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ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lombardpress/lombardpress-schema/master/src/out/critical.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?><?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lombardpress/lombardpress-schema/master/src/out/critical.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?><TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
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<title>III, P. 2, Inq. 3, T. 2, S. 2, Q. 1, T. 1, D. 1, M. 1, C. 4</title>
<author ref="#AlexanderOfHales">Alexander of Hales</author>
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<title>III, P. 2, Inq. 3, T. 2, S. 2, Q. 1, T. 1, D. 1, M. 1, C. 4</title>
<date when="2017-10-16">October 16, 2017</date>
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<authority><ref target="https://www.earlyfranciscans.com">ERC Project 714427: Authority and Innovation in Early Franciscan Thought</ref></authority>
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<front>
<div xml:id="starts-on"/>
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<body>
<div xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4">
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-Hd1e102">III, P. 2, Inq. 3, T. 2, S. 2, Q. 1, T. 1, D. 1, M. 1, C. 4</head>
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-Hd1e105" type="question-title">QUAE CONDITIONES REQUIRANTUR UT ALIQUIS POSSIT ESSE ORDINATE IUDEX.</head>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e108">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Consequenter quaeritur quae conditiones requi<lb ed="#Qd"/>runtur
ad hoc quod aliquis possit esse ordi<lb ed="#Qd"/>nate
iudex.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e117">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>a. Nam <title>Deuter.</title> 1, 9-13-15 dicit Moyses: <quote>Dixi vo<lb ed="#Qd"/>bis,
date ex Vobis viros sapientes et gnaros<!--r-->,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quorum conversatio sit probata in tribubus vestris</quote>;
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et sequitur: <quote>Talique eos ut populum iudicarent</quote>.
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ex hoc ergo relinquitur quod, secundum Legem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Dei, qui non est sapiens et gnarus iuris non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>poterit esse iudex. Ergo illi qui minoris sunt<!--s-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>aetatis non possunt esse iudices, similiter nec
<lb ed="#Qd"/>natura surdi vel perpetuo furiosi.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e141">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>b. Item, cum iudices debeant esse de tribubus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>populi Dei, ergo haereticus non poterit<!--t--> esse
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iudex, vel infidelis. Et hoc est quod dicit <title>Canon</title>,
<pb ed="#Qd" n="606"/>
<cb ed="#Qd" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/><title>Causa</title> XXIV, quaest. 1<!--1-->: Haereticus <quote>catholi<lb ed="#Qd"/>cum,
utpote<!--a--> superiorem se, maledicere non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>valet; in alienum a fide, tamquam in<!--b--> sibi coae<lb ed="#Qd"/>qualem,
sententiam dare non potest</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e164">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>c. Item, consimili ratione probatur quod excom<lb ed="#Qd"/>municatus
non possit esse iudex, secundum etiam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod dicit <title>Decretalis</title>, tit. <title>De iudiciis</title><!--2-->, ubi dicitur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod, licet excommunicatus non possit stare in
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iudicio per se, tamen potest cogi per alium re<lb ed="#Qd"/>spondere.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e180">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>d. Item, ex hoc quod dicitur quod conversatio
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iudicis probata debet esse, videtur quod suspec<lb ed="#Qd"/>tus
non possit esse iudex. Unde <title>Canon</title> <name>Nicolai
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Papae</name>, <title>Causa</title> III, quaest. 5<!--3-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-Qd1e190">Liceat ei, qui su<lb ed="#Qd"/>spectum
iudicem: sibi putat esse, antequam lis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>inchoetur, recusare et ad alium recurrere; nam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quodam modo naturale est suspectorum iudicum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>insidias declinare et inimicorum iudicium velle
<lb ed="#Qd"/>refugere</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e204">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>e. Item, per hoc quod dicitur <quote>quorum conver<lb ed="#Qd"/>satio
sit probata in tribubus vestris</quote> ostenditur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod alienigena sive extraneus iudex esse non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>potest, secundum quod dicit <title>Canon</title> <name>Stephani
