storage_service.cc

/*
 *
 * Modified by ScyllaDB
 * Copyright (C) 2015-present ScyllaDB
 *
 */

/*
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: (AGPL-3.0-or-later and Apache-2.0)
 */

#include "storage_service.hh"
#include "dht/boot_strapper.hh"
#include <seastar/core/distributed.hh>
#include <seastar/util/defer.hh>
#include "locator/snitch_base.hh"
#include "locator/production_snitch_base.hh"
#include "db/system_keyspace.hh"
#include "db/system_distributed_keyspace.hh"
#include "db/consistency_level.hh"
#include <seastar/core/smp.hh>
#include "utils/UUID.hh"
#include "gms/inet_address.hh"
#include "log.hh"
#include "service/migration_manager.hh"
#include "service/raft/raft_group0.hh"
#include "to_string.hh"
#include "gms/gossiper.hh"
#include "gms/failure_detector.hh"
#include "gms/feature_service.hh"
#include <seastar/core/thread.hh>
#include <sstream>
#include <algorithm>
#include "locator/local_strategy.hh"
#include "version.hh"
#include "unimplemented.hh"
#include "streaming/stream_plan.hh"
#include "streaming/stream_state.hh"
#include "dht/range_streamer.hh"
#include <boost/range/adaptors.hpp>
#include <boost/range/algorithm.hpp>
#include "service/load_broadcaster.hh"
#include "transport/server.hh"
#include <seastar/core/rwlock.hh>
#include "db/batchlog_manager.hh"
#include "db/commitlog/commitlog.hh"
#include "db/hints/manager.hh"
#include "utils/exceptions.hh"
#include "message/messaging_service.hh"
#include "supervisor.hh"
#include "compaction/compaction_manager.hh"
#include "sstables/sstables.hh"
#include "db/config.hh"
#include "db/schema_tables.hh"
#include "replica/database.hh"
#include <seastar/core/metrics.hh>
#include "cdc/generation.hh"
#include "cdc/generation_service.hh"
#include "repair/repair.hh"
#include "repair/row_level.hh"
#include "service/priority_manager.hh"
#include "utils/generation-number.hh"
#include <seastar/core/coroutine.hh>
#include <seastar/coroutine/maybe_yield.hh>
#include <seastar/coroutine/parallel_for_each.hh>
#include "utils/stall_free.hh"
#include "utils/error_injection.hh"

#include <boost/algorithm/string/split.hpp>
#include <boost/algorithm/string/classification.hpp>
#include <boost/algorithm/string/trim_all.hpp>

using token = dht::token;
using UUID = utils::UUID;
using inet_address = gms::inet_address;

extern logging::logger cdc_log;

namespace service {

static logging::logger slogger("storage_service");

storage_service::storage_service(abort_source& abort_source,
    distributed<replica::database>& db, gms::gossiper& gossiper,
    sharded<db::system_keyspace>& sys_ks,
    gms::feature_service& feature_service,
    sharded<service::migration_manager>& mm,
    locator::shared_token_metadata& stm,
    locator::effective_replication_map_factory& erm_factory,
    sharded<netw::messaging_service>& ms,
    sharded<repair_service>& repair,
    sharded<streaming::stream_manager>& stream_manager,
    endpoint_lifecycle_notifier& elc_notif,
    sharded<db::batchlog_manager>& bm,
    sharded<locator::snitch_ptr>& snitch)
        : _abort_source(abort_source)
        , _feature_service(feature_service)
        , _db(db)
        , _gossiper(gossiper)
        , _messaging(ms)
        , _migration_manager(mm)
        , _repair(repair)
        , _stream_manager(stream_manager)
        , _snitch(snitch)
        , _node_ops_abort_thread(node_ops_abort_thread())
        , _shared_token_metadata(stm)
        , _erm_factory(erm_factory)
        , _lifecycle_notifier(elc_notif)
        , _batchlog_manager(bm)
        , _sys_ks(sys_ks)
        , _snitch_reconfigure([this] {
            return container().invoke_on(0, [] (auto& ss) {
                return ss.snitch_reconfigured();
            });
        })
{
    register_metrics();

    _listeners.emplace_back(make_lw_shared(bs2::scoped_connection(sstable_read_error.connect([this] { do_isolate_on_error(disk_error::regular); }))));
    _listeners.emplace_back(make_lw_shared(bs2::scoped_connection(sstable_write_error.connect([this] { do_isolate_on_error(disk_error::regular); }))));
    _listeners.emplace_back(make_lw_shared(bs2::scoped_connection(general_disk_error.connect([this] { do_isolate_on_error(disk_error::regular); }))));
    _listeners.emplace_back(make_lw_shared(bs2::scoped_connection(commit_error.connect([this] { do_isolate_on_error(disk_error::commit); }))));

    if (_snitch.local_is_initialized()) {
        _listeners.emplace_back(make_lw_shared(_snitch.local()->when_reconfigured(_snitch_reconfigure)));
    }
}

enum class node_external_status {
    UNKNOWN        = 0,
    STARTING       = 1,
    JOINING        = 2,
    NORMAL         = 3,
    LEAVING        = 4,
    DECOMMISSIONED = 5,
    DRAINING       = 6,
    DRAINED        = 7,
    MOVING         = 8 //deprecated
};

static node_external_status map_operation_mode(storage_service::mode m) {
    switch (m) {
    case storage_service::mode::NONE: return node_external_status::STARTING;
    case storage_service::mode::STARTING: return node_external_status::STARTING;
    case storage_service::mode::BOOTSTRAP: return node_external_status::JOINING;
    case storage_service::mode::JOINING: return node_external_status::JOINING;
    case storage_service::mode::NORMAL: return node_external_status::NORMAL;
    case storage_service::mode::LEAVING: return node_external_status::LEAVING;
    case storage_service::mode::DECOMMISSIONED: return node_external_status::DECOMMISSIONED;
    case storage_service::mode::DRAINING: return node_external_status::DRAINING;
    case storage_service::mode::DRAINED: return node_external_status::DRAINED;
    case storage_service::mode::MOVING: return node_external_status::MOVING;
    }
    return node_external_status::UNKNOWN;
}

void storage_service::register_metrics() {
    if (this_shard_id() != 0) {
        // the relevant data is distributed between the shards,
        // We only need to register it once.
        return;
    }
    namespace sm = seastar::metrics;
    _metrics.add_group("node", {
            sm::make_gauge("operation_mode", sm::description("The operation mode of the current node. UNKNOWN = 0, STARTING = 1, JOINING = 2, NORMAL = 3, "
                    "LEAVING = 4, DECOMMISSIONED = 5, DRAINING = 6, DRAINED = 7, MOVING = 8"), [this] {
                return static_cast<std::underlying_type_t<node_external_status>>(map_operation_mode(_operation_mode));
            }),
    });
}

std::optional<gms::inet_address> storage_service::get_replace_address() {
    auto& cfg = _db.local().get_config();
    sstring replace_address = cfg.replace_address();
    sstring replace_address_first_boot = cfg.replace_address_first_boot();
    try {
        if (!replace_address.empty()) {
            return gms::inet_address(replace_address);
        } else if (!replace_address_first_boot.empty()) {
            return gms::inet_address(replace_address_first_boot);
        }
        return std::nullopt;
    } catch (...) {
        return std::nullopt;
    }
}

bool storage_service::is_replacing() {
    sstring replace_address_first_boot = _db.local().get_config().replace_address_first_boot();
    if (!replace_address_first_boot.empty() && _sys_ks.local().bootstrap_complete()) {
        slogger.info("Replace address on first boot requested; this node is already bootstrapped");
        return false;
    }
    return bool(get_replace_address());
}

bool storage_service::is_first_node() {
    if (is_replacing()) {
        return false;
    }
    auto seeds = _gossiper.get_seeds();
    if (seeds.empty()) {
        return false;
    }
    // Node with the smallest IP address is chosen as the very first node
    // in the cluster. The first node is the only node that does not
    // bootstrap in the cluser. All other nodes will bootstrap.
    std::vector<gms::inet_address> sorted_seeds(seeds.begin(), seeds.end());
    std::sort(sorted_seeds.begin(), sorted_seeds.end());
    if (sorted_seeds.front() == get_broadcast_address()) {
        slogger.info("I am the first node in the cluster. Skip bootstrap. Node={}", get_broadcast_address());
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

bool storage_service::should_bootstrap() {
    return !_sys_ks.local().bootstrap_complete() && !is_first_node();
}

/* Broadcasts the chosen tokens through gossip,
 * together with a CDC generation timestamp and STATUS=NORMAL.
 *
 * Assumes that no other functions modify CDC_GENERATION_ID, TOKENS or STATUS
 * in the gossiper's local application state while this function runs.
 */
static future<> set_gossip_tokens(gms::gossiper& g,
        const std::unordered_set<dht::token>& tokens, std::optional<cdc::generation_id> cdc_gen_id) {
    assert(!tokens.empty());

    // Order is important: both the CDC streams timestamp and tokens must be known when a node handles our status.
    return g.add_local_application_state({
        { gms::application_state::TOKENS, gms::versioned_value::tokens(tokens) },
        { gms::application_state::CDC_GENERATION_ID, gms::versioned_value::cdc_generation_id(cdc_gen_id) },
        { gms::application_state::STATUS, gms::versioned_value::normal(tokens) }
    });
}

/*
 * The helper waits for two things
 *  1) for schema agreement
 *  2) there's no pending node operations
 * before proceeding with the bootstrap or replace
 */
future<> storage_service::wait_for_ring_to_settle(std::chrono::milliseconds delay) {
    // first sleep the delay to make sure we see *at least* one other node
    for (int i = 0; i < delay.count() && _gossiper.get_live_members().size() < 2; i += 1000) {
        co_await sleep_abortable(std::chrono::seconds(1), _abort_source);
    }

    auto t = gms::gossiper::clk::now();
    while (true) {
        while (!_migration_manager.local().have_schema_agreement()) {
            slogger.info("waiting for schema information to complete");
            co_await sleep_abortable(std::chrono::seconds(1), _abort_source);
        }
        co_await update_pending_ranges("joining");

        auto tmptr = get_token_metadata_ptr();
        if (!_db.local().get_config().consistent_rangemovement() ||
                (tmptr->get_bootstrap_tokens().empty() && tmptr->get_leaving_endpoints().empty())) {
            break;
        }
        auto elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(gms::gossiper::clk::now() - t).count();
        slogger.info("Checking bootstrapping/leaving nodes: tokens {}, leaving {}, sleep 1 second and check again ({} seconds elapsed)",
                tmptr->get_bootstrap_tokens().size(),
                tmptr->get_leaving_endpoints().size(),
                elapsed);

        if (gms::gossiper::clk::now() > t + std::chrono::seconds(60)) {
            throw std::runtime_error("Other bootstrapping/leaving nodes detected, cannot bootstrap while consistent_rangemovement is true");
        }
        co_await sleep_abortable(std::chrono::seconds(1), _abort_source);
    }
    slogger.info("Checking bootstrapping/leaving nodes: ok");
}

future<> storage_service::join_token_ring(cdc::generation_service& cdc_gen_service,
        sharded<db::system_distributed_keyspace>& sys_dist_ks,
        sharded<service::storage_proxy>& proxy,
        std::unordered_set<gms::inet_address> initial_contact_nodes,
        std::unordered_set<gms::inet_address> loaded_endpoints,
        std::unordered_map<gms::inet_address, sstring> loaded_peer_features,
        std::chrono::milliseconds delay) {
    std::unordered_set<token> bootstrap_tokens;
    std::map<gms::application_state, gms::versioned_value> app_states;
    /* The timestamp of the CDC streams generation that this node has proposed when joining.
     * This value is nullopt only when:
     * 1. this node is being upgraded from a non-CDC version,
     * 2. this node is starting for the first time or restarting with CDC previously disabled,
     *    in which case the value should become populated before we leave the join_token_ring procedure.
     *
     * Important: this variable is using only during the startup procedure. It is moved out from
     * at the end of `join_token_ring`; the responsibility handling of CDC generations is passed
     * to cdc::generation_service.
     *
     * DO NOT use this variable after `join_token_ring` (i.e. after we call `generation_service::after_join`
     * and pass it the ownership of the timestamp.
     */
    std::optional<cdc::generation_id> cdc_gen_id;

    if (_sys_ks.local().was_decommissioned()) {
        if (_db.local().get_config().override_decommission()) {
            slogger.warn("This node was decommissioned, but overriding by operator request.");
            co_await _sys_ks.local().set_bootstrap_state(db::system_keyspace::bootstrap_state::COMPLETED);
        } else {
            auto msg = sstring("This node was decommissioned and will not rejoin the ring unless override_decommission=true has been set,"
                               "or all existing data is removed and the node is bootstrapped again");
            slogger.error("{}", msg);
            throw std::runtime_error(msg);
        }
    }

    bool replacing_a_node_with_same_ip = false;
    bool replacing_a_node_with_diff_ip = false;
    auto tmlock = std::make_unique<token_metadata_lock>(co_await get_token_metadata_lock());
    auto tmptr = co_await get_mutable_token_metadata_ptr();
    if (is_replacing()) {
        if (_sys_ks.local().bootstrap_complete()) {
            throw std::runtime_error("Cannot replace address with a node that is already bootstrapped");
        }
        auto ri = co_await prepare_replacement_info(initial_contact_nodes, loaded_peer_features);
        bootstrap_tokens = std::move(ri.tokens);
        auto replace_address = get_replace_address();
        replacing_a_node_with_same_ip = *replace_address == get_broadcast_address();
        replacing_a_node_with_diff_ip = *replace_address != get_broadcast_address();

        slogger.info("Replacing a node with {} IP address, my address={}, node being replaced={}",
            get_broadcast_address() == *replace_address ? "the same" : "a different",
            get_broadcast_address(), *replace_address);
        tmptr->update_topology(*replace_address, std::move(ri.dc_rack));
        co_await tmptr->update_normal_tokens(bootstrap_tokens, *replace_address);
    } else if (should_bootstrap()) {
        co_await check_for_endpoint_collision(initial_contact_nodes, loaded_peer_features);
    } else {
        auto local_features = _feature_service.supported_feature_set();
        slogger.info("Checking remote features with gossip, initial_contact_nodes={}", initial_contact_nodes);
        co_await _gossiper.do_shadow_round(initial_contact_nodes);
        _gossiper.check_knows_remote_features(local_features, loaded_peer_features);
        _gossiper.check_snitch_name_matches(_snitch.local()->get_name());
        // Check if the node is already removed from the cluster
        auto local_host_id = _db.local().get_config().host_id;
        auto my_ip = get_broadcast_address();
        if (!_gossiper.is_safe_for_restart(my_ip, local_host_id)) {
            throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format("The node {} with host_id {} is removed from the cluster. Can not restart the removed node to join the cluster again!",
                    my_ip, local_host_id));
        }
        co_await _gossiper.reset_endpoint_state_map();
        for (auto ep : loaded_endpoints) {
            co_await _gossiper.add_saved_endpoint(ep);
        }
    }
    auto features = _feature_service.supported_feature_set();
    slogger.info("Save advertised features list in the 'system.{}' table", db::system_keyspace::LOCAL);
    // Save the advertised feature set to system.local table after
    // all remote feature checks are complete and after gossip shadow rounds are done.
    // At this point, the final feature set is already determined before the node joins the ring.
    co_await db::system_keyspace::save_local_supported_features(features);

    // If this is a restarting node, we should update tokens before gossip starts
    auto my_tokens = co_await _sys_ks.local().get_saved_tokens();
    bool restarting_normal_node = _sys_ks.local().bootstrap_complete() && !is_replacing() && !my_tokens.empty();
    if (restarting_normal_node) {
        slogger.info("Restarting a node in NORMAL status");
        // This node must know about its chosen tokens before other nodes do
        // since they may start sending writes to this node after it gossips status = NORMAL.
        // Therefore we update _token_metadata now, before gossip starts.
        tmptr->update_topology(get_broadcast_address(), _sys_ks.local().local_dc_rack());
        co_await tmptr->update_normal_tokens(my_tokens, get_broadcast_address());

        cdc_gen_id = co_await _sys_ks.local().get_cdc_generation_id();
        if (!cdc_gen_id) {
            // We could not have completed joining if we didn't generate and persist a CDC streams timestamp,
            // unless we are restarting after upgrading from non-CDC supported version.
            // In that case we won't begin a CDC generation: it should be done by one of the nodes
            // after it learns that it everyone supports the CDC feature.
            cdc_log.warn(
                    "Restarting node in NORMAL status with CDC enabled, but no streams timestamp was proposed"
                    " by this node according to its local tables. Are we upgrading from a non-CDC supported version?");
        }
    }

    // have to start the gossip service before we can see any info on other nodes.  this is necessary
    // for bootstrap to get the load info it needs.
    // (we won't be part of the storage ring though until we add a counterId to our state, below.)
    // Seed the host ID-to-endpoint map with our own ID.
    auto local_host_id = _db.local().get_config().host_id;
    if (!replacing_a_node_with_diff_ip) {
        // Replacing node with a different ip should own the host_id only after
        // the replacing node becomes NORMAL status. It is updated in
        // handle_state_normal().
        tmptr->update_host_id(local_host_id, get_broadcast_address());
    }

    // Replicate the tokens early because once gossip runs other nodes
    // might send reads/writes to this node. Replicate it early to make
    // sure the tokens are valid on all the shards.
    co_await replicate_to_all_cores(std::move(tmptr));
    tmlock.reset();

    auto broadcast_rpc_address = utils::fb_utilities::get_broadcast_rpc_address();
    // Ensure we know our own actual Schema UUID in preparation for updates
    co_await db::schema_tables::recalculate_schema_version(_sys_ks, proxy, _feature_service);

    assert(_group0);
    co_await _group0->setup_group0(_sys_ks.local(), initial_contact_nodes);

    app_states.emplace(gms::application_state::NET_VERSION, versioned_value::network_version());
    app_states.emplace(gms::application_state::HOST_ID, versioned_value::host_id(local_host_id));
    app_states.emplace(gms::application_state::RPC_ADDRESS, versioned_value::rpcaddress(broadcast_rpc_address));
    app_states.emplace(gms::application_state::RELEASE_VERSION, versioned_value::release_version());
    app_states.emplace(gms::application_state::SUPPORTED_FEATURES, versioned_value::supported_features(features));
    app_states.emplace(gms::application_state::CACHE_HITRATES, versioned_value::cache_hitrates(""));
    app_states.emplace(gms::application_state::SCHEMA_TABLES_VERSION, versioned_value(db::schema_tables::version));
    app_states.emplace(gms::application_state::RPC_READY, versioned_value::cql_ready(false));
    app_states.emplace(gms::application_state::VIEW_BACKLOG, versioned_value(""));
    app_states.emplace(gms::application_state::SCHEMA, versioned_value::schema(_db.local().get_version()));
    if (restarting_normal_node) {
        // Order is important: both the CDC streams timestamp and tokens must be known when a node handles our status.
        // Exception: there might be no CDC streams timestamp proposed by us if we're upgrading from a non-CDC version.
        app_states.emplace(gms::application_state::TOKENS, versioned_value::tokens(my_tokens));
        app_states.emplace(gms::application_state::CDC_GENERATION_ID, versioned_value::cdc_generation_id(cdc_gen_id));
        app_states.emplace(gms::application_state::STATUS, versioned_value::normal(my_tokens));
    }
    if (replacing_a_node_with_same_ip || replacing_a_node_with_diff_ip) {
        app_states.emplace(gms::application_state::TOKENS, versioned_value::tokens(bootstrap_tokens));
    }
    app_states.emplace(gms::application_state::SNITCH_NAME, versioned_value::snitch_name(_snitch.local()->get_name()));
    app_states.emplace(gms::application_state::SHARD_COUNT, versioned_value::shard_count(smp::count));
    app_states.emplace(gms::application_state::IGNORE_MSB_BITS, versioned_value::ignore_msb_bits(_db.local().get_config().murmur3_partitioner_ignore_msb_bits()));

    for (auto&& s : _snitch.local()->get_app_states()) {
        app_states.emplace(s.first, std::move(s.second));
    }

    slogger.info("Starting up server gossip");

    auto generation_number = co_await db::system_keyspace::increment_and_get_generation();
    auto advertise = gms::advertise_myself(!replacing_a_node_with_same_ip);
    co_await _gossiper.start_gossiping(generation_number, app_states, advertise);

    auto schema_change_announce = _db.local().observable_schema_version().observe([this] (table_schema_version schema_version) mutable {
        _migration_manager.local().passive_announce(std::move(schema_version));
    });
    _listeners.emplace_back(make_lw_shared(std::move(schema_change_announce)));
    co_await _gossiper.wait_for_gossip_to_settle();

    set_mode(mode::JOINING);

    // We bootstrap if we haven't successfully bootstrapped before, as long as we are not a seed.
    // If we are a seed, or if the user manually sets auto_bootstrap to false,
    // we'll skip streaming data from other nodes and jump directly into the ring.
    //
    // The seed check allows us to skip the RING_DELAY sleep for the single-node cluster case,
    // which is useful for both new users and testing.
    //
    // We attempted to replace this with a schema-presence check, but you need a meaningful sleep
    // to get schema info from gossip which defeats the purpose.  See CASSANDRA-4427 for the gory details.
    if (should_bootstrap()) {
        bool resume_bootstrap = _sys_ks.local().bootstrap_in_progress();
        if (resume_bootstrap) {
            slogger.warn("Detected previous bootstrap failure; retrying");
        } else {
            co_await _sys_ks.local().set_bootstrap_state(db::system_keyspace::bootstrap_state::IN_PROGRESS);
        }
        slogger.info("waiting for ring information");

        // if our schema hasn't matched yet, keep sleeping until it does
        // (post CASSANDRA-1391 we don't expect this to be necessary very often, but it doesn't hurt to be careful)
        co_await wait_for_ring_to_settle(delay);

        if (!is_replacing()) {
            auto tmptr = get_token_metadata_ptr();

            if (tmptr->is_member(get_broadcast_address())) {
                throw std::runtime_error("This node is already a member of the token ring; bootstrap aborted. (If replacing a dead node, remove the old one from the ring first.)");
            }
            slogger.info("getting bootstrap token");
            if (resume_bootstrap) {
                bootstrap_tokens = co_await _sys_ks.local().get_saved_tokens();
                if (!bootstrap_tokens.empty()) {
                    slogger.info("Using previously saved tokens = {}", bootstrap_tokens);
                } else {
                    bootstrap_tokens = boot_strapper::get_bootstrap_tokens(tmptr, _db.local().get_config(), dht::check_token_endpoint::yes);
                }
            } else {
                bootstrap_tokens = boot_strapper::get_bootstrap_tokens(tmptr, _db.local().get_config(), dht::check_token_endpoint::yes);
            }
        } else {
            auto replace_addr = get_replace_address();
            assert(replace_addr);
            if (*replace_addr != get_broadcast_address()) {
                // Sleep additionally to make sure that the server actually is not alive
                // and giving it more time to gossip if alive.
                slogger.info("Sleeping before replacing {}...", *replace_addr);
                co_await sleep_abortable(service::load_broadcaster::BROADCAST_INTERVAL, _abort_source);

