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ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lombardpress/lombardpress-schema/master/src/out/critical.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?><?xml-model href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lombardpress/lombardpress-schema/master/src/out/critical.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?><TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
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<title>III, P. 2, Inq. 3, T. 2, S. 2, Q. 2, T. 1, M. 1, C. 2</title>
<author ref="#AlexanderOfHales">Alexander of Hales</author>
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<title>III, P. 2, Inq. 3, T. 2, S. 2, Q. 2, T. 1, M. 1, C. 2</title>
<date when="2017-10-16">October 16, 2017</date>
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<authority><ref target="https://www.earlyfranciscans.com">ERC Project 714427: Authority and Innovation in Early Franciscan Thought</ref></authority>
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<div xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2">
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-Hd1e102">III, P. 2, Inq. 3, T. 2, S. 2, Q. 2, T. 1, M. 1, C. 2</head>
<head xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-Hd1e105" type="question-title">UTRUM NECESSARIUM SIT ESSE DUAS POTESTATES, REGALEM ET SACERDOTALEM.</head>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-d1e108">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Secundo quaeritur utrum in gradu superiori<lb ed="#Qd"/>tatis
necessarium sit duas esse potestates, re<lb ed="#Qd"/>galem
et sacerdotalem.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-d1e117">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ad quod sic: 1. <title>Matth.</title> 6, 24: <quote>Nemo potest
<lb ed="#Qd"/>duobus dominis servire</quote>. Ex quo relinquitur quod
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ordo subiectionis requirit unitatem dominationis;
<lb ed="#Qd"/>inordinatum igitur erit duas<!--i--> dominationes esse
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in praelatione Ecclesiae, regalem et sacerdotalem.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-d1e130">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Item, regalis potestas ex permissione divina,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>non praecepto vel constitutione, filiis Israel con<lb ed="#Qd"/>cessa
est; sed omne tale culpabile et illicitum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est; relinquitur igitur non esse necessariam po<lb ed="#Qd"/>testatem
regalem. — Quod autem ex per<lb ed="#Qd"/>missione
solum concessum sit<!--k-->, proba<lb ed="#Qd"/>tur.
Nam <title>Deuter.</title> 17, 14, super illud: <quote>Cum dixeris,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>constituam super me regem</quote>, dicit <name>Interlinea<lb ed="#Qd"/>ris</name><!--6-->:
<quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-Qd1e151">Constituunt sibi regem contra Dei volun<lb ed="#Qd"/>tatem,
non Deum, sed hominem</quote>. Item, super il<lb ed="#Qd"/>lud
quod sequitur ibidem<!--l7-->: <quote>Eum constitues
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quem Dominus Deus tuus elegerit</quote>, <title>Glossa</title><!--8-->:
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/><quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-Qd1e165">Permittit, non committit</quote>. Item, quaerit <name>Augu<lb ed="#Qd"/>stinus</name><!--9-->,
super eumdem locum: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-Qd1e170">Cur populus
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Deo displicuit, cum regem desideravit?</quote> — unde
<lb ed="#Qb"/><title>I Reg.</title> 10, 19 dixit Samuel: <quote>Vos proiecistis Do<lb ed="#Qd"/>minum
hodie, qui solus vos salvavit</quote>; et 12, 17:
<lb ed="#Qd"/><quote>Videbitis quia grande malam feceritis</quote> - <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-Qd1e180">cum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>hic inveniatur esse<!--m--> permissus</quote>. Et respondet
<lb ed="#Qd"/><name ref="#Augustine">Augustinus</name><!--n-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-Qd1e190">Intelligendum est non fuisse
<lb ed="#Qd"/>secundum voluntatem Dei, qui<!--o--> hoc fieri non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>praecepit sed desiderantibus<!--p--> permisit</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-d1e199">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Ex iis igitur videtur potestatem regalem ex
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sola permissione Dei indultam; sed quod ex per<lb ed="#Qd"/>missione
est, ut repudium, maxime tempore gra<lb ed="#Qd"/>tiae,
abolendum<!--q--> est; ergo tempore gratiae cul<lb ed="#Qd"/>pabile
est habere potestatem regalem vel subici
<lb ed="#Qd"/>regali potestati.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-d1e215">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Contra: a. <name>Hugo de S. Victore</name>, in libro <title>De
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sacramentis</title><!--10-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-Qd1e221">Duae vitae sunt, una terrena, alia
<lb ed="#Qd"/>spiritualis. Ad vitam terrenam pertinent<!--r--> omnia
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quae terrena sunt; ad vitam spiritualem omnia