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Papae</name><!--4-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-Qd1e217">Nullus alienigena<!--d--> aut accusator fiat
<lb ed="#Qd"/>aut iudex; unde et de Lot scriptum est<!--5-->: <quote>In<lb ed="#Qd"/>gressus
es ut advena, numquid ut iudices?</quote></quote>
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e225">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>f. Item, per hoc quod dicitur <quote>et constituam eos
<lb ed="#Qd"/>principes</quote> ostenditur quod illae personae, quae
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ratione suae conditionis sunt<!--e--> subditae et subiec<lb ed="#Qd"/>tae,
iudices esse non possunt, ut mulieres et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>servi. Unde de mulieribus dicit <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-Qd1e238"><name>Ambrosius</name>, in
<lb ed="#Qd"/>libro Quaestionum Veteris et Novi Testamenti<!--6-->:
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Mulierem constat subiectam esse viri sui do<lb ed="#Qd"/>minio
et nullam auctoritatem habere; nec docere
<lb ed="#Qd"/>potest nec testis esse nec fidem dare </quote>. Item, de
<lb ed="#Qd"/>servis et aliis praedictis dicit <title>Canon</title> Sanctae Ro<lb ed="#Qd"/>manae
Synodi, <title>Causa</title> III, quaest. 7<!--7-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-Qd1e253">Tria sunt
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quibus aliqui impediuntur ne iudices fiant: na<lb ed="#Qd"/>tura,
surdus et mutus et perpetuo furiosus et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>impubes, quia iudicio carent; lege, ut qui a se<lb ed="#Qd"/>natu
amotus est</quote>, supple, propter aliquod crimen;
<lb ed="#Qb"/><quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-Qd1e264">moribus, feminae et servi, non quia non habeant
<lb ed="#Qd"/>indicium, sed quia praeceptum est ut civilibus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>non fungantur officiis. Verum, si servus, dum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>putaretur liber, ex delegatione<!--f--> sententiam dixit,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quamvis postea in servitutem depulsus sit, sen<lb ed="#Qd"/>tentia
ab eo dicta rei iudicatae firmitatem tenet</quote>.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ex iis igitur videntur<!--g--> plures personae excludi
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ne iudices sint.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e283">
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Sed contra hoc obicitur: 1. Et primo contra
<lb ed="#Qd"/>hoc quod dictum est<!--h--> de pueris et minoribus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>aetate. Nam Ieremias adhuc puer constitutus est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iudex a Deo. Unde <title>Ierem.</title> 1, 6-10 postquam dixit<!--i-->:
<lb ed="#Qd"/><quote>Nescio loqui, quia puer ego sum</quote>, dixit ei Domi<lb ed="#Qd"/>nus:
<quote>Constitui te super gentes et regna, ut evellas
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et destruas</quote> etc.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e303">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Item, Daniel puer inspiratione divina factus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est iudex seniorum qui volebant perdere<!--k--> Su<lb ed="#Qd"/>sannam<!--8-->.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e313">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Item, in<!--l--> aliquibus pueris malitia supplet
<lb ed="#Qd"/>aetatem; eadem ratione et in aliquibus scientia
<lb ed="#Qd"/>praevenit adultam aetatem. Si ergo non est causa
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quare minor aetate non debeat esse iudex nisi
<lb ed="#Qd"/>detectus scientiae<!--m--> in iudicando, ergo huiusmodi
<lb ed="#Qd"/>minores<!--n--> poterunt esse iudices.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e329">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>4. Item, obicitur contra hoc quod dictum est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod mulier non debet esse iudex, quia <title>Iudic.</title> 5<!--9-->,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>legitur Debbora iudicasse Israel, et post datam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Legem a Deo. Ergo non est contra Legem mu<lb ed="#Qd"/>lierem
esse iudicem.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e342">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>5. Item, mulieres leguntur multae praeditae spi<lb ed="#Qd"/>ritu
prophetiae, ut Maria soror Moysi, <title>Exod.</title> 15, 20,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>item Anna prophetissa, de qua legitur <title>Luc.</title> 2, 36.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Si ergo mulieres per spiritum prophetiae assump<lb ed="#Qd"/>tae
sunt ad denuntiandum iudicia divina, multo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>magis possunt assumi ad denuntiandum iudicia
<lb ed="#Qd"/>humana.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e360">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>6. Item, obicitur contra hoc quod dictum est de