                // check for operator errors...
                const auto tmptr = get_token_metadata_ptr();
                for (auto token : bootstrap_tokens) {
                    auto existing = tmptr->get_endpoint(token);
                    if (existing) {
                        auto* eps = _gossiper.get_endpoint_state_for_endpoint_ptr(*existing);
                        if (eps && eps->get_update_timestamp() > gms::gossiper::clk::now() - delay) {
                            throw std::runtime_error("Cannot replace a live node...");
                        }
                    } else {
                        throw std::runtime_error(format("Cannot replace token {} which does not exist!", token));
                    }
                }
            } else {
                slogger.info("Sleeping before replacing {}...", *replace_addr);
                co_await sleep_abortable(get_ring_delay(), _abort_source);
            }
            slogger.info("Replacing a node with token(s): {}", bootstrap_tokens);
            // bootstrap_tokens was previously set using tokens gossiped by the replaced node
        }
        co_await sys_dist_ks.invoke_on_all(&db::system_distributed_keyspace::start);
        co_await mark_existing_views_as_built(sys_dist_ks);
        co_await _sys_ks.local().update_tokens(bootstrap_tokens);
        co_await bootstrap(cdc_gen_service, bootstrap_tokens, cdc_gen_id);
    } else {
        supervisor::notify("starting system distributed keyspace");
        co_await sys_dist_ks.invoke_on_all(&db::system_distributed_keyspace::start);
        bootstrap_tokens = co_await _sys_ks.local().get_saved_tokens();
        if (bootstrap_tokens.empty()) {
            bootstrap_tokens = boot_strapper::get_bootstrap_tokens(get_token_metadata_ptr(), _db.local().get_config(), dht::check_token_endpoint::no);
            co_await _sys_ks.local().update_tokens(bootstrap_tokens);
        } else {
            size_t num_tokens = _db.local().get_config().num_tokens();
            if (bootstrap_tokens.size() != num_tokens) {
                throw std::runtime_error(format("Cannot change the number of tokens from {:d} to {:d}", bootstrap_tokens.size(), num_tokens));
            } else {
                slogger.info("Using saved tokens {}", bootstrap_tokens);
            }
        }
    }

    slogger.debug("Setting tokens to {}", bootstrap_tokens);
    co_await mutate_token_metadata([this, &bootstrap_tokens] (mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr) {
        // This node must know about its chosen tokens before other nodes do
        // since they may start sending writes to this node after it gossips status = NORMAL.
        // Therefore, in case we haven't updated _token_metadata with our tokens yet, do it now.
        tmptr->update_topology(get_broadcast_address(), _sys_ks.local().local_dc_rack());
        return tmptr->update_normal_tokens(bootstrap_tokens, get_broadcast_address());
    });

    if (!_sys_ks.local().bootstrap_complete()) {
        // If we're not bootstrapping then we shouldn't have chosen a CDC streams timestamp yet.
        assert(should_bootstrap() || !cdc_gen_id);

        // Don't try rewriting CDC stream description tables.
        // See cdc.md design notes, `Streams description table V1 and rewriting` section, for explanation.
        co_await _sys_ks.local().cdc_set_rewritten(std::nullopt);
    }

    if (!cdc_gen_id) {
        // If we didn't observe any CDC generation at this point, then either
        // 1. we're replacing a node,
        // 2. we've already bootstrapped, but are upgrading from a non-CDC version,
        // 3. we're the first node, starting a fresh cluster.

        // In the replacing case we won't create any CDC generation: we're not introducing any new tokens,
        // so the current generation used by the cluster is fine.

        // In the case of an upgrading cluster, one of the nodes is responsible for creating
        // the first CDC generation. We'll check if it's us.

        // Finally, if we're the first node, we'll create the first generation.

        if (!is_replacing()
                && (!_sys_ks.local().bootstrap_complete()
                    || cdc::should_propose_first_generation(get_broadcast_address(), _gossiper))) {
            try {
                cdc_gen_id = co_await cdc_gen_service.make_new_generation(bootstrap_tokens, !is_first_node());
            } catch (...) {
                cdc_log.warn(
                    "Could not create a new CDC generation: {}. This may make it impossible to use CDC or cause performance problems."
                    " Use nodetool checkAndRepairCdcStreams to fix CDC.", std::current_exception());
            }
        }
    }

    // Persist the CDC streams timestamp before we persist bootstrap_state = COMPLETED.
    if (cdc_gen_id) {
        co_await _sys_ks.local().update_cdc_generation_id(*cdc_gen_id);
    }
    // If we crash now, we will choose a new CDC streams timestamp anyway (because we will also choose a new set of tokens).
    // But if we crash after setting bootstrap_state = COMPLETED, we will keep using the persisted CDC streams timestamp after restarting.

    co_await _sys_ks.local().set_bootstrap_state(db::system_keyspace::bootstrap_state::COMPLETED);
    // At this point our local tokens and CDC streams timestamp are chosen (bootstrap_tokens, cdc_gen_id) and will not be changed.

    // start participating in the ring.
    co_await set_gossip_tokens(_gossiper, bootstrap_tokens, cdc_gen_id);

    set_mode(mode::NORMAL);

    if (get_token_metadata().sorted_tokens().empty()) {
        auto err = format("join_token_ring: Sorted token in token_metadata is empty");
        slogger.error("{}", err);
        throw std::runtime_error(err);
    }

    assert(_group0);
    co_await _group0->finish_setup_after_join();
    co_await cdc_gen_service.after_join(std::move(cdc_gen_id));
}

future<> storage_service::mark_existing_views_as_built(sharded<db::system_distributed_keyspace>& sys_dist_ks) {
    return _db.invoke_on(0, [this, &sys_dist_ks] (replica::database& db) {
        return do_with(db.get_views(), [this, &sys_dist_ks] (std::vector<view_ptr>& views) {
            return parallel_for_each(views, [this, &sys_dist_ks] (view_ptr& view) {
                return db::system_keyspace::mark_view_as_built(view->ks_name(), view->cf_name()).then([this, view, &sys_dist_ks] {
                    return sys_dist_ks.local().finish_view_build(view->ks_name(), view->cf_name());
                });
            });
        });
    });
}

std::list<gms::inet_address> storage_service::get_ignore_dead_nodes_for_replace(const token_metadata& tm) {
    std::vector<sstring> ignore_nodes_strs;
    std::list<gms::inet_address> ignore_nodes;
    boost::split(ignore_nodes_strs, _db.local().get_config().ignore_dead_nodes_for_replace(), boost::is_any_of(","));
    for (std::string n : ignore_nodes_strs) {
        try {
            std::replace(n.begin(), n.end(), '\"', ' ');
            std::replace(n.begin(), n.end(), '\'', ' ');
            boost::trim_all(n);
            if (!n.empty()) {
                auto ep_and_id = tm.parse_host_id_and_endpoint(n);
                ignore_nodes.push_back(ep_and_id.endpoint);
            }
        } catch (...) {
            throw std::runtime_error(format("Failed to parse --ignore-dead-nodes-for-replace parameter: ignore_nodes={}, node={}: {}", ignore_nodes_strs, n, std::current_exception()));
        }
    }
    return ignore_nodes;
}

// Runs inside seastar::async context
future<> storage_service::bootstrap(cdc::generation_service& cdc_gen_service, std::unordered_set<token>& bootstrap_tokens, std::optional<cdc::generation_id>& cdc_gen_id) {
    return seastar::async([this, &bootstrap_tokens, &cdc_gen_id, &cdc_gen_service] {
        auto bootstrap_rbno = is_repair_based_node_ops_enabled(streaming::stream_reason::bootstrap);

        set_mode(mode::BOOTSTRAP);
        slogger.debug("bootstrap: rbno={} replacing={}", bootstrap_rbno, is_replacing());

        // Wait until we know tokens of existing node before announcing replacing status.
        slogger.info("Wait until local node knows tokens of peer nodes");
        _gossiper.wait_for_range_setup().get();

        _db.invoke_on_all([this] (replica::database& db) {
            for (auto& cf : db.get_non_system_column_families()) {
                cf->notify_bootstrap_or_replace_start();
            }
        }).get();

        if (!is_replacing()) {
            int retry = 0;
            while (get_token_metadata_ptr()->count_normal_token_owners() == 0) {
                if (retry++ < 500) {
                    sleep_abortable(std::chrono::milliseconds(10), _abort_source).get();
                    continue;
                }
                // We're joining an existing cluster, so there are normal nodes in the cluster.
                // We've waited for tokens to arrive.
                // But we didn't see any normal token owners. Something's wrong, we cannot proceed.
                throw std::runtime_error{
                        "Failed to learn about other nodes' tokens during bootstrap. Make sure that:\n"
                        " - the node can contact other nodes in the cluster,\n"
                        " - the `ring_delay` parameter is large enough (the 30s default should be enough for small-to-middle-sized clusters),\n"
                        " - a node with this IP didn't recently leave the cluster. If it did, wait for some time first (the IP is quarantined),\n"
                        "and retry the bootstrap."};
            }

            // Even if we reached this point before but crashed, we will make a new CDC generation.
            // It doesn't hurt: other nodes will (potentially) just do more generation switches.
            // We do this because with this new attempt at bootstrapping we picked a different set of tokens.

            // Update pending ranges now, so we correctly count ourselves as a pending replica
            // when inserting the new CDC generation.
            if (!bootstrap_rbno) {
                // When is_repair_based_node_ops_enabled is true, the bootstrap node
                // will use node_ops_cmd to bootstrap, node_ops_cmd will update the pending ranges.
                slogger.debug("bootstrap: update pending ranges: endpoint={} bootstrap_tokens={}", get_broadcast_address(), bootstrap_tokens);
                mutate_token_metadata([this, &bootstrap_tokens] (mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr) {
                    auto endpoint = get_broadcast_address();
                    tmptr->update_topology(endpoint, _sys_ks.local().local_dc_rack(), locator::topology::pending::yes);
                    tmptr->add_bootstrap_tokens(bootstrap_tokens, endpoint);
                    return update_pending_ranges(std::move(tmptr), format("bootstrapping node {}", endpoint));
                }).get();
            }

            // After we pick a generation timestamp, we start gossiping it, and we stick with it.
            // We don't do any other generation switches (unless we crash before complecting bootstrap).
            assert(!cdc_gen_id);

            cdc_gen_id = cdc_gen_service.make_new_generation(bootstrap_tokens, !is_first_node()).get0();

            if (!bootstrap_rbno) {
                // When is_repair_based_node_ops_enabled is true, the bootstrap node
                // will use node_ops_cmd to bootstrap, bootstrapping gossip status is not needed for bootstrap.
                _gossiper.add_local_application_state({
                    { gms::application_state::TOKENS, versioned_value::tokens(bootstrap_tokens) },
                    { gms::application_state::CDC_GENERATION_ID, versioned_value::cdc_generation_id(cdc_gen_id) },
                    { gms::application_state::STATUS, versioned_value::bootstrapping(bootstrap_tokens) },
                }).get();

                slogger.info("sleeping {} ms for pending range setup", get_ring_delay().count());
                _gossiper.wait_for_range_setup().get();
                dht::boot_strapper bs(_db, _stream_manager, _abort_source, get_broadcast_address(), _sys_ks.local().local_dc_rack(), bootstrap_tokens, get_token_metadata_ptr());
                slogger.info("Starting to bootstrap...");
                bs.bootstrap(streaming::stream_reason::bootstrap, _gossiper).get();
            } else {
                // Even with RBNO bootstrap we need to announce the new CDC generation immediately after it's created.
                _gossiper.add_local_application_state({
                    { gms::application_state::CDC_GENERATION_ID, versioned_value::cdc_generation_id(cdc_gen_id) },
                }).get();
                slogger.info("Starting to bootstrap...");
                run_bootstrap_ops(bootstrap_tokens);
            }
        } else {
            auto replace_addr = get_replace_address();
            assert(replace_addr);

            slogger.debug("Removing replaced endpoint {} from system.peers", *replace_addr);
            _sys_ks.local().remove_endpoint(*replace_addr).get();

            slogger.info("Replace: removing {} from group 0...", *replace_addr);
            assert(_group0);
            _group0->remove_from_group0(*replace_addr).get();
            slogger.info("Replace: {} removed from group 0.", *replace_addr);

            slogger.info("Starting to bootstrap...");
            run_replace_ops(bootstrap_tokens);
        }

        _db.invoke_on_all([this] (replica::database& db) {
            for (auto& cf : db.get_non_system_column_families()) {
                cf->notify_bootstrap_or_replace_end();
            }
        }).get();

        slogger.info("Bootstrap completed! for the tokens {}", bootstrap_tokens);
    });
}

sstring
storage_service::get_rpc_address(const inet_address& endpoint) const {
    if (endpoint != get_broadcast_address()) {
        auto* v = _gossiper.get_application_state_ptr(endpoint, gms::application_state::RPC_ADDRESS);
        if (v) {
            return v->value;
        }
    }
    return boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(endpoint);
}

future<std::unordered_map<dht::token_range, inet_address_vector_replica_set>>
storage_service::get_range_to_address_map(const sstring& keyspace) const {
    return get_range_to_address_map(_db.local().find_keyspace(keyspace).get_effective_replication_map());
}

future<std::unordered_map<dht::token_range, inet_address_vector_replica_set>>
storage_service::get_range_to_address_map(locator::effective_replication_map_ptr erm) const {
    return get_range_to_address_map(erm, erm->get_token_metadata_ptr()->sorted_tokens());
}

future<std::unordered_map<dht::token_range, inet_address_vector_replica_set>>
storage_service::get_range_to_address_map_in_local_dc(
        locator::effective_replication_map_ptr erm) const {
    auto tmptr = erm->get_token_metadata_ptr();
    auto orig_map = co_await get_range_to_address_map(erm, co_await get_tokens_in_local_dc(*tmptr));
    std::unordered_map<dht::token_range, inet_address_vector_replica_set> filtered_map;
    filtered_map.reserve(orig_map.size());
    auto local_dc_filter = tmptr->get_topology().get_local_dc_filter();
    for (auto entry : orig_map) {
        auto& addresses = filtered_map[entry.first];
        addresses.reserve(entry.second.size());
        std::copy_if(entry.second.begin(), entry.second.end(), std::back_inserter(addresses), std::cref(local_dc_filter));
        co_await coroutine::maybe_yield();
    }

    co_return filtered_map;
}

// Caller is responsible to hold token_metadata valid until the returned future is resolved
future<std::vector<token>>
storage_service::get_tokens_in_local_dc(const locator::token_metadata& tm) const {
    std::vector<token> filtered_tokens;
    auto local_dc_filter = tm.get_topology().get_local_dc_filter();
    for (auto token : tm.sorted_tokens()) {
        auto endpoint = tm.get_endpoint(token);
        if (local_dc_filter(*endpoint))
            filtered_tokens.push_back(token);
        co_await coroutine::maybe_yield();
    }
    co_return filtered_tokens;
}

// Caller is responsible to hold token_metadata valid until the returned future is resolved
future<std::unordered_map<dht::token_range, inet_address_vector_replica_set>>
storage_service::get_range_to_address_map(locator::effective_replication_map_ptr erm,
        const std::vector<token>& sorted_tokens) const {
    co_return co_await construct_range_to_endpoint_map(erm, co_await get_all_ranges(sorted_tokens));
}

future<> storage_service::handle_state_replacing_update_pending_ranges(mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr, inet_address replacing_node) {
    try {
        slogger.info("handle_state_replacing: Waiting for replacing node {} to be alive on all shards", replacing_node);
        co_await _gossiper.wait_alive({replacing_node}, std::chrono::milliseconds(5 * 1000));
        slogger.info("handle_state_replacing: Replacing node {} is now alive on all shards", replacing_node);
    } catch (...) {
        slogger.warn("handle_state_replacing: Failed to wait for replacing node {} to be alive on all shards: {}",
                replacing_node, std::current_exception());
    }
    slogger.info("handle_state_replacing: Update pending ranges for replacing node {}", replacing_node);
    co_await update_pending_ranges(tmptr, format("handle_state_replacing {}", replacing_node));
}

future<> storage_service::handle_state_replacing(inet_address replacing_node) {
    slogger.debug("endpoint={} handle_state_replacing", replacing_node);
    auto host_id = _gossiper.get_host_id(replacing_node);
    auto tmlock = co_await get_token_metadata_lock();
    auto tmptr = co_await get_mutable_token_metadata_ptr();
    auto existing_node_opt = tmptr->get_endpoint_for_host_id(host_id);
    auto replace_addr = get_replace_address();
    if (replacing_node == get_broadcast_address() && replace_addr && *replace_addr == get_broadcast_address()) {
        existing_node_opt = replacing_node;
    }
    if (!existing_node_opt) {
        slogger.warn("Can not find the existing node for the replacing node {}", replacing_node);
        co_return;
    }
    auto existing_node = *existing_node_opt;
    auto existing_tokens = get_tokens_for(existing_node);
    auto replacing_tokens = get_tokens_for(replacing_node);
    slogger.info("Node {} is replacing existing node {} with host_id={}, existing_tokens={}, replacing_tokens={}",
            replacing_node, existing_node, host_id, existing_tokens, replacing_tokens);
    tmptr->add_replacing_endpoint(existing_node, replacing_node);
    if (_gossiper.is_alive(replacing_node)) {
        slogger.info("handle_state_replacing: Replacing node {} is already alive, update pending ranges", replacing_node);
        co_await handle_state_replacing_update_pending_ranges(tmptr, replacing_node);
    } else {
        slogger.info("handle_state_replacing: Replacing node {} is not alive yet, delay update pending ranges", replacing_node);
        _replacing_nodes_pending_ranges_updater.insert(replacing_node);
    }
    co_await replicate_to_all_cores(std::move(tmptr));
}

future<> storage_service::handle_state_bootstrap(inet_address endpoint) {
    slogger.debug("endpoint={} handle_state_bootstrap", endpoint);
    // explicitly check for TOKENS, because a bootstrapping node might be bootstrapping in legacy mode; that is, not using vnodes and no token specified
    auto tokens = get_tokens_for(endpoint);

    slogger.debug("Node {} state bootstrapping, token {}", endpoint, tokens);

    // if this node is present in token metadata, either we have missed intermediate states
    // or the node had crashed. Print warning if needed, clear obsolete stuff and
    // continue.
    auto tmlock = co_await get_token_metadata_lock();
    auto tmptr = co_await get_mutable_token_metadata_ptr();
    if (tmptr->is_member(endpoint)) {
        // If isLeaving is false, we have missed both LEAVING and LEFT. However, if
        // isLeaving is true, we have only missed LEFT. Waiting time between completing
        // leave operation and rebootstrapping is relatively short, so the latter is quite
        // common (not enough time for gossip to spread). Therefore we report only the
        // former in the log.
        if (!tmptr->is_leaving(endpoint)) {
            slogger.info("Node {} state jump to bootstrap", endpoint);
        }
        tmptr->remove_endpoint(endpoint);
    }

    tmptr->update_topology(endpoint, get_dc_rack_for(endpoint), locator::topology::pending::yes);
    tmptr->add_bootstrap_tokens(tokens, endpoint);
    if (_gossiper.uses_host_id(endpoint)) {
        tmptr->update_host_id(_gossiper.get_host_id(endpoint), endpoint);
    }
    co_await update_pending_ranges(tmptr, format("handle_state_bootstrap {}", endpoint));
    co_await replicate_to_all_cores(std::move(tmptr));
}

future<> storage_service::handle_state_normal(inet_address endpoint) {
    slogger.debug("endpoint={} handle_state_normal", endpoint);
    auto tokens = get_tokens_for(endpoint);

    slogger.debug("Node {} state normal, token {}", endpoint, tokens);

    auto tmlock = std::make_unique<token_metadata_lock>(co_await get_token_metadata_lock());
    auto tmptr = co_await get_mutable_token_metadata_ptr();
    if (tmptr->is_member(endpoint)) {
        slogger.info("Node {} state jump to normal", endpoint);
    }
    std::unordered_set<inet_address> endpoints_to_remove;

    auto do_remove_node = [&] (gms::inet_address node) {
        tmptr->remove_endpoint(node);
        endpoints_to_remove.insert(node);
    };
    // Order Matters, TM.updateHostID() should be called before TM.updateNormalToken(), (see CASSANDRA-4300).
    if (_gossiper.uses_host_id(endpoint)) {
        auto host_id = _gossiper.get_host_id(endpoint);
        auto existing = tmptr->get_endpoint_for_host_id(host_id);
        if (existing && *existing != endpoint) {
            if (*existing == get_broadcast_address()) {
                slogger.warn("Not updating host ID {} for {} because it's mine", host_id, endpoint);
                do_remove_node(endpoint);
            } else if (_gossiper.compare_endpoint_startup(endpoint, *existing) > 0) {
                slogger.warn("Host ID collision for {} between {} and {}; {} is the new owner", host_id, *existing, endpoint, endpoint);
                do_remove_node(*existing);
                slogger.info("Set host_id={} to be owned by node={}, existing={}", host_id, endpoint, *existing);
                tmptr->update_host_id(host_id, endpoint);
            } else {
                slogger.warn("Host ID collision for {} between {} and {}; ignored {}", host_id, *existing, endpoint, endpoint);
                do_remove_node(endpoint);
            }
        } else if (existing && *existing == endpoint) {
            tmptr->del_replacing_endpoint(endpoint);
        } else {
            auto nodes = _gossiper.get_nodes_with_host_id(host_id);
            bool left = std::any_of(nodes.begin(), nodes.end(), [this] (const gms::inet_address& node) { return _gossiper.is_left(node); });
            if (left) {
                slogger.info("Skip to set host_id={} to be owned by node={}, because the node is removed from the cluster, nodes {} used to own the host_id", host_id, endpoint, nodes);
                co_return;
            }
            slogger.info("Set host_id={} to be owned by node={}", host_id, endpoint);
            tmptr->update_host_id(host_id, endpoint);
        }
    }