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quae spiritualia sunt. Ut autem in utraque vita
<pb ed="#Qd" n="704"/>
<cb ed="#Qd" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iustitia servetur et utilitas proveniat<!--a-->, primum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>utrimque distributi sunt qui utriusque bona se<lb ed="#Qd"/>cundum
necessitatem vel rationem studio ac la<lb ed="#Qd"/>bore
acquirant; deinde alii, qui ea potestate of<lb ed="#Qd"/>ficii
commissi secundum aequitatem dispensent,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ut nemo <quote>fratrem suum in negotio supergrediatur</quote><!--1-->,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sed iustitia inviolata servetur</quote>. Si ergo non po<lb ed="#Qd"/>test
humana societas sine utraque vita manere,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>necessaria est duplex potestas ad conservatio<lb ed="#Qd"/>nem
iustitiae: una, quae praesit<!--b--> in terrenis ad
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ordinandam vitam terrenam<!--c-->; alia, quae praesit
<lb ed="#Qd"/>in spiritualibus ad ordinandam vitam spiritualem.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-d1e262">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>b. Item, de potestate spirituali sive sacerdotali
<lb ed="#Qd"/>non est dubium, secundum Scripturas, quin fuerit
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ex institutione et voluntate divina.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-d1e271">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>c. De potestate vero regali probatur idem per
<lb ed="#Qd"/>illud <title>Prov.</title> 8, 15-16, ubi loquitur<!--d--> Dei Sapien<lb ed="#Qd"/>tia:
<quote>Per me reges regnant et legum conditores
<lb ed="#Qd"/>iusto decernunt; per me principes imperant et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>potentes decernunt iustitiam</quote>. — Item, <title>Rom.</title> 13, 4
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicitur de rege et principe: <quote>Dei minister est, vin<lb ed="#Qd"/>dex
in iram</quote>. — Item, in <title>Psalmo</title><!--2-->: <quote>Elegit David
<lb ed="#Qd"/>servum<!--e--> suum</quote>. Et constat quod ista electio fuit
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ad honorem et potestatem regalem.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-d1e293">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Respondeo: Secundum <name>Hugonem de S. Vic<lb ed="#Qd"/>tore</name>,
in libro <title>De sacramentis</title><!--3-->: <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-Qd1e299">Universitas Ec<lb ed="#Qd"/>clesiae
duos ordines<!--f--> complectitur, laicos et cle<lb ed="#Qd"/>ricos,
quasi duo latera corporis unius</quote>. <quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-Qd1e306">In laicis,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ad quorum studium et providentiam ea quae
<lb ed="#Qd"/>terrenae vitae necessaria sunt pertinent, potestas
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est terrena; in clericis autem, ad quorum offi<lb ed="#Qd"/>cium
pertinent ea quae spirituali vitae sunt bona,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>potestas est divina. Illa potestas saecularis dici<lb ed="#Qd"/>tur,
ista spiritualis nominatur. In utraque pote<lb ed="#Qd"/>state
diversi sunt gradus, sub uno tamen utrim<lb ed="#Qd"/>que
capite distributi: terrena potestas caput ha<lb ed="#Qd"/>bet
regem, spiritualis potestas caput habet Sum<lb ed="#Qd"/>mum
Pontificem. Ad potestatem regis pertinent
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quae ad terrenam vitam sunt necessaria, ad po<lb ed="#Qd"/>testatem
Summi Pontificis quae spirituali<!--g--> vitae
<lb ed="#Qd"/>attributa sunt, universa</quote>. Secundum hoc ergo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>patet quare<!--h--> in Novo et in Veteri Testamento,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ex quo multiplicatus est Dei populus, necessaria
<lb ed="#Qd"/>erat potestas regalis, quae praeesset in terrenis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ad ordinandam vitam<!--i--> terrenam, et potestas sa<lb ed="#Qd"/>cerdotalis,
quae praeesset in spiritualibus ad or<lb ed="#Qd"/>dinandam
spiritualem vitam.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-d1e351">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>[Ad obiecta.]: 1. Ad illud ergo quod primo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>obicitur<!--k--> quod <quote>nemo potest duobus dominis
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>servire</quote>, intelligitur, cum sibi invicem dissident et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>discordant. Potestas autem regalis, cum ordinata
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est nunquam dissidet a potestate sacerdotali, sed
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ipsi congruit et concordat, ut sicut vita terrena
<lb ed="#Qd"/>subministrat vitae spirituali et vita spiritualis
<lb ed="#Qd"/>collaborat<!--l--> terrenae, sic potestas regalis sacer<lb ed="#Qd"/>dotali
et sacerdotalis regali. Unde <name>Hugo de
<lb ed="#Qd"/>S. Victore</name><!--4-->: <quote>Deus noster pacis amator est,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et nihil inordinatum approbare potest vera iusti<lb ed="#Qd"/>tia.
