<!--1--> perfectius distinxe<lb ed="#Qd"/>runt
inter clericos et laicos. Clericis ergo nulla
<lb ed="#Qd"/>necessitate licet, laicis vero cum praedicta di<lb ed="#Qd"/>stinctione<!--a-->
licet, cum inevitabilis est<!--b--> necessitas
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et nulla libido vindictae, sed sola intentio con<lb ed="#Qd"/>servationis
propriae salutis, secundum conces<lb ed="#Qd"/>sionem.
Sed, quia ex lege naturae non est di<lb ed="#Qd"/>stinctio
clerici et laici, istud autem praeceptum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est legis naturae, ideo, si prohibeantur clerici
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ab occisione in casu concesso laico, hoc non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>erit ex prohibitione huius praecepti, sed ecclesia<lb ed="#Qd"/>sticae
institutionis; ideo distinctio istorum<!--c--> re<lb ed="#Qd"/>spicit
ecclesiasticam institutionem, non tenorem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>huius praecepti.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e882">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>[Ad obiecta]: 1. Ad illud ergo <name ref="#Augustine">Augustini</name>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicunt quod hoc dicit, uia raro contingit sine
<lb ed="#Qd"/>peccato: peccat enim si interficit sui<!--d--> amore ni<lb ed="#Qd"/>mio
vel alterius odio. Et ideo dicit interrogative:
<lb ed="#Qb"/><quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e896">Quomodo peccato liberi sunt?</quote>
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e901">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Ad secundum dicunt quod in praedicto
<lb ed="#Qd"/>casu efficitur interficiens minister legis, quia oc<lb ed="#Qd"/>cidit
iustitia etMe concessione legis, differenter
<lb ed="#Qd"/>tamen in isto et iudice; nam iudex occidit ex
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iustitia et officio, iste autem ex iustitia, non ex
<lb ed="#Qd"/>officio; sicut est in sacerdote et laico quoad
<lb ed="#Qd"/>baptismum: uterque potest baptizare, sacerdos
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ex officio et concessione, laicus non ex officio,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sed ex concessione in necessitate.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e923">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Ad tertium dicunt quod loquitur <name>Augu<lb ed="#Qd"/>stinus</name>
in casu evitabilis necessitatis, quando
<lb ed="#Qd"/>scilicet facultas fugiendi datur. Et quantum ad
<lb ed="#Qd"/>hoc dicit: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e933">Quomodo inculpati possint esse non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>video</quote>. Et in hoc eodem<!--f--> casu dicit <name>Augusti<lb ed="#Qd"/>nus</name>,
in eodem<!--2-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e941">Quomodo apud divinam pro<lb ed="#Qd"/>videntiam
peccato liberi sunt, qui pro iis rebus
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quas contemni oportet, humana sunt caede pol<lb ed="#Qd"/>luti?
Videtur ergo mihi legem istam, quae po<lb ed="#Qd"/>pulo
regendo scribitur, recte ista permittere et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per divinam providentiam vindicari</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e958">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>4. Ad quartum dicendum quod tres condi<lb ed="#Qd"/>tiones
ponuntur ad hoc quod liceat in necessitate
<lb ed="#Qd"/>interficere. Una est, quod non pro<!--g--> se, hoc est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>pro<!--h--> propria vindicta; alia est, quod eius per<lb ed="#Qd"/>sonae
congruat, ut<!--i--> scilicet non clericus, sed
<lb ed="#Qd"/>laica persona sit; tertia, quod publica functione<!--k-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>teneatur. Et hoc convenit in praedicto casu, quia
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ex concessione<!--l--> legis efficitur minister legis.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Unde <name ref="#Ambrose">Ambrosius</name>, in libro <title>De paradiso</title><!--3-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e982">Nec
<lb ed="#Qd"/>is qui homicidium aliquod invitus fecerit extra
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ministerium est; siquidem Lex ait de eo<!--4-->: <quote>Quia
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Deus<!--m--> dedit eum in manus eius</quote>. Manus ergo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>eius<!--n--> divinae ultioni ministerium praebuerunt.</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e994">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>5. Ad aliud dicendum quod non est similiter<!--o-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>de moechis et de occisione. Nam, sicut dictum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est<!--5-->, dare vitam solius Dei est, nec praebet eam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per ministerium alicuius; cognoscere vero non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est solius Dei immediate, sed potius dedit viro
<lb ed="#Qd"/>unde potentiam illam ordinaret in suam: vivere
<lb ed="#Qd"/>enim<!--p--> est immediate a Deo, coire autem non.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>E contrario vero est, quia occidere ex conces<lb ed="#Qd"/>sione
divina per legem ad ipsum ordinatam est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in ministerio in casu necessitatis inevitabilis;
<lb ed="#Qd"/>moechari vero sive cognoscere alienam nulla lege
<lb ed="#Qd"/>divina vel humana ad divinam ordinata permis<lb ed="#Qd"/>sum
vel concessum est.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e1025">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>6. Ad ultimum vero dicendum<!--q--> quod in ne<lb ed="#Qd"/>cessitate
pro tuendis temporalibus, quamvis con<lb ed="#Qd"/>cedatur
lege humana interficere iurem, non tamen
<lb ed="#Qd"/>lege divina, quae distinguit inter diurnum furem et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>nocturnum<!--6-->. Nocturnus vero, quia non potest di<lb ed="#Qd"/>scerni
utrum causa furandi vel occidendi<!--r--> venerit,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>permittitur occidi a quolibet, diurnus vero non.