    // Tokens owned by the handled endpoint.
    // The endpoint broadcasts its set of chosen tokens. If a token was also chosen by another endpoint,
    // the collision is resolved by assigning the token to the endpoint which started later.
    std::unordered_set<token> owned_tokens;

    for (auto t : tokens) {
        // we don't want to update if this node is responsible for the token and it has a later startup time than endpoint.
        auto current_owner = tmptr->get_endpoint(t);
        if (!current_owner) {
            slogger.debug("handle_state_normal: New node {} at token {}", endpoint, t);
            owned_tokens.insert(t);
        } else if (endpoint == *current_owner) {
            slogger.debug("handle_state_normal: endpoint={} == current_owner={} token {}", endpoint, *current_owner, t);
            // set state back to normal, since the node may have tried to leave, but failed and is now back up
            owned_tokens.insert(t);
        } else if (_gossiper.compare_endpoint_startup(endpoint, *current_owner) > 0) {
            slogger.debug("handle_state_normal: endpoint={} > current_owner={}, token {}", endpoint, *current_owner, t);
            owned_tokens.insert(t);
            // currentOwner is no longer current, endpoint is.  Keep track of these moves, because when
            // a host no longer has any tokens, we'll want to remove it.
            std::multimap<inet_address, token> ep_to_token_copy = get_token_metadata().get_endpoint_to_token_map_for_reading();
            auto rg = ep_to_token_copy.equal_range(*current_owner);
            for (auto it = rg.first; it != rg.second; it++) {
                if (it->second == t) {
                    slogger.info("handle_state_normal: remove endpoint={} token={}", *current_owner, t);
                    ep_to_token_copy.erase(it);
                }
            }
            if (!ep_to_token_copy.contains(*current_owner)) {
                slogger.info("handle_state_normal: endpoints_to_remove endpoint={}", *current_owner);
                endpoints_to_remove.insert(*current_owner);
            }
            slogger.info("handle_state_normal: Nodes {} and {} have the same token {}. {} is the new owner", endpoint, *current_owner, t, endpoint);
        } else {
            slogger.info("handle_state_normal: Nodes {} and {} have the same token {}. Ignoring {}", endpoint, *current_owner, t, endpoint);
        }
    }

    bool is_member = tmptr->is_member(endpoint);
    bool do_notify_joined = false;

    if (endpoints_to_remove.contains(endpoint)) [[unlikely]] {
        if (!owned_tokens.empty()) {
            on_fatal_internal_error(slogger, format("endpoint={} is marked for removal but still owns {} tokens", endpoint, owned_tokens.size()));
        }
    } else {
        if (owned_tokens.empty()) {
            on_internal_error_noexcept(slogger, format("endpoint={} is not marked for removal but owns no tokens", endpoint));
        }

        // Update pending ranges after update of normal tokens immediately to avoid
        // a race where natural endpoint was updated to contain node A, but A was
        // not yet removed from pending endpoints
        if (!is_member) {
            auto dc_rack = get_dc_rack_for(endpoint);
            slogger.debug("handle_state_normal: update_topology: endpoint={} dc={} rack={}", endpoint, dc_rack.dc, dc_rack.rack);
            tmptr->update_topology(endpoint, std::move(dc_rack));
            do_notify_joined = true;
        }
        co_await tmptr->update_normal_tokens(owned_tokens, endpoint);
    }

    co_await update_pending_ranges(tmptr, format("handle_state_normal {}", endpoint));
    co_await replicate_to_all_cores(std::move(tmptr));
    tmlock.reset();

    for (auto ep : endpoints_to_remove) {
        co_await remove_endpoint(ep);
    }
    slogger.debug("handle_state_normal: endpoint={} is_member={} endpoint_to_remove={} owned_tokens={}", endpoint, is_member, endpoints_to_remove.contains(endpoint), owned_tokens);
    if (!owned_tokens.empty() && !endpoints_to_remove.count(endpoint)) {
        co_await update_peer_info(endpoint);
        try {
            co_await _sys_ks.local().update_tokens(endpoint, owned_tokens);
        } catch (...) {
            slogger.error("handle_state_normal: fail to update tokens for {}: {}", endpoint, std::current_exception());
        }
    }

    // Send joined notification only when this node was not a member prior to this
    if (do_notify_joined) {
        co_await notify_joined(endpoint);
    }

    if (slogger.is_enabled(logging::log_level::debug)) {
        const auto& tm = get_token_metadata();
        auto ver = tm.get_ring_version();
        for (auto& x : tm.get_token_to_endpoint()) {
            slogger.debug("handle_state_normal: token_metadata.ring_version={}, token={} -> endpoint={}", ver, x.first, x.second);
        }
    }
}

future<> storage_service::handle_state_leaving(inet_address endpoint) {
    slogger.debug("endpoint={} handle_state_leaving", endpoint);

    auto tokens = get_tokens_for(endpoint);

    slogger.debug("Node {} state leaving, tokens {}", endpoint, tokens);

    // If the node is previously unknown or tokens do not match, update tokenmetadata to
    // have this node as 'normal' (it must have been using this token before the
    // leave). This way we'll get pending ranges right.
    auto tmlock = co_await get_token_metadata_lock();
    auto tmptr = co_await get_mutable_token_metadata_ptr();
    if (!tmptr->is_member(endpoint)) {
        // FIXME: this code should probably resolve token collisions too, like handle_state_normal
        slogger.info("Node {} state jump to leaving", endpoint);

        tmptr->update_topology(endpoint, get_dc_rack_for(endpoint));
        co_await tmptr->update_normal_tokens(tokens, endpoint);
    } else {
        auto tokens_ = tmptr->get_tokens(endpoint);
        std::set<token> tmp(tokens.begin(), tokens.end());
        if (!std::includes(tokens_.begin(), tokens_.end(), tmp.begin(), tmp.end())) {
            slogger.warn("Node {} 'leaving' token mismatch. Long network partition?", endpoint);
            slogger.debug("tokens_={}, tokens={}", tokens_, tmp);

            co_await tmptr->update_normal_tokens(tokens, endpoint);
        }
    }

    // at this point the endpoint is certainly a member with this token, so let's proceed
    // normally
    tmptr->add_leaving_endpoint(endpoint);

    co_await update_pending_ranges(tmptr, format("handle_state_leaving", endpoint));
    co_await replicate_to_all_cores(std::move(tmptr));
}

future<> storage_service::handle_state_left(inet_address endpoint, std::vector<sstring> pieces) {
    slogger.debug("endpoint={} handle_state_left", endpoint);
    if (pieces.size() < 2) {
        slogger.warn("Fail to handle_state_left endpoint={} pieces={}", endpoint, pieces);
        co_return;
    }
    auto tokens = get_tokens_for(endpoint);
    slogger.debug("Node {} state left, tokens {}", endpoint, tokens);
    if (tokens.empty()) {
        auto eps = _gossiper.get_endpoint_state_for_endpoint_ptr(endpoint);
        if (eps) {
            slogger.warn("handle_state_left: Tokens for node={} are empty, endpoint_state={}", endpoint, *eps);
        } else {
            slogger.warn("handle_state_left: Couldn't find endpoint state for node={}", endpoint);
        }
        auto tokens_from_tm = get_token_metadata().get_tokens(endpoint);
        slogger.warn("handle_state_left: Get tokens from token_metadata, node={}, tokens={}", endpoint, tokens_from_tm);
        tokens = std::unordered_set<dht::token>(tokens_from_tm.begin(), tokens_from_tm.end());
    }
    co_await excise(tokens, endpoint, extract_expire_time(pieces));
}

void storage_service::handle_state_moving(inet_address endpoint, std::vector<sstring> pieces) {
    throw std::runtime_error(format("Move operation is not supported anymore, endpoint={}", endpoint));
}

future<> storage_service::handle_state_removing(inet_address endpoint, std::vector<sstring> pieces) {
    slogger.debug("endpoint={} handle_state_removing", endpoint);
    if (pieces.empty()) {
        slogger.warn("Fail to handle_state_removing endpoint={} pieces={}", endpoint, pieces);
        co_return;
    }
    if (endpoint == get_broadcast_address()) {
        slogger.info("Received removenode gossip about myself. Is this node rejoining after an explicit removenode?");
        try {
            co_await drain();
        } catch (...) {
            slogger.error("Fail to drain: {}", std::current_exception());
            throw;
        }
        co_return;
    }
    if (get_token_metadata().is_member(endpoint)) {
        auto state = pieces[0];
        auto remove_tokens = get_token_metadata().get_tokens(endpoint);
        if (sstring(gms::versioned_value::REMOVED_TOKEN) == state) {
            std::unordered_set<token> tmp(remove_tokens.begin(), remove_tokens.end());
            co_await excise(std::move(tmp), endpoint, extract_expire_time(pieces));
        } else if (sstring(gms::versioned_value::REMOVING_TOKEN) == state) {
            co_await mutate_token_metadata([this, remove_tokens = std::move(remove_tokens), endpoint] (mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr) mutable {
                slogger.debug("Tokens {} removed manually (endpoint was {})", remove_tokens, endpoint);
                // Note that the endpoint is being removed
                tmptr->add_leaving_endpoint(endpoint);
                return update_pending_ranges(std::move(tmptr), format("handle_state_removing {}", endpoint));
            });
            // find the endpoint coordinating this removal that we need to notify when we're done
            auto* value = _gossiper.get_application_state_ptr(endpoint, application_state::REMOVAL_COORDINATOR);
            if (!value) {
                auto err = format("Can not find application_state for endpoint={}", endpoint);
                slogger.warn("{}", err);
                throw std::runtime_error(err);
            }
            std::vector<sstring> coordinator;
            boost::split(coordinator, value->value, boost::is_any_of(sstring(versioned_value::DELIMITER_STR)));
            if (coordinator.size() != 2) {
                auto err = format("Can not split REMOVAL_COORDINATOR for endpoint={}, value={}", endpoint, value->value);
                slogger.warn("{}", err);
                throw std::runtime_error(err);
            }
            auto host_id = locator::host_id(utils::UUID(coordinator[1]));
            // grab any data we are now responsible for and notify responsible node
            auto ep = get_token_metadata().get_endpoint_for_host_id(host_id);
            if (!ep) {
                auto err = format("Can not find host_id={}", host_id);
                slogger.warn("{}", err);
                throw std::runtime_error(err);
            }
            // Kick off streaming commands. No need to wait for
            // restore_replica_count to complete which can take a long time,
            // since when it completes, this node will send notification to
            // tell the removal_coordinator with IP address notify_endpoint
            // that the restore process is finished on this node.
            auto notify_endpoint = ep.value();
            // OK to discard future since _async_gate is closed on stop()
            (void)with_gate(_async_gate, [this, endpoint, notify_endpoint] {
              return restore_replica_count(endpoint, notify_endpoint).handle_exception([endpoint, notify_endpoint] (auto ep) {
                slogger.info("Failed to restore_replica_count for node {}, notify_endpoint={} : {}", endpoint, notify_endpoint, ep);
              });
            });
        }
    } else { // now that the gossiper has told us about this nonexistent member, notify the gossiper to remove it
        if (sstring(gms::versioned_value::REMOVED_TOKEN) == pieces[0]) {
            add_expire_time_if_found(endpoint, extract_expire_time(pieces));
        }
        co_await remove_endpoint(endpoint);
    }
}

future<> storage_service::on_join(gms::inet_address endpoint, gms::endpoint_state ep_state) {
    slogger.debug("endpoint={} on_join", endpoint);
    for (const auto& e : ep_state.get_application_state_map()) {
        co_await on_change(endpoint, e.first, e.second);
    }
}

future<> storage_service::on_alive(gms::inet_address endpoint, gms::endpoint_state state) {
    slogger.debug("endpoint={} on_alive", endpoint);
    bool is_member = get_token_metadata().is_member(endpoint);
    if (is_member) {
        co_await notify_up(endpoint);
    }
    bool replacing_pending_ranges = _replacing_nodes_pending_ranges_updater.contains(endpoint);
    if (replacing_pending_ranges) {
        _replacing_nodes_pending_ranges_updater.erase(endpoint);
    }

    if (!is_member || replacing_pending_ranges) {
        auto tmlock = co_await get_token_metadata_lock();
        auto tmptr = co_await get_mutable_token_metadata_ptr();
        if (replacing_pending_ranges) {
            slogger.info("Trigger pending ranges updater for replacing node {}", endpoint);
            co_await handle_state_replacing_update_pending_ranges(tmptr, endpoint);
        }
        if (!is_member) {
            tmptr->update_topology(endpoint, get_dc_rack_for(endpoint), locator::topology::pending::yes);
        }
        co_await replicate_to_all_cores(std::move(tmptr));
    }
}

future<> storage_service::before_change(gms::inet_address endpoint, gms::endpoint_state current_state, gms::application_state new_state_key, const gms::versioned_value& new_value) {
    slogger.debug("endpoint={} before_change: new app_state={}, new versioned_value={}", endpoint, new_state_key, new_value);
    return make_ready_future();
}

future<> storage_service::on_change(inet_address endpoint, application_state state, const versioned_value& value) {
    slogger.debug("endpoint={} on_change:     app_state={}, versioned_value={}", endpoint, state, value);
    if (state == application_state::STATUS) {
        std::vector<sstring> pieces;
        boost::split(pieces, value.value, boost::is_any_of(sstring(versioned_value::DELIMITER_STR)));
        if (pieces.empty()) {
            slogger.warn("Fail to split status in on_change: endpoint={}, app_state={}, value={}", endpoint, state, value);
            co_return;
        }
        sstring move_name = pieces[0];
        if (move_name == sstring(versioned_value::STATUS_BOOTSTRAPPING)) {
            co_await handle_state_bootstrap(endpoint);
        } else if (move_name == sstring(versioned_value::STATUS_NORMAL) ||
                   move_name == sstring(versioned_value::SHUTDOWN)) {
            co_await handle_state_normal(endpoint);
        } else if (move_name == sstring(versioned_value::REMOVING_TOKEN) ||
                   move_name == sstring(versioned_value::REMOVED_TOKEN)) {
            co_await handle_state_removing(endpoint, pieces);
        } else if (move_name == sstring(versioned_value::STATUS_LEAVING)) {
            co_await handle_state_leaving(endpoint);
        } else if (move_name == sstring(versioned_value::STATUS_LEFT)) {
            co_await handle_state_left(endpoint, pieces);
        } else if (move_name == sstring(versioned_value::STATUS_MOVING)) {
            handle_state_moving(endpoint, pieces);
        } else if (move_name == sstring(versioned_value::HIBERNATE)) {
            co_await handle_state_replacing(endpoint);
        } else {
            co_return; // did nothing.
        }
    } else {
        auto* ep_state = _gossiper.get_endpoint_state_for_endpoint_ptr(endpoint);
        if (!ep_state || _gossiper.is_dead_state(*ep_state)) {
            slogger.debug("Ignoring state change for dead or unknown endpoint: {}", endpoint);
            co_return;
        }
        if (get_token_metadata().is_member(endpoint)) {
            slogger.debug("endpoint={} on_change:     updating system.peers table", endpoint);
            co_await do_update_system_peers_table(endpoint, state, value);
            if (state == application_state::RPC_READY) {
                slogger.debug("Got application_state::RPC_READY for node {}, is_cql_ready={}", endpoint, ep_state->is_cql_ready());
                co_await notify_cql_change(endpoint, ep_state->is_cql_ready());
            } else if (state == application_state::INTERNAL_IP) {
                co_await maybe_reconnect_to_preferred_ip(endpoint, inet_address(value.value));
            }
        }
    }
}

future<> storage_service::maybe_reconnect_to_preferred_ip(inet_address ep, inet_address local_ip) {
    if (!_snitch.local()->prefer_local()) {
        co_return;
    }

    const auto& topo = get_token_metadata().get_topology();
    if (topo.get_datacenter() == topo.get_datacenter(ep) && _messaging.local().get_preferred_ip(ep) != local_ip) {
        slogger.debug("Initiated reconnect to an Internal IP {} for the {}", local_ip, ep);
        co_await _messaging.invoke_on_all([ep, local_ip] (auto& local_ms) {
            local_ms.cache_preferred_ip(ep, local_ip);
            local_ms.remove_rpc_client(netw::msg_addr(ep));
        });
    }
}


future<> storage_service::on_remove(gms::inet_address endpoint) {
    slogger.debug("endpoint={} on_remove", endpoint);
    auto tmlock = co_await get_token_metadata_lock();
    auto tmptr = co_await get_mutable_token_metadata_ptr();
    tmptr->remove_endpoint(endpoint);
    co_await update_pending_ranges(tmptr, format("on_remove {}", endpoint));
    co_await replicate_to_all_cores(std::move(tmptr));
}

future<> storage_service::on_dead(gms::inet_address endpoint, gms::endpoint_state state) {
    slogger.debug("endpoint={} on_dead", endpoint);
    return notify_down(endpoint);
}

future<> storage_service::on_restart(gms::inet_address endpoint, gms::endpoint_state state) {
    slogger.debug("endpoint={} on_restart", endpoint);
    // If we have restarted before the node was even marked down, we need to reset the connection pool
    if (state.is_alive()) {
        return on_dead(endpoint, state);
    }
    return make_ready_future();
}

template <typename T>
future<> storage_service::update_table(gms::inet_address endpoint, sstring col, T value) {
    try {
        co_await _sys_ks.local().update_peer_info(endpoint, col, value);
    } catch (...) {
        slogger.error("fail to update {} for {}: {}", col, endpoint, std::current_exception());
    }
}

future<> storage_service::do_update_system_peers_table(gms::inet_address endpoint, const application_state& state, const versioned_value& value) {
    slogger.debug("Update system.peers table: endpoint={}, app_state={}, versioned_value={}", endpoint, state, value);
    if (state == application_state::RELEASE_VERSION) {
        co_await update_table(endpoint, "release_version", value.value);
    } else if (state == application_state::DC) {
        co_await update_table(endpoint, "data_center", value.value);
    } else if (state == application_state::RACK) {
        co_await update_table(endpoint, "rack", value.value);
    } else if (state == application_state::INTERNAL_IP) {
        auto col = sstring("preferred_ip");
        inet_address ep;
        try {
            ep = gms::inet_address(value.value);
        } catch (...) {
            slogger.error("fail to update {} for {}: invalid address {}", col, endpoint, value.value);
            co_return;
        }
        co_await update_table(endpoint, col, ep.addr());
    } else if (state == application_state::RPC_ADDRESS) {
        auto col = sstring("rpc_address");
        inet_address ep;
        try {
            ep = gms::inet_address(value.value);
        } catch (...) {
            slogger.error("fail to update {} for {}: invalid rcpaddr {}", col, endpoint, value.value);
            co_return;
        }
        co_await update_table(endpoint, col, ep.addr());
    } else if (state == application_state::SCHEMA) {
        co_await update_table(endpoint, "schema_version", utils::UUID(value.value));
    } else if (state == application_state::HOST_ID) {
        co_await update_table(endpoint, "host_id", utils::UUID(value.value));
    } else if (state == application_state::SUPPORTED_FEATURES) {
        co_await update_table(endpoint, "supported_features", value.value);
    }
}

future<> storage_service::update_peer_info(gms::inet_address endpoint) {
    slogger.debug("Update peer info: endpoint={}", endpoint);
    using namespace gms;
    auto* ep_state = _gossiper.get_endpoint_state_for_endpoint_ptr(endpoint);
    if (!ep_state) {
        co_return;
    }
    for (auto& entry : ep_state->get_application_state_map()) {
        auto& app_state = entry.first;
        auto& value = entry.second;
        co_await do_update_system_peers_table(endpoint, app_state, value);
    }
}

std::unordered_set<locator::token> storage_service::get_tokens_for(inet_address endpoint) {
    auto tokens_string = _gossiper.get_application_state_value(endpoint, application_state::TOKENS);
    slogger.trace("endpoint={}, tokens_string={}", endpoint, tokens_string);
    auto ret = versioned_value::tokens_from_string(tokens_string);
    slogger.trace("endpoint={}, tokens={}", endpoint, ret);
    return ret;
}

locator::endpoint_dc_rack storage_service::get_dc_rack_for(inet_address endpoint) {
    auto* dc = _gossiper.get_application_state_ptr(endpoint, gms::application_state::DC);
    auto* rack = _gossiper.get_application_state_ptr(endpoint, gms::application_state::RACK);
    return locator::endpoint_dc_rack{
        .dc = dc ? dc->value : locator::production_snitch_base::default_dc,
        .rack = rack ? rack->value : locator::production_snitch_base::default_rack,
    };
}

void endpoint_lifecycle_notifier::register_subscriber(endpoint_lifecycle_subscriber* subscriber)
{
    _subscribers.add(subscriber);
}

future<> endpoint_lifecycle_notifier::unregister_subscriber(endpoint_lifecycle_subscriber* subscriber) noexcept
{
    return _subscribers.remove(subscriber);
}

future<> storage_service::stop_transport() {
    if (!_transport_stopped.has_value()) {
        promise<> stopped;
        _transport_stopped = stopped.get_future();

        seastar::async([this] {
            slogger.info("Stop transport: starts");

            slogger.debug("shutting down migration manager");
            _migration_manager.invoke_on_all(&service::migration_manager::drain).get();

            shutdown_protocol_servers().get();
            slogger.info("Stop transport: shutdown rpc and cql server done");

            _gossiper.container().invoke_on_all(&gms::gossiper::shutdown).get();
            slogger.info("Stop transport: stop_gossiping done");

            do_stop_ms().get();
            slogger.info("Stop transport: shutdown messaging_service done");

            _stream_manager.invoke_on_all(&streaming::stream_manager::shutdown).get();
            slogger.info("Stop transport: shutdown stream_manager done");

            slogger.info("Stop transport: done");
        }).forward_to(std::move(stopped));
    }

    return _transport_stopped.value();
}

future<> storage_service::drain_on_shutdown() {
    assert(this_shard_id() == 0);
    return (_operation_mode == mode::DRAINING || _operation_mode == mode::DRAINED) ?
        _drain_finished.get_future() : do_drain();
}

future<> storage_service::init_messaging_service_part() {
    return container().invoke_on_all([] (storage_service& local) {
        return local.init_messaging_service();
    });
}

future<> storage_service::uninit_messaging_service_part() {
    return container().invoke_on_all(&service::storage_service::uninit_messaging_service);
}

future<> storage_service::join_cluster(cdc::generation_service& cdc_gen_service,
        sharded<db::system_distributed_keyspace>& sys_dist_ks, sharded<service::storage_proxy>& proxy, raft_group0& group0) {
    assert(this_shard_id() == 0);

