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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lombardpress/lombardpress-schema/master/src/out/critical.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?><?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lombardpress/lombardpress-schema/master/src/out/critical.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?><TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
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<title>III, P. 2, Inq. 3, T. 2, S. 2, Q. 1, T. 1, D. 1, M. 1, C. 5</title>
<author ref="#AlexanderOfHales">Alexander of Hales</author>
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<title>III, P. 2, Inq. 3, T. 2, S. 2, Q. 1, T. 1, D. 1, M. 1, C. 5</title>
<date when="2017-10-16">October 16, 2017</date>
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<authority><ref target="https://www.earlyfranciscans.com">ERC Project 714427: Authority and Innovation in Early Franciscan Thought</ref></authority>
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<witness xml:id="Qd" n="quaracchi1948d">Quaracchi 1948, Volume 4</witness>
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<front>
<div xml:id="starts-on"/>
</front>
<body>
<div xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5">
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Hd1e102">III, P. 2, Inq. 3, T. 2, S. 2, Q. 1, T. 1, D. 1, M. 1, C. 5</head>
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Hd1e105" type="question-title">DE DIFFERENTIA IUDICUM.</head>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e108">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Postea quaeritur de differentia iudicum. Diffe<lb ed="#Qd"/>rentia
autem iudicum secundum iura triplex
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est: nam <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e116">alii sunt ordinarii, alii arbitrarii</quote>, alii
<lb ed="#Qd"/>delegati. <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e122">Iudices ordinarii sunt, qui ab Aposto<lb ed="#Qd"/>lico,
ut ecclesiastici, vel Imperatore, ut saecu<lb ed="#Qd"/>lares,
legitimam potestatem accipiunt. Arbitrarii
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sunt, qui nullam potestatem habentes, cum con<lb ed="#Qd"/>sensu
litigantium in iudices eliguntur</quote>, sicut ha<lb ed="#Qd"/>betur
<title>Causa</title> II, quaest. 6<!--1-->. Iudices vero delegati
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sunt, quibus una<!--a--> vel plures causae ab eo qui
<lb ed="#Qd"/>habet iurisdictionem ordinariam vel a principe
<lb ed="#Qd"/>commissam committuntur.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e142">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>I. In primis ergo quaeritur unde ex lege di<lb ed="#Qd"/>vina
haec differentia iudicum sumat auctoritatem.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Nam sicut lex divina Moysi et Evangelii ex
<lb ed="#Qd"/>trahitur a lege aeterna, ita lex civilis extrahitur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>a lege Moysi et lex Canonum a lege Evangelii.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e155">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>II. Item, cum iudices ordinarii distinguantur,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>secundum quod dicit <name>Hugo de S. Victore</name>, in
<lb ed="#Qd"/>libro <title>De sacramentis</title>, 2 parte<!--2-->, <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e163">in laicis, ad que<lb ed="#Qd"/>rum
providentiam ea quae terrenae vitae neces<lb ed="#Qd"/>saria
sunt pertinent, potestas est terrena; in cle<lb ed="#Qd"/>ricis,
ad quorum officium spectant ea quae spi<lb ed="#Qd"/>rituali
vitae sunt bona, potestas est divina; illa
<lb ed="#Qd"/>potestas saecularis dicitur, ista spiritualis. In utra<lb ed="#Qd"/>que
potestate diversi sunt gradus et ordines po<lb ed="#Qd"/>testatum;
terrena potestas caput habet regem,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>spiritualis potestas caput habet<!--b--> Summum Pon<lb ed="#Qd"/>tificem</quote>.
Quaeritur ergo utrum a lege divina
<lb ed="#Qd"/>haec differentia sumatur ordinariae potestatis.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e189">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>III. Item, utrum<!--c--> in potestate et iudicibus or<lb ed="#Qd"/>dinariis
utriusque potestatis possint esse plures
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in eodem gradu, ut duo Summi Pontifices, duo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>episcopi eiusdem loci, duo imperatores, duo re<lb ed="#Qd"/>ges
terrae eiusdem, non subalternati<!--d-->.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e202">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Quod videtur, 1. quia duo possunt esse iu<lb ed="#Qd"/>dices
delegati a potestate unius gradus. Ergo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>pari ratione et duo iudices ordinarii in eodem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>gradu.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e213">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Item, <title>Luc.</title> 1, 8, super illud: <quote>Factum est, ut
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sacerdotia fungeretur</quote> etc.<!--e-->, dicit <title>Glossa</title> <name>Am<lb ed="#Qd"/>brosii</name><!--3-->
et <name>Bedae</name><!--4--> quod propter ampliationem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>cultus Dei a David<!--5--> constituti sunt vigintiquatuor
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Summi Pontifices, qui per vices suas ministra<lb ed="#Qd"/>rent.
