database.cc

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2014-present ScyllaDB
 */

/*
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 */

#include "log.hh"
#include "replica/database_fwd.hh"
#include "utils/lister.hh"
#include "replica/database.hh"
#include <seastar/core/future-util.hh>
#include "db/system_keyspace.hh"
#include "db/system_distributed_keyspace.hh"
#include "db/commitlog/commitlog.hh"
#include "db/config.hh"
#include "db/extensions.hh"
#include "utils/to_string.hh"
#include "cql3/functions/functions.hh"
#include "cql3/functions/user_function.hh"
#include "cql3/functions/user_aggregate.hh"
#include <seastar/core/seastar.hh>
#include <seastar/core/coroutine.hh>
#include <seastar/coroutine/parallel_for_each.hh>
#include <seastar/coroutine/as_future.hh>
#include <seastar/core/reactor.hh>
#include <seastar/core/metrics.hh>
#include <boost/algorithm/string/erase.hpp>
#include "sstables/sstables.hh"
#include "sstables/sstables_manager.hh"
#include "compaction/compaction.hh"
#include <boost/range/adaptor/map.hpp>
#include <boost/algorithm/cxx11/any_of.hpp>
#include <boost/range/algorithm/find_if.hpp>
#include <boost/range/algorithm/sort.hpp>
#include <boost/range/algorithm/min_element.hpp>
#include <boost/container/static_vector.hpp>
#include "mutation/frozen_mutation.hh"
#include <seastar/core/do_with.hh>
#include "service/migration_listener.hh"
#include "cell_locking.hh"
#include "view_info.hh"
#include "db/schema_tables.hh"
#include "compaction/compaction_manager.hh"
#include "gms/feature_service.hh"
#include "timeout_config.hh"
#include "service/storage_proxy.hh"
#include "db/operation_type.hh"
#include "db/view/view_update_generator.hh"
#include "multishard_mutation_query.hh"

#include "utils/human_readable.hh"
#include "utils/fb_utilities.hh"
#include "utils/stall_free.hh"
#include "utils/fmt-compat.hh"

#include "db/timeout_clock.hh"
#include "db/large_data_handler.hh"
#include "db/data_listeners.hh"

#include "data_dictionary/user_types_metadata.hh"
#include <seastar/core/shared_ptr_incomplete.hh>
#include <seastar/coroutine/as_future.hh>
#include <seastar/util/memory_diagnostics.hh>
#include <seastar/util/file.hh>

#include "locator/abstract_replication_strategy.hh"
#include "timeout_config.hh"
#include "tombstone_gc.hh"

#include "replica/data_dictionary_impl.hh"
#include "replica/global_table_ptr.hh"
#include "replica/exceptions.hh"
#include "readers/multi_range.hh"
#include "readers/multishard.hh"

using namespace std::chrono_literals;
using namespace db;

logging::logger dblog("database");

namespace replica {

// Used for tests where the CF exists without a database object. We need to pass a valid
// dirty_memory manager in that case.
thread_local dirty_memory_manager default_dirty_memory_manager;

inline
flush_controller
make_flush_controller(const db::config& cfg, backlog_controller::scheduling_group& sg, std::function<double()> fn) {
    return flush_controller(sg, cfg.memtable_flush_static_shares(), 50ms, cfg.unspooled_dirty_soft_limit(), std::move(fn));
}

keyspace::keyspace(lw_shared_ptr<keyspace_metadata> metadata, config cfg, locator::effective_replication_map_factory& erm_factory)
    : _metadata(std::move(metadata))
    , _config(std::move(cfg))
    , _erm_factory(erm_factory)
{}

future<> keyspace::shutdown() noexcept {
    update_effective_replication_map({});
    return make_ready_future<>();
}

lw_shared_ptr<keyspace_metadata> keyspace::metadata() const {
    return _metadata;
}

void keyspace::add_or_update_column_family(const schema_ptr& s) {
    _metadata->add_or_update_column_family(s);
}

void keyspace::add_user_type(const user_type ut) {
    _metadata->add_user_type(ut);
}

void keyspace::remove_user_type(const user_type ut) {
    _metadata->remove_user_type(ut);
}

bool string_pair_eq::operator()(spair lhs, spair rhs) const {
    return lhs == rhs;
}

table_schema_version database::empty_version = table_schema_version(utils::UUID_gen::get_name_UUID(bytes{}));

namespace {

class memory_diagnostics_line_writer {
    std::array<char, 4096> _line_buf;
    memory::memory_diagnostics_writer _wr;

public:
    memory_diagnostics_line_writer(memory::memory_diagnostics_writer wr) : _wr(std::move(wr)) { }
    void operator() (const char* fmt) {
        _wr(fmt);
    }
    void operator() (const char* fmt, const auto& param1, const auto&... params) {
        const auto begin = _line_buf.begin();
        auto it = fmt::format_to(begin, fmt::runtime(fmt), param1, params...);
        _wr(std::string_view(begin, it - begin));
    }
};

const boost::container::static_vector<std::pair<size_t, boost::container::static_vector<table*, 16>>, 10>
phased_barrier_top_10_counts(const database::tables_metadata& tables_metadata, std::function<size_t(table&)> op_count_getter) {
    using table_list = boost::container::static_vector<table*, 16>;
    using count_and_tables = std::pair<size_t, table_list>;
    const auto less = [] (const count_and_tables& a, const count_and_tables& b) {
        return a.first < b.first;
    };

    boost::container::static_vector<count_and_tables, 10> res;
    count_and_tables* min_element = nullptr;

    tables_metadata.for_each_table([&] (table_id tid, lw_shared_ptr<table> table) {
        const auto count = op_count_getter(*table);
        if (!count) {
            return;
        }
        if (res.size() < res.capacity()) {
            auto& elem = res.emplace_back(count, table_list({table.get()}));
            if (!min_element || min_element->first > count) {
                min_element = &elem;
            }
            return;
        }
        if (min_element->first > count) {
            return;
        }

        auto it = boost::find_if(res, [count] (const count_and_tables& x) {
            return x.first == count;
        });
        if (it != res.end()) {
            it->second.push_back(table.get());
            return;
        }

        // If we are here, min_element->first < count
        *min_element = {count, table_list({table.get()})};
        min_element = &*boost::min_element(res, less);
    });

    boost::sort(res, less);

    return res;
}

} // anonymous namespace

void database::setup_scylla_memory_diagnostics_producer() {
    memory::set_additional_diagnostics_producer([this] (memory::memory_diagnostics_writer wr) {
        auto writeln = memory_diagnostics_line_writer(std::move(wr));

        const auto lsa_occupancy_stats = logalloc::shard_tracker().global_occupancy();
        writeln("LSA\n");
        writeln("  allocated: {}\n", utils::to_hr_size(lsa_occupancy_stats.total_space()));
        writeln("  used:      {}\n", utils::to_hr_size(lsa_occupancy_stats.used_space()));
        writeln("  free:      {}\n\n", utils::to_hr_size(lsa_occupancy_stats.free_space()));

        const auto row_cache_occupancy_stats = _row_cache_tracker.region().occupancy();
        writeln("Cache:\n");
        writeln("  total: {}\n", utils::to_hr_size(row_cache_occupancy_stats.total_space()));
        writeln("  used:  {}\n", utils::to_hr_size(row_cache_occupancy_stats.used_space()));
        writeln("  free:  {}\n\n", utils::to_hr_size(row_cache_occupancy_stats.free_space()));

        writeln("Memtables:\n");
        writeln(" total: {}\n", utils::to_hr_size(lsa_occupancy_stats.total_space() - row_cache_occupancy_stats.total_space()));