    _group0 = &group0;
    return seastar::async([this, &cdc_gen_service, &sys_dist_ks, &proxy] {
        set_mode(mode::STARTING);

        std::unordered_set<inet_address> loaded_endpoints;
        if (_db.local().get_config().load_ring_state()) {
            slogger.info("Loading persisted ring state");
            auto loaded_tokens = _sys_ks.local().load_tokens().get0();
            auto loaded_host_ids = _sys_ks.local().load_host_ids().get0();
            auto loaded_dc_rack = _sys_ks.local().load_dc_rack_info().get0();

            auto get_dc_rack = [&loaded_dc_rack] (inet_address ep) {
                if (loaded_dc_rack.contains(ep)) {
                    return loaded_dc_rack[ep];
                } else {
                    return locator::endpoint_dc_rack {
                        .dc = locator::production_snitch_base::default_dc,
                        .rack = locator::production_snitch_base::default_rack,
                    };
                }
            };

            for (auto& x : loaded_tokens) {
                slogger.debug("Loaded tokens: endpoint={}, tokens={}", x.first, x.second);
            }

            for (auto& x : loaded_host_ids) {
                slogger.debug("Loaded host_id: endpoint={}, uuid={}", x.first, x.second);
            }

            auto tmlock = get_token_metadata_lock().get0();
            auto tmptr = get_mutable_token_metadata_ptr().get0();
            for (auto x : loaded_tokens) {
                auto ep = x.first;
                auto tokens = x.second;
                if (ep == get_broadcast_address()) {
                    // entry has been mistakenly added, delete it
                    _sys_ks.local().remove_endpoint(ep).get();
                } else {
                    tmptr->update_topology(ep, get_dc_rack(ep));
                    tmptr->update_normal_tokens(tokens, ep).get();
                    if (loaded_host_ids.contains(ep)) {
                        tmptr->update_host_id(loaded_host_ids.at(ep), ep);
                    }
                    loaded_endpoints.insert(ep);
                    _gossiper.add_saved_endpoint(ep).get();
                }
            }
            replicate_to_all_cores(std::move(tmptr)).get();
        }

        // Seeds are now only used as the initial contact point nodes. If the
        // loaded_endpoints are empty which means this node is a completely new
        // node, we use the nodes specified in seeds as the initial contact
        // point nodes, otherwise use the peer nodes persisted in system table.
        auto seeds = _gossiper.get_seeds();
        auto initial_contact_nodes = loaded_endpoints.empty() ?
            std::unordered_set<gms::inet_address>(seeds.begin(), seeds.end()) :
            loaded_endpoints;
        auto loaded_peer_features = db::system_keyspace::load_peer_features().get0();
        slogger.info("initial_contact_nodes={}, loaded_endpoints={}, loaded_peer_features={}",
                initial_contact_nodes, loaded_endpoints, loaded_peer_features.size());
        for (auto& x : loaded_peer_features) {
            slogger.info("peer={}, supported_features={}", x.first, x.second);
        }
        join_token_ring(cdc_gen_service, sys_dist_ks, proxy, std::move(initial_contact_nodes), std::move(loaded_endpoints), std::move(loaded_peer_features), get_ring_delay()).get();
    });
}

future<> storage_service::replicate_to_all_cores(mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr) noexcept {
    assert(this_shard_id() == 0);

    slogger.debug("Replicating token_metadata to all cores");
    std::exception_ptr ex;

    std::vector<mutable_token_metadata_ptr> pending_token_metadata_ptr;
    pending_token_metadata_ptr.resize(smp::count);
    std::vector<std::unordered_map<sstring, locator::effective_replication_map_ptr>> pending_effective_replication_maps;
    pending_effective_replication_maps.resize(smp::count);

    try {
        auto base_shard = this_shard_id();
        pending_token_metadata_ptr[base_shard] = tmptr;
        // clone a local copy of updated token_metadata on all other shards
        co_await smp::invoke_on_others(base_shard, [&, base_shard, tmptr] () -> future<> {
            pending_token_metadata_ptr[this_shard_id()] = make_token_metadata_ptr(co_await tmptr->clone_async());
        });

        // Precalculate new effective_replication_map for all keyspaces
        // and clone to all shards;
        //
        // TODO: at the moment create on shard 0 first
        // but in the future we may want to use hash() % smp::count
        // to evenly distribute the load.
        auto& db = _db.local();
        auto keyspaces = db.get_all_keyspaces();
        for (auto& ks_name : keyspaces) {
            auto rs = db.find_keyspace(ks_name).get_replication_strategy_ptr();
            auto erm = co_await get_erm_factory().create_effective_replication_map(rs, tmptr);
            pending_effective_replication_maps[base_shard].emplace(ks_name, std::move(erm));
        }
        co_await container().invoke_on_others([&, base_shard] (storage_service& ss) -> future<> {
            auto& db = ss._db.local();
            for (auto& ks_name : keyspaces) {
                auto rs = db.find_keyspace(ks_name).get_replication_strategy_ptr();
                auto tmptr = pending_token_metadata_ptr[this_shard_id()];
                auto erm = co_await ss.get_erm_factory().create_effective_replication_map(rs, std::move(tmptr));
                pending_effective_replication_maps[this_shard_id()].emplace(ks_name, std::move(erm));

            }
        });
    } catch (...) {
        ex = std::current_exception();
    }

    // Rollback on metadata replication error
    if (ex) {
        try {
            co_await smp::invoke_on_all([&] () -> future<> {
                auto tmptr = std::move(pending_token_metadata_ptr[this_shard_id()]);
                auto erms = std::move(pending_effective_replication_maps[this_shard_id()]);

                co_await utils::clear_gently(erms);
                co_await utils::clear_gently(tmptr);
            });
        } catch (...) {
            slogger.warn("Failure to reset pending token_metadata in cleanup path: {}. Ignored.", std::current_exception());
        }

        std::rethrow_exception(std::move(ex));
    }

    // Apply changes on all shards
    try {
        co_await container().invoke_on_all([&] (storage_service& ss) {
            ss._shared_token_metadata.set(std::move(pending_token_metadata_ptr[this_shard_id()]));

            auto& erms = pending_effective_replication_maps[this_shard_id()];
            for (auto it = erms.begin(); it != erms.end(); ) {
                auto& db = ss._db.local();
                auto& ks = db.find_keyspace(it->first);
                ks.update_effective_replication_map(std::move(it->second));
                it = erms.erase(it);
            }
        });
    } catch (...) {
        // applying the changes on all shards should never fail
        // it will end up in an inconsistent state that we can't recover from.
        slogger.error("Failed to apply token_metadata changes: {}. Aborting.", std::current_exception());
        abort();
    }
}

future<> storage_service::stop() {
    // make sure nobody uses the semaphore
    node_ops_singal_abort(std::nullopt);
    _listeners.clear();
    co_await _async_gate.close();
    co_await std::move(_node_ops_abort_thread);
}

future<> storage_service::check_for_endpoint_collision(std::unordered_set<gms::inet_address> initial_contact_nodes, const std::unordered_map<gms::inet_address, sstring>& loaded_peer_features) {
    slogger.debug("Starting shadow gossip round to check for endpoint collision");

    return seastar::async([this, initial_contact_nodes, loaded_peer_features] {
        auto t = gms::gossiper::clk::now();
        bool found_bootstrapping_node = false;
        auto local_features = _feature_service.supported_feature_set();
        do {
            slogger.info("Checking remote features with gossip");
            _gossiper.do_shadow_round(initial_contact_nodes).get();
            _gossiper.check_knows_remote_features(local_features, loaded_peer_features);
            _gossiper.check_snitch_name_matches(_snitch.local()->get_name());
            auto addr = get_broadcast_address();
            if (!_gossiper.is_safe_for_bootstrap(addr)) {
                throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format("A node with address {} already exists, cancelling join. "
                    "Use replace_address if you want to replace this node.", addr));
            }
            if (_db.local().get_config().consistent_rangemovement()) {
                found_bootstrapping_node = false;
                for (auto& x : _gossiper.get_endpoint_states()) {
                    auto state = _gossiper.get_gossip_status(x.second);
                    if (state == sstring(versioned_value::STATUS_UNKNOWN)) {
                        throw std::runtime_error(format("Node {} has gossip status=UNKNOWN. Try fixing it before adding new node to the cluster.", x.first));
                    }
                    auto addr = x.first;
                    slogger.debug("Checking bootstrapping/leaving/moving nodes: node={}, status={} (check_for_endpoint_collision)", addr, state);
                    if (state == sstring(versioned_value::STATUS_BOOTSTRAPPING) ||
                        state == sstring(versioned_value::STATUS_LEAVING) ||
                        state == sstring(versioned_value::STATUS_MOVING)) {
                        if (gms::gossiper::clk::now() > t + std::chrono::seconds(60)) {
                            throw std::runtime_error("Other bootstrapping/leaving/moving nodes detected, cannot bootstrap while consistent_rangemovement is true (check_for_endpoint_collision)");
                        } else {
                            sstring saved_state(state);
                            _gossiper.goto_shadow_round();
                            _gossiper.reset_endpoint_state_map().get();
                            found_bootstrapping_node = true;
                            auto elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(gms::gossiper::clk::now() - t).count();
                            slogger.info("Checking bootstrapping/leaving/moving nodes: node={}, status={}, sleep 1 second and check again ({} seconds elapsed) (check_for_endpoint_collision)", addr, saved_state, elapsed);
                            sleep_abortable(std::chrono::seconds(1), _abort_source).get();
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        } while (found_bootstrapping_node);
        slogger.info("Checking bootstrapping/leaving/moving nodes: ok (check_for_endpoint_collision)");
        _gossiper.reset_endpoint_state_map().get();
    });
}

future<> storage_service::remove_endpoint(inet_address endpoint) {
    co_await _gossiper.remove_endpoint(endpoint);
    try {
        co_await _sys_ks.local().remove_endpoint(endpoint);
    } catch (...) {
        slogger.error("fail to remove endpoint={}: {}", endpoint, std::current_exception());
    }
}

future<storage_service::replacement_info>
storage_service::prepare_replacement_info(std::unordered_set<gms::inet_address> initial_contact_nodes, const std::unordered_map<gms::inet_address, sstring>& loaded_peer_features) {
    if (!get_replace_address()) {
        throw std::runtime_error(format("replace_address is empty"));
    }
    auto replace_address = get_replace_address().value();
    slogger.info("Gathering node replacement information for {}", replace_address);

    // if (!MessagingService.instance().isListening())
    //     MessagingService.instance().listen(FBUtilities.getLocalAddress());
    auto seeds = _gossiper.get_seeds();
    if (seeds.size() == 1 && seeds.contains(replace_address)) {
        throw std::runtime_error(format("Cannot replace_address {} because no seed node is up", replace_address));
    }

    // make magic happen
    slogger.info("Checking remote features with gossip");
    co_await _gossiper.do_shadow_round(initial_contact_nodes);
    auto local_features = _feature_service.supported_feature_set();
    _gossiper.check_knows_remote_features(local_features, loaded_peer_features);

    // now that we've gossiped at least once, we should be able to find the node we're replacing
    auto* state = _gossiper.get_endpoint_state_for_endpoint_ptr(replace_address);
    if (!state) {
        throw std::runtime_error(format("Cannot replace_address {} because it doesn't exist in gossip", replace_address));
    }

    // Reject to replace a node that has left the ring
    auto status = _gossiper.get_gossip_status(replace_address);
    if (status == gms::versioned_value::STATUS_LEFT || status == gms::versioned_value::REMOVED_TOKEN) {
        throw std::runtime_error(format("Cannot replace_address {} because it has left the ring, status={}", replace_address, status));
    }

    auto tokens = get_tokens_for(replace_address);
    if (tokens.empty()) {
        throw std::runtime_error(format("Could not find tokens for {} to replace", replace_address));
    }

    auto dc_rack = get_dc_rack_for(replace_address);

    // use the replacee's host Id as our own so we receive hints, etc
    auto host_id = _gossiper.get_host_id(replace_address);
    co_await _sys_ks.local().set_local_host_id(host_id).discard_result();
    const_cast<db::config&>(_db.local().get_config()).host_id = host_id; // FIXME -- carry non-cost config on storage service itself
    co_await _gossiper.reset_endpoint_state_map();

    co_return replacement_info {
        .tokens = std::move(tokens),
        .dc_rack = std::move(dc_rack),
    };
}

future<std::map<gms::inet_address, float>> storage_service::get_ownership() {
    return run_with_no_api_lock([] (storage_service& ss) {
        const auto& tm = ss.get_token_metadata();
        auto token_map = dht::token::describe_ownership(tm.sorted_tokens());
        // describeOwnership returns tokens in an unspecified order, let's re-order them
        std::map<gms::inet_address, float> ownership;
        for (auto entry : token_map) {
            gms::inet_address endpoint = tm.get_endpoint(entry.first).value();
            auto token_ownership = entry.second;
            ownership[endpoint] += token_ownership;
        }
        return ownership;
    });
}

future<std::map<gms::inet_address, float>> storage_service::effective_ownership(sstring keyspace_name) {
    return run_with_no_api_lock([keyspace_name] (storage_service& ss) mutable -> future<std::map<gms::inet_address, float>> {
        locator::effective_replication_map_ptr erm;
        if (keyspace_name != "") {
            //find throws no such keyspace if it is missing
            const replica::keyspace& ks = ss._db.local().find_keyspace(keyspace_name);
            // This is ugly, but it follows origin
            auto&& rs = ks.get_replication_strategy();  // clang complains about typeid(ks.get_replication_strategy());
            if (typeid(rs) == typeid(locator::local_strategy)) {
                throw std::runtime_error("Ownership values for keyspaces with LocalStrategy are meaningless");
            }
            erm = ks.get_effective_replication_map();
        } else {
            auto non_system_keyspaces = ss._db.local().get_non_system_keyspaces();

            //system_traces is a non-system keyspace however it needs to be counted as one for this process
            size_t special_table_count = 0;
            if (std::find(non_system_keyspaces.begin(), non_system_keyspaces.end(), "system_traces") !=
                    non_system_keyspaces.end()) {
                special_table_count += 1;
            }
            if (non_system_keyspaces.size() > special_table_count) {
                throw std::runtime_error("Non-system keyspaces don't have the same replication settings, effective ownership information is meaningless");
            }
            keyspace_name = "system_traces";
            const auto& ks = ss._db.local().find_keyspace(keyspace_name);
            erm = ks.get_effective_replication_map();
        }

        // The following loops seems computationally heavy, but it's not as bad.
        // The upper two simply iterate over all the endpoints by iterating over all the
        // DC and all the instances in each DC.
        //
        // The call for get_range_for_endpoint is done once per endpoint
        const auto& tm = *erm->get_token_metadata_ptr();
        const auto token_ownership = dht::token::describe_ownership(tm.sorted_tokens());
        const auto datacenter_endpoints = tm.get_topology().get_datacenter_endpoints();
        std::map<gms::inet_address, float> final_ownership;

        for (const auto& [dc, endpoints_map] : datacenter_endpoints) {
            for (auto endpoint : endpoints_map) {
                // calculate the ownership with replication and add the endpoint to the final ownership map
                try {
                    float ownership = 0.0f;
                    auto ranges = ss.get_ranges_for_endpoint(erm, endpoint);
                    for (auto& r : ranges) {
                        // get_ranges_for_endpoint will unwrap the first range.
                        // With t0 t1 t2 t3, the first range (t3,t0] will be splitted
                        // as (min,t0] and (t3,max]. Skippping the range (t3,max]
                        // we will get the correct ownership number as if the first
                        // range were not splitted.
                        if (!r.end()) {
                            continue;
                        }
                        auto end_token = r.end()->value();
                        auto loc = token_ownership.find(end_token);
                        if (loc != token_ownership.end()) {
                            ownership += loc->second;
                        }
                    }
                    final_ownership[endpoint] = ownership;
                }  catch (replica::no_such_keyspace&) {
                    // In case ss.get_ranges_for_endpoint(keyspace_name, endpoint) is not found, just mark it as zero and continue
                    final_ownership[endpoint] = 0;
                }
            }
        }
        co_return final_ownership;
    });
}

static const std::map<storage_service::mode, sstring> mode_names = {
    {storage_service::mode::NONE,           "STARTING"},
    {storage_service::mode::STARTING,       "STARTING"},
    {storage_service::mode::NORMAL,         "NORMAL"},
    {storage_service::mode::JOINING,        "JOINING"},
    {storage_service::mode::BOOTSTRAP,      "BOOTSTRAP"},
    {storage_service::mode::LEAVING,        "LEAVING"},
    {storage_service::mode::DECOMMISSIONED, "DECOMMISSIONED"},
    {storage_service::mode::MOVING,         "MOVING"},
    {storage_service::mode::DRAINING,       "DRAINING"},
    {storage_service::mode::DRAINED,        "DRAINED"},
};

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const storage_service::mode& m) {
    os << mode_names.at(m);
    return os;
}

void storage_service::set_mode(mode m) {
    if (m != _operation_mode) {
        slogger.info("entering {} mode", m);
        _operation_mode = m;
    } else {
        // This shouldn't happen, but it's too much for an assert,
        // so -- just emit a warning in the hope that it will be
        // noticed, reported and fixed
        slogger.warn("re-entering {} mode", m);
    }
}

sstring storage_service::get_release_version() {
    return version::release();
}

sstring storage_service::get_schema_version() {
    return _db.local().get_version().to_sstring();
}

static constexpr auto UNREACHABLE = "UNREACHABLE";

future<std::unordered_map<sstring, std::vector<sstring>>> storage_service::describe_schema_versions() {
    auto live_hosts = _gossiper.get_live_members();
    std::unordered_map<sstring, std::vector<sstring>> results;
    netw::messaging_service& ms = _messaging.local();
    return map_reduce(std::move(live_hosts), [&ms] (auto host) {
        auto f0 = ms.send_schema_check(netw::msg_addr{ host, 0 });
        return std::move(f0).then_wrapped([host] (auto f) {
            if (f.failed()) {
                f.ignore_ready_future();
                return std::pair<gms::inet_address, std::optional<table_schema_version>>(host, std::nullopt);
            }
            return std::pair<gms::inet_address, std::optional<table_schema_version>>(host, f.get0());
        });
    }, std::move(results), [] (auto results, auto host_and_version) {
        auto version = host_and_version.second ? host_and_version.second->to_sstring() : UNREACHABLE;
        results.try_emplace(version).first->second.emplace_back(host_and_version.first.to_sstring());
        return results;
    }).then([this] (auto results) {
        // we're done: the results map is ready to return to the client.  the rest is just debug logging:
        auto it_unreachable = results.find(UNREACHABLE);
        if (it_unreachable != results.end()) {
            slogger.debug("Hosts not in agreement. Didn't get a response from everybody: {}", ::join( ",", it_unreachable->second));
        }
        auto my_version = get_schema_version();
        for (auto&& entry : results) {
            // check for version disagreement. log the hosts that don't agree.
            if (entry.first == UNREACHABLE || entry.first == my_version) {
                continue;
            }
            for (auto&& host : entry.second) {
                slogger.debug("{} disagrees ({})", host, entry.first);
            }
        }
        if (results.size() == 1) {
            slogger.debug("Schemas are in agreement.");
        }
        return results;
    });
};

future<storage_service::mode> storage_service::get_operation_mode() {
    return run_with_no_api_lock([] (storage_service& ss) {
        return make_ready_future<mode>(ss._operation_mode);
    });
}

future<bool> storage_service::is_gossip_running() {
    return run_with_no_api_lock([] (storage_service& ss) {
        return ss._gossiper.is_enabled();
    });
}

future<> storage_service::start_gossiping() {
    return run_with_api_lock(sstring("start_gossiping"), [] (storage_service& ss) -> future<> {
        if (!ss._gossiper.is_enabled()) {
            slogger.warn("Starting gossip by operator request");
            co_await ss._gossiper.container().invoke_on_all(&gms::gossiper::start);
            bool should_stop_gossiper = false; // undo action
            try {
                auto cdc_gen_ts = co_await ss._sys_ks.local().get_cdc_generation_id();
                if (!cdc_gen_ts) {
                    cdc_log.warn("CDC generation timestamp missing when starting gossip");
                }
                co_await set_gossip_tokens(ss._gossiper,
                        co_await ss._sys_ks.local().get_local_tokens(),
                        cdc_gen_ts);
                ss._gossiper.force_newer_generation();
                co_await ss._gossiper.start_gossiping(utils::get_generation_number());
            } catch (...) {
                should_stop_gossiper = true;
            }
            if (should_stop_gossiper) {
                co_await ss._gossiper.container().invoke_on_all(&gms::gossiper::stop);
            }
        }
    });
}

future<> storage_service::stop_gossiping() {
    return run_with_api_lock(sstring("stop_gossiping"), [] (storage_service& ss) {
        if (ss._gossiper.is_enabled()) {
            slogger.warn("Stopping gossip by operator request");
            return ss._gossiper.container().invoke_on_all(&gms::gossiper::stop);
        }
        return make_ready_future<>();
    });
}

future<> storage_service::do_stop_ms() {
    return _messaging.invoke_on_all([] (auto& ms) {
        return ms.shutdown();
    }).then([] {
        slogger.info("messaging_service stopped");
    });
}

future<> storage_service::node_ops_cmd_heartbeat_updater(node_ops_cmd cmd, utils::UUID uuid, std::list<gms::inet_address> nodes, lw_shared_ptr<bool> heartbeat_updater_done) {
    std::string ops;
    if (cmd == node_ops_cmd::decommission_heartbeat) {
        ops = "decommission";
    } else if (cmd == node_ops_cmd::removenode_heartbeat) {
        ops = "removenode";
    } else if (cmd == node_ops_cmd::replace_heartbeat) {
        ops = "replace";
    } else if (cmd == node_ops_cmd::bootstrap_heartbeat) {
        ops = "bootstrap";
    } else {
        throw std::runtime_error(format("node_ops_cmd_heartbeat_updater: node_ops_cmd is not supported"));
    }
    slogger.info("{}[{}]: Started heartbeat_updater", ops, uuid);
    while (!(*heartbeat_updater_done)) {
        auto req = node_ops_cmd_request{cmd, uuid, {}, {}, {}};
        try {
          co_await coroutine::parallel_for_each(nodes, [this, ops, uuid, &req] (const gms::inet_address& node) {
            return _messaging.local().send_node_ops_cmd(netw::msg_addr(node), req).then([ops, uuid, node] (node_ops_cmd_response resp) {
                slogger.debug("{}[{}]: Got heartbeat response from node={}", ops, uuid, node);
                return make_ready_future<>();
            });
          });
        } catch (...) {
            auto ep = std::current_exception();
            slogger.warn("{}[{}]: Failed to send heartbeat: {}", ops, uuid, ep);
        }
        int nr_seconds = 10;
        while (!(*heartbeat_updater_done) && nr_seconds--) {
            co_await sleep(std::chrono::seconds(1));
        }
    }
    slogger.info("{}[{}]: Stopped heartbeat_updater", ops, uuid);
}

future<> storage_service::decommission() {
    return run_with_api_lock(sstring("decommission"), [] (storage_service& ss) {
        return seastar::async([&ss] {
            auto uuid = utils::make_random_uuid();
            auto tmptr = ss.get_token_metadata_ptr();
            auto& db = ss._db.local();
            auto endpoint = ss.get_broadcast_address();
            if (!tmptr->is_member(endpoint)) {
                throw std::runtime_error("local node is not a member of the token ring yet");
            }

            auto temp = tmptr->clone_after_all_left().get0();
            auto num_tokens_after_all_left = temp.sorted_tokens().size();
            temp.clear_gently().get();
            if (num_tokens_after_all_left < 2) {
                throw std::runtime_error("no other normal nodes in the ring; decommission would be pointless");
            }

            if (ss._operation_mode != mode::NORMAL) {
                throw std::runtime_error(format("Node in {} state; wait for status to become normal or restart", ss._operation_mode));
            }

            ss.update_pending_ranges(format("decommission {}", endpoint)).get();

            auto non_system_keyspaces = db.get_non_local_strategy_keyspaces();
            for (const auto& keyspace_name : non_system_keyspaces) {
                if (ss.get_token_metadata().has_pending_ranges(keyspace_name, ss.get_broadcast_address())) {
                    throw std::runtime_error("data is currently moving to this node; unable to leave the ring");
                }
            }

            slogger.info("DECOMMISSIONING: starts");
            auto leaving_nodes = std::list<gms::inet_address>{endpoint};
            // TODO: wire ignore_nodes provided by user
            std::list<gms::inet_address> ignore_nodes;