Ergo in eodem gradu summi sacerdotii plu<lb ed="#Qd"/>res
erant a David propheta ordinati.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e231">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Item, <title>Luc.</title> 3, 2 dicitur quod <quote>sub principi<lb ed="#Qd"/>bus
sacerdotum Anna et Caipha factum est ver<lb ed="#Qd"/>bum</quote>
Domini super Ioannem etc. Ex hoc habetur<!--f-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod duo erant principes sacerdotum.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e242">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Contra: a. <quote>Nemo potest duabus dominis ser<lb ed="#Qd"/>vire</quote><!--6-->.
Secundum ergo sententiam Salvatoris non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est ordinata subiectio ad duos praesidentes in
<lb ed="#Qd"/>eodem gradu potestatis<!--g-->.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e253">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>b. Item, ad <title>Rom.</title> 13, 1-2: <quote>Omnis anima pote<lb ed="#Qd"/>statibus
sublimioribus subdita sit</quote>; et sequitur:
<lb ed="#Qd"/><quote>Qui potestati resistit, Dei ordinationi resistit</quote>.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Secundum ergo ordinationem divinam<!--h--> potestates
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ordinantur secundum superius et inferius, aliter
<lb ed="#Qd"/>nihil esset dictu <quote>potestatibus sublimioribus sub<lb ed="#Qd"/>dita
sit</quote>. Ergo in eodem gradu<!--i--> non erit eadem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sublimitas plurium potestatum.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e274">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>c. Item, omnis ordo, qui commendatur quan<lb ed="#Qd"/>tum
ad gradum principatus in irrationabilibus,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est ordo secundum instinctum naturae et secun<lb ed="#Qd"/>dum
dictamen rationis. Sed in apibus commen<lb ed="#Qd"/>datur
unitas principatus, quia <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e287">in apibus prin<lb ed="#Qd"/>ceps
una est<!--7--></quote>; in gruibus unitas ducatus, quia
<lb ed="#Qd"/>una dux est: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e294">unam enim sequuntur</quote>. Ergo de
<lb ed="#Qd"/>instinctu naturae et de<!--k--> dictamine rationis est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>unitas<!--l--> principatus et ducatus; ergo in eodem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>gradu non possunt esse duo principes vel duo<!--m-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>duces.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e307">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>d. Item, ex lege Dei solus<!--n--> unus summus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Sacerdos institutus est, ut Aaron vel successor
<lb ed="#Qd"/>eius, sicut legitur <title>Num.</title> 20, et unus solus rex
<lb ed="#Qd"/>institutus est in populo Dei; unde et in Osee
<lb ed="#Qd"/>reprehenduntur reges decem tribuum, qui fece<lb ed="#Qd"/>runt
divisionem in regno; unde dicitur <title>Osee</title> 8, 4:
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ipsi regnaverunt, et non ex me; principes exsti<lb ed="#Qd"/>terunt,
et non cognovi.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e327">
<pb ed="#Qd" n="609"/>
<cb ed="#Qd" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>IV. Item, quaeritur, cum duplex sit potestas
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ordinaria, scilicet potestas saecularis et spiri<lb ed="#Qd"/>tualis,
utrum ordinata<!--a--> potestate una praeemineat
<lb ed="#Qd"/>alteri.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e343">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ad quod sic: q. Super illud <title>Psalmi</title><!--1-->: <quote>Tibi soli
<lb ed="#Qd"/>peccavi</quote>, <title>Glossa</title><!--2-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e349">Quia rex omnibus est supe<lb ed="#Qd"/>rior,
et ideo tantum aMb Deo, qui est maior eo,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>puniendus. Si quis de populo erraverit, Deo pec<lb ed="#Qd"/>cavit
et regi; rex vero non<!--c--> habet hominem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>qui eius tacta diiudicet</quote>. Ergo Summus Pontifex
<lb ed="#Qd"/>non potest iudicare imperatorem<!--d--> sive regem.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e363">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Item, <name>Hugo de S. Victore</name>, in libro <title>De
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sacramentis</title><!--3-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e369">Spiritualis potestas non ideo prae<lb ed="#Qd"/>sidet
ut terrenae in suo iure praeiudicium faciat,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sicut ipsa terrena potestas quod spirituali de<lb ed="#Qd"/>betur
nunquam sine culpa usurpat</quote>. Ergo in
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iudiciis terrenorum non est subiectus<!--e--> Imperator