        writeln(" Regular:\n");
        writeln("  real dirty: {}\n", utils::to_hr_size(_dirty_memory_manager.real_dirty_memory()));
        writeln("  virt dirty: {}\n", utils::to_hr_size(_dirty_memory_manager.unspooled_dirty_memory()));
        writeln(" System:\n");
        writeln("  real dirty: {}\n", utils::to_hr_size(_system_dirty_memory_manager.real_dirty_memory()));
        writeln("  virt dirty: {}\n\n", utils::to_hr_size(_system_dirty_memory_manager.unspooled_dirty_memory()));

        writeln("Replica:\n");

        writeln("  Read Concurrency Semaphores:\n");
        const std::pair<const char*, reader_concurrency_semaphore&> semaphores[] = {
                {"user", _read_concurrency_sem},
                {"streaming", _streaming_concurrency_sem},
                {"system", _system_read_concurrency_sem},
                {"compaction", _compaction_concurrency_sem},
        };
        for (const auto& [name, sem] : semaphores) {
            const auto initial_res = sem.initial_resources();
            const auto available_res = sem.available_resources();
            if (sem.is_unlimited()) {
                writeln("    {}: {}/∞, {}/∞\n",
                        name,
                        initial_res.count - available_res.count,
                        utils::to_hr_size(initial_res.memory - available_res.memory),
                        sem.get_stats().waiters);
            } else {
                writeln("    {}: {}/{}, {}/{}, queued: {}\n",
                        name,
                        initial_res.count - available_res.count,
                        initial_res.count,
                        utils::to_hr_size(initial_res.memory - available_res.memory),
                        utils::to_hr_size(initial_res.memory),
                        sem.get_stats().waiters);
            }
        }

        writeln("  Execution Stages:\n");
        const std::pair<const char*, inheriting_execution_stage::stats> execution_stage_summaries[] = {
                {"apply stage", _apply_stage.get_stats()},
        };
        for (const auto& [name, exec_stage_summary] : execution_stage_summaries) {
            writeln("    {}:\n", name);
            size_t total = 0;
            for (const auto& [sg, stats ] : exec_stage_summary) {
                const auto count = stats.function_calls_enqueued - stats.function_calls_executed;
                if (!count) {
                    continue;
                }
                writeln("      {}\t{}\n", sg.name(), count);
                total += count;
            }
            writeln("         Total: {}\n", total);
        }

        writeln("  Tables - Ongoing Operations:\n");
        const std::pair<const char*, std::function<size_t(table&)>> phased_barriers[] = {
                {"Pending writes", std::mem_fn(&table::writes_in_progress)},
                {"Pending reads", std::mem_fn(&table::reads_in_progress)},
                {"Pending streams", std::mem_fn(&table::streams_in_progress)},
        };
        for (const auto& [name, op_count_getter] : phased_barriers) {
            writeln("    {} (top 10):\n", name);
            auto total = 0;
            for (const auto& [count, table_list] : phased_barrier_top_10_counts(_tables_metadata, op_count_getter)) {
                total += count;
                writeln("      {}", count);
                if (table_list.empty()) {
                    writeln("\n");
                    continue;
                }
                auto it = table_list.begin();
                for (; it != table_list.end() - 1; ++it) {
                    writeln(" {}.{},", (*it)->schema()->ks_name(), (*it)->schema()->cf_name());
                }
                writeln(" {}.{}\n", (*it)->schema()->ks_name(), (*it)->schema()->cf_name());
            }
            writeln("      {} Total (all)\n", total);
        }
        writeln("\n");
    });
}

class db_user_types_storage : public data_dictionary::dummy_user_types_storage {
    const replica::database* _db = nullptr;
public:
    db_user_types_storage(const database& db) noexcept : _db(&db) {}

    virtual const user_types_metadata& get(const sstring& ks) const override {
        if (_db == nullptr) {
            return dummy_user_types_storage::get(ks);
        }

        return _db->find_keyspace(ks).metadata()->user_types();
    }

    void deactivate() noexcept {
        _db = nullptr;
    }
};

database::database(const db::config& cfg, database_config dbcfg, service::migration_notifier& mn, gms::feature_service& feat, const locator::shared_token_metadata& stm,
        compaction_manager& cm, sstables::storage_manager& sstm, wasm::manager& wasm, sharded<sstables::directory_semaphore>& sst_dir_sem, utils::cross_shard_barrier barrier)
    : _stats(make_lw_shared<db_stats>())
    , _user_types(std::make_shared<db_user_types_storage>(*this))
    , _cl_stats(std::make_unique<cell_locker_stats>())
    , _cfg(cfg)
    // Allow system tables a pool of 10 MB memory to write, but never block on other regions.
    , _system_dirty_memory_manager(*this, 10 << 20, cfg.unspooled_dirty_soft_limit(), default_scheduling_group())
    , _dirty_memory_manager(*this, dbcfg.available_memory * 0.50, cfg.unspooled_dirty_soft_limit(), dbcfg.statement_scheduling_group)
    , _dbcfg(dbcfg)
    , _flush_sg(dbcfg.memtable_scheduling_group)
    , _memtable_controller(make_flush_controller(_cfg, _flush_sg, [this, limit = float(_dirty_memory_manager.throttle_threshold())] {
        auto backlog = (_dirty_memory_manager.unspooled_dirty_memory()) / limit;
        if (_dirty_memory_manager.has_extraneous_flushes_requested()) {
            backlog = std::max(backlog, _memtable_controller.backlog_of_shares(200));
        }
        return backlog;
    }))
    , _read_concurrency_sem(max_count_concurrent_reads,
        max_memory_concurrent_reads(),
        "_read_concurrency_sem",
        max_inactive_queue_length(),
        _cfg.reader_concurrency_semaphore_serialize_limit_multiplier,
        _cfg.reader_concurrency_semaphore_kill_limit_multiplier)
    // No timeouts or queue length limits - a failure here can kill an entire repair.
    // Trust the caller to limit concurrency.
    , _streaming_concurrency_sem(
            max_count_streaming_concurrent_reads,
            max_memory_streaming_concurrent_reads(),
            "_streaming_concurrency_sem",
            std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(),
            utils::updateable_value(std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()),
            utils::updateable_value(std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()))
    // No limits, just for accounting.
    , _compaction_concurrency_sem(reader_concurrency_semaphore::no_limits{}, "compaction")
    , _system_read_concurrency_sem(
            // Using higher initial concurrency, see revert_initial_system_read_concurrency_boost().
            max_count_concurrent_reads,
            max_memory_system_concurrent_reads(),
            "_system_read_concurrency_sem",
            std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(),
            utils::updateable_value(std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()),
            utils::updateable_value(std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()))
    , _row_cache_tracker(_cfg.index_cache_fraction.operator utils::updateable_value<double>(), cache_tracker::register_metrics::yes)
    , _apply_stage("db_apply", &database::do_apply)
    , _version(empty_version)
    , _compaction_manager(cm)
    , _enable_incremental_backups(cfg.incremental_backups())
    , _querier_cache([this] (const reader_concurrency_semaphore& s) {
        return this->is_user_semaphore(s);
    })
    , _large_data_handler(std::make_unique<db::cql_table_large_data_handler>(feat,
              _cfg.compaction_large_partition_warning_threshold_mb,
              _cfg.compaction_large_row_warning_threshold_mb,
              _cfg.compaction_large_cell_warning_threshold_mb,
              _cfg.compaction_rows_count_warning_threshold,
              _cfg.compaction_collection_elements_count_warning_threshold))
    , _nop_large_data_handler(std::make_unique<db::nop_large_data_handler>())
    , _user_sstables_manager(std::make_unique<sstables::sstables_manager>(*_large_data_handler, _cfg, feat, _row_cache_tracker, dbcfg.available_memory, sst_dir_sem.local(), &sstm))
    , _system_sstables_manager(std::make_unique<sstables::sstables_manager>(*_nop_large_data_handler, _cfg, feat, _row_cache_tracker, dbcfg.available_memory, sst_dir_sem.local()))
    , _result_memory_limiter(dbcfg.available_memory / 10)
    , _data_listeners(std::make_unique<db::data_listeners>())
    , _mnotifier(mn)
    , _feat(feat)
    , _shared_token_metadata(stm)
    , _wasm(wasm)
    , _sst_dir_semaphore(sst_dir_sem)
    , _stop_barrier(std::move(barrier))
    , _update_memtable_flush_static_shares_action([this, &cfg] { return _memtable_controller.update_static_shares(cfg.memtable_flush_static_shares()); })
    , _memtable_flush_static_shares_observer(cfg.memtable_flush_static_shares.observe(_update_memtable_flush_static_shares_action.make_observer()))
{
    assert(dbcfg.available_memory != 0); // Detect misconfigured unit tests, see #7544