            // Step 1: Decide who needs to sync data
            std::list<gms::inet_address> nodes;
            for (const auto& x : tmptr->get_endpoint_to_host_id_map_for_reading()) {
                seastar::thread::maybe_yield();
                if (std::find(ignore_nodes.begin(), ignore_nodes.end(), x.first) == ignore_nodes.end()) {
                    nodes.push_back(x.first);
                }
            }
            slogger.info("decommission[{}]: Started decommission operation, removing node={}, sync_nodes={}, ignore_nodes={}", uuid, endpoint, nodes, ignore_nodes);

            std::unordered_set<gms::inet_address> gossip_nodes_down;
            for (auto& node : nodes) {
                if (!ss._gossiper.is_alive(node)) {
                    gossip_nodes_down.emplace(node);
                }
            }
            if (!gossip_nodes_down.empty()) {
                auto msg = format("decommission[{}]: Rejected decommission operation, removing node={}, sync_nodes={}, ignore_nodes={}, nodes_down={}",
                        uuid, endpoint, nodes, ignore_nodes, gossip_nodes_down);
                slogger.warn("{}", msg);
                throw std::runtime_error(msg);
            }

            // Step 2: Prepare to sync data
            std::unordered_set<gms::inet_address> nodes_unknown_verb;
            std::unordered_set<gms::inet_address> nodes_down;
            auto req = node_ops_cmd_request{node_ops_cmd::decommission_prepare, uuid, ignore_nodes, leaving_nodes, {}};
            try {
                parallel_for_each(nodes, [&ss, &req, &nodes_unknown_verb, &nodes_down, uuid] (const gms::inet_address& node) {
                    return ss._messaging.local().send_node_ops_cmd(netw::msg_addr(node), req).then([uuid, node] (node_ops_cmd_response resp) {
                        slogger.debug("decommission[{}]: Got prepare response from node={}", uuid, node);
                    }).handle_exception_type([&nodes_unknown_verb, node, uuid] (seastar::rpc::unknown_verb_error&) {
                        slogger.warn("decommission[{}]: Node {} does not support decommission verb", uuid, node);
                        nodes_unknown_verb.emplace(node);
                    }).handle_exception_type([&nodes_down, node, uuid] (seastar::rpc::closed_error&) {
                        slogger.warn("decommission[{}]: Node {} is down for node_ops_cmd verb", uuid, node);
                        nodes_down.emplace(node);
                    });
                }).get();
                if (!nodes_unknown_verb.empty()) {
                    auto msg = format("decommission[{}]: Nodes={} do not support decommission verb. Please upgrade your cluster and run decommission again.", uuid, nodes_unknown_verb);
                    slogger.warn("{}", msg);
                    throw std::runtime_error(msg);
                }
                if (!nodes_down.empty()) {
                    auto msg = format("decommission[{}]: Nodes={} needed for decommission operation are down. It is highly recommended to fix the down nodes and try again.", uuid, nodes_down);
                    slogger.warn("{}", msg);
                    throw std::runtime_error(msg);
                }

                // Step 3: Start heartbeat updater
                auto heartbeat_updater_done = make_lw_shared<bool>(false);
                auto heartbeat_updater = ss.node_ops_cmd_heartbeat_updater(node_ops_cmd::decommission_heartbeat, uuid, nodes, heartbeat_updater_done);
                auto stop_heartbeat_updater = defer([&] {
                    *heartbeat_updater_done = true;
                    heartbeat_updater.get();
                });

                // Step 5: Start to sync data
                slogger.info("DECOMMISSIONING: unbootstrap starts");
                ss.unbootstrap().get();
                slogger.info("DECOMMISSIONING: unbootstrap done");

                // Step 6: Finish
                req.cmd = node_ops_cmd::decommission_done;
                parallel_for_each(nodes, [&ss, &req, uuid] (const gms::inet_address& node) {
                    return ss._messaging.local().send_node_ops_cmd(netw::msg_addr(node), req).then([uuid, node] (node_ops_cmd_response resp) {
                        slogger.debug("decommission[{}]: Got done response from node={}", uuid, node);
                        return make_ready_future<>();
                    });
                }).get();
                slogger.info("decommission[{}]: Finished decommission operation, removing node={}, sync_nodes={}, ignore_nodes={}", uuid, endpoint, nodes, ignore_nodes);
            } catch (...) {
                slogger.warn("decommission[{}]: Abort decommission operation started, removing node={}, sync_nodes={}, ignore_nodes={}", uuid, endpoint, nodes, ignore_nodes);
                // we need to revert the effect of prepare verb the decommission ops is failed
                req.cmd = node_ops_cmd::decommission_abort;
                parallel_for_each(nodes, [&ss, &req, &nodes_unknown_verb, &nodes_down, uuid] (const gms::inet_address& node) {
                    if (nodes_unknown_verb.contains(node) || nodes_down.contains(node)) {
                        // No need to revert previous prepare cmd for those who do not apply prepare cmd.
                        return make_ready_future<>();
                    }
                    return ss._messaging.local().send_node_ops_cmd(netw::msg_addr(node), req).then([uuid, node] (node_ops_cmd_response resp) {
                        slogger.debug("decommission[{}]: Got abort response from node={}", uuid, node);
                    });
                }).get();
                slogger.warn("decommission[{}]: Abort decommission operation finished, removing node={}, sync_nodes={}, ignore_nodes={}", uuid, endpoint, nodes, ignore_nodes);
                throw;
            }

            slogger.info("DECOMMISSIONING: leaving Raft group 0");
            assert(ss._group0);
            ss._group0->leave_group0().get();

            slogger.info("DECOMMISSIONING: left Raft group 0");

            ss.stop_transport().get();
            slogger.info("DECOMMISSIONING: stopped transport");

            ss.get_batchlog_manager().invoke_on_all([] (auto& bm) {
                return bm.drain();
            }).get();
            slogger.info("DECOMMISSIONING: stop batchlog_manager done");

            // StageManager.shutdownNow();
            ss._sys_ks.local().set_bootstrap_state(db::system_keyspace::bootstrap_state::DECOMMISSIONED).get();
            slogger.info("DECOMMISSIONING: set_bootstrap_state done");
            ss.set_mode(mode::DECOMMISSIONED);
            slogger.info("DECOMMISSIONING: done");
            // let op be responsible for killing the process
        });
    });
}

// Runs inside seastar::async context
void storage_service::run_bootstrap_ops(std::unordered_set<token>& bootstrap_tokens) {
    auto uuid = utils::make_random_uuid();
    // TODO: Specify ignore_nodes
    std::list<gms::inet_address> ignore_nodes;
    std::list<gms::inet_address> sync_nodes;

    auto start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
    for (;;) {
        sync_nodes.clear();
        // Step 1: Decide who needs to sync data for bootstrap operation
        for (const auto& x :_gossiper.get_endpoint_states()) {
            seastar::thread::maybe_yield();
            const auto& node = x.first;
            slogger.info("bootstrap[{}]: Check node={}, status={}", uuid, node, _gossiper.get_gossip_status(node));
            if (node != get_broadcast_address() &&
                    _gossiper.is_normal_ring_member(node) &&
                    std::find(ignore_nodes.begin(), ignore_nodes.end(), x.first) == ignore_nodes.end()) {
                sync_nodes.push_back(node);
            }
        }
        sync_nodes.push_front(get_broadcast_address());

        // Step 2: Wait until no pending node operations
        std::unordered_map<gms::inet_address, std::list<utils::UUID>> pending_ops;
        auto req = node_ops_cmd_request(node_ops_cmd::query_pending_ops, uuid);
        parallel_for_each(sync_nodes, [this, req, uuid, &pending_ops] (const gms::inet_address& node) {
            return _messaging.local().send_node_ops_cmd(netw::msg_addr(node), req).then([uuid, node, &pending_ops] (node_ops_cmd_response resp) {
                slogger.debug("bootstrap[{}]: Got query_pending_ops response from node={}, resp.pending_ops={}", uuid, node, resp.pending_ops);
                if (!resp.pending_ops.empty()) {
                    pending_ops.emplace(node, resp.pending_ops);
                }
                return make_ready_future<>();
            });
        }).handle_exception([uuid] (std::exception_ptr ep) {
            slogger.warn("bootstrap[{}]: Failed to query_pending_ops : {}", uuid, ep);
        }).get();
        if (pending_ops.empty()) {
            break;
        } else {
            if (std::chrono::steady_clock::now() > start_time + std::chrono::seconds(60)) {
                throw std::runtime_error(format("bootstrap[{}]: Found pending node ops = {}, reject bootstrap", uuid, pending_ops));
            }
            slogger.warn("bootstrap[{}]: Found pending node ops = {}, sleep 5 seconds and check again", uuid, pending_ops);
            sleep_abortable(std::chrono::seconds(5), _abort_source).get();
        }
    }

    std::unordered_set<gms::inet_address> nodes_unknown_verb;
    std::unordered_set<gms::inet_address> nodes_down;
    std::unordered_set<gms::inet_address> nodes_aborted;
    auto tokens = std::list<dht::token>(bootstrap_tokens.begin(), bootstrap_tokens.end());
    std::unordered_map<gms::inet_address, std::list<dht::token>> bootstrap_nodes = {
        {get_broadcast_address(), tokens},
    };
    auto req = node_ops_cmd_request(node_ops_cmd::bootstrap_prepare, uuid, ignore_nodes, {}, {}, bootstrap_nodes);
    slogger.info("bootstrap[{}]: Started bootstrap operation, bootstrap_nodes={}, sync_nodes={}, ignore_nodes={}", uuid, bootstrap_nodes, sync_nodes, ignore_nodes);
    try {
        // Step 3: Prepare to sync data
        parallel_for_each(sync_nodes, [this, &req, &nodes_unknown_verb, &nodes_down, uuid] (const gms::inet_address& node) {
            return _messaging.local().send_node_ops_cmd(netw::msg_addr(node), req).then([uuid, node] (node_ops_cmd_response resp) {
                slogger.debug("bootstrap[{}]: Got node_ops_cmd::bootstrap_prepare response from node={}", uuid, node);
            }).handle_exception_type([&nodes_unknown_verb, node, uuid] (seastar::rpc::unknown_verb_error&) {
                slogger.warn("bootstrap[{}]: Node {} does not support node_ops_cmd verb", uuid, node);
                nodes_unknown_verb.emplace(node);
            }).handle_exception_type([&nodes_down, node, uuid] (seastar::rpc::closed_error&) {
                slogger.warn("bootstrap[{}]: Node {} is down for node_ops_cmd verb", uuid, node);
                nodes_down.emplace(node);
            });
        }).get();
        if (!nodes_unknown_verb.empty()) {
            auto msg = format("bootstrap[{}]: Nodes={} do not support bootstrap verb. Please upgrade your cluster and run bootstrap again.", uuid, nodes_unknown_verb);
            slogger.warn("{}", msg);
            throw std::runtime_error(msg);
        }
        if (!nodes_down.empty()) {
            auto msg = format("bootstrap[{}]: Nodes={} needed for bootstrap operation are down. It is highly recommended to fix the down nodes and try again.", uuid, nodes_down);
            slogger.warn("{}", msg);
            throw std::runtime_error(msg);
        }

        // Step 4: Start heartbeat updater
        auto heartbeat_updater_done = make_lw_shared<bool>(false);
        auto heartbeat_updater = node_ops_cmd_heartbeat_updater(node_ops_cmd::bootstrap_heartbeat, uuid, sync_nodes, heartbeat_updater_done);
        auto stop_heartbeat_updater = defer([&] {
            *heartbeat_updater_done = true;
            heartbeat_updater.get();
        });

        // Step 5: Sync data for bootstrap
        _repair.local().bootstrap_with_repair(get_token_metadata_ptr(), bootstrap_tokens).get();

        // Step 6: Finish
        req.cmd = node_ops_cmd::bootstrap_done;
        parallel_for_each(sync_nodes, [this, &req, &nodes_aborted, uuid] (const gms::inet_address& node) {
            return _messaging.local().send_node_ops_cmd(netw::msg_addr(node), req).then([&nodes_aborted, uuid, node] (node_ops_cmd_response resp) {
                nodes_aborted.emplace(node);
                slogger.debug("bootstrap[{}]: Got done response from node={}", uuid, node);
                return make_ready_future<>();
            });
        }).get();
    } catch (...) {
        slogger.error("bootstrap[{}]: Abort bootstrap operation started, bootstrap_nodes={}, sync_nodes={}, ignore_nodes={}: {}",
                uuid, bootstrap_nodes, sync_nodes, ignore_nodes, std::current_exception());
        // we need to revert the effect of prepare verb the bootstrap ops is failed
        req.cmd = node_ops_cmd::bootstrap_abort;
        parallel_for_each(sync_nodes, [this, &req, &nodes_unknown_verb, &nodes_down, &nodes_aborted, uuid] (const gms::inet_address& node) {
            if (nodes_unknown_verb.contains(node) || nodes_down.contains(node) || nodes_aborted.contains(node)) {
                // No need to revert previous prepare cmd for those who do not apply prepare cmd.
                return make_ready_future<>();
            }
            return _messaging.local().send_node_ops_cmd(netw::msg_addr(node), req).then([uuid, node] (node_ops_cmd_response resp) {
                slogger.debug("bootstrap[{}]: Got abort response from node={}", uuid, node);
            });
        }).get();
        slogger.error("bootstrap[{}]: Abort bootstrap operation finished, bootstrap_nodes={}, sync_nodes={}, ignore_nodes={}: {}",
                uuid, bootstrap_nodes, sync_nodes, ignore_nodes, std::current_exception());
        throw;
    }
}

// Runs inside seastar::async context
void storage_service::run_replace_ops(std::unordered_set<token>& bootstrap_tokens) {
    auto replace_address = get_replace_address().value();
    auto uuid = utils::make_random_uuid();
    auto tmptr = get_token_metadata_ptr();
    std::list<gms::inet_address> ignore_nodes = get_ignore_dead_nodes_for_replace(*tmptr);
    // Step 1: Decide who needs to sync data for replace operation
    std::list<gms::inet_address> sync_nodes;
    for (const auto& x :_gossiper.get_endpoint_states()) {
        seastar::thread::maybe_yield();
        const auto& node = x.first;
        slogger.debug("replace[{}]: Check node={}, status={}", uuid, node, _gossiper.get_gossip_status(node));
        if (node != get_broadcast_address() &&
                node != replace_address &&
                _gossiper.is_normal_ring_member(node) &&
                std::find(ignore_nodes.begin(), ignore_nodes.end(), x.first) == ignore_nodes.end()) {
            sync_nodes.push_back(node);
        }
    }
    sync_nodes.push_front(get_broadcast_address());
    auto sync_nodes_generations = _gossiper.get_generation_for_nodes(sync_nodes).get();
    // Map existing nodes to replacing nodes
    std::unordered_map<gms::inet_address, gms::inet_address> replace_nodes = {
        {replace_address, get_broadcast_address()},
    };
    std::unordered_set<gms::inet_address> nodes_unknown_verb;
    std::unordered_set<gms::inet_address> nodes_down;
    std::unordered_set<gms::inet_address> nodes_aborted;
    auto req = node_ops_cmd_request{node_ops_cmd::replace_prepare, uuid, ignore_nodes, {}, replace_nodes};
    slogger.info("replace[{}]: Started replace operation, replace_nodes={}, sync_nodes={}, ignore_nodes={}", uuid, replace_nodes, sync_nodes, ignore_nodes);
    try {
        // Step 2: Prepare to sync data
        parallel_for_each(sync_nodes, [this, &req, &nodes_unknown_verb, &nodes_down, uuid] (const gms::inet_address& node) {
            return _messaging.local().send_node_ops_cmd(netw::msg_addr(node), req).then([uuid, node] (node_ops_cmd_response resp) {
                slogger.debug("replace[{}]: Got node_ops_cmd::replace_prepare response from node={}", uuid, node);
            }).handle_exception_type([&nodes_unknown_verb, node, uuid] (seastar::rpc::unknown_verb_error&) {
                slogger.warn("replace[{}]: Node {} does not support node_ops_cmd verb", uuid, node);
                nodes_unknown_verb.emplace(node);
            }).handle_exception_type([&nodes_down, node, uuid] (seastar::rpc::closed_error&) {
                slogger.warn("replace[{}]: Node {} is down for node_ops_cmd verb", uuid, node);
                nodes_down.emplace(node);
            });
        }).get();
        if (!nodes_unknown_verb.empty()) {
            auto msg = format("replace[{}]: Nodes={} do not support replace verb. Please upgrade your cluster and run replace again.", uuid, nodes_unknown_verb);
            slogger.warn("{}", msg);
            throw std::runtime_error(msg);
        }
        if (!nodes_down.empty()) {
            auto msg = format("replace[{}]: Nodes={} needed for replace operation are down. It is highly recommended to fix the down nodes and try again. To proceed with best-effort mode which might cause data inconsistency, add --ignore-dead-nodes-for-replace <list_of_dead_nodes>. E.g., scylla --ignore-dead-nodes-for-replace 8d5ed9f4-7764-4dbd-bad8-43fddce94b7c,125ed9f4-7777-1dbn-mac8-43fddce9123e", uuid, nodes_down);
            slogger.warn("{}", msg);
            throw std::runtime_error(msg);
        }

        // Step 3: Start heartbeat updater
        auto heartbeat_updater_done = make_lw_shared<bool>(false);
        auto heartbeat_updater = node_ops_cmd_heartbeat_updater(node_ops_cmd::replace_heartbeat, uuid, sync_nodes, heartbeat_updater_done);
        auto stop_heartbeat_updater = defer([&] {
            *heartbeat_updater_done = true;
            heartbeat_updater.get();
        });


        // Step 4: Allow nodes in sync_nodes list to mark the replacing node as alive
        _gossiper.advertise_to_nodes(sync_nodes_generations).get();
        slogger.info("replace[{}]: Allow nodes={} to mark replacing node={} as alive", uuid, sync_nodes, get_broadcast_address());

        // Step 5: Wait for nodes to finish marking the replacing node as live
        req.cmd = node_ops_cmd::replace_prepare_mark_alive;
        parallel_for_each(sync_nodes, [this, &req, uuid] (const gms::inet_address& node) {
            return _messaging.local().send_node_ops_cmd(netw::msg_addr(node), req).then([uuid, node] (node_ops_cmd_response resp) {
                slogger.debug("replace[{}]: Got prepare_mark_alive response from node={}", uuid, node);
                return make_ready_future<>();
            });
        }).get();

        // Step 6: Update pending ranges on nodes
        req.cmd = node_ops_cmd::replace_prepare_pending_ranges;
        parallel_for_each(sync_nodes, [this, &req, uuid] (const gms::inet_address& node) {
            return _messaging.local().send_node_ops_cmd(netw::msg_addr(node), req).then([uuid, node] (node_ops_cmd_response resp) {
                slogger.debug("replace[{}]: Got pending_ranges response from node={}", uuid, node);
                return make_ready_future<>();
            });
        }).get();


        // Step 7: Sync data for replace
        if (is_repair_based_node_ops_enabled(streaming::stream_reason::replace)) {
            slogger.info("replace[{}]: Using repair based node ops to sync data", uuid);
            _repair.local().replace_with_repair(get_token_metadata_ptr(), bootstrap_tokens, ignore_nodes).get();
        } else {
            slogger.info("replace[{}]: Using streaming based node ops to sync data", uuid);
            dht::boot_strapper bs(_db, _stream_manager, _abort_source, get_broadcast_address(), _sys_ks.local().local_dc_rack(), bootstrap_tokens, get_token_metadata_ptr());
            bs.bootstrap(streaming::stream_reason::replace, _gossiper, replace_address).get();
        }