Spiritualis siquidem potestas non ideo prae<lb ed="#Qd"/>sidet<!--m-->
ut terrenae in suo iure praeiudicium fa<lb ed="#Qd"/>ciat<!--n-->,
sicut ipsa terrena potestas quod spirituali
<lb ed="#Qd"/>debetur nunquam sine culpa usurpat</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-d1e391">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>2. Ad illud vero quod secundo obicitur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>quod <mentioned>solum ex divina permissione indulta est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>terrena potestas, non ex commissione vel<!--o--> con<lb ed="#Qd"/>cessione
et non secundum Voluntatem Dei</mentioned>, di<lb ed="#Qd"/>cendum
quod voluntas Dei et concessio dicitur<!--p-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>absolute respectu hortorum conterendorum; re<lb ed="#Qd"/>spectu
vero malorum dicitur permissio et vo<lb ed="#Qd"/>luntas
Dei in comparatione et secundum quid,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et hoc sive illud sit malum culpae sive malum
<lb ed="#Qd"/>poenae. Malum enim culpae non est volun<lb ed="#Qd"/>tate
Dei operante, sed voluntate Dei sinente,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>et hoc vel ne peius fiat vel ut melius eveniat.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Item, malum poenae non est<!--q--> per se ex volun<lb ed="#Qd"/>tate
Dei operante secundum rationem misericor<lb ed="#Qd"/>diae,
quae propria ipsius est — unde <title>Collecta</title><!--r5-->:
<lb ed="#Qb"/><quote xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-Qd1e425">Deus, cui proprium est misereri semper et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>parcere</quote> — et secundum ipsum, sed est ex
<lb ed="#Qd"/>voluntate operante secundum rationem iustitiae,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ordinante ea quae inordinantur secundum nos.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Unde in <title>Thren.</title> 3, 33 dicitur: <quote>Non ex<!--s--> corde suo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>abierit et humiliavit filios hominum</quote>. Sive ergo
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sit malum culpae sive malum poenae, non fit
<lb ed="#Qd"/>voluntate Dei absoluta, nec secundum accep<lb ed="#Qd"/>tionem<!--t-->
et approbationem bonitatis, quae in
<lb ed="#Qd"/>nobis secundum ipsum est; ideo ex permissione
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Dei dicitur esse vel quod<!--u--> toleratur in culpam,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ne peius fiat, vel quod infertur in poenam, ne
<lb ed="#Qd"/>malum fiat. Primo modo ex permissione dicitur
<lb ed="#Qd"/>fieri quod illicitum et secundum se malum est,
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ut repudium; secundo modo ex permissione Dei
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dicitur fieri quod secundum se illicitum<!--v--> non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>est, sed tamen poenale est, in quem modum di<lb ed="#Qd"/>cuntur<!--x-->
fuisse ex permissione Dei sacrificia et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Legis onera, ut sicut repudium permissum est
<lb ed="#Qd"/>ne peius fieret, ita onera sacrificiorum imposita
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sunt Iudaeis, ne malum fieret. Unde <title>Levit.</title> 17, 5, 7:
<pb ed="#Q" n="705"/>
<cb ed="#Qd" n="a"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/><quote>Immolent hostias pacificas Domino. Et nequa<lb ed="#Qd"/>quam
ultra immolabant hostias suas daemoniis</quote>.
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Secundum hoc<!--a--> dicendum quod dominatio pote<lb ed="#Qd"/>statis
regalis ex permissione divina est et non
<lb ed="#Qd"/>secundum suam<!--b--> voluntatem, non quia culpa<lb ed="#Qd"/>bilis
sit, sed propter hoc quod in poenam in<lb ed="#Qd"/>troducta
sit, et hoc ad onus et punitionem<!--c-->: in
<lb ed="#Qd"/>punitionem<!--d--> culpae eorum qui petiverunt sibi
<lb ed="#Qd"/>dari regem ex<!--e--> inordinata voluntate, qua<!--f--> mi<lb ed="#Qd"/>nus
confidebam de Deo quam de homine. Et
<lb ed="#Qd"/>hoc significat Lex, cum dicit<!--1-->: <quote>Cum dixeris,
<cb ed="#Qd" n="b"/>
<lb ed="#Qd"/>constituam super me regem, sicut habent omnes<!--g-->
<lb ed="#Qd"/>per circuitum nationes</quote>: et <title>I Reg.</title> 8, 7, cum pe<lb ed="#Qd"/>terent
regem filii Israel, dictum est Samuel<!--h-->:
<lb ed="#Qd"/><quote>Non te abiecerunt, sed me, ne regnem super
<lb ed="#Qd"/>eos</quote>. Iterum, in coertionem culpae eorum qui
<lb ed="#Qd"/>nonnisi timore potestatis cessant malefacere.
<lb ed="#Qd"/><title>Rom.</title> 13, 3: <quote>Principes non sunt timori boni ope<lb ed="#Qd"/>ris,
sed moli</quote>. Hinc dicitur <title>Prov.</title> 20, 8: <quote>Rex, qui
<lb ed="#Qd"/>sedet in solio iudicii, intuitu suo dissipat omne
<lb ed="#Qd"/>malum</quote>.
</p>
<p xml:id="ahsh-l3p2in3t2s2q2t1m1c2-d1e522">
<lb ed="#Qd"/>Et per hoc<!--i--> patet solutio ad omnia obiecta.
</p>
</div>
</body>
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