<lb ed="#Qd"/>servis, quia dicitur ad <title>Galat.</title> 3, 28: <quote>Non est Iu<lb ed="#Qd"/>daeus
neque Graecus, non est masculus neque fe<lb ed="#Qd"/>mina</quote>
etc. <quote>omnes enim vos unum estis in Christo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Iesu</quote>. Ergo servilis conditio in christiana religione
<lb ed="#Qd"/>non differt a libera; ergo servus poterit esse iudex.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e376">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Item, quaeritur ratio quare sic est et quis<!--o-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>numerus personarum in quibus non est<!--p--> idonei<lb ed="#Qd"/>tas
ad hoc ut iudices fiant.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e385">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Solutio: Secundum<!--q--> quod dicitur <title>Deuter.</title> 1, 17
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iudicibus: <quote>Dei iudicium est</quote>; unde homo iudex
<lb ed="#Qd"/>gerit vicem Dei iudicis in iudicando. Ideo in tri<lb ed="#Qd"/>bus
debet conformari<!--r--> Deo qui est iudex: in
<lb ed="#Qd"/>potestate, veritate, bonitate, secundum quod di<lb ed="#Qd"/>citur
<title>Exod.</title> 18, 21: <quote>Provide de omni plebe viros
<lb ed="#Qd"/>potentes et timentes Deum</quote>, ecce potestas; <quote>in qui<lb ed="#Qd"/>bus
sit veritas</quote>, ecce veritas; <quote>et qui oderint ava<lb ed="#Qd"/>ritiam</quote>,
ecce bonitas. Potestas in auctoritate, ve<lb ed="#Qd"/>ritas<!--s-->
in iudicio sive<!--t--> discretione, bonitas in rec<lb ed="#Qd"/>titudine
animi et vitae. Unde <title>Deuter.</title> 16, 18: <quote>Iu<lb ed="#Qd"/>dices
et magistras constitues in omnibus portis</quote><!--u-->,
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ecce auctoritas potestatis; <quote>ut indicent populum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iusto iudicio</quote>, ecce iudicium veritatis; <quote>nec in al<lb ed="#Qd"/>teram
personam<!--a--> declinent</quote> etc., ecce rectitudo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>animi sive vitae. Item, haec tria similiter osten<lb ed="#Qd"/>duntur
in<!--b--> praedicto verbo <title>Deuter.</title> 1, 13: <quote>Date
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ex vobis viros sapientes et gnaros</quote>, ecce discretio
<lb ed="#Qd"/>veritatis; <quote>quorum conversatio sit probata</quote>, ecce
<lb ed="#Qd"/>rectitudo bonitatis; <quote>ut ponam eos principes</quote>, ecce
<lb ed="#Qd"/>auctoritas potestatis.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e436">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Notandum ergo quod quaedam personae ini<lb ed="#Qd"/>doneae
sunt ad assumendam<!--c--> personam iudicis,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quia non sunt idoneae ad susceptionem auctori<lb ed="#Qd"/>tatis,
sive ratione sexus, ut mulier, cui post pec<lb ed="#Qd"/>catum
dictum est<!--1-->: <quote>Sub viri potestate eris</quote>, unde
<lb ed="#Qd"/><title>I ad Cor.</title> 14, 34 dicit <name>Apostolus</name>: <quote>Mulieres in ec<lb ed="#Qd"/>clesia
taceant; non enim permittitur eis loqui,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sed<!--d--> subditas esse</quote>; aut ratione conditionis for<lb ed="#Qd"/>tunae,
ut servus; unde <title>I Petri</title> 12, 18: <quote>Servi, sub<lb ed="#Qd"/>diti
estote in omni timore</quote>. - Aliae vero personae,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quia non sunt idoneae, repelluntur ab officio iu<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicis,
quia non sunt idoneae ad iudicium verita<lb ed="#Qd"/>tis<!--e-->,
et hoc pluribus modis<!--f-->: vel propter impe<lb ed="#Qd"/>dimentum
permanens vel propter impedimentum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>transiens; item propter impedimentum permanens
<lb ed="#Qd"/>aut innatum aut contingens. Propter impedi<lb ed="#Qd"/>mentum<!--g-->
manens et innatum, prohibetur iudex
<lb ed="#Qd"/>esse surdus, mutus; propter impedimentum per<lb ed="#Qd"/>manens
et contingens perpetuo furiosus; prop<lb ed="#Qd"/>ter
impedimentum transiens minor aetate. — Item,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>aliae personae excluduntur propter defectum, ap<lb ed="#Qd"/>probationis
vitae sive bonitatis, quod<!--h--> contingit
<lb ed="#Qd"/>triplici de causa. Una est reprobatio<!--i--> vitae, vel
<lb ed="#Qd"/>propter crimen erroris, ut in haereticis; aut propter
<lb ed="#Qd"/>scandalum conversationis, ut in iis qui sunt in<lb ed="#Qd"/>fames;
aut propter contagium<!--k--> communionis, ut
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in excommunicatis. Alia causa est ignorantia con<lb ed="#Qd"/>ditionis
personae, ut in extraneis. Tertia vero
<lb ed="#Qd"/>causa est1 suspicio probabilis malitiae<!--m--> personae,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ut si sit inimicus; vel declinationis a rectitudine
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iustitiae, qua ratione prohibentur omnes qui sunt
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ex consanguineis actoris vel inimici rei vel ali<lb ed="#Qd"/>qua<!--n-->