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iudicio Summi Pontificis.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e384">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Item, <title>I Petri</title> 2, 13: <quote>Subiecti estote omni hu<lb ed="#Qd"/>manae
creaturae propter Deum, sive regi tam<lb ed="#Qd"/>quam
praecellenti</quote>. Si ergo rex praecellit, non est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>subiectus alicuius iudicio.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e396">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>4. Forte distinguetur, sicut distinguit <name>Gra<lb ed="#Qd"/>tianus</name>,
ut supra dictum est<!--4-->, quod sicut reges
<lb ed="#Qd"/>praesunt in causis saeculi<!--f-->, sacerdotes in causis<!--g-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Dei, Nathan vero Propheta, cum David redar<lb ed="#Qd"/>guit,
suum exercuit officium in quo erat rege su<lb ed="#Qd"/>perior,
non regis usurpavit officium in quo erat
<lb ed="#Qd"/>rege<!--h--> interior. Secundum hoc ergo, si<!--i--> in causis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>spiritualibus subiectus est Imperator Summo Pon<lb ed="#Qd"/>tifici,
in<!--k--> causis saecularibus subiectus erit Sum<lb ed="#Qd"/>mus
Pontifex Imperatori.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e420">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Contra: a. Sicut saecularia ordinantur ad spi<lb ed="#Qd"/>ritualia,
ita<!--l--> potestas saecularis ad potestatem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>spiritualem; sed saecularia subsunt spiritualibus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ordine rationis et divino<!--m-->; ergo potestas saecu<lb ed="#Qd"/>laris
subest potestati spirituali; ergo Imperator
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Summo Pontifici.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e436">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>b. Item, dicit <name>Hugo de S. Victore</name>, in libro
<lb ed="#Qd"/><title>De sacramentis</title><!--5-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e442">Vita terrena bonis terrenis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>alitur, vita spiritualis spiritualibus bonis<!--n--> nutri<lb ed="#Qd"/>tur.
Ad potestatem regis pertinent quae terrena
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sunt et ad terrenam vitam tacta omnia; ad pote<lb ed="#Qd"/>statem
Summi Pontificis pertinent quae spiritualia
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sunt<!--o--> et vitae spirituali attributa universa. Quan<lb ed="#Qd"/>tum
ergo<!--p--> vita spiritualis dignior est quam
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>terrena et spiritus quam corpus, tantu<!--m--> spiri<lb ed="#Qd"/>tualis
potestas saecularem potestatem honore ac
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dignitate praecedit</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e467">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>6. Item, <name>Hugo de S. Victore</name>, in eodem<!--6-->:
<lb ed="#Qb"/><quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e471">Quod spiritualis potestas, quantum ad divinam
<lb ed="#Qd"/>institutionem, prior sit tempore et maior dignitate,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ex Veteri Testamento manifeste declaratur, ubi
<lb ed="#Qd"/>primum a Deo sacerdotium institutum est, postea
<lb ed="#Qd"/>vero per<!--q--> sacerdotium, iubente Deo, regalis po<lb ed="#Qd"/>testas
ordinata</quote>, sicut legitur <title>I Reg.</title> 9<!--7-->.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e485">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>d. Item, <name>Hugo</name>, ad idem<!--8-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e489">In Ecclesia Dei
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sacerdotalis dignitas regalem potestatem sacrat
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et sanctificat per benedictionem. Si ergo, sicut
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicitur ad<!--r--> <title>Hebr.</title> 7, 7, sine contradictione maior
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est qui benedicit quam qui benedicitur, constat
<lb ed="#Qd"/>absque dubitatione quod terrena potestas, quae
<lb ed="#Qd"/>a spirituali benedictionem accipit, iure inferior
<lb ed="#Qd"/>aestimatur</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e508">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>v. Item, quaeritur utrum suprema potestas spi<lb ed="#Qd"/>ritualis,
quae est Summi Pontificis, possit habere
<lb ed="#Qd"/>aliquam humanam quae ipsam diiudicet.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e518">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ad quod sic: 1. <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e522">Refert <name>Hieronymus</name>, in li<lb ed="#Qd"/>bro
<title>Virorum illustrium</title><!--9-->, quod <name>Damasus Papa</name>,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>a subditis de adulterio accusatus, cum quadra<lb ed="#Qd"/>ginta
duobus episcopis se purgavit<!--10--></quote>. Si ergo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>purgatio pertinet ad sententiam iudiciorum, vi<lb ed="#Qd"/>detur