    local_schema_registry().init(*this); // TODO: we're never unbound.
    setup_metrics();

    _row_cache_tracker.set_compaction_scheduling_group(dbcfg.memory_compaction_scheduling_group);

    setup_scylla_memory_diagnostics_producer();
    if (_dbcfg.sstables_format) {
        set_format(*_dbcfg.sstables_format);
    }
}

const db::extensions& database::extensions() const {
    return get_config().extensions();
}

std::shared_ptr<data_dictionary::user_types_storage> database::as_user_types_storage() const noexcept {
    return _user_types;
}

const data_dictionary::user_types_storage& database::user_types() const noexcept {
    return *_user_types;
}

locator::vnode_effective_replication_map_ptr keyspace::get_effective_replication_map() const {
    // FIXME: Examine all users.
    if (get_replication_strategy().is_per_table()) {
        on_internal_error(dblog, format("Tried to obtain per-keyspace effective replication map of {} but it's per-table", _metadata->name()));
    }
    return _effective_replication_map;
}

} // namespace replica

void backlog_controller::adjust() {
    if (controller_disabled()) {
        update_controller(_static_shares);
        return;
    }

    auto backlog = _current_backlog();

    if (backlog >= _control_points.back().input) {
        update_controller(_control_points.back().output);
        return;
    }

    // interpolate to find out which region we are. This run infrequently and there are a fixed
    // number of points so a simple loop will do.
    size_t idx = 1;
    while ((idx < _control_points.size() - 1) && (_control_points[idx].input < backlog)) {
        idx++;
    }

    control_point& cp = _control_points[idx];
    control_point& last = _control_points[idx - 1];
    float result = last.output + (backlog - last.input) * (cp.output - last.output)/(cp.input - last.input);
    update_controller(result);
}

float backlog_controller::backlog_of_shares(float shares) const {
    size_t idx = 1;
    if (controller_disabled() || _control_points.size() == 0) {
            return 1.0f;
    }
    while ((idx < _control_points.size() - 1) && (_control_points[idx].output < shares)) {
        idx++;
    }
    const control_point& cp = _control_points[idx];
    const control_point& last = _control_points[idx - 1];
    // Compute the inverse function of the backlog in the interpolation interval that we fall
    // into.
    //
    // The formula for the backlog inside an interpolation point is y = a + bx, so the inverse
    // function is x = (y - a) / b

    return last.input + (shares - last.output) * (cp.input - last.input) / (cp.output - last.output);
}

void backlog_controller::update_controller(float shares) {
    _scheduling_group.set_shares(shares);
}


namespace replica {

static const metrics::label class_label("class");

void
database::setup_metrics() {
    _dirty_memory_manager.setup_collectd("regular");
    _system_dirty_memory_manager.setup_collectd("system");

    namespace sm = seastar::metrics;

    auto user_label_instance = class_label("user");
    auto streaming_label_instance = class_label("streaming");
    auto system_label_instance = class_label("system");

    _metrics.add_group("memory", {
        sm::make_gauge("dirty_bytes", [this] { return _dirty_memory_manager.real_dirty_memory() + _system_dirty_memory_manager.real_dirty_memory(); },
                       sm::description("Holds the current size of all (\"regular\", \"system\" and \"streaming\") non-free memory in bytes: used memory + released memory that hasn't been returned to a free memory pool yet. "
                                       "Total memory size minus this value represents the amount of available memory. "
                                       "If this value minus unspooled_dirty_bytes is too high then this means that the dirty memory eviction lags behind.")),

        sm::make_gauge("unspooled_dirty_bytes", [this] { return _dirty_memory_manager.unspooled_dirty_memory() + _system_dirty_memory_manager.unspooled_dirty_memory(); },
                       sm::description("Holds the size of all (\"regular\", \"system\" and \"streaming\") used memory in bytes. Compare it to \"dirty_bytes\" to see how many memory is wasted (neither used nor available).")),
    });

    _metrics.add_group("memtables", {
        sm::make_gauge("pending_flushes", _cf_stats.pending_memtables_flushes_count,
                       sm::description("Holds the current number of memtables that are currently being flushed to sstables. "
                                       "High value in this metric may be an indication of storage being a bottleneck.")),

        sm::make_gauge("pending_flushes_bytes", _cf_stats.pending_memtables_flushes_bytes,
                       sm::description("Holds the current number of bytes in memtables that are currently being flushed to sstables. "
                                       "High value in this metric may be an indication of storage being a bottleneck.")),
        sm::make_gauge("failed_flushes", _cf_stats.failed_memtables_flushes_count,
                       sm::description("Holds the number of failed memtable flushes. "
                                       "High value in this metric may indicate a permanent failure to flush a memtable.")),
    });

    _metrics.add_group("database", {
        sm::make_gauge("requests_blocked_memory_current", [this] { return _dirty_memory_manager.region_group().blocked_requests(); },
                       sm::description(
                           seastar::format("Holds the current number of requests blocked due to reaching the memory quota ({}B). "
                                           "Non-zero value indicates that our bottleneck is memory and more specifically - the memory quota allocated for the \"database\" component.", _dirty_memory_manager.throttle_threshold()))),

        sm::make_counter("requests_blocked_memory", [this] { return _dirty_memory_manager.region_group().blocked_requests_counter(); },
                       sm::description(seastar::format("Holds the current number of requests blocked due to reaching the memory quota ({}B). "
                                       "Non-zero value indicates that our bottleneck is memory and more specifically - the memory quota allocated for the \"database\" component.", _dirty_memory_manager.throttle_threshold()))),

        sm::make_counter("clustering_filter_count", _cf_stats.clustering_filter_count,
                       sm::description("Counts bloom filter invocations.")),

        sm::make_counter("clustering_filter_sstables_checked", _cf_stats.sstables_checked_by_clustering_filter,
                       sm::description("Counts sstables checked after applying the bloom filter. "
                                       "High value indicates that bloom filter is not very efficient.")),

        sm::make_counter("clustering_filter_fast_path_count", _cf_stats.clustering_filter_fast_path_count,
                       sm::description("Counts number of times bloom filtering short cut to include all sstables when only one full range was specified.")),