iusta causa suspecti<!--o-->, <title>Causa</title> III, quaest. 5<!--2-->.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e510">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>[Ad obiecta]: 1-2. Ad Illud ergo quod obi<lb ed="#Qd"/>citur
de Ieremia et Daniele, dicendum quod illud
<lb ed="#Qd"/>pertinet ad privilegium gratiae singularis, non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ad exemplum imitationis, sicut et quod <title>Ierem.</title> 1, 5
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicitur: <quote>Antequam exires de ventre sanctificavi
<lb ed="#Qd"/>te</quote>, et quod dicitur <title>Dan.</title> 13, 45 quod <quote>suscitavit
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Dominus spiritum<!--p--> pueri iunioris</quote>. Privilegia au<lb ed="#Qd"/>tem
paucorum non faciunt legem communem.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e530">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Ad illud vero quod obicitur quod in ali<lb ed="#Qd"/>quibus
scientia praevenit aetatem adultam, di<lb ed="#Qd"/>cendum
quod iura, quae debent regulare gene<lb ed="#Qd"/>ralitatem
hominum, non aptantur iis quae raro
<lb ed="#Qd"/>contingunt, sed iis quae frequenter aut semper,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>nec iis<!--a--> quae contingunt in paucis, sed iis quae
<lb ed="#Qd"/>contingunt in pluribus. Raro autem contingit, et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>nonnisi per privilegium supernae gratiae, quod
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in pueris talis scientia inveniatur qualis et quanta
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in iudicibus requiritur: requiritur<!--b--> enim sapien<lb ed="#Qd"/>tia
iuris et cum hoc experientia iudicii. Unde
<lb ed="#Qd"/>propter hoc signanter dictum est, <title>Deuter.</title> 1, 13:
<lb ed="#Qd"/><quote>Date ex vobis viras sapientes et gnaros, sapien<lb ed="#Qd"/>tes</quote><!--c-->
scilicet per iuris et legum notitiam, <quote>gnaros</quote>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per experientiam. Iterum, inde est quod Moysi
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicitur <title>Num.</title> 11, 17: <quote>Congrega senes populi, quas
<lb ed="#Qd"/>tu nosti quod senes sint populi ac magistri, ut
<lb ed="#Qd"/>supportent alias tecum et non tu solus graveris</quote>.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Hinc etiam est quod propter exemplum imitatio<lb ed="#Qd"/>nis
iudex omnium Christus ad actus praelationis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>non processit nisi in aetate perfecta triginta anno<lb ed="#Qd"/>rum
post baptismum<!--d-->, sicut habetur ex <title>Luc.</title> 4<!--3-->.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e580">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>4. Ad illud vero quod obicitur de Debbora
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod fuit iudex Israel, dicendum, secundum il<lb ed="#Qd"/>lud
<title>I ad Cor.</title> 10, 11: <quote>Omnia iliis contingebant in
<lb ed="#Qd"/>figura</quote>. Unde quod in Veteri Testamento dicitur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>de Debbora factum est<!--e--> in Ecclesiae figura. Fi<lb ed="#Qd"/>gurae<!--f-->
autem Veteris Testamenti non trahuntur in
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Novo Testamento in auctoritatem exempli. Unde
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod hoc non sit ad imitationem in Novo, osten<lb ed="#Qd"/>ditur
<title>I ad Tim.</title> 2, 12: <quote>Docere mulieri non per<lb ed="#Qd"/>mitto,
nec dominari in virum</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-d1e604">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>5. Ad illud vero quod obicitur quod <mentioned>assu<lb ed="#Qd"/>muntur
ad gratiam prophetiae, ergo multo magis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ad iudicia humana poterunt assumi</mentioned>, dicendum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod non sequitur nec est simile, quia gratia
<lb ed="#Qd"/>prophetiae non dat auctoritatem mulieri super
<lb ed="#Qd"/>virum nec mutat legem subiectionis, qua iure di<lb ed="#Qd"/>vino
tenetur mulier esse sub viro, quia <title>Gen.</title> 3, 16
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicitur: <quote>Sub viri potestate eris, et ipse domina<lb ed="#Qd"/>bitur
tui</quote>; sed auctoritas<!--g--> iudicii daret dominium
<lb ed="#Qd"/>mulieri super virum, quod repugnat divinae in<lb ed="#Qd"/>stitutioni.
Quare autem assumptae sunt ad gra<lb ed="#Qd"/>tiam
prophetiae, dicitur <title>Iudic.</title> 4, 4, super illud:
<lb ed="#Qd"/><quote>Erat autem<!--h--> Debbora prophetes</quote>, ibi <title>Glossa</title>
<lb ed="#Qd"/><name>Adamantii</name><!--4-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c4-Qd1e636">Praestat in hoc consolationem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>muliebri sexui ne<!--i--> pro infirmitate desperet se
<lb ed="#Qd"/>prophetiae gratiam posse suscipere, sed credat
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod conteri hanc gratiam mentis puritas, non<!--k-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sexus diversitas</quote>.
</p>
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</body>
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