quod poterat iudicari.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e536">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Item, B. <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e540"><name>Gregorius Papa</name> [ait] de se
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ipso<!--11-->: Si quis nos arguere voluerit, veniat ad
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Sedem Apostolicam, ut ibi mecum iuste decertet,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quatenus ibi unus ex nobis sententiam deterat
<lb ed="#Qd"/>suam<!--s--></quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e552">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Item, <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name><!--12-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e559">Qui nec regiminis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in se rationem habuit nec sua delicta detersit<!--t-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>nec filiorum crimen correxit, canis impudicus di<lb ed="#Qd"/>cendus
est magis quam episcopus</quote>. Si ergo talis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>posset<!--u--> esse ille qui est Papa constitutus, videtur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod posset<!--v--> a ceteris episcopis iudicari ut non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>episcopus.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e578">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>4. Item, Paulus correxit Petrum, eo <quote>quod non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>recte ambularet ad Evangelii veritatem</quote>, <title>Gal.</title> 2, 14.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Et dicit <title>Glossa</title><!--13--> quod Petrus, <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e586">cui a Domino
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ter dictum est: <quote>Pasce oves meas</quote>, <title>Ioan.</title> ultimo, 17,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>obiurgationem posterioris pastoris pro salute gre<lb ed="#Qd"/>gis
libentissime sustinebat</quote>. Ergo Papa, qui est
<pb ed="#Qd" n="610"/>
<cb ed="#Qd" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>successor Petri, si a veritate deviet, poterit a po<lb ed="#Qd"/>sterioribus
pastoribus<!--a--> iudicari.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e605">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Contra: a. <name>Hugo de S. Victore</name>, 2 parte
<lb ed="#Qd"/><title>De sacramentis</title><!--1-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e611">Potestas<!--b--> Summi Pontificis a
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Deo primum instituta est et, cum deviat, a solo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Deo iudicari potest<!--c-->, sicut scriptum est, <title>I ad
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Cor.</title> 2, 15: <quote>Spiritualis iudicat omnia, et ipse a
<lb ed="#Qd"/>nemine iudicatur</quote></quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e623">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>b. Item, dicit <title>Canon</title> <name>Gelasii</name>, <title>Causa</title> IX,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quaest. 3<!--2-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e629">Cuncta per orbem novit Ecclesia
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod Sacrosancta Romana Ecclesia fas de omni<lb ed="#Qd"/>bus
habeat iudicandi neque cuiquam de eius li<lb ed="#Qd"/>ceat
iudicare iudicio</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e640">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>e. Item, <name>Innocentius</name>, in eodem<!--4-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e644">Nemo iu<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicabit
primam Sedem; neque enim ab <name>Augusto</name>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>neque ab omni clero neque a regibus neque a
<lb ed="#Qd"/>populo iudex iudicabitur</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e654">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>d. Item, <name>Symmachus</name>, in eodem<!--4-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e658">Aliorum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>hominum causas Deus voluit per homines ter<lb ed="#Qd"/>minare<!--d-->,
sed Sedis illius praesidem suo sine
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quaestione reservavit arbitrio. Replicabo dictum<!--5-->:
<lb ed="#Qd"/><quote>Tu es Petrus, et super hanc petram aedificabo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ecclesiam meam</quote>, et: <quote>Quodcumque solveris</quote></quote> etc.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e672">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Solutio: I-II. Notandum quod auctoritas ordi<lb ed="#Qd"/>nariorum