        sm::make_counter("clustering_filter_surviving_sstables", _cf_stats.surviving_sstables_after_clustering_filter,
                       sm::description("Counts sstables that survived the clustering key filtering. "
                                       "High value indicates that bloom filter is not very efficient and still have to access a lot of sstables to get data.")),

        sm::make_counter("dropped_view_updates", _cf_stats.dropped_view_updates,
                       sm::description("Counts the number of view updates that have been dropped due to cluster overload. ")),

       sm::make_counter("view_building_paused", _cf_stats.view_building_paused,
                      sm::description("Counts the number of times view building process was paused (e.g. due to node unavailability). ")),

        sm::make_counter("total_writes", _stats->total_writes,
                       sm::description("Counts the total number of successful write operations performed by this shard.")),

        sm::make_counter("total_writes_failed", _stats->total_writes_failed,
                       sm::description("Counts the total number of failed write operations. "
                                       "A sum of this value plus total_writes represents a total amount of writes attempted on this shard.")),

        sm::make_counter("total_writes_timedout", _stats->total_writes_timedout,
                       sm::description("Counts write operations failed due to a timeout. A positive value is a sign of storage being overloaded.")),

        sm::make_counter("total_writes_rate_limited", _stats->total_writes_rate_limited,
                       sm::description("Counts write operations which were rejected on the replica side because the per-partition limit was reached.")),

        sm::make_counter("total_reads", _read_concurrency_sem.get_stats().total_successful_reads,
                       sm::description("Counts the total number of successful user reads on this shard."),
                       {user_label_instance}),

        sm::make_counter("total_reads_failed", _read_concurrency_sem.get_stats().total_failed_reads,
                       sm::description("Counts the total number of failed user read operations. "
                                       "Add the total_reads to this value to get the total amount of reads issued on this shard."),
                       {user_label_instance}),

        sm::make_counter("total_reads", _system_read_concurrency_sem.get_stats().total_successful_reads,
                       sm::description("Counts the total number of successful system reads on this shard."),
                       {system_label_instance}),

        sm::make_counter("total_reads_failed", _system_read_concurrency_sem.get_stats().total_failed_reads,
                       sm::description("Counts the total number of failed system read operations. "
                                       "Add the total_reads to this value to get the total amount of reads issued on this shard."),
                       {system_label_instance}),

        sm::make_counter("total_reads_rate_limited", _stats->total_reads_rate_limited,
                       sm::description("Counts read operations which were rejected on the replica side because the per-partition limit was reached.")),

        sm::make_current_bytes("view_update_backlog", [this] { return get_view_update_backlog().current; },
                       sm::description("Holds the current size in bytes of the pending view updates for all tables")),

        sm::make_counter("querier_cache_lookups", _querier_cache.get_stats().lookups,
                       sm::description("Counts querier cache lookups (paging queries)")),

        sm::make_counter("querier_cache_misses", _querier_cache.get_stats().misses,
                       sm::description("Counts querier cache lookups that failed to find a cached querier")),

        sm::make_counter("querier_cache_drops", _querier_cache.get_stats().drops,
                       sm::description("Counts querier cache lookups that found a cached querier but had to drop it")),
            
        sm::make_counter("querier_cache_scheduling_group_mismatches", _querier_cache.get_stats().scheduling_group_mismatches,
                       sm::description("Counts querier cache lookups that found a cached querier but had to drop it due to scheduling group mismatch")),

        sm::make_counter("querier_cache_time_based_evictions", _querier_cache.get_stats().time_based_evictions,
                       sm::description("Counts querier cache entries that timed out and were evicted.")),

        sm::make_counter("querier_cache_resource_based_evictions", _querier_cache.get_stats().resource_based_evictions,
                       sm::description("Counts querier cache entries that were evicted to free up resources "
                                       "(limited by reader concurency limits) necessary to create new readers.")),

        sm::make_gauge("querier_cache_population", _querier_cache.get_stats().population,
                       sm::description("The number of entries currently in the querier cache.")),

        sm::make_counter("sstable_read_queue_overloads", _read_concurrency_sem.get_stats().total_reads_shed_due_to_overload,
                       sm::description("Counts the number of times the sstable read queue was overloaded. "
                                       "A non-zero value indicates that we have to drop read requests because they arrive faster than we can serve them.")),

        sm::make_gauge("active_reads", [this] { return _read_concurrency_sem.active_reads(); },
                       sm::description("Holds the number of currently active read operations. "),
                       {user_label_instance}),
    });

    // Registering all the metrics with a single call causes the stack size to blow up.
    _metrics.add_group("database", {
        sm::make_gauge("reads_memory_consumption", [this] { return _read_concurrency_sem.consumed_resources().memory; },
                       sm::description("Holds the amount of memory consumed by current read operations. "),
                       {user_label_instance}),

        sm::make_gauge("queued_reads", [this] { return _read_concurrency_sem.get_stats().waiters; },
                       sm::description("Holds the number of currently queued read operations."),
                       {user_label_instance}),

        sm::make_gauge("paused_reads", _read_concurrency_sem.get_stats().inactive_reads,
                       sm::description("The number of currently active reads that are temporarily paused."),
                       {user_label_instance}),

        sm::make_counter("paused_reads_permit_based_evictions", _read_concurrency_sem.get_stats().permit_based_evictions,
                       sm::description("The number of paused reads evicted to free up permits."
                                       " Permits are required for new reads to start, and the database will evict paused reads (if any)"
                                       " to be able to admit new ones, if there is a shortage of permits."),
                       {user_label_instance}),

        sm::make_counter("reads_shed_due_to_overload", _read_concurrency_sem.get_stats().total_reads_shed_due_to_overload,
                       sm::description("The number of reads shed because the admission queue reached its max capacity."
                                       " When the queue is full, excessive reads are shed to avoid overload."),
                       {user_label_instance}),

        sm::make_gauge("disk_reads", [this] { return _read_concurrency_sem.get_stats().disk_reads; },
                       sm::description("Holds the number of currently active disk read operations. "),
                       {user_label_instance}),

        sm::make_gauge("sstables_read", [this] { return _read_concurrency_sem.get_stats().sstables_read; },
                       sm::description("Holds the number of currently read sstables. "),
                       {user_label_instance}),

        sm::make_gauge("active_reads", [this] { return _streaming_concurrency_sem.active_reads(); },
                       sm::description("Holds the number of currently active read operations issued on behalf of streaming "),
                       {streaming_label_instance}),

        sm::make_gauge("reads_memory_consumption", [this] { return _streaming_concurrency_sem.consumed_resources().memory; },
                       sm::description("Holds the amount of memory consumed by current read operations issued on behalf of streaming "),
                       {streaming_label_instance}),

        sm::make_gauge("queued_reads", [this] { return _streaming_concurrency_sem.get_stats().waiters; },
                       sm::description("Holds the number of currently queued read operations on behalf of streaming."),
                       {streaming_label_instance}),

        sm::make_gauge("paused_reads", _streaming_concurrency_sem.get_stats().inactive_reads,
                       sm::description("The number of currently ongoing streaming reads that are temporarily paused."),
                       {streaming_label_instance}),

        sm::make_counter("paused_reads_permit_based_evictions", _streaming_concurrency_sem.get_stats().permit_based_evictions,
                       sm::description("The number of inactive streaming reads evicted to free up permits"
                                       " Permits are required for new reads to start, and the database will evict paused reads (if any)"
                                       " to be able to admit new ones, if there is a shortage of permits."),
                       {streaming_label_instance}),

        sm::make_counter("reads_shed_due_to_overload", _streaming_concurrency_sem.get_stats().total_reads_shed_due_to_overload,
                       sm::description("The number of reads shed because the admission queue reached its max capacity."
                                       " When the queue is full, excessive reads are shed to avoid overload."),
                       {streaming_label_instance}),