        // Step 8: Finish
        req.cmd = node_ops_cmd::replace_done;
        parallel_for_each(sync_nodes, [this, &req, &nodes_aborted, uuid] (const gms::inet_address& node) {
            return _messaging.local().send_node_ops_cmd(netw::msg_addr(node), req).then([&nodes_aborted, uuid, node] (node_ops_cmd_response resp) {
                nodes_aborted.emplace(node);
                slogger.debug("replace[{}]: Got done response from node={}", uuid, node);
                return make_ready_future<>();
            });
        }).get();
        // Allow any nodes to mark the replacing node as alive
        _gossiper.advertise_to_nodes({}).get();
        slogger.info("replace[{}]: Allow any nodes to mark replacing node={} as alive", uuid,  get_broadcast_address());
    } catch (...) {
        slogger.error("replace[{}]: Abort replace operation started, replace_nodes={}, sync_nodes={}, ignore_nodes={}: {}",
                uuid, replace_nodes, sync_nodes, ignore_nodes, std::current_exception());
        // we need to revert the effect of prepare verb the replace ops is failed
        req.cmd = node_ops_cmd::replace_abort;
        parallel_for_each(sync_nodes, [this, &req, &nodes_unknown_verb, &nodes_down, &nodes_aborted, uuid] (const gms::inet_address& node) {
            if (nodes_unknown_verb.contains(node) || nodes_down.contains(node) || nodes_aborted.contains(node)) {
                // No need to revert previous prepare cmd for those who do not apply prepare cmd.
                return make_ready_future<>();
            }
            return _messaging.local().send_node_ops_cmd(netw::msg_addr(node), req).then([uuid, node] (node_ops_cmd_response resp) {
                slogger.debug("replace[{}]: Got abort response from node={}", uuid, node);
            });
        }).get();
        slogger.error("replace[{}]: Abort replace operation finished, replace_nodes={}, sync_nodes={}, ignore_nodes={}: {}",
                uuid, replace_nodes, sync_nodes, ignore_nodes, std::current_exception());
        throw;
    }
}

future<> storage_service::removenode(locator::host_id host_id, std::list<locator::host_id_or_endpoint> ignore_nodes_params) {
    return run_with_api_lock(sstring("removenode"), [host_id, ignore_nodes_params = std::move(ignore_nodes_params)] (storage_service& ss) mutable {
        return seastar::async([&ss, host_id, ignore_nodes_params = std::move(ignore_nodes_params)] () mutable {
            auto uuid = utils::make_random_uuid();
            auto tmptr = ss.get_token_metadata_ptr();
            auto endpoint_opt = tmptr->get_endpoint_for_host_id(host_id);
            if (!endpoint_opt) {
                throw std::runtime_error(format("removenode[{}]: Host ID not found in the cluster", uuid));
            }
            auto endpoint = *endpoint_opt;
            auto tokens = tmptr->get_tokens(endpoint);
            auto leaving_nodes = std::list<gms::inet_address>{endpoint};
            std::list<gms::inet_address> ignore_nodes;
            for (auto& hoep : ignore_nodes_params) {
                hoep.resolve(*tmptr);
                ignore_nodes.push_back(hoep.endpoint);
            }

            // Step 1: Decide who needs to sync data
            //
            // By default, we require all nodes in the cluster to participate
            // the removenode operation and sync data if needed. We fail the
            // removenode operation if any of them is down or fails.
            //
            // If the user want the removenode opeartion to succeed even if some of the nodes
            // are not available, the user has to explicitly pass a list of
            // node that can be skipped for the operation.
            std::list<gms::inet_address> nodes;
            for (const auto& x : tmptr->get_endpoint_to_host_id_map_for_reading()) {
                seastar::thread::maybe_yield();
                if (x.first != endpoint && std::find(ignore_nodes.begin(), ignore_nodes.end(), x.first) == ignore_nodes.end()) {
                    nodes.push_back(x.first);
                }
            }
            slogger.info("removenode[{}]: Started removenode operation, removing node={}, sync_nodes={}, ignore_nodes={}", uuid, endpoint, nodes, ignore_nodes);

            if (ss._gossiper.is_alive(endpoint)) {
                const std::string message = format(
                    "removenode[{}]: Rejected removenode operation, removing node={}, sync_nodes={}, ignore_nodes={}; "
                    "the node being removed is alive, maybe you should use decommission instead?",
                    uuid, endpoint, nodes, ignore_nodes);
                slogger.warn(std::string_view(message));
                throw std::runtime_error(message);
            }

            // Step 2: Prepare to sync data
            std::unordered_set<gms::inet_address> nodes_unknown_verb;
            std::unordered_set<gms::inet_address> nodes_down;
            auto req = node_ops_cmd_request{node_ops_cmd::removenode_prepare, uuid, ignore_nodes, leaving_nodes, {}};
            try {
                parallel_for_each(nodes, [&ss, &req, &nodes_unknown_verb, &nodes_down, uuid] (const gms::inet_address& node) {
                    return ss._messaging.local().send_node_ops_cmd(netw::msg_addr(node), req).then([uuid, node] (node_ops_cmd_response resp) {
                        slogger.debug("removenode[{}]: Got prepare response from node={}", uuid, node);
                    }).handle_exception_type([&nodes_unknown_verb, node, uuid] (seastar::rpc::unknown_verb_error&) {
                        slogger.warn("removenode[{}]: Node {} does not support removenode verb", uuid, node);
                        nodes_unknown_verb.emplace(node);
                    }).handle_exception_type([&nodes_down, node, uuid] (seastar::rpc::closed_error&) {
                        slogger.warn("removenode[{}]: Node {} is down for node_ops_cmd verb", uuid, node);
                        nodes_down.emplace(node);
                    });
                }).get();
                if (!nodes_unknown_verb.empty()) {
                    auto msg = format("removenode[{}]: Nodes={} do not support removenode verb. Please upgrade your cluster and run removenode again.", uuid, nodes_unknown_verb);
                    slogger.warn("{}", msg);
                    throw std::runtime_error(msg);
                }
                if (!nodes_down.empty()) {
                    auto msg = format("removenode[{}]: Nodes={} needed for removenode operation are down. It is highly recommended to fix the down nodes and try again. To proceed with best-effort mode which might cause data inconsistency, run nodetool removenode --ignore-dead-nodes <list_of_dead_nodes> <host_id>. E.g., nodetool removenode --ignore-dead-nodes 127.0.0.1,127.0.0.2 817e9515-316f-4fe3-aaab-b00d6f12dddd", uuid, nodes_down);
                    slogger.warn("{}", msg);
                    throw std::runtime_error(msg);
                }

                // Step 3: Start heartbeat updater
                auto heartbeat_updater_done = make_lw_shared<bool>(false);
                auto heartbeat_updater = ss.node_ops_cmd_heartbeat_updater(node_ops_cmd::removenode_heartbeat, uuid, nodes, heartbeat_updater_done);
                auto stop_heartbeat_updater = defer([&] {
                    *heartbeat_updater_done = true;
                    heartbeat_updater.get();
                });

                // Step 4: Start to sync data
                req.cmd = node_ops_cmd::removenode_sync_data;
                parallel_for_each(nodes, [&ss, &req, uuid] (const gms::inet_address& node) {
                    return ss._messaging.local().send_node_ops_cmd(netw::msg_addr(node), req).then([uuid, node] (node_ops_cmd_response resp) {
                        slogger.debug("removenode[{}]: Got sync_data response from node={}", uuid, node);
                        return make_ready_future<>();
                    });
                }).get();


                // Step 5: Announce the node has left
                ss._gossiper.advertise_token_removed(endpoint, host_id).get();
                std::unordered_set<token> tmp(tokens.begin(), tokens.end());
                ss.excise(std::move(tmp), endpoint).get();

                // Step 6: Finish
                req.cmd = node_ops_cmd::removenode_done;
                parallel_for_each(nodes, [&ss, &req, uuid] (const gms::inet_address& node) {
                    return ss._messaging.local().send_node_ops_cmd(netw::msg_addr(node), req).then([uuid, node] (node_ops_cmd_response resp) {
                        slogger.debug("removenode[{}]: Got done response from node={}", uuid, node);
                        return make_ready_future<>();
                    });
                }).get();

                slogger.info("removenode[{}]: removing node {} from group 0", uuid, endpoint);
                assert(ss._group0);
                ss._group0->remove_from_group0(endpoint).get();
                slogger.info("removenode[{}]: node {} removed from group 0", uuid, endpoint);

                slogger.info("removenode[{}]: Finished removenode operation, removing node={}, sync_nodes={}, ignore_nodes={}", uuid, endpoint, nodes, ignore_nodes);
            } catch (...) {
                slogger.warn("removenode[{}]: removing node={}, sync_nodes={}, ignore_nodes={} failed, error {}",
                             uuid, endpoint, nodes, ignore_nodes, std::current_exception());
                // we need to revert the effect of prepare verb the removenode ops is failed
                req.cmd = node_ops_cmd::removenode_abort;
                parallel_for_each(nodes, [&ss, &req, &nodes_unknown_verb, &nodes_down, uuid] (const gms::inet_address& node) {
                    if (nodes_unknown_verb.contains(node) || nodes_down.contains(node)) {
                        // No need to revert previous prepare cmd for those who do not apply prepare cmd.
                        return make_ready_future<>();
                    }
                    return ss._messaging.local().send_node_ops_cmd(netw::msg_addr(node), req).then([uuid, node] (node_ops_cmd_response resp) {
                        slogger.debug("removenode[{}]: Got abort response from node={}", uuid, node);
                    });
                }).get();
                slogger.info("removenode[{}]: Aborted removenode operation, removing node={}, sync_nodes={}, ignore_nodes={}", uuid, endpoint, nodes, ignore_nodes);
                throw;
            }
        });
    });
}

void storage_service::node_ops_cmd_check(gms::inet_address coordinator, const node_ops_cmd_request& req) {
    auto ops_uuids = boost::copy_range<std::vector<utils::UUID>>(_node_ops| boost::adaptors::map_keys);
    std::string msg;
    if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::removenode_prepare || req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::replace_prepare ||
            req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::decommission_prepare || req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::bootstrap_prepare) {
        // Peer node wants to start a new node operation. Make sure no pending node operation is in progress.
        if (!_node_ops.empty()) {
            msg = format("node_ops_cmd_check: Node {} rejected node_ops_cmd={} from node={} with ops_uuid={}, pending_node_ops={}, pending node ops is in progress",
                    get_broadcast_address(), req.cmd, coordinator, req.ops_uuid, ops_uuids);
        }
    } else {
        if (ops_uuids.size() == 1 && ops_uuids.front() == req.ops_uuid) {
            // Check is good, since we know this ops_uuid and this is the only ops_uuid we are working on.
        } else if (ops_uuids.size() == 0) {
            // The ops_uuid received is unknown. Fail the request.
            msg = format("node_ops_cmd_check: Node {} rejected node_ops_cmd={} from node={} with ops_uuid={}, pending_node_ops={}, the node ops is unknown",
                    get_broadcast_address(), req.cmd, coordinator, req.ops_uuid, ops_uuids);
        } else {
            // Other node ops is in progress. Fail the request.
            msg = format("node_ops_cmd_check: Node {} rejected node_ops_cmd={} from node={} with ops_uuid={}, pending_node_ops={}, pending node ops is in progress",
                    get_broadcast_address(), req.cmd, coordinator, req.ops_uuid, ops_uuids);
        }
    }
    if (!msg.empty()) {
        slogger.warn("{}", msg);
        throw std::runtime_error(msg);
    }
}

future<node_ops_cmd_response> storage_service::node_ops_cmd_handler(gms::inet_address coordinator, node_ops_cmd_request req) {
    return seastar::async([this, coordinator, req = std::move(req)] () mutable {
        auto ops_uuid = req.ops_uuid;
        slogger.debug("node_ops_cmd_handler cmd={}, ops_uuid={}", req.cmd, ops_uuid);

        if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::query_pending_ops) {
            bool ok = true;
            auto ops_uuids = boost::copy_range<std::list<utils::UUID>>(_node_ops| boost::adaptors::map_keys);
            node_ops_cmd_response resp(ok, ops_uuids);
            slogger.debug("node_ops_cmd_handler: Got query_pending_ops request from {}, pending_ops={}", coordinator, ops_uuids);
            return resp;
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::repair_updater) {
            slogger.debug("repair[{}]: Got repair_updater request from {}", ops_uuid, coordinator);
            _db.invoke_on_all([coordinator, ops_uuid, tables = req.repair_tables] (replica::database &db) {
                for (const auto& table_id : tables) {
                    auto& table = db.find_column_family(table_id);
                    table.update_off_strategy_trigger();
                    slogger.debug("repair[{}]: Updated off_strategy_trigger for table {}.{} by node {}",
                            ops_uuid, table.schema()->ks_name(), table.schema()->cf_name(), coordinator);
                }
            }).get();
            bool ok = true;
            return node_ops_cmd_response(ok);
        }

        node_ops_cmd_check(coordinator, req);

        if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::removenode_prepare) {
            if (req.leaving_nodes.size() > 1) {
                auto msg = format("removenode[{}]: Could not removenode more than one node at a time: leaving_nodes={}", req.ops_uuid, req.leaving_nodes);
                slogger.warn("{}", msg);
                throw std::runtime_error(msg);
            }
            mutate_token_metadata([coordinator, &req, this] (mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr) mutable {
                for (auto& node : req.leaving_nodes) {
                    slogger.info("removenode[{}]: Added node={} as leaving node, coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid, node, coordinator);
                    tmptr->add_leaving_endpoint(node);
                }
                return update_pending_ranges(tmptr, format("removenode {}", req.leaving_nodes));
            }).get();
            auto meta = node_ops_meta_data(ops_uuid, coordinator, std::move(req.ignore_nodes), [this, coordinator, req = std::move(req)] () mutable {
                return mutate_token_metadata([this, coordinator, req = std::move(req)] (mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr) mutable {
                    for (auto& node : req.leaving_nodes) {
                        slogger.info("removenode[{}]: Removed node={} as leaving node, coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid, node, coordinator);
                        tmptr->del_leaving_endpoint(node);
                    }
                    return update_pending_ranges(tmptr, format("removenode {}", req.leaving_nodes));
                });
            },
            [this, ops_uuid] () mutable { node_ops_singal_abort(ops_uuid); });
            meta.start().get();
            _node_ops.emplace(ops_uuid, std::move(meta));
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::removenode_heartbeat) {
            slogger.debug("removenode[{}]: Updated heartbeat from coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid,  coordinator);
            node_ops_update_heartbeat(ops_uuid).get();
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::removenode_done) {
            slogger.info("removenode[{}]: Marked ops done from coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid, coordinator);
            node_ops_done(ops_uuid).get();
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::removenode_sync_data) {
            auto it = _node_ops.find(ops_uuid);
            if (it == _node_ops.end()) {
                throw std::runtime_error(format("removenode[{}]: Can not find ops_uuid={}", ops_uuid, ops_uuid));
            }
            auto ops = it->second.get_ops_info();
            auto as = it->second.get_abort_source();
            for (auto& node : req.leaving_nodes) {
                if (is_repair_based_node_ops_enabled(streaming::stream_reason::removenode)) {
                    slogger.info("removenode[{}]: Started to sync data for removing node={} using repair, coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid, node, coordinator);
                    _repair.local().removenode_with_repair(get_token_metadata_ptr(), node, ops).get();
                } else {
                    slogger.info("removenode[{}]: Started to sync data for removing node={} using stream, coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid, node, coordinator);
                    removenode_with_stream(node, as).get();
                }
            }
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::removenode_abort) {
            node_ops_abort(ops_uuid).get();
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::decommission_prepare) {
            utils::get_local_injector().inject(
                "storage_service_decommission_prepare_handler_sleep", std::chrono::milliseconds{1500}).get();
            if (req.leaving_nodes.size() > 1) {
                auto msg = format("decommission[{}]: Could not decommission more than one node at a time: leaving_nodes={}", req.ops_uuid, req.leaving_nodes);
                slogger.warn("{}", msg);
                throw std::runtime_error(msg);
            }
            mutate_token_metadata([coordinator, &req, this] (mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr) mutable {
                for (auto& node : req.leaving_nodes) {
                    slogger.info("decommission[{}]: Added node={} as leaving node, coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid, node, coordinator);
                    tmptr->add_leaving_endpoint(node);
                }
                return update_pending_ranges(tmptr, format("decommission {}", req.leaving_nodes));
            }).get();
            auto meta = node_ops_meta_data(ops_uuid, coordinator, std::move(req.ignore_nodes), [this, coordinator, req = std::move(req)] () mutable {
                return mutate_token_metadata([this, coordinator, req = std::move(req)] (mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr) mutable {
                    for (auto& node : req.leaving_nodes) {
                        slogger.info("decommission[{}]: Removed node={} as leaving node, coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid, node, coordinator);
                        tmptr->del_leaving_endpoint(node);
                    }
                    return update_pending_ranges(tmptr, format("decommission {}", req.leaving_nodes));
                });
            },
            [this, ops_uuid] () mutable { node_ops_singal_abort(ops_uuid); });
            meta.start().get();
            _node_ops.emplace(ops_uuid, std::move(meta));
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::decommission_heartbeat) {
            slogger.debug("decommission[{}]: Updated heartbeat from coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid,  coordinator);
            node_ops_update_heartbeat(ops_uuid).get();
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::decommission_done) {
            slogger.info("decommission[{}]: Marked ops done from coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid, coordinator);
            slogger.debug("Triggering off-strategy compaction for all non-system tables on decommission completion");
            _db.invoke_on_all([](replica::database &db) {
                for (auto& table : db.get_non_system_column_families()) {
                    table->trigger_offstrategy_compaction();
                }
            }).get();
            node_ops_done(ops_uuid).get();
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::decommission_abort) {
            node_ops_abort(ops_uuid).get();
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::replace_prepare) {
            // Mark the replacing node as replacing
            if (req.replace_nodes.size() > 1) {
                auto msg = format("replace[{}]: Could not replace more than one node at a time: replace_nodes={}", req.ops_uuid, req.replace_nodes);
                slogger.warn("{}", msg);
                throw std::runtime_error(msg);
            }
            mutate_token_metadata([coordinator, &req, this] (mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr) mutable {
                for (auto& x: req.replace_nodes) {
                    auto existing_node = x.first;
                    auto replacing_node = x.second;
                    slogger.info("replace[{}]: Added replacing_node={} to replace existing_node={}, coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid, replacing_node, existing_node, coordinator);
                    tmptr->update_topology(replacing_node, get_dc_rack_for(replacing_node), locator::topology::pending::yes);
                    tmptr->add_replacing_endpoint(existing_node, replacing_node);
                }
                return make_ready_future<>();
            }).get();
            auto meta = node_ops_meta_data(ops_uuid, coordinator, std::move(req.ignore_nodes), [this, coordinator, req = std::move(req)] () mutable {
                return mutate_token_metadata([this, coordinator, req = std::move(req)] (mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr) mutable {
                    for (auto& x: req.replace_nodes) {
                        auto existing_node = x.first;
                        auto replacing_node = x.second;
                        slogger.info("replace[{}]: Removed replacing_node={} to replace existing_node={}, coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid, replacing_node, existing_node, coordinator);
                        tmptr->del_replacing_endpoint(existing_node);
                    }
                    return update_pending_ranges(tmptr, format("replace {}", req.replace_nodes));
                });
            },
            [this, ops_uuid ] { node_ops_singal_abort(ops_uuid); });
            meta.start().get();
            _node_ops.emplace(ops_uuid, std::move(meta));
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::replace_prepare_mark_alive) {
            // Wait for local node has marked replacing node as alive
            auto nodes = boost::copy_range<std::vector<inet_address>>(req.replace_nodes| boost::adaptors::map_values);
            try {
                _gossiper.wait_alive(nodes, std::chrono::milliseconds(120 * 1000)).get();
            } catch (...) {
                slogger.warn("replace[{}]: Failed to wait for marking replacing node as up, replace_nodes={}: {}",
                        req.ops_uuid, req.replace_nodes, std::current_exception());
                throw;
            }
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::replace_prepare_pending_ranges) {
            // Update the pending_ranges for the replacing node
            slogger.debug("replace[{}]: Updated pending_ranges from coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid, coordinator);
            mutate_token_metadata([coordinator, &req, this] (mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr) mutable {
                return update_pending_ranges(tmptr, format("replace {}", req.replace_nodes));
            }).get();
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::replace_heartbeat) {
            slogger.debug("replace[{}]: Updated heartbeat from coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid, coordinator);
            node_ops_update_heartbeat(ops_uuid).get();
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::replace_done) {
            slogger.info("replace[{}]: Marked ops done from coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid, coordinator);
            node_ops_done(ops_uuid).get();
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::replace_abort) {
            node_ops_abort(ops_uuid).get();
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::bootstrap_prepare) {
            // Mark the bootstrap node as bootstrapping
            if (req.bootstrap_nodes.size() > 1) {
                auto msg = format("bootstrap[{}]: Could not bootstrap more than one node at a time: bootstrap_nodes={}", req.ops_uuid, req.bootstrap_nodes);
                slogger.warn("{}", msg);
                throw std::runtime_error(msg);
            }
            mutate_token_metadata([coordinator, &req, this] (mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr) mutable {
                for (auto& x: req.bootstrap_nodes) {
                    auto& endpoint = x.first;
                    auto tokens = std::unordered_set<dht::token>(x.second.begin(), x.second.end());
                    slogger.info("bootstrap[{}]: Added node={} as bootstrap, coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid, endpoint, coordinator);
                    tmptr->update_topology(endpoint, get_dc_rack_for(endpoint), locator::topology::pending::yes);
                    tmptr->add_bootstrap_tokens(tokens, endpoint);
                }
                return update_pending_ranges(tmptr, format("bootstrap {}", req.bootstrap_nodes));
            }).get();
            auto meta = node_ops_meta_data(ops_uuid, coordinator, std::move(req.ignore_nodes), [this, coordinator, req = std::move(req)] () mutable {
                return mutate_token_metadata([this, coordinator, req = std::move(req)] (mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr) mutable {
                    for (auto& x: req.bootstrap_nodes) {
                        auto& endpoint = x.first;
                        auto tokens = std::unordered_set<dht::token>(x.second.begin(), x.second.end());
                        slogger.info("bootstrap[{}]: Removed node={} as bootstrap, coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid, endpoint, coordinator);
                        tmptr->remove_bootstrap_tokens(tokens);
                    }
                    return update_pending_ranges(tmptr, format("bootstrap {}", req.bootstrap_nodes));
                });
            },
            [this, ops_uuid ] { node_ops_singal_abort(ops_uuid); });
            meta.start().get();
            _node_ops.emplace(ops_uuid, std::move(meta));
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::bootstrap_heartbeat) {
            slogger.debug("bootstrap[{}]: Updated heartbeat from coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid, coordinator);
            node_ops_update_heartbeat(ops_uuid).get();
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::bootstrap_done) {
            slogger.info("bootstrap[{}]: Marked ops done from coordinator={}", req.ops_uuid, coordinator);
            node_ops_done(ops_uuid).get();
        } else if (req.cmd == node_ops_cmd::bootstrap_abort) {
            node_ops_abort(ops_uuid).get();
        } else {
            auto msg = format("node_ops_cmd_handler: ops_uuid={}, unknown cmd={}", req.ops_uuid, req.cmd);
            slogger.warn("{}", msg);
            throw std::runtime_error(msg);
        }
        bool ok = true;
        node_ops_cmd_response resp(ok);
        return resp;
    });
}

future<> storage_service::drain() {
    return run_with_api_lock(sstring("drain"), [] (storage_service& ss) {
        if (ss._operation_mode == mode::DRAINED) {
            slogger.warn("Cannot drain node (did it already happen?)");
            return make_ready_future<>();
        }

        ss.set_mode(mode::DRAINING);
        return ss.do_drain().then([&ss] {
            ss._drain_finished.set_value();
            ss.set_mode(mode::DRAINED);
        });
    });
}

future<> storage_service::do_drain() {
    co_await stop_transport();

    co_await tracing::tracing::tracing_instance().invoke_on_all(&tracing::tracing::shutdown);

    co_await get_batchlog_manager().invoke_on_all([] (auto& bm) {
        return bm.drain();
    });

    co_await _db.invoke_on_all(&replica::database::drain);
    co_await _sys_ks.invoke_on_all(&db::system_keyspace::shutdown);
}

future<> storage_service::rebuild(sstring source_dc) {
    return run_with_api_lock(sstring("rebuild"), [source_dc] (storage_service& ss) -> future<> {
        slogger.info("rebuild from dc: {}", source_dc == "" ? "(any dc)" : source_dc);
        auto tmptr = ss.get_token_metadata_ptr();
        if (ss.is_repair_based_node_ops_enabled(streaming::stream_reason::rebuild)) {
            co_await ss._repair.local().rebuild_with_repair(tmptr, std::move(source_dc));
        } else {
            auto streamer = make_lw_shared<dht::range_streamer>(ss._db, ss._stream_manager, tmptr, ss._abort_source,
                    ss.get_broadcast_address(), ss._sys_ks.local().local_dc_rack(), "Rebuild", streaming::stream_reason::rebuild);
            streamer->add_source_filter(std::make_unique<dht::range_streamer::failure_detector_source_filter>(ss._gossiper.get_unreachable_members()));
            if (source_dc != "") {
                streamer->add_source_filter(std::make_unique<dht::range_streamer::single_datacenter_filter>(source_dc));
            }
            auto ks_erms = ss._db.local().get_non_local_strategy_keyspaces_erms();
            for (const auto& [keyspace_name, erm] : ks_erms) {
                co_await streamer->add_ranges(keyspace_name, erm, ss.get_ranges_for_endpoint(erm, utils::fb_utilities::get_broadcast_address()), ss._gossiper, false);
            }
            try {
                co_await streamer->stream_async();
                slogger.info("Streaming for rebuild successful");
            } catch (...) {
                auto ep = std::current_exception();
                // This is used exclusively through JMX, so log the full trace but only throw a simple RTE
                slogger.warn("Error while rebuilding node: {}", ep);
                std::rethrow_exception(std::move(ep));
            }
        }
    });
}

int32_t storage_service::get_exception_count() {
    // FIXME
    // We return 0 for no exceptions, it should probably be
    // replaced by some general exception handling that would count
    // the unhandled exceptions.
    //return (int)StorageMetrics.exceptions.count();
    return 0;
}

future<std::unordered_multimap<dht::token_range, inet_address>> storage_service::get_changed_ranges_for_leaving(locator::effective_replication_map_ptr erm, inet_address endpoint) {
    // First get all ranges the leaving endpoint is responsible for
    auto ranges = get_ranges_for_endpoint(erm, endpoint);

    slogger.debug("Node {} ranges [{}]", endpoint, ranges);

    std::unordered_map<dht::token_range, inet_address_vector_replica_set> current_replica_endpoints;