iudicum in potestate saeculari accipitur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ex <title>Exodo</title> 17, 25, ubi dicitur quod Moyses, <quote>electis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>viris strenuis<!--e--> de cuncto Israel, constituit eos
<lb ed="#Qd"/>principes populi, tribunos et centuriones, quin<lb ed="#Qd"/>quagenarios
et decanos, qui iudicarent populum</quote>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Domini<!--fs-->. Auctoritas iudicum ordinariorum in po<lb ed="#Qd"/>testate
spirituali<!--g--> accipitur ex <title>Num.</title> 3, 4 ubi po<lb ed="#Qd"/>nuntur
gradus summi sacerdotis Aaron et mino<lb ed="#Qd"/>rum
sacerdotum subministrantium Aaron; unde
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicitur<!--h-->: <quote>Functique sunt sacerdotio Eleazar et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ithamar caram Aaron</quote>. Et iterum, subministratio
<lb ed="#Qd"/>levitarum secundum gradus differentes; unde
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ibi dicitur<!--6-->: <quote>Dabis levitas Aaron et filiis eius,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quibus<!--i--> traditi sunt a filiis Israel in ministerio</quote>.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Et iterum ibi dicitur quo modo filii Gerson erant
<lb ed="#Qd"/><quote>sub principe Eliasaph</quote><!--k7-->, similiter filii Caath erant
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sub principe Elisaphan<!--8-->, et <quote>princeps<!--l--> principum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>levitarum Eleazar filius Aaron sacerdotis</quote><!--9-->.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e716">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ex Novo vero Testamento, quantum ad di<lb ed="#Qd"/>stinctionem
potestatis sacerdotalis, sicut dicit
<lb ed="#Qd"/><name>Hugo de S. Victorem</name><!--10-->, <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e724">presbyteri vicarii sunt
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>septuaginta duorum discipulorum, qui praecede<lb ed="#Qd"/>bant
Dominum <quote>in omnem civitatem et locum, quo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>erat ipse venturus</quote>, sicut dicitur <title>Luc.</title> 7<!--11-->; episcopi
<lb ed="#Qd"/>successores Apostolorum</quote>, qui eliguntur a Deo.
<lb ed="#Qd"/><title>Luc.</title> 7<!--12--> et<!--M--> <title>Matth.</title> 10, 1-4; Summus Pontifex vi<lb ed="#Qd"/>carius
Petri, cui committitur plenitudo potestatis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in clavibus, <title>Matth.</title> 16, 18: <quote>Tu es Petrus</quote> etc. <quote>et tibi
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dabo claves</quote><!--n-->; et universalis cura gregis, <title>Ioan.</title>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ultimo, 17: <quote>Si diligis me, Simon, pasce oves meas</quote>.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Sub potestate vero presbyterorum est potestas
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sive ordo diaconorum, qui in<!--o--> archidiaconibus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>habent iudiciariam potestatem, quod sumptum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est <title>1 ad<!--p--> Tim.</title> 3, 13, ubi post descriptionem epi<lb ed="#Qd"/>scopi
dicit: Diacones, <quote>si bene ministraverint, gra<lb ed="#Qd"/>dum
bonum sibi acquirent</quote>. Gradus vero saecu<lb ed="#Qd"/>laris<!--q-->
potestatis accipiuntur de prima Epistola
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Petri, ubi dicitur<!--13-->: <quote>Subditi estote omni humanae
<lb ed="#Qd"/>creaturae</quote> etc. <quote>sive regi tamquam praecellenti,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sive iudicibus tamquam<!--r--> ab ea missis</quote>; et dici<lb ed="#Qd"/>tur<!--14-->:
<quote>Omnis anima potestatibus sublimioribus sub<lb ed="#Qd"/>dita
sit</quote>. Ex iis igitur patet qualiter ex Novo et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Veteri Testamento accipitur auctoritas iudicum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ordinariorum, sive saecularium sive spiritualium.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e779">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Item, auctoritas iudicum arbitrariorum potest
<lb ed="#Qd"/>accipi ex <title>Exodo</title> 21, 22, ubi datur lex de illo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>qui percutit mulierem praegnantem, quae facit
<lb ed="#Qd"/>abortivum, sed ipsa vivit, et dicitur quod, si
<lb ed="#Qd"/>partus nondum vivificatus fuerit in utero, <quote>subia<lb ed="#Qd"/>cebit
damna quantum maritus petierit et arbitri
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iudicaverint</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e797">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Item, auctoritas iudicum delegatorum accipi<lb ed="#Qd"/>tur<!--t-->
ex <title>Exodo</title> 24, 14, ubi ascendens Moyses in
<lb ed="#Qd"/>montem, senioribus ait: <quote>Habetis Aaron et Hur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>vobiscum, si quid natam fuerit quaestionis<!--u--> re<lb ed="#Qd"/>feretis
ad eos</quote>; et ex Abdia Propheta, ubi di<lb ed="#Qd"/>citur<!--15-->:
<quote>Auditum audivimus a Domino, legatum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ad gentes misit</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e816">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Et per hoc patet responsio ad duo primo quae<lb ed="#Qd"/>sita.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e823">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>III. Ad illud quod tertio quaeritur utrum pos<lb ed="#Qd"/>sint
esse plures iudices ordinarii in eodem gradu,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicendum, secundum <name>B. Hieronymum</name><!--v-->, <title>Ad
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Rusticum monachum</title><!--x16-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e833">In apibus princeps una
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est, grues unam sequuntur; Imperator unus, iudex
<lb ed="#Qd"/>unus provinciae<!--y-->; Roma autem condita duos
<pb ed="#Qd" n="611"/>
<cb ed="#Qd" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>fratres simul reges habere non potuit; in Rebeccae
<lb ed="#Qd"/>utero Esau et Iacob bella gesserunt, <title>Gen.</title> 25, 22.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Singuli ecclesiarum episcopi, singuli archiepi<lb ed="#Qd"/>scopi,
singuli<!--a--> archidiaconi et omnis ordo ec<lb ed="#Qd"/>clesiasticus
suis rectoribus nititur</quote>. Ex quibus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>relinquitur quod<!--b--> in eodem gradu respectu eo<lb ed="#Qd"/>rumdem
non est praeeminentia plurium pote<lb ed="#Qd"/>statum.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e863">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>[Ad obiecta]: 1. Ad illud ergo quod obicit<!--c-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>de iudicibus delegatis, dicendum quod non est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>simile. Nam, cum<!--d--> plures delegantur ab uno or<lb ed="#Qd"/>dinario,
ambo gerunt vicem, unius, nec alter ple<lb ed="#Qd"/>narie
gerit vicem, Sed ambo simul.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e876">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Ad illud vero quod obicitur quod viginti
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quatuor erant summi sacerdotes instituti a Da<lb ed="#Qd"/>vid,
verum erat quantum ad ministerium cultus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>templi, sed tamen unus erat qui praeerat super
<lb ed="#Qd"/>alios in auctoritate iudicii, sicut Caiphas dicitur
<lb ed="#Qd"/><quote>Pontifex anni illius</quote>, in <title>Ioan.</title> 11, 49.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e894">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Ad illud vero quod obicitur de Anna et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Caipha, dicendum quod non simul praeerant, sed
<lb ed="#Qd"/>unus praeerat in principio praedicationis Ioannis,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>postea alius ei successit, et ideo sub ambobus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>determinatur tempus praedicationis Ioannis.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e907">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>IV. Ad illud quod quaeritur utrum potestas
<lb ed="#Qd"/>saecularis subdita debeat esse potestati spiri<lb ed="#Qd"/>tuali,
dicendum, secundum quod dicit <name>Hugo de
<lb ed="#Qd"/>S. Victore</name><!--1-->: <quote>Spiritualis potestas terrenam po<lb ed="#Qd"/>testatem
et instituere<!--e--> habet ut sit, et iudicare
<lb ed="#Qd"/>si bona non fuerit, sicut scriptum est <title>1 ad Cor.</title> 6<!--2-->:
<lb ed="#Qd"/><quote>Spirituali<!--s--> iudicat omnia, et ipse a nemine iu<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicatur</quote></quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e928">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>[Ad obiecta]: 1. Ad illud ergo quod primo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>obicitur ex auctoritate <name ref="#Augustine">Augustini</name>, <title>Super Psal<lb ed="#Qd"/>mos</title>,
quod <mentioned>rex non habet hominem, qui eius
<lb ed="#Qd"/>facta diiudicet</mentioned> etc., facienda est vis in hoc quod
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicitur <mentioned>non habet hominem</mentioned>. Spiritualis enim
<lb ed="#Qd"/>potestas non iudicat secundum hominem vel se<lb ed="#Qd"/>cundum
humanam legem, sed in quantum re<lb ed="#Qd"/>sidet
vice Dei, sicut dicitur Apostolis, <title>Matth.</title> 10<!--3-->:
<lb ed="#Qd"/><quote>Qui vos audit, me audit</quote>, et sicut dicit <name>Apostolus</name>,
<lb ed="#Qd"/><title>II ad Cor.</title> 5, 20: <quote>Pro Christo legatione fungimur</quote>,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et secundum potestatem ad vindictam spiritua<lb ed="#Qd"/>lem,
non corporalem<!--f-->, sicut dicitur <title>Causa</title> II<!--g-->,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quaest. 7<!--4-->, quod <quote>regum est corporalem exercere
<lb ed="#Qd"/>poenam, sacerdotum spiritualem inferre vindic<lb ed="#Qd"/>tam.