        sm::make_gauge("disk_reads", [this] { return _streaming_concurrency_sem.get_stats().disk_reads; },
                       sm::description("Holds the number of currently active disk read operations. "),
                       {streaming_label_instance}),

        sm::make_gauge("sstables_read", [this] { return _streaming_concurrency_sem.get_stats().sstables_read; },
                       sm::description("Holds the number of currently read sstables. "),
                       {streaming_label_instance}),

        sm::make_gauge("active_reads", [this] { return _system_read_concurrency_sem.active_reads(); },
                       sm::description("Holds the number of currently active read operations from \"system\" keyspace tables. "),
                       {system_label_instance}),

        sm::make_gauge("reads_memory_consumption", [this] { return _system_read_concurrency_sem.consumed_resources().memory; },
                       sm::description("Holds the amount of memory consumed by all read operations from \"system\" keyspace tables. "),
                       {system_label_instance}),

        sm::make_gauge("queued_reads", [this] { return _system_read_concurrency_sem.get_stats().waiters; },
                       sm::description("Holds the number of currently queued read operations from \"system\" keyspace tables."),
                       {system_label_instance}),

        sm::make_gauge("paused_reads", _system_read_concurrency_sem.get_stats().inactive_reads,
                       sm::description("The number of currently ongoing system reads that are temporarily paused."),
                       {system_label_instance}),

        sm::make_counter("paused_reads_permit_based_evictions", _system_read_concurrency_sem.get_stats().permit_based_evictions,
                       sm::description("The number of paused system reads evicted to free up permits"
                                       " Permits are required for new reads to start, and the database will evict inactive reads (if any)"
                                       " to be able to admit new ones, if there is a shortage of permits."),
                       {system_label_instance}),

        sm::make_counter("reads_shed_due_to_overload", _system_read_concurrency_sem.get_stats().total_reads_shed_due_to_overload,
                       sm::description("The number of reads shed because the admission queue reached its max capacity."
                                       " When the queue is full, excessive reads are shed to avoid overload."),
                       {system_label_instance}),

        sm::make_gauge("disk_reads", [this] { return _system_read_concurrency_sem.get_stats().disk_reads; },
                       sm::description("Holds the number of currently active disk read operations. "),
                       {system_label_instance}),

        sm::make_gauge("sstables_read", [this] { return _system_read_concurrency_sem.get_stats().sstables_read; },
                       sm::description("Holds the number of currently read sstables. "),
                       {system_label_instance}),

        sm::make_gauge("total_result_bytes", [this] { return get_result_memory_limiter().total_used_memory(); },
                       sm::description("Holds the current amount of memory used for results.")),

        sm::make_counter("short_data_queries", _stats->short_data_queries,
                       sm::description("The rate of data queries (data or digest reads) that returned less rows than requested due to result size limiting.")),

        sm::make_counter("short_mutation_queries", _stats->short_mutation_queries,
                       sm::description("The rate of mutation queries that returned less rows than requested due to result size limiting.")),

        sm::make_counter("multishard_query_unpopped_fragments", _stats->multishard_query_unpopped_fragments,
                       sm::description("The total number of fragments that were extracted from the shard reader but were unconsumed by the query and moved back into the reader.")),

        sm::make_counter("multishard_query_unpopped_bytes", _stats->multishard_query_unpopped_bytes,
                       sm::description("The total number of bytes that were extracted from the shard reader but were unconsumed by the query and moved back into the reader.")),

        sm::make_counter("multishard_query_failed_reader_stops", _stats->multishard_query_failed_reader_stops,
                       sm::description("The number of times the stopping of a shard reader failed.")),

        sm::make_counter("multishard_query_failed_reader_saves", _stats->multishard_query_failed_reader_saves,
                       sm::description("The number of times the saving of a shard reader failed.")),

        sm::make_total_operations("counter_cell_lock_acquisition", _cl_stats->lock_acquisitions,
                                 sm::description("The number of acquired counter cell locks.")),

        sm::make_queue_length("counter_cell_lock_pending", _cl_stats->operations_waiting_for_lock,
                             sm::description("The number of counter updates waiting for a lock.")),

        sm::make_counter("large_partition_exceeding_threshold", [this] { return _large_data_handler->stats().partitions_bigger_than_threshold; },
            sm::description("Number of large partitions exceeding compaction_large_partition_warning_threshold_mb. "
                "Large partitions have performance impact and should be avoided, check the documentation for details.")),

        sm::make_total_operations("total_view_updates_pushed_local", _cf_stats.total_view_updates_pushed_local,
                sm::description("Total number of view updates generated for tables and applied locally.")),

        sm::make_total_operations("total_view_updates_pushed_remote", _cf_stats.total_view_updates_pushed_remote,
                sm::description("Total number of view updates generated for tables and sent to remote replicas.")),

        sm::make_total_operations("total_view_updates_failed_local", _cf_stats.total_view_updates_failed_local,
                sm::description("Total number of view updates generated for tables and failed to be applied locally.")),

        sm::make_total_operations("total_view_updates_failed_remote", _cf_stats.total_view_updates_failed_remote,
                sm::description("Total number of view updates generated for tables and failed to be sent to remote replicas.")),
    });
    if (this_shard_id() == 0) {
        _metrics.add_group("database", {
                sm::make_counter("schema_changed", _schema_change_count,
                        sm::description("The number of times the schema changed")),
        });
    }
}

void database::set_format(sstables::sstable_version_types format) noexcept {
    get_user_sstables_manager().set_format(format);
    get_system_sstables_manager().set_format(format);
}

database::~database() {
    _user_types->deactivate();
}

void database::update_version(const table_schema_version& version) {
    if (_version.get() != version) {
        _schema_change_count++;
    }
    _version.set(version);
}

const table_schema_version& database::get_version() const {
    return _version.get();
}

static future<>
do_parse_schema_tables(distributed<service::storage_proxy>& proxy, const sstring cf_name, std::function<future<> (db::schema_tables::schema_result_value_type&)> func) {
    using namespace db::schema_tables;

    auto rs = co_await db::system_keyspace::query(proxy.local().get_db(), db::schema_tables::NAME, cf_name);
    auto names = std::set<sstring>();
    for (auto& r : rs->rows()) {
        auto keyspace_name = r.template get_nonnull<sstring>("keyspace_name");
        names.emplace(keyspace_name);
    }
    co_await coroutine::parallel_for_each(names.begin(), names.end(), [&] (sstring name) mutable -> future<> {
        if (is_system_keyspace(name)) {
            co_return;
        }

        auto v = co_await read_schema_partition_for_keyspace(proxy, cf_name, name);
        try {
            co_await func(v);
        } catch (...) {
            dblog.error("Skipping: {}. Exception occurred when loading system table {}: {}", v.first, cf_name, std::current_exception());
        }
    });
}