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Dd1e1044" type="articulus">
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Hd1e1046">ARTICULUS III</head>
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Hd1e1049" type="question-title">Utrum faciat contra hoc praeceptum qui casu aliquem occidit.</head>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e1052">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Quaeritur postea an ille qui interficit non ex
<lb ed="#Qd"/>proposito, sed casu, facit contra hoc praeceptum.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e1059">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ad quod sic: 1. <title>Gen.</title> 4, 23-24, Lamech, credens
<lb ed="#Qd"/>interficere bestiam interfecit hominem, et reputa<lb ed="#Qd"/>tum
est ei in<!--s--> homicidium magis quam Cain; unde
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ibi sequitur<!--7-->: <quote>Qui interfecerit Cain, septuplum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>punietur</quote>. Si ergo homicidium Cain iuit recte<!--t-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>contra istud praeceptum, ergo et homicidium La<lb ed="#Qd"/>mech,
quod fuit non ex proposito, sed ex casu.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e1079">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Item, <title>Exod.</title> 21, 22 dicitur: <quote>Quod si quis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>percusserit mulierem praegnantem et fecerit
<pb ed="#Qd" n="534"/>
<cb ed="#Qd" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>abortivum, si puerperium fuerit animatum, reddet
<lb ed="#Qd"/>animam pro anima</quote>. Sed sine<!--a--> proposito et in<lb ed="#Qd"/>tentione
potest istud contingere casu; ergo ca<lb ed="#Qd"/>suale
homicidium imputatur; sed nonnisi<!--b--> contra
<lb ed="#Qd"/>hoc praeceptum.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e1102">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Item, <title>Canones</title> plures puniunt interiectio<lb ed="#Qd"/>nem<!--c-->
quae fit casu, dist. 50<!--1-->; sed poena non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>imponitur nisi pro reatu culpae; ergo etc.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e1111">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Contra: a. Quae fiunt casu non fiunt volun<lb ed="#Qd"/>tate;
quae non fiunt voluntate<!--d--> non sunt culpa<lb ed="#Qd"/>bilia,
quia, ut dicit <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name><!--2-->, <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e1122">peccatum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>adeo est voluntarium, quod, si non sit volunta<lb ed="#Qd"/>rium,
non sit peccatum</quote>. Ergo nulla occisio quae
<lb ed="#Qd"/>fit casu est peccatum.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e1133">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>b. Item, <name>Augustinus</name>, <title>Ad Publicolam</title><!--3-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e1137"><name>Pau<lb ed="#Qd"/>lus Apostolus</name>
fecit notas praesidi sibi insidias
<lb ed="#Qd"/>praeparatas, et ob<!--e--> hoc accepit armatos<!--4--></quote>. Si
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ergo in<!--f--> illos inimicos incidisset <name>Paulus</name>, numquid
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in effusione sanguinis eorum suum crimen agno<lb ed="#Qd"/>sceret?
Absit. Et tamen casu fieret homicidium.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e1151">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>c. Item, <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name>, <title>Ad Publicolam</title><!--5-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e1158">Ab<lb ed="#Qd"/>sit,
ut ea, quae propter bonum ac licitum<!--g--> fa<lb ed="#Qd"/>cimus,
si quid propter hoc praeter nostram vo<lb ed="#Qd"/>luntatem
cuiquam mali acciderit, nobis impute<lb ed="#Qd"/>tur</quote>.