Unde B. <name ref="#Ambrose">Ambrosius</name> imperatorem excom<lb ed="#Qd"/>municavit
Arcadium et ab ingressu ecclesiae
<lb ed="#Qd"/>prohibuit. Sicut enim iudex terrenus <quote>non sine
<lb ed="#Qd"/>causa gladium portat</quote>, sicut dicitur ad <title>Rom.</title> 13, 4,
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ita non sine causa claves Ecclesiae sacerdotes
<lb ed="#Qd"/>accipiunt. Ille portat gladium <quote>ad vindictam ma<lb ed="#Qd"/>lefactorum,
laudem vera bonorum</quote><!--5-->; isti claves
<lb ed="#Qd"/>habent ad exclusionem excommunicandorum et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>reconciliationem poenitentium</quote>. Expone igitur
<lb ed="#Qb"/><mentioned>a Deo tantum est rex puniendus</mentioned>, supple, mate<lb ed="#Qd"/>riali
poena; et iterum <mentioned>non habet hominem, qui
<lb ed="#Qd"/>eius tacta diiudicet</mentioned>, supple, ad corporalem poe<lb ed="#Qd"/>nam
inferendam.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e998">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Ad secundum vero quod obicitur de<!--h-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>verbo <name>Hugonis</name>, dicendum quod spiritualis po<lb ed="#Qd"/>testas,
si iudicet terrenam ratione delicti, cum sci<lb ed="#Qd"/>licet
abutitur potestate, non praeiudicium facit,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>immo sicut spiritus constitutus est ad dirigendum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>corpus, ita spiritualis potestas constituta est ad
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dirigendum terrenam. Quod vero dicit <name>Hugo</name> de
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iudicio non interendo<!--i--> terrenae potestati a spi<lb ed="#Qd"/>rituali,
dicit ratione terrenarum possessionum,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quas habet Ecclesia sive spiritualis potestas,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quae, sicut dicit <name>Hugo</name><!--6-->, <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e1024">nunquam possunt ita
<lb ed="#Qd"/>a regia potestate elongari, quin, si ratio postula<lb ed="#Qd"/>verit
et necessitas, et ipsis possessionibus ter<lb ed="#Qd"/>rena
potestas debeat patrocinium et illi ipsae
<lb ed="#Qd"/>possessiones debeant in necessitate obsequium.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Sicut enim regia potestas patrocinium, quod de<lb ed="#Qd"/>bet,
alteri dare non potest, sic<!--k--> ipsa possessio
<lb ed="#Qd"/>a personis ecclesiasticis obtenta, obsequium, quod
<lb ed="#Qd"/>regiae potestati pro patrocinio debetur, iure ne<lb ed="#Qd"/>gare
non potest, sicut scriptum est <title>Matth.</title> 22, 21:
<lb ed="#Qd"/><quote>Reddite quae sunt Caesaris Caesari, et quae sunt
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Dei Deu</quote></quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e1051">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Ad illud quod obicitur de Canonica Petri
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod rex praecellit, verum est in suo ordine,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>scilicet ad corporalem vindictam exercendam,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>qua vindicta si<!--l--> delinquat, non habet qui eum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>puniat nisi Deum<!--m-->.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e1064">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>4. Ad illud quod dicit <name>Gratianus</name> quod
<lb ed="#Qb"/><mentioned>sacerdotalis potestas in aliquo erat regali inte<lb ed="#Qd"/>rior</mentioned>,
dicendum quod hoc verum est secundum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>statum Veteris Testamenti, sed non secundum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>statum Novi. Sacerdotium enim Veteris Testa<lb ed="#Qd"/>menti
carnale erat et per carnalem propagatio<lb ed="#Qd"/>nem
succedebat, quamvis esset ordinatum ad
<lb ed="#Qd"/>spirituale obsequium, scilicet divinum cultum et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>figuram spiritualis sacerdotii Novi<!--n--> Testamenti,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod<!--o--> non est per successionem carnalem; prop<lb ed="#Qd"/>terea
in illa parte, in qua carnale erat et terre<lb ed="#Qd"/>num,
subiectum erat terrenae potestati, scilicet
<lb ed="#Qd"/>regali. Sicut enim dicit B. <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name><!--p7-->, ideo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicitur Vetus Testamentum, propter promissionem
<pb ed="#Qd" n="612"/>
<cb ed="#Qd" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>terrenam, quae pertinet ad veterem hominem,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ideo in Veteri<!--a--> Testamento summa erat pote<lb ed="#Qd"/>stas
terrena, in Novo autem<!--b--> Testamento non,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ubi est spirituale sacerdotium et promissio spi<lb ed="#Qd"/>ritualium.