future<> database::parse_system_tables(distributed<service::storage_proxy>& proxy, sharded<db::system_keyspace>& sys_ks) {
    using namespace db::schema_tables;
    co_await do_parse_schema_tables(proxy, db::schema_tables::KEYSPACES, coroutine::lambda([&] (schema_result_value_type &v) -> future<> {
        auto scylla_specific_rs = co_await db::schema_tables::extract_scylla_specific_keyspace_info(proxy, v);
        auto ksm = create_keyspace_from_schema_partition(v, scylla_specific_rs);
        co_return co_await create_keyspace(ksm, proxy.local().get_erm_factory(), system_keyspace::no);
    }));
    co_await do_parse_schema_tables(proxy, db::schema_tables::TYPES, coroutine::lambda([&] (schema_result_value_type &v) -> future<> {
        auto& ks = this->find_keyspace(v.first);
        auto&& user_types = create_types_from_schema_partition(*ks.metadata(), v.second);
        for (auto&& type : user_types) {
            ks.add_user_type(type);
        }
        co_return;
    }));
    co_await do_parse_schema_tables(proxy, db::schema_tables::FUNCTIONS, coroutine::lambda([&] (schema_result_value_type& v) -> future<> {
        auto&& user_functions = co_await create_functions_from_schema_partition(*this, v.second);
        for (auto&& func : user_functions) {
            cql3::functions::functions::add_function(func);
        }
        co_return;
    }));
    co_await do_parse_schema_tables(proxy, db::schema_tables::AGGREGATES, coroutine::lambda([&] (schema_result_value_type& v) -> future<> {
        auto v2 = co_await read_schema_partition_for_keyspace(proxy, db::schema_tables::SCYLLA_AGGREGATES, v.first);
        auto&& user_aggregates = create_aggregates_from_schema_partition(*this, v.second, v2.second);
        for (auto&& agg : user_aggregates) {
            cql3::functions::functions::add_function(agg);
        }
        co_return;
    }));
    co_await do_parse_schema_tables(proxy, db::schema_tables::TABLES, coroutine::lambda([&] (schema_result_value_type &v) -> future<> {
        std::map<sstring, schema_ptr> tables = co_await create_tables_from_tables_partition(proxy, v.second);
        co_await coroutine::parallel_for_each(tables.begin(), tables.end(), [&] (auto& t) -> future<> {
            co_await this->add_column_family_and_make_directory(t.second);
            auto s = t.second;
            // Recreate missing column mapping entries in case
            // we failed to persist them for some reason after a schema change
            bool cm_exists = co_await db::schema_tables::column_mapping_exists(sys_ks.local(), s->id(), s->version());
            if (cm_exists) {
                co_return;
            }
            co_return co_await db::schema_tables::store_column_mapping(proxy, s, false);
        });
    }));
    co_await do_parse_schema_tables(proxy, db::schema_tables::VIEWS, coroutine::lambda([&] (schema_result_value_type &v) -> future<> {
        std::vector<view_ptr> views = co_await create_views_from_schema_partition(proxy, v.second);
        co_await coroutine::parallel_for_each(views.begin(), views.end(), [&] (auto&& v) -> future<> {
            // TODO: Remove once computed columns are guaranteed to be featured in the whole cluster.
            // we fix here the schema in place in oreder to avoid races (write commands comming from other coordinators).
            view_ptr fixed_v = maybe_fix_legacy_secondary_index_mv_schema(*this, v, nullptr, preserve_version::yes);
            view_ptr v_to_add = fixed_v ? fixed_v : v;
            co_await this->add_column_family_and_make_directory(v_to_add);
            if (bool(fixed_v)) {
                v_to_add = fixed_v;
                auto&& keyspace = find_keyspace(v->ks_name()).metadata();
                auto mutations = db::schema_tables::make_update_view_mutations(keyspace, view_ptr(v), fixed_v, api::new_timestamp(), true);
                co_await db::schema_tables::merge_schema(sys_ks, proxy, _feat, std::move(mutations));
            }
        });
    }));
}

future<>
database::init_commitlog() {
    if (_commitlog) {
        return make_ready_future<>();
    }

    return db::commitlog::create_commitlog(db::commitlog::config::from_db_config(_cfg, _dbcfg.commitlog_scheduling_group, _dbcfg.available_memory)).then([this](db::commitlog&& log) {
        _commitlog = std::make_unique<db::commitlog>(std::move(log));
        _commitlog->add_flush_handler([this](db::cf_id_type id, db::replay_position pos) {
            if (!_tables_metadata.contains(id)) {
                // the CF has been removed.
                _commitlog->discard_completed_segments(id);
                return;
            }
            // Initiate a background flush. Waited upon in `stop()`.
            (void)_tables_metadata.get_table(id).flush(pos);
        }).release(); // we have longer life time than CL. Ignore reg anchor
    });
}

future<> database::modify_keyspace_on_all_shards(sharded<database>& sharded_db, std::function<future<>(replica::database&)> func, std::function<future<>(replica::database&)> notifier) {
    // Run func first on shard 0
    // to allow "seeding" of the effective_replication_map
    // with a new e_r_m instance.
    co_await sharded_db.invoke_on(0, func);
    co_await sharded_db.invoke_on_all([&] (replica::database& db) {
        if (this_shard_id() == 0) {
            return make_ready_future<>();
        }
        return func(db);
    });
    co_await sharded_db.invoke_on_all(notifier);
}

future<> database::update_keyspace(const keyspace_metadata& tmp_ksm) {
    auto& ks = find_keyspace(tmp_ksm.name());
    auto new_ksm = ::make_lw_shared<keyspace_metadata>(tmp_ksm.name(), tmp_ksm.strategy_name(), tmp_ksm.strategy_options(), tmp_ksm.durable_writes(),
                    boost::copy_range<std::vector<schema_ptr>>(ks.metadata()->cf_meta_data() | boost::adaptors::map_values), std::move(ks.metadata()->user_types()));

    bool old_durable_writes = ks.metadata()->durable_writes();
    bool new_durable_writes = new_ksm->durable_writes();
    if (old_durable_writes != new_durable_writes) {
        for (auto& [cf_name, cf_schema] : new_ksm->cf_meta_data()) {
            auto& cf = find_column_family(cf_schema);
            cf.set_durable_writes(new_durable_writes);
        }
    }

    co_await ks.update_from(get_shared_token_metadata(), std::move(new_ksm));
}

future<> database::update_keyspace_on_all_shards(sharded<database>& sharded_db, const keyspace_metadata& ksm) {
    return modify_keyspace_on_all_shards(sharded_db, [&] (replica::database& db) {
        return db.update_keyspace(ksm);
    }, [&] (replica::database& db) {
        const auto& ks = db.find_keyspace(ksm.name());
        return db.get_notifier().update_keyspace(ks.metadata());
    });
}

void database::drop_keyspace(const sstring& name) {
    _keyspaces.erase(name);
}

future<> database::drop_keyspace_on_all_shards(sharded<database>& sharded_db, const sstring& name) {
    return modify_keyspace_on_all_shards(sharded_db, [&] (replica::database& db) {
        db.drop_keyspace(name);
        return make_ready_future<>();
    }, [&] (replica::database& db) {
        return db.get_notifier().drop_keyspace(name);
    });
}

static bool is_system_table(const schema& s) {
    return s.ks_name() == db::system_keyspace::NAME || s.ks_name() == db::system_distributed_keyspace::NAME
        || s.ks_name() == db::system_distributed_keyspace::NAME_EVERYWHERE;
}

void database::maybe_init_schema_commitlog() {
    assert(this_shard_id() == 0);

    if (!_feat.schema_commitlog && !_cfg.force_schema_commit_log()) {
        dblog.info("Not using schema commit log.");
        _listeners.push_back(_feat.schema_commitlog.when_enabled([] {
            dblog.warn("All nodes can now switch to use the schema commit log. Restart is needed for this to take effect.");
        }));
        return;
    }

    dblog.info("Using schema commit log.");
    _uses_schema_commitlog = true;

    db::commitlog::config c;
    c.commit_log_location = _cfg.schema_commitlog_directory();
    c.fname_prefix = db::schema_tables::COMMITLOG_FILENAME_PREFIX;
    c.metrics_category_name = "schema-commitlog";
    c.commitlog_total_space_in_mb = 2 * _cfg.schema_commitlog_segment_size_in_mb();
    c.commitlog_segment_size_in_mb = _cfg.schema_commitlog_segment_size_in_mb();
    c.mode = db::commitlog::sync_mode::BATCH;
    c.extensions = &_cfg.extensions();
    c.use_o_dsync = _cfg.commitlog_use_o_dsync();
    c.allow_going_over_size_limit = true; // for lower latency