    // Find (for each range) all nodes that store replicas for these ranges as well
    for (auto& r : ranges) {
        auto end_token = r.end() ? r.end()->value() : dht::maximum_token();
        auto eps = erm->get_natural_endpoints(end_token);
        current_replica_endpoints.emplace(r, std::move(eps));
        co_await coroutine::maybe_yield();
    }

    auto temp = co_await get_token_metadata_ptr()->clone_after_all_left();

    // endpoint might or might not be 'leaving'. If it was not leaving (that is, removenode
    // command was used), it is still present in temp and must be removed.
    if (temp.is_member(endpoint)) {
        temp.remove_endpoint(endpoint);
    }

    std::unordered_multimap<dht::token_range, inet_address> changed_ranges;

    // Go through the ranges and for each range check who will be
    // storing replicas for these ranges when the leaving endpoint
    // is gone. Whoever is present in newReplicaEndpoints list, but
    // not in the currentReplicaEndpoints list, will be needing the
    // range.
    const auto& rs = erm->get_replication_strategy();
    for (auto& r : ranges) {
        auto end_token = r.end() ? r.end()->value() : dht::maximum_token();
        auto new_replica_endpoints = co_await rs.calculate_natural_endpoints(end_token, temp);

        auto rg = current_replica_endpoints.equal_range(r);
        for (auto it = rg.first; it != rg.second; it++) {
            const dht::token_range& range_ = it->first;
            inet_address_vector_replica_set& current_eps = it->second;
            slogger.debug("range={}, current_replica_endpoints={}, new_replica_endpoints={}", range_, current_eps, new_replica_endpoints);
            for (auto ep : it->second) {
                auto beg = new_replica_endpoints.begin();
                auto end = new_replica_endpoints.end();
                new_replica_endpoints.erase(std::remove(beg, end, ep), end);
            }
        }

        if (slogger.is_enabled(logging::log_level::debug)) {
            if (new_replica_endpoints.empty()) {
                slogger.debug("Range {} already in all replicas", r);
            } else {
                slogger.debug("Range {} will be responsibility of {}", r, new_replica_endpoints);
            }
        }
        for (auto& ep : new_replica_endpoints) {
            changed_ranges.emplace(r, ep);
        }
        // Replication strategy doesn't necessarily yield in calculate_natural_endpoints.
        // E.g. everywhere_replication_strategy
        co_await coroutine::maybe_yield();
    }
    co_await temp.clear_gently();

    co_return changed_ranges;
}

future<> storage_service::unbootstrap() {
    slogger.info("Started batchlog replay for decommission");
    co_await get_batchlog_manager().local().do_batch_log_replay();
    slogger.info("Finished batchlog replay for decommission");

    if (is_repair_based_node_ops_enabled(streaming::stream_reason::decommission)) {
        co_await _repair.local().decommission_with_repair(get_token_metadata_ptr());
    } else {
        std::unordered_map<sstring, std::unordered_multimap<dht::token_range, inet_address>> ranges_to_stream;

        auto ks_erms = _db.local().get_non_local_strategy_keyspaces_erms();
        for (const auto& [keyspace_name, erm] : ks_erms) {
            auto ranges_mm = co_await get_changed_ranges_for_leaving(erm, get_broadcast_address());
            if (slogger.is_enabled(logging::log_level::debug)) {
                std::vector<range<token>> ranges;
                for (auto& x : ranges_mm) {
                    ranges.push_back(x.first);
                }
                slogger.debug("Ranges needing transfer for keyspace={} are [{}]", keyspace_name, ranges);
            }
            ranges_to_stream.emplace(keyspace_name, std::move(ranges_mm));
        }

        set_mode(mode::LEAVING);

        auto stream_success = stream_ranges(ranges_to_stream);

        // wait for the transfer runnables to signal the latch.
        slogger.debug("waiting for stream acks.");
        try {
            co_await std::move(stream_success);
        } catch (...) {
            slogger.warn("unbootstrap fails to stream : {}", std::current_exception());
            throw;
        }
        slogger.debug("stream acks all received.");
    }
    co_await leave_ring();
}

future<> storage_service::removenode_add_ranges(lw_shared_ptr<dht::range_streamer> streamer, gms::inet_address leaving_node) {
    auto my_address = get_broadcast_address();
    auto ks_erms = _db.local().get_non_local_strategy_keyspaces_erms();
    for (const auto& [keyspace_name, erm] : ks_erms) {
        std::unordered_multimap<dht::token_range, inet_address> changed_ranges = co_await get_changed_ranges_for_leaving(erm, leaving_node);
        dht::token_range_vector my_new_ranges;
        for (auto& x : changed_ranges) {
            if (x.second == my_address) {
                my_new_ranges.emplace_back(x.first);
            }
        }
        std::unordered_multimap<inet_address, dht::token_range> source_ranges = co_await get_new_source_ranges(erm, my_new_ranges);
        std::unordered_map<inet_address, dht::token_range_vector> ranges_per_endpoint;
        for (auto& x : source_ranges) {
            ranges_per_endpoint[x.first].emplace_back(x.second);
        }
        streamer->add_rx_ranges(keyspace_name, std::move(ranges_per_endpoint));
    }
}

future<> storage_service::removenode_with_stream(gms::inet_address leaving_node, shared_ptr<abort_source> as_ptr) {
    return seastar::async([this, leaving_node, as_ptr] {
        auto tmptr = get_token_metadata_ptr();
        abort_source as;
        auto sub = _abort_source.subscribe([&as] () noexcept {
            if (!as.abort_requested()) {
                as.request_abort();
            }
        });
        if (!as_ptr) {
            throw std::runtime_error("removenode_with_stream: abort_source is nullptr");
        }
        auto as_ptr_sub = as_ptr->subscribe([&as] () noexcept {
            if (!as.abort_requested()) {
                as.request_abort();
            }
        });
        auto streamer = make_lw_shared<dht::range_streamer>(_db, _stream_manager, tmptr, as, get_broadcast_address(), _sys_ks.local().local_dc_rack(), "Removenode", streaming::stream_reason::removenode);
        removenode_add_ranges(streamer, leaving_node).get();
        try {
            streamer->stream_async().get();
        } catch (...) {
            slogger.warn("removenode_with_stream: stream failed: {}", std::current_exception());
            throw;
        }
    });
}

future<> storage_service::restore_replica_count(inet_address endpoint, inet_address notify_endpoint) {
    if (is_repair_based_node_ops_enabled(streaming::stream_reason::removenode)) {
        auto ops_uuid = utils::make_random_uuid();
        auto ops = seastar::make_shared<node_ops_info>(ops_uuid, nullptr, std::list<gms::inet_address>());
        return _repair.local().removenode_with_repair(get_token_metadata_ptr(), endpoint, ops).finally([this, notify_endpoint] () {
            return send_replication_notification(notify_endpoint);
        });
    }
  return seastar::async([this, endpoint, notify_endpoint] {
    auto tmptr = get_token_metadata_ptr();
    abort_source as;
    auto sub = _abort_source.subscribe([&as] () noexcept {
        if (!as.abort_requested()) {
            as.request_abort();
        }
    });
    auto streamer = make_lw_shared<dht::range_streamer>(_db, _stream_manager, tmptr, as, get_broadcast_address(), _sys_ks.local().local_dc_rack(), "Restore_replica_count", streaming::stream_reason::removenode);
    removenode_add_ranges(streamer, endpoint).get();
    auto status_checker = seastar::async([this, endpoint, &as] {
        slogger.info("restore_replica_count: Started status checker for removing node {}", endpoint);
        while (!as.abort_requested()) {
            auto status = _gossiper.get_gossip_status(endpoint);
            // If the node to be removed is already in removed status, it has
            // probably been removed forcely with `nodetool removenode force`.
            // Abort the restore_replica_count in such case to avoid streaming
            // attempt since the user has removed the node forcely.
            if (status == sstring(versioned_value::REMOVED_TOKEN)) {
                slogger.info("restore_replica_count: Detected node {} has left the cluster, status={}, abort restore_replica_count for removing node {}",
                        endpoint, status, endpoint);
                if (!as.abort_requested()) {
                    as.request_abort();
                }
                return;
            }
            slogger.debug("restore_replica_count: Sleep and detect removing node {}, status={}", endpoint, status);
            sleep_abortable(std::chrono::seconds(10), as).get();
        }
    });
    auto stop_status_checker = defer([endpoint, &status_checker, &as] () mutable {
        try {
            slogger.info("restore_replica_count: Started to stop status checker for removing node {}", endpoint);
            if (!as.abort_requested()) {
                as.request_abort();
            }
            status_checker.get();
        } catch (const seastar::sleep_aborted& ignored) {
            slogger.debug("restore_replica_count: Got sleep_abort to stop status checker for removing node {}: {}", endpoint, ignored);
        } catch (...) {
            slogger.warn("restore_replica_count: Found error in status checker for removing node {}: {}",
                    endpoint, std::current_exception());
        }
        slogger.info("restore_replica_count: Finished to stop status checker for removing node {}", endpoint);
    });

    streamer->stream_async().then_wrapped([this, streamer, notify_endpoint] (auto&& f) {
        try {
            f.get();
            return this->send_replication_notification(notify_endpoint);
        } catch (...) {
            slogger.warn("Streaming to restore replica count failed: {}", std::current_exception());
            // We still want to send the notification
            return this->send_replication_notification(notify_endpoint);
        }
        return make_ready_future<>();
    }).get();
  });
}

future<> storage_service::excise(std::unordered_set<token> tokens, inet_address endpoint) {
    slogger.info("Removing tokens {} for {}", tokens, endpoint);
    // FIXME: HintedHandOffManager.instance.deleteHintsForEndpoint(endpoint);
    co_await remove_endpoint(endpoint);
    auto tmlock = std::make_optional(co_await get_token_metadata_lock());
    auto tmptr = co_await get_mutable_token_metadata_ptr();
    tmptr->remove_endpoint(endpoint);
    tmptr->remove_bootstrap_tokens(tokens);

    co_await update_pending_ranges(tmptr, format("excise {}", endpoint));
    co_await replicate_to_all_cores(std::move(tmptr));
    tmlock.reset();

    co_await notify_left(endpoint);
}

future<> storage_service::excise(std::unordered_set<token> tokens, inet_address endpoint, int64_t expire_time) {
    add_expire_time_if_found(endpoint, expire_time);
    return excise(tokens, endpoint);
}

future<> storage_service::send_replication_notification(inet_address remote) {
    // notify the remote token
    auto done = make_shared<bool>(false);
    auto local = get_broadcast_address();
    auto sent = make_lw_shared<int>(0);
    slogger.debug("Notifying {} of replication completion", remote);
    return do_until(
        [this, done, sent, remote] {
            // The node can send REPLICATION_FINISHED to itself, in which case
            // is_alive will be true. If the messaging_service is stopped,
            // REPLICATION_FINISHED can be sent infinitely here. To fix, limit
            // the number of retries.
            return *done || !_gossiper.is_alive(remote) || *sent >= 3;
        },
        [this, done, sent, remote, local] {
            netw::msg_addr id{remote, 0};
            (*sent)++;
            return _messaging.local().send_replication_finished(id, local).then_wrapped([id, done] (auto&& f) {
                try {
                    f.get();
                    *done = true;
                } catch (...) {
                    slogger.warn("Fail to send REPLICATION_FINISHED to {}: {}", id, std::current_exception());
                }
            });
        }
    );
}

future<> storage_service::leave_ring() {
    co_await _sys_ks.local().set_bootstrap_state(db::system_keyspace::bootstrap_state::NEEDS_BOOTSTRAP);
    co_await mutate_token_metadata([this] (mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr) {
        auto endpoint = get_broadcast_address();
        tmptr->remove_endpoint(endpoint);
        return update_pending_ranges(std::move(tmptr), format("leave_ring {}", endpoint));
    });

    auto expire_time = _gossiper.compute_expire_time().time_since_epoch().count();
    co_await _gossiper.add_local_application_state(gms::application_state::STATUS,
            versioned_value::left(co_await _sys_ks.local().get_local_tokens(), expire_time));
    auto delay = std::max(get_ring_delay(), gms::gossiper::INTERVAL);
    slogger.info("Announcing that I have left the ring for {}ms", delay.count());
    co_await sleep_abortable(delay, _abort_source);
}

future<>
storage_service::stream_ranges(std::unordered_map<sstring, std::unordered_multimap<dht::token_range, inet_address>> ranges_to_stream_by_keyspace) {
    auto streamer = make_lw_shared<dht::range_streamer>(_db, _stream_manager, get_token_metadata_ptr(), _abort_source, get_broadcast_address(), _sys_ks.local().local_dc_rack(), "Unbootstrap", streaming::stream_reason::decommission);
    for (auto& entry : ranges_to_stream_by_keyspace) {
        const auto& keyspace = entry.first;
        auto& ranges_with_endpoints = entry.second;

        if (ranges_with_endpoints.empty()) {
            continue;
        }

        std::unordered_map<inet_address, dht::token_range_vector> ranges_per_endpoint;
        for (auto& end_point_entry : ranges_with_endpoints) {
            dht::token_range r = end_point_entry.first;
            inet_address endpoint = end_point_entry.second;
            ranges_per_endpoint[endpoint].emplace_back(r);
        }
        streamer->add_tx_ranges(keyspace, std::move(ranges_per_endpoint));
    }
    return streamer->stream_async().then([streamer] {
        slogger.info("stream_ranges successful");
    }).handle_exception([] (auto ep) {
        slogger.warn("stream_ranges failed: {}", ep);
        return make_exception_future<>(std::move(ep));
    });
}

future<> storage_service::start_leaving() {
    co_await _gossiper.add_local_application_state(application_state::STATUS, versioned_value::leaving(co_await _sys_ks.local().get_local_tokens()));
    co_await mutate_token_metadata([this] (mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr) {
        auto endpoint = get_broadcast_address();
        tmptr->add_leaving_endpoint(endpoint);
        return update_pending_ranges(std::move(tmptr), format("start_leaving {}", endpoint));
    });
}

void storage_service::add_expire_time_if_found(inet_address endpoint, int64_t expire_time) {
    if (expire_time != 0L) {
        using clk = gms::gossiper::clk;
        auto time = clk::time_point(clk::duration(expire_time));
        _gossiper.add_expire_time_for_endpoint(endpoint, time);
    }
}

future<> storage_service::shutdown_protocol_servers() {
    for (auto& server : _protocol_servers) {
        slogger.info("Shutting down {} server", server->name());
        try {
            co_await server->stop_server();
        } catch (...) {
            slogger.error("Unexpected error shutting down {} server: {}",
                    server->name(), std::current_exception());
            throw;
        }
        slogger.info("Shutting down {} server was successful", server->name());
    }
}

future<std::unordered_multimap<inet_address, dht::token_range>>
storage_service::get_new_source_ranges(locator::effective_replication_map_ptr erm, const dht::token_range_vector& ranges) const {
    auto my_address = get_broadcast_address();
    std::unordered_map<dht::token_range, inet_address_vector_replica_set> range_addresses = co_await erm->get_range_addresses();
    std::unordered_multimap<inet_address, dht::token_range> source_ranges;

    // find alive sources for our new ranges
    auto tmptr = erm->get_token_metadata_ptr();
    for (auto r : ranges) {
        inet_address_vector_replica_set sources;
        auto it = range_addresses.find(r);
        if (it != range_addresses.end()) {
            sources = it->second;
        }

        tmptr->get_topology().sort_by_proximity(my_address, sources);

        if (std::find(sources.begin(), sources.end(), my_address) != sources.end()) {
            auto err = format("get_new_source_ranges: sources={}, my_address={}", sources, my_address);
            slogger.warn("{}", err);
            throw std::runtime_error(err);
        }


        for (auto& source : sources) {
            if (_gossiper.is_alive(source)) {
                source_ranges.emplace(source, r);
                break;
            }
        }

        co_await coroutine::maybe_yield();
    }
    co_return source_ranges;
}

future<> storage_service::move(token new_token) {
    return run_with_api_lock(sstring("move"), [new_token] (storage_service& ss) mutable {
        return make_exception_future<>(std::runtime_error("Move opeartion is not supported only more"));
    });
}

future<std::vector<storage_service::token_range_endpoints>>
storage_service::describe_ring(const sstring& keyspace, bool include_only_local_dc) const {
    std::vector<token_range_endpoints> ranges;
    //Token.TokenFactory tf = getPartitioner().getTokenFactory();

    auto erm = _db.local().find_keyspace(keyspace).get_effective_replication_map();
    std::unordered_map<dht::token_range, inet_address_vector_replica_set> range_to_address_map = co_await (
            include_only_local_dc
                    ? get_range_to_address_map_in_local_dc(erm)
                    : get_range_to_address_map(erm)
    );
    auto tmptr = erm->get_token_metadata_ptr();
    for (auto entry : range_to_address_map) {
        const auto& topology = tmptr->get_topology();
        auto range = entry.first;
        auto addresses = entry.second;
        token_range_endpoints tr;
        if (range.start()) {
            tr._start_token = range.start()->value().to_sstring();
        }
        if (range.end()) {
            tr._end_token = range.end()->value().to_sstring();
        }
        for (auto endpoint : addresses) {
            endpoint_details details;
            details._host = endpoint;
            details._datacenter = topology.get_datacenter(endpoint);
            details._rack = topology.get_rack(endpoint);
            tr._rpc_endpoints.push_back(get_rpc_address(endpoint));
            tr._endpoints.push_back(boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(details._host));
            tr._endpoint_details.push_back(details);
        }
        ranges.push_back(tr);
        co_await coroutine::maybe_yield();
    }
    // Convert to wrapping ranges
    auto left_inf = boost::find_if(ranges, [] (const token_range_endpoints& tr) {
        return tr._start_token.empty();
    });
    auto right_inf = boost::find_if(ranges, [] (const token_range_endpoints& tr) {
        return tr._end_token.empty();
    });
    using set = std::unordered_set<sstring>;
    if (left_inf != right_inf
            && left_inf != ranges.end()
            && right_inf != ranges.end()
            && (boost::copy_range<set>(left_inf->_endpoints)
                 == boost::copy_range<set>(right_inf->_endpoints))) {
        left_inf->_start_token = std::move(right_inf->_start_token);
        ranges.erase(right_inf);
    }
    co_return ranges;
}

future<std::unordered_map<dht::token_range, inet_address_vector_replica_set>>
storage_service::construct_range_to_endpoint_map(
        locator::effective_replication_map_ptr erm,
        const dht::token_range_vector& ranges) const {
    std::unordered_map<dht::token_range, inet_address_vector_replica_set> res;
    res.reserve(ranges.size());
    for (auto r : ranges) {
        res[r] = erm->get_natural_endpoints(
                r.end() ? r.end()->value() : dht::maximum_token());
        co_await coroutine::maybe_yield();
    }
    co_return res;
}


std::map<token, inet_address> storage_service::get_token_to_endpoint_map() {
    return get_token_metadata().get_normal_and_bootstrapping_token_to_endpoint_map();
}

std::chrono::milliseconds storage_service::get_ring_delay() {
    auto ring_delay = _db.local().get_config().ring_delay_ms();
    slogger.trace("Get RING_DELAY: {}ms", ring_delay);
    return std::chrono::milliseconds(ring_delay);
}

future<locator::token_metadata_lock> storage_service::get_token_metadata_lock() noexcept {
    assert(this_shard_id() == 0);
    return _shared_token_metadata.get_lock();
}