In Novo enim<!--c--> Testamento non pro<lb ed="#Qd"/>mittuntur
terrena in mercedem, sed adduntur ad
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sustentationem et necessitatem, <title>Matth.</title> 7<!--1-->: <quote>Pri<lb ed="#Qd"/>mum
quaerite regnum Dei et iustitium eius, et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>haec omnia adiicientur vobis</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e1122">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>V. Ad illud quod quaeritur <mentioned>utrum possit
<lb ed="#Qd"/>esse aliqua humana potestas, quae habeat<!--d--> di<lb ed="#Qd"/>iudicare
Summum Pontificem</mentioned>, dicendum quod<!--e-->,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sicut ostendebatur<!--2-->, Summus Pontifex non po<lb ed="#Qd"/>test
ab alio quam a Deo iudicari, sicut dicit
<lb ed="#Qd"/><title>Canon</title>, <title>Causa</title> IX, quaest. 3<!--3-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e1137">Facta subditorum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>a nobis iudicantur, nostra vero a Domino iudi<lb ed="#Qd"/>cantur</quote>.
Ex quo accipitur quod Summus Pon<lb ed="#Qd"/>tifex
iudex est ordinarius singulorum, et nullus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est qui eum iudicat nisi Deus.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e1149">
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>[Ad obiecta]: 1-4. Ad illud vero quod obi<lb ed="#Qd"/>citur
de <name>Damaso</name> et<!--f--> <name>Gregorio</name>, similiter et ad illud
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod obicitur de Petro, qui sustinuit<!--g--> reprehensio<lb ed="#Qd"/>nem
Pauli, dicendum quod<!--h--> illud dicitur factum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ad exemplum humilitatis, non ex necessitate iuris.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Unde ad <title>Gal.</title> 2, 14, super illud: <quote>Dixi Cephae co<lb ed="#Qd"/>ram
omnibus</quote>, dicit <title>Glossa</title><!--4-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-Qd1e1168">Ipse Petrus, quod
<lb ed="#Qd"/>a Paulo fiebat utiliter libertate caritatis, pietate
<lb ed="#Qd"/>humilitatis accipit, atque ita exemplum<!--i--> posteris
<lb ed="#Qd"/>tribuit quod non dedignarentur maiores, ubi forte
<lb ed="#Qd"/>recti tramitem reliquissent, a posterioribus cor<lb ed="#Qd"/>rigi.
Laus itaque iustae libertatis in Paulo et sanc<lb ed="#Qd"/>tae
humilitatis in Petro emicuit</quote>. Et simili modo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicendum de<!--l--> <name>Damaso</name> et <name>Gregorio</name>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q1t1d1m1c5-d1e1188">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>3. Ad illud vero quod dicit <name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name><!--m-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>de malo episcopo, quod canis impudicus dicen<lb ed="#Qd"/>dus
est, intelligendum est, si habet superiorem
<lb ed="#Qd"/>postquam est per sententiam condemnatus. Vel
<lb ed="#Qd"/>illud dicitur propter meritum vitae, non propter
<lb ed="#Qd"/>gradum potentiae.
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