    _schema_commitlog = std::make_unique<db::commitlog>(db::commitlog::create_commitlog(std::move(c)).get0());
    _schema_commitlog->add_flush_handler([this] (db::cf_id_type id, db::replay_position pos) {
        if (!_tables_metadata.contains(id)) {
            // the CF has been removed.
            _schema_commitlog->discard_completed_segments(id);
            return;
        }
        // Initiate a background flush. Waited upon in `stop()`.
        (void)_tables_metadata.get_table(id).flush(pos);

    }).release();
}

future<> database::create_local_system_table(
        schema_ptr table, bool write_in_user_memory, locator::effective_replication_map_factory& erm_factory) {
    auto ks_name = table->ks_name();
    if (!has_keyspace(ks_name)) {
        bool durable = _cfg.data_file_directories().size() > 0;
        auto ksm = make_lw_shared<keyspace_metadata>(ks_name,
                "org.apache.cassandra.locator.LocalStrategy",
                std::map<sstring, sstring>{},
                durable
                );
        co_await create_keyspace(ksm, erm_factory, replica::database::system_keyspace::yes);
    }
    auto& ks = find_keyspace(ks_name);
    auto cfg = ks.make_column_family_config(*table, *this);
    if (write_in_user_memory) {
        cfg.dirty_memory_manager = &_dirty_memory_manager;
    } else {
        cfg.memtable_scheduling_group = default_scheduling_group();
        cfg.memtable_to_cache_scheduling_group = default_scheduling_group();
    }
    co_await add_column_family(ks, table, std::move(cfg));
}

future<> database::add_column_family(keyspace& ks, schema_ptr schema, column_family::config cfg) {
    schema = local_schema_registry().learn(schema);
    schema->registry_entry()->mark_synced();
    auto&& rs = ks.get_replication_strategy();
    locator::effective_replication_map_ptr erm;
    if (auto pt_rs = rs.maybe_as_per_table()) {
        erm = pt_rs->make_replication_map(schema->id(), _shared_token_metadata.get());
    } else {
        erm = ks.get_effective_replication_map();
    }
    // avoid self-reporting
    auto& sst_manager = is_system_table(*schema) ? get_system_sstables_manager() : get_user_sstables_manager();
    lw_shared_ptr<column_family> cf;
    if (cfg.enable_commitlog && _commitlog) {
        db::commitlog& cl = schema->static_props().use_schema_commitlog && _uses_schema_commitlog
                ? *_schema_commitlog
                : *_commitlog;
        cf = make_lw_shared<column_family>(schema, std::move(cfg), ks.metadata()->get_storage_options_ptr(), cl, _compaction_manager, sst_manager, *_cl_stats, _row_cache_tracker, erm);
    } else {
       cf = make_lw_shared<column_family>(schema, std::move(cfg), ks.metadata()->get_storage_options_ptr(), column_family::no_commitlog(), _compaction_manager, sst_manager, *_cl_stats, _row_cache_tracker, erm);
    }
    cf->set_durable_writes(ks.metadata()->durable_writes());

    auto uuid = schema->id();
    if (_tables_metadata.contains(uuid)) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("UUID " + uuid.to_sstring() + " already mapped");
    }
    auto kscf = std::make_pair(schema->ks_name(), schema->cf_name());
    if (_tables_metadata.contains(kscf)) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("Column family " + schema->cf_name() + " exists");
    }
    cf->start();
    std::exception_ptr ex = nullptr;
    try {
        ks.add_or_update_column_family(schema);
        schema->registry_entry()->set_table(cf->weak_from_this());
        co_await _tables_metadata.add_table(schema);
        if (schema->is_view()) {
            find_column_family(schema->view_info()->base_id()).add_or_update_view(view_ptr(schema));
        }
    } catch (...) {
        ex = std::current_exception();
    }
    if (ex) {
        // Wrap in noexcept lambda to shutdown on failure.
        auto revert_changes = [&] () noexcept -> future<> {
            if (schema->is_view()) {
                try {
                    find_column_family(schema->view_info()->base_id()).remove_view(view_ptr(schema));
                } catch (no_such_column_family&) {
                    // Accept that a table is dropped, continue reverting changes.
                }
            }
            co_await _tables_metadata.remove_table(schema);
            ks.metadata()->remove_column_family(schema);
            co_await cf->stop();
        };
        co_await revert_changes();
        co_await coroutine::return_exception_ptr(std::move(ex));
    }
}

future<> database::add_column_family_and_make_directory(schema_ptr schema) {
    auto& ks = find_keyspace(schema->ks_name());
    co_await add_column_family(ks, schema, ks.make_column_family_config(*schema, *this));
    auto& cf = find_column_family(schema);
    cf.get_index_manager().reload();
    co_await cf.init_storage();
}

bool database::update_column_family(schema_ptr new_schema) {
    column_family& cfm = find_column_family(new_schema->id());
    bool columns_changed = !cfm.schema()->equal_columns(*new_schema);
    auto s = local_schema_registry().learn(new_schema);
    s->registry_entry()->mark_synced();
    cfm.set_schema(s);
    find_keyspace(s->ks_name()).metadata()->add_or_update_column_family(s);
    if (s->is_view()) {
        try {
            find_column_family(s->view_info()->base_id()).add_or_update_view(view_ptr(s));
        } catch (no_such_column_family&) {
            // Update view mutations received after base table drop.
        }
    }
    cfm.get_index_manager().reload();
    return columns_changed;
}

future<> database::remove(table& cf) noexcept {
    auto s = cf.schema();
    auto& ks = find_keyspace(s->ks_name());
    cf.deregister_metrics();
    co_await _tables_metadata.remove_table(s);
    ks.metadata()->remove_column_family(s);
    if (s->is_view()) {
        try {
            find_column_family(s->view_info()->base_id()).remove_view(view_ptr(s));
        } catch (no_such_column_family&) {
            // Drop view mutations received after base table drop.
        }
    }
}

future<> database::detach_column_family(table& cf) {
    auto uuid = cf.schema()->id();
    co_await remove(cf);
    cf.clear_views();
    co_await cf.await_pending_ops();
    for (auto* sem : {&_read_concurrency_sem, &_streaming_concurrency_sem, &_compaction_concurrency_sem, &_system_read_concurrency_sem}) {
        co_await sem->evict_inactive_reads_for_table(uuid);
    }
}

global_table_ptr::global_table_ptr() {
    _p.resize(smp::count);
}

global_table_ptr::global_table_ptr(global_table_ptr&& o) noexcept
    : _p(std::move(o._p))
{ }

global_table_ptr::~global_table_ptr() {}

void global_table_ptr::assign(table& t) {
    _p[this_shard_id()] = make_foreign(t.shared_from_this());
}

table* global_table_ptr::operator->() const noexcept { return &*_p[this_shard_id()]; }
table& global_table_ptr::operator*() const noexcept { return *_p[this_shard_id()]; }