Sed potest contingere nobis licito aperi
<lb ed="#Qd"/>vacantibus, sicut ponitur casus, <title>Decretalis</title>, V li<lb ed="#Qd"/>bro,
tit. <title>De homicidio</title><!--6-->, de sacerdote, qui propter
<lb ed="#Qd"/>molestiam corporis equum ascendit, et equus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>praeter sessoris arbitrium, freno rupto, puerum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quemdam oppressit<!--h-->. Ergo etc.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e1181">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Solutio: Hic distinguitur secundum <title>Decreta<lb ed="#Qd"/>lem</title><!--7-->,
quia interficiens casu aut dabat operam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>rei licitae aut illicitae. Si rei illicitae, reputatur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>homicida contra istud praeceptum; si vero rei
<lb ed="#Qd"/>licitae, tunc distinguendum, secundum <title>Canonem</title><!--8-->,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod aut adhibuit diligentiam quam debuit aut
<lb ed="#Qd"/>non. Si sic, non reputatur homicida; si non, ho<lb ed="#Qd"/>micida
reputatur. Unde dicit <title>Canon</title>, dist. 50<!--9-->:
<lb ed="#Qb"/><quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e1200">Saepe contingit, dum<!--i--> quis operi necessario
<lb ed="#Qd"/>insistens, arborem incidit, ut aliquis subtus ip<lb ed="#Qd"/>sam
veniens deprimatur. Et idcirco, si voluntate
<lb ed="#Qd"/>vel negligentia<!--k--> incidentis arborem factum est,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ut homicida poenitentiae debet omnino submitti;
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod si non, non<!--l--> haec eum sententia con<lb ed="#Qd"/>stringit</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e1217">
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>[Ad obiecta]: 1. Ad illud vero<!--a--> quod obicitur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>de Lamech, secundum hoc respondetur, quia non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>adhibuit diligentiam quam debuit, et ideo ei
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est<!--b--> imputatum; non tamen magis quam Cain,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>licet dicatur quod plus punitus<!--c--> est, quia non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sequitur: si plus punitur temporaliter, quod maius
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sit peccatum.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e1238">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Ad illud<!--d--> quod obicitur de muliere prae<lb ed="#Qd"/>gnante,
dicendum quod percutiendo non dat<!--e-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>operam rei licitae, et ideo imputatur ei homici<lb ed="#Qd"/>dium
sequens.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e1249">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Ad illud quod obicitur quod <title>Canones</title>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>puniunt interficientes casu, dicendum est<!--f--> quod
<lb ed="#Qd"/>hoc est quando dant operam rei illicitae vel non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>adhibent diligentiam quam possunt et debent,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>alias non puniunt. Unde <name>Nicolaus Papa</name>,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dist. 50<!--10-->: <quote>Si aliqua culpa vel neglectu ali<lb ed="#Qd"/>cuius
interitus hominis<!--g--> cognoscitur advenisse,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>perpetratum est homicidium</quote>. Et <title>Decretalis</title> <name>In<lb ed="#Qd"/>nocentii</name><name>11</name><!--11-->
in praedicto casu de sacerdote dicit
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e1272">cum idem capellanus nec actu nec vo<lb ed="#Qd"/>luntate
perpetravit, nec dedit operam rei illi<lb ed="#Qd"/>citae,
non impediatur quominus divina possit
<lb ed="#Qd"/>celebrare</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e1282">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>a. Ad illud vero<!--h--> quod ex opposito primo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>obicitur <mentioned>quia quod est involuntarium, non est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>peccatum</mentioned>, dicendum, secundum <name>Ioannem Da<lb ed="#Qd"/>mascenum</name><!--12-->,
quod involuntarium simpliciter
<lb ed="#Qb"/><quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-Qd1e1292">hoc quidem est per ignorantiam, hoc per violen<lb ed="#Qd"/>tiam<!--i-->.
Involuntarium per violentiam est, cum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>tota causa actus deforis est, nihil cooperante illo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>qui patitur. Involuntarium vero propter ignoran<lb ed="#Qd"/>tiam
est, cum non<!--k--> ipsi tribuimus causam igno<lb ed="#Qd"/>rantiae,
sed ita contingit. Unde, si ebrius homi<lb ed="#Qd"/>cidium
faceret, ignorans quidem facit, non tamen
<lb ed="#Qd"/>involontarie<!--l-->: causam enim ignorantiae, scilicet
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ebrietatem, ipse fecit<!--m-->; similiter, si quis in as<lb ed="#Qd"/>sueto
loco sagittans patrem transeuntem interfi<lb ed="#Qd"/>cit</quote>.
Secundum hoc ergo dicendum quod, quando<!--n-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>casui sequenti nos non tribuimus causam aliquo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>modo, scilicet operando vel negligendo, dicitur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>involuntarium; quando autem casui sequenti ali<lb ed="#Qd"/>quo
modo causam damus, non est involunta<lb ed="#Qd"/>rium<!--o-->.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s1q2t5m2c2-d1e1328">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>b-c. Ad alia patet solutio ex iam dictis.
</p>
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