// Acquire the token_metadata lock and get a mutable_token_metadata_ptr.
// Pass that ptr to \c func, and when successfully done,
// replicate it to all cores.
//
// By default the merge_lock (that is unified with the token_metadata_lock)
// is acquired for mutating the token_metadata.  Pass acquire_merge_lock::no
// when called from paths that already acquire the merge_lock, like
// db::schema_tables::do_merge_schema.
//
// Note: must be called on shard 0.
future<> storage_service::mutate_token_metadata(std::function<future<> (mutable_token_metadata_ptr)> func, acquire_merge_lock acquire_merge_lock) noexcept {
    assert(this_shard_id() == 0);
    std::optional<token_metadata_lock> tmlock;

    if (acquire_merge_lock) {
        tmlock.emplace(co_await get_token_metadata_lock());
    }
    auto tmptr = co_await get_mutable_token_metadata_ptr();
    co_await func(tmptr);
    co_await replicate_to_all_cores(std::move(tmptr));
}

future<> storage_service::update_pending_ranges(mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr, sstring reason) {
    assert(this_shard_id() == 0);

    try {
        auto ks_erms = _db.local().get_non_local_strategy_keyspaces_erms();
        for (const auto& [keyspace_name, erm] : ks_erms) {
            auto& strategy = erm->get_replication_strategy();
            slogger.debug("Updating pending ranges for keyspace={} starts", keyspace_name);
            locator::dc_rack_fn get_dc_rack_from_gossiper([this] (inet_address ep) { return get_dc_rack_for(ep); });
            co_await tmptr->update_pending_ranges(strategy, keyspace_name, get_dc_rack_from_gossiper);
            slogger.debug("Updating pending ranges for keyspace={} ends", keyspace_name);
        }
    } catch (...) {
        auto ep = std::current_exception();
        slogger.error("Failed to update pending ranges for {}: {}", reason, ep);
        std::rethrow_exception(std::move(ep));
    }
}

future<> storage_service::update_pending_ranges(sstring reason, acquire_merge_lock acquire_merge_lock) {
    return mutate_token_metadata([this, reason = std::move(reason)] (mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr) mutable {
        return update_pending_ranges(std::move(tmptr), std::move(reason));
    }, acquire_merge_lock);
}

future<> storage_service::keyspace_changed(const sstring& ks_name) {
    // Update pending ranges since keyspace can be changed after we calculate pending ranges.
    sstring reason = format("keyspace {}", ks_name);
    return container().invoke_on(0, [reason = std::move(reason)] (auto& ss) mutable {
        return ss.update_pending_ranges(reason, acquire_merge_lock::no).handle_exception([reason = std::move(reason)] (auto ep) {
            slogger.warn("Failure to update pending ranges for {} ignored", reason);
        });
    });
}

future<> storage_service::snitch_reconfigured() {
    assert(this_shard_id() == 0);
    auto& snitch = _snitch.local();
    co_await mutate_token_metadata([&snitch] (mutable_token_metadata_ptr tmptr) -> future<> {
        // re-read local rack and DC info
        auto endpoint = utils::fb_utilities::get_broadcast_address();
        auto dr = locator::endpoint_dc_rack {
            .dc = snitch->get_datacenter(),
            .rack = snitch->get_rack(),
        };
        tmptr->update_topology(endpoint, std::move(dr));
        return make_ready_future<>();
    });

    if (_gossiper.is_enabled()) {
        co_await _gossiper.add_local_application_state(snitch->get_app_states());
    }
}

void storage_service::init_messaging_service() {
    _messaging.local().register_replication_finished([this] (gms::inet_address from) {
        slogger.info("Got confirm_replication from {}", from);
        return make_ready_future<>();
    });

    _messaging.local().register_node_ops_cmd([this] (const rpc::client_info& cinfo, node_ops_cmd_request req) {
        auto coordinator = cinfo.retrieve_auxiliary<gms::inet_address>("baddr");
        return container().invoke_on(0, [coordinator, req = std::move(req)] (auto& ss) mutable {
            return ss.node_ops_cmd_handler(coordinator, std::move(req));
        });
    });
}

future<> storage_service::uninit_messaging_service() {
    return when_all_succeed(
        _messaging.local().unregister_replication_finished(),
        _messaging.local().unregister_node_ops_cmd()
    ).discard_result();
}

void storage_service::do_isolate_on_error(disk_error type)
{
    static std::atomic<bool> isolated = { false };

    if (!isolated.exchange(true)) {
        slogger.error("Shutting down communications due to I/O errors until operator intervention: {} error: {}", type == disk_error::commit ? "Commitlog" : "Disk", std::current_exception());
        // isolated protect us against multiple stops
        //FIXME: discarded future.
        (void)isolate();
    }
}

future<> storage_service::isolate() {
    return run_with_no_api_lock([] (storage_service& ss) {
        return ss.stop_transport();
    });
}

future<sstring> storage_service::get_removal_status() {
    return run_with_no_api_lock([] (storage_service& ss) {
        return make_ready_future<sstring>(sstring("No token removals in process."));
    });
}

future<> storage_service::force_remove_completion() {
    return run_with_no_api_lock([] (storage_service& ss) -> future<> {
        while (!ss._operation_in_progress.empty()) {
            if (ss._operation_in_progress != sstring("removenode")) {
                throw std::runtime_error(format("Operation {} is in progress, try again", ss._operation_in_progress));
            }

            // This flag will make removenode stop waiting for the confirmation,
            // wait it to complete
            slogger.info("Operation removenode is in progress, wait for it to complete");
            co_await sleep_abortable(std::chrono::seconds(1), ss._abort_source);
        }
        ss._operation_in_progress = sstring("removenode_force");

        try {
            const auto& tm = ss.get_token_metadata();
            if (!tm.get_leaving_endpoints().empty()) {
                auto leaving = tm.get_leaving_endpoints();
                slogger.warn("Removal not confirmed, Leaving={}", leaving);
                for (auto endpoint : leaving) {
                    locator::host_id host_id;
                    auto tokens = tm.get_tokens(endpoint);
                    try {
                        host_id = tm.get_host_id(endpoint);
                    } catch (...) {
                        slogger.warn("No host_id is found for endpoint {}", endpoint);
                        continue;
                    }
                    co_await ss._gossiper.advertise_token_removed(endpoint, host_id);
                    std::unordered_set<token> tokens_set(tokens.begin(), tokens.end());
                    co_await ss.excise(tokens_set, endpoint);

                    slogger.info("force_remove_completion: removing endpoint {} from group 0", endpoint);
                    assert(ss._group0);
                    co_await ss._group0->remove_from_group0(endpoint);
                }
            } else {
                slogger.warn("No tokens to force removal on, call 'removenode' first");
            }
            ss._operation_in_progress = {};
        } catch (...) {
            ss._operation_in_progress = {};
            throw;
        }
    });
}

/**
 * Takes an ordered list of adjacent tokens and divides them in the specified number of ranges.
 */
static std::vector<std::pair<dht::token_range, uint64_t>>
calculate_splits(std::vector<dht::token> tokens, uint64_t split_count, replica::column_family& cf) {
    auto sstables = cf.get_sstables();
    const double step = static_cast<double>(tokens.size() - 1) / split_count;
    auto prev_token_idx = 0;
    std::vector<std::pair<dht::token_range, uint64_t>> splits;
    splits.reserve(split_count);
    for (uint64_t i = 1; i <= split_count; ++i) {
        auto index = static_cast<uint32_t>(std::round(i * step));
        dht::token_range range({{ std::move(tokens[prev_token_idx]), false }}, {{ tokens[index], true }});
        // always return an estimate > 0 (see CASSANDRA-7322)
        uint64_t estimated_keys_for_range = 0;
        for (auto&& sst : *sstables) {
            estimated_keys_for_range += sst->estimated_keys_for_range(range);
        }
        splits.emplace_back(std::move(range), std::max(static_cast<uint64_t>(cf.schema()->min_index_interval()), estimated_keys_for_range));
        prev_token_idx = index;
    }
    return splits;
};

std::vector<std::pair<dht::token_range, uint64_t>>
storage_service::get_splits(const sstring& ks_name, const sstring& cf_name, range<dht::token> range, uint32_t keys_per_split) {
    using range_type = dht::token_range;
    auto& cf = _db.local().find_column_family(ks_name, cf_name);
    auto schema = cf.schema();
    auto sstables = cf.get_sstables();
    uint64_t total_row_count_estimate = 0;
    std::vector<dht::token> tokens;
    std::vector<range_type> unwrapped;
    if (range.is_wrap_around(dht::token_comparator())) {
        auto uwr = range.unwrap();
        unwrapped.emplace_back(std::move(uwr.second));
        unwrapped.emplace_back(std::move(uwr.first));
    } else {
        unwrapped.emplace_back(std::move(range));
    }
    tokens.push_back(std::move(unwrapped[0].start().value_or(range_type::bound(dht::minimum_token()))).value());
    for (auto&& r : unwrapped) {
        std::vector<dht::token> range_tokens;
        for (auto &&sst : *sstables) {
            total_row_count_estimate += sst->estimated_keys_for_range(r);
            auto keys = sst->get_key_samples(*cf.schema(), r);
            std::transform(keys.begin(), keys.end(), std::back_inserter(range_tokens), [](auto&& k) { return std::move(k.token()); });
        }
        std::sort(range_tokens.begin(), range_tokens.end());
        std::move(range_tokens.begin(), range_tokens.end(), std::back_inserter(tokens));
    }
    tokens.push_back(std::move(unwrapped[unwrapped.size() - 1].end().value_or(range_type::bound(dht::maximum_token()))).value());

    // split_count should be much smaller than number of key samples, to avoid huge sampling error
    constexpr uint32_t min_samples_per_split = 4;
    uint64_t max_split_count = tokens.size() / min_samples_per_split + 1;
    uint64_t split_count = std::max(uint64_t(1), std::min(max_split_count, total_row_count_estimate / keys_per_split));

    return calculate_splits(std::move(tokens), split_count, cf);
};

dht::token_range_vector
storage_service::get_ranges_for_endpoint(const locator::effective_replication_map_ptr& erm, const gms::inet_address& ep) const {
    return erm->get_ranges(ep);
}

// Caller is responsible to hold token_metadata valid until the returned future is resolved
future<dht::token_range_vector>
storage_service::get_all_ranges(const std::vector<token>& sorted_tokens) const {
    if (sorted_tokens.empty())
        co_return dht::token_range_vector();
    int size = sorted_tokens.size();
    dht::token_range_vector ranges;
    ranges.reserve(size);
    ranges.push_back(dht::token_range::make_ending_with(range_bound<token>(sorted_tokens[0], true)));
    co_await coroutine::maybe_yield();
    for (int i = 1; i < size; ++i) {
        dht::token_range r(range<token>::bound(sorted_tokens[i - 1], false), range<token>::bound(sorted_tokens[i], true));
        ranges.push_back(r);
        co_await coroutine::maybe_yield();
    }
    ranges.push_back(dht::token_range::make_starting_with(range_bound<token>(sorted_tokens[size-1], false)));

    co_return ranges;
}

inet_address_vector_replica_set
storage_service::get_natural_endpoints(const sstring& keyspace,
        const sstring& cf, const sstring& key) const {
    auto schema = _db.local().find_schema(keyspace, cf);
    partition_key pk = partition_key::from_nodetool_style_string(schema, key);
    dht::token token = schema->get_partitioner().get_token(*schema, pk.view());
    return get_natural_endpoints(keyspace, token);
}

inet_address_vector_replica_set
storage_service::get_natural_endpoints(const sstring& keyspace, const token& pos) const {
    return _db.local().find_keyspace(keyspace).get_effective_replication_map()->get_natural_endpoints(pos);
}

future<> endpoint_lifecycle_notifier::notify_down(gms::inet_address endpoint) {
    return seastar::async([this, endpoint] {
        _subscribers.thread_for_each([endpoint] (endpoint_lifecycle_subscriber* subscriber) {
            try {
                subscriber->on_down(endpoint);
            } catch (...) {
                slogger.warn("Down notification failed {}: {}", endpoint, std::current_exception());
            }
        });
    });
}

future<> storage_service::notify_down(inet_address endpoint) {
    co_await container().invoke_on_all([endpoint] (auto&& ss) {
        ss._messaging.local().remove_rpc_client(netw::msg_addr{endpoint, 0});
        return ss._lifecycle_notifier.notify_down(endpoint);
    });
    slogger.debug("Notify node {} has been down", endpoint);
}

future<> endpoint_lifecycle_notifier::notify_left(gms::inet_address endpoint) {
    return seastar::async([this, endpoint] {
        _subscribers.thread_for_each([endpoint] (endpoint_lifecycle_subscriber* subscriber) {
            try {
                subscriber->on_leave_cluster(endpoint);
            } catch (...) {
                slogger.warn("Leave cluster notification failed {}: {}", endpoint, std::current_exception());
            }
        });
    });
}

future<> storage_service::notify_left(inet_address endpoint) {
    co_await container().invoke_on_all([endpoint] (auto&& ss) {
        return ss._lifecycle_notifier.notify_left(endpoint);
    });
    slogger.debug("Notify node {} has left the cluster", endpoint);
}

future<> endpoint_lifecycle_notifier::notify_up(gms::inet_address endpoint) {
    return seastar::async([this, endpoint] {
        _subscribers.thread_for_each([endpoint] (endpoint_lifecycle_subscriber* subscriber) {
            try {
                subscriber->on_up(endpoint);
            } catch (...) {
                slogger.warn("Up notification failed {}: {}", endpoint, std::current_exception());
            }
        });
    });
}

future<> storage_service::notify_up(inet_address endpoint) {
    if (!_gossiper.is_cql_ready(endpoint) || !_gossiper.is_alive(endpoint)) {
        co_return;
    }
    co_await container().invoke_on_all([endpoint] (auto&& ss) {
        return ss._lifecycle_notifier.notify_up(endpoint);
    });
    slogger.debug("Notify node {} has been up", endpoint);
}

future<> endpoint_lifecycle_notifier::notify_joined(gms::inet_address endpoint) {
    return seastar::async([this, endpoint] {
        _subscribers.thread_for_each([endpoint] (endpoint_lifecycle_subscriber* subscriber) {
            try {
                subscriber->on_join_cluster(endpoint);
            } catch (...) {
                slogger.warn("Join cluster notification failed {}: {}", endpoint, std::current_exception());
            }
        });
    });
}

future<> storage_service::notify_joined(inet_address endpoint) {
    if (!_gossiper.is_normal(endpoint)) {
        co_return;
    }

    co_await utils::get_local_injector().inject(
        "storage_service_notify_joined_sleep", std::chrono::milliseconds{500});

    co_await container().invoke_on_all([endpoint] (auto&& ss) {
        ss._messaging.local().remove_rpc_client_with_ignored_topology(netw::msg_addr{endpoint, 0});
        return ss._lifecycle_notifier.notify_joined(endpoint);
    });
    slogger.debug("Notify node {} has joined the cluster", endpoint);
}

future<> storage_service::notify_cql_change(inet_address endpoint, bool ready) {
    if (ready) {
        co_await notify_up(endpoint);
    } else {
        co_await notify_down(endpoint);
    }
}

future<bool> storage_service::is_cleanup_allowed(sstring keyspace) {
    return container().invoke_on(0, [keyspace = std::move(keyspace)] (storage_service& ss) {
        auto my_address = ss.get_broadcast_address();
        auto pending_ranges = ss.get_token_metadata().has_pending_ranges(keyspace, my_address);
        bool is_bootstrap_mode = ss._operation_mode == mode::BOOTSTRAP;
        slogger.debug("is_cleanup_allowed: keyspace={}, is_bootstrap_mode={}, pending_ranges={}",
                keyspace, is_bootstrap_mode, pending_ranges);
        return !is_bootstrap_mode && !pending_ranges;
    });
}

bool storage_service::is_repair_based_node_ops_enabled(streaming::stream_reason reason) {
    static const std::unordered_map<sstring, streaming::stream_reason> reason_map{
        {"replace", streaming::stream_reason::replace},
        {"bootstrap", streaming::stream_reason::bootstrap},
        {"decommission", streaming::stream_reason::decommission},
        {"removenode", streaming::stream_reason::removenode},
        {"rebuild", streaming::stream_reason::rebuild},
    };
    std::vector<sstring> enabled_list;
    std::unordered_set<streaming::stream_reason> enabled_set;
    auto enabled_list_str = _db.local().get_config().allowed_repair_based_node_ops();
    boost::trim_all(enabled_list_str);
    std::replace(enabled_list_str.begin(), enabled_list_str.end(), '\"', ' ');
    std::replace(enabled_list_str.begin(), enabled_list_str.end(), '\'', ' ');
    boost::split(enabled_list, enabled_list_str, boost::is_any_of(","));
    for (sstring op : enabled_list) {
        try {
            if (!op.empty()) {
                auto it = reason_map.find(op);
                if (it != reason_map.end()) {
                    enabled_set.insert(it->second);
                } else {
                    throw std::invalid_argument(format("unsupported operation name: {}", op));
                }
            }
        } catch (...) {
            throw std::invalid_argument(format("Failed to parse allowed_repair_based_node_ops parameter [{}]: {}",
                    enabled_list_str, std::current_exception()));
        }
    }
    bool global_enabled = _db.local().get_config().enable_repair_based_node_ops();
    slogger.info("enable_repair_based_node_ops={}, allowed_repair_based_node_ops={}", global_enabled, enabled_set);
    return global_enabled && enabled_set.contains(reason);
}

node_ops_meta_data::node_ops_meta_data(
        utils::UUID ops_uuid,
        gms::inet_address coordinator,
        std::list<gms::inet_address> ignore_nodes,
        std::function<future<> ()> abort_func,
        std::function<void ()> signal_func)
    : _ops_uuid(std::move(ops_uuid))
    , _coordinator(std::move(coordinator))
    , _abort(std::move(abort_func))
    , _abort_source(seastar::make_shared<abort_source>())
    , _signal(std::move(signal_func))
    , _ops(seastar::make_shared<node_ops_info>(_ops_uuid, _abort_source, std::move(ignore_nodes)))
    , _watchdog([sig = _signal] { sig(); }) {
    _watchdog.arm(_watchdog_interval);
}

future<> node_ops_meta_data::start() {
    return _ops ? _ops->start() : make_ready_future<>();
}

future<> node_ops_meta_data::stop() noexcept {
    return _ops ? _ops->stop() : make_ready_future<>();
}

future<> node_ops_meta_data::abort() {
    slogger.debug("node_ops_meta_data: ops_uuid={} abort", _ops_uuid);
    _watchdog.cancel();
    return _abort();
}

void node_ops_meta_data::update_watchdog() {
    slogger.debug("node_ops_meta_data: ops_uuid={} update_watchdog", _ops_uuid);
    if (_abort_source->abort_requested()) {
        return;
    }
    _watchdog.cancel();
    _watchdog.arm(_watchdog_interval);
}

void node_ops_meta_data::cancel_watchdog() {
    slogger.debug("node_ops_meta_data: ops_uuid={} cancel_watchdog", _ops_uuid);
    _watchdog.cancel();
}

shared_ptr<node_ops_info> node_ops_meta_data::get_ops_info() {
    return _ops;
}

shared_ptr<abort_source> node_ops_meta_data::get_abort_source() {
    return _abort_source;
}

future<> storage_service::node_ops_update_heartbeat(utils::UUID ops_uuid) {
    slogger.debug("node_ops_update_heartbeat: ops_uuid={}", ops_uuid);
    auto permit = co_await seastar::get_units(_node_ops_abort_sem, 1);
    auto it = _node_ops.find(ops_uuid);
    if (it != _node_ops.end()) {
        node_ops_meta_data& meta = it->second;
        meta.update_watchdog();
    }
}

future<> storage_service::node_ops_done(utils::UUID ops_uuid) {
    slogger.debug("node_ops_done: ops_uuid={}", ops_uuid);
    auto permit = co_await seastar::get_units(_node_ops_abort_sem, 1);
    auto it = _node_ops.find(ops_uuid);
    if (it != _node_ops.end()) {
        node_ops_meta_data& meta = it->second;
        meta.cancel_watchdog();
        co_await meta.stop();
        _node_ops.erase(it);
    }
}

future<> storage_service::node_ops_abort(utils::UUID ops_uuid) {
    slogger.debug("node_ops_abort: ops_uuid={}", ops_uuid);
    auto permit = co_await seastar::get_units(_node_ops_abort_sem, 1);

    if (!ops_uuid) {
        for (auto& [uuid, meta] : _node_ops) {
            co_await meta.abort();
            auto as = meta.get_abort_source();
            if (as && !as->abort_requested()) {
                as->request_abort();
            }
        }

        for (auto it = _node_ops.begin(); it != _node_ops.end(); it = _node_ops.erase(it)) {
            node_ops_meta_data& meta = it->second;
            co_await meta.stop();
        }

        co_return;
    }

    auto it = _node_ops.find(ops_uuid);
    if (it != _node_ops.end()) {
        node_ops_meta_data& meta = it->second;
        co_await meta.abort();
        auto as = meta.get_abort_source();
        if (as && !as->abort_requested()) {
            as->request_abort();
        }
        co_await meta.stop();
        _node_ops.erase(it);
    }
}

void storage_service::node_ops_singal_abort(std::optional<utils::UUID> ops_uuid) {
    slogger.debug("node_ops_singal_abort: ops_uuid={}", ops_uuid);
    _node_ops_abort_queue.push_back(ops_uuid);
    _node_ops_abort_cond.signal();
}

future<> storage_service::node_ops_abort_thread() {
    slogger.info("Started node_ops_abort_thread");
    for (;;) {
        co_await _node_ops_abort_cond.wait([this] { return !_node_ops_abort_queue.empty(); });
        slogger.debug("Awoke node_ops_abort_thread: node_ops_abort_queue={}", _node_ops_abort_queue);
        while (!_node_ops_abort_queue.empty()) {
            auto uuid_opt = _node_ops_abort_queue.front();
            _node_ops_abort_queue.pop_front();
            try {
                co_await node_ops_abort(uuid_opt.value_or(utils::null_uuid()));
            } catch (...) {
                slogger.warn("Failed to abort node operation ops_uuid={}: {}", *uuid_opt, std::current_exception());
            }
            if (!uuid_opt) {
                slogger.info("Stopped node_ops_abort_thread");
                co_return;
            }
        }
    }
    __builtin_unreachable();
}

} // namespace service