future<global_table_ptr> get_table_on_all_shards(sharded<database>& sharded_db, sstring ks_name, sstring cf_name) {
    auto uuid = sharded_db.local().find_uuid(ks_name, cf_name);
    return get_table_on_all_shards(sharded_db, std::move(uuid));
}

future<global_table_ptr> get_table_on_all_shards(sharded<database>& sharded_db, table_id uuid) {
    global_table_ptr table_shards;
    co_await sharded_db.invoke_on_all([&] (auto& db) {
        try {
            table_shards.assign(db.find_column_family(uuid));
        } catch (no_such_column_family&) {
            on_internal_error(dblog, fmt::format("Table UUID={} not found", uuid));
        }
    });
    co_return table_shards;
}

future<> database::drop_table_on_all_shards(sharded<database>& sharded_db, sharded<db::system_keyspace>& sys_ks,
        sstring ks_name, sstring cf_name, bool with_snapshot) {
    auto auto_snapshot = sharded_db.local().get_config().auto_snapshot();
    dblog.info("Dropping {}.{} {}snapshot", ks_name, cf_name, with_snapshot && auto_snapshot ? "with auto-" : "without ");

    auto uuid = sharded_db.local().find_uuid(ks_name, cf_name);
    auto table_shards = co_await get_table_on_all_shards(sharded_db, uuid);
    std::optional<sstring> snapshot_name_opt;
    if (with_snapshot) {
        snapshot_name_opt = format("pre-drop-{}", db_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count());
    }
    co_await sharded_db.invoke_on_all([&] (database& db) {
        return db.detach_column_family(*table_shards);
    });
    // Use a time point in the far future (9999-12-31T00:00:00+0000)
    // to ensure all sstables are truncated,
    // but be careful to stays within the client's datetime limits.
    constexpr db_clock::time_point truncated_at(std::chrono::seconds(253402214400));
    auto f = co_await coroutine::as_future(truncate_table_on_all_shards(sharded_db, sys_ks, table_shards, truncated_at, with_snapshot, std::move(snapshot_name_opt)));
    co_await smp::invoke_on_all([&] {
        return table_shards->stop();
    });
    f.get(); // re-throw exception from truncate() if any
    co_await table_shards->destroy_storage();
}

table_id database::find_uuid(std::string_view ks, std::string_view cf) const {
    try {
        return _tables_metadata.get_table_id(std::make_pair(ks, cf));
    } catch (std::out_of_range&) {
        throw no_such_column_family(ks, cf);
    }
}

table_id database::find_uuid(const schema_ptr& schema) const {
    return find_uuid(schema->ks_name(), schema->cf_name());
}

keyspace& database::find_keyspace(std::string_view name) {
    try {
        return _keyspaces.at(name);
    } catch (std::out_of_range&) {
        throw no_such_keyspace(name);
    }
}

const keyspace& database::find_keyspace(std::string_view name) const {
    try {
        return _keyspaces.at(name);
    } catch (std::out_of_range&) {
        throw no_such_keyspace(name);
    }
}

bool database::has_keyspace(std::string_view name) const {
    return _keyspaces.contains(name);
}

std::vector<sstring>  database::get_non_system_keyspaces() const {
    std::vector<sstring> res;
    for (auto const &i : _keyspaces) {
        if (!is_system_keyspace(i.first)) {
            res.push_back(i.first);
        }
    }
    return res;
}

std::vector<sstring> database::get_user_keyspaces() const {
    std::vector<sstring> res;
    for (auto const& i : _keyspaces) {
        if (!is_internal_keyspace(i.first)) {
            res.push_back(i.first);
        }
    }
    return res;
}

std::vector<sstring> database::get_all_keyspaces() const {
    std::vector<sstring> res;
    res.reserve(_keyspaces.size());
    for (auto const& i : _keyspaces) {
        res.push_back(i.first);
    }
    return res;
}

std::vector<sstring> database::get_non_local_strategy_keyspaces() const {
    std::vector<sstring> res;
    res.reserve(_keyspaces.size());
    for (auto const& i : _keyspaces) {
        if (i.second.get_replication_strategy().get_type() != locator::replication_strategy_type::local) {
            res.push_back(i.first);
        }
    }
    return res;
}

std::vector<sstring> database::get_non_local_vnode_based_strategy_keyspaces() const {
    std::vector<sstring> res;
    res.reserve(_keyspaces.size());
    for (auto const& i : _keyspaces) {
        auto&& rs = i.second.get_replication_strategy();
        if (rs.get_type() != locator::replication_strategy_type::local && rs.is_vnode_based()) {
            res.push_back(i.first);
        }
    }
    return res;
}

std::unordered_map<sstring, locator::vnode_effective_replication_map_ptr> database::get_non_local_strategy_keyspaces_erms() const {
    std::unordered_map<sstring, locator::vnode_effective_replication_map_ptr> res;
    res.reserve(_keyspaces.size());
    for (auto const& i : _keyspaces) {
        auto&& rs = i.second.get_replication_strategy();
        if (rs.get_type() != locator::replication_strategy_type::local && !rs.is_per_table()) {
            res.emplace(i.first, i.second.get_effective_replication_map());
        }
    }
    return res;
}

std::vector<lw_shared_ptr<column_family>> database::get_non_system_column_families() const {
    return boost::copy_range<std::vector<lw_shared_ptr<column_family>>>(
        get_tables_metadata().filter([] (auto uuid_and_cf) {
            return !is_system_keyspace(uuid_and_cf.second->schema()->ks_name());
        }) | boost::adaptors::map_values);
}

column_family& database::find_column_family(std::string_view ks_name, std::string_view cf_name) {
    auto uuid = find_uuid(ks_name, cf_name);
    try {
        return find_column_family(uuid);
    } catch (no_such_column_family&) {
        on_internal_error(dblog, fmt::format("find_column_family {}.{}: UUID={} not found", ks_name, cf_name, uuid));
    }
}

const column_family& database::find_column_family(std::string_view ks_name, std::string_view cf_name) const {
    auto uuid = find_uuid(ks_name, cf_name);
    try {
        return find_column_family(uuid);
    } catch (no_such_column_family&) {
        on_internal_error(dblog, fmt::format("find_column_family {}.{}: UUID={} not found", ks_name, cf_name, uuid));
    }
}

column_family& database::find_column_family(const table_id& uuid) {
    try {
        return _tables_metadata.get_table(uuid);
    } catch (...) {
        throw no_such_column_family(uuid);
    }
}

const column_family& database::find_column_family(const table_id& uuid) const {
    try {
        return _tables_metadata.get_table(uuid);
    } catch (...) {
        throw no_such_column_family(uuid);
    }
}

bool database::column_family_exists(const table_id& uuid) const {
    return _tables_metadata.contains(uuid);
}

future<>
keyspace::create_replication_strategy(const locator::shared_token_metadata& stm, const locator::replication_strategy_config_options& options) {
    using namespace locator;

    _replication_strategy =
            abstract_replication_strategy::create_replication_strategy(
                _metadata->strategy_name(), options);
    rslogger.debug("replication strategy for keyspace {} is {}, opts={}", _metadata->name(), _metadata->strategy_name(), options);
    if (!_replication_strategy->is_per_table()) {
        auto erm = co_await _erm_factory.create_effective_replication_map(_replication_strategy, stm.get());
        update_effective_replication_map(std::move(erm));
    }
}

void
keyspace::update_effective_replication_map(locator::vnode_effective_replication_map_ptr erm) {
    _effective_replication_map = std::move(erm);
}

const locator::abstract_replication_strategy&
keyspace::get_replication_strategy() const {
    return *_replication_strategy;
}

future<> keyspace::update_from(const locator::shared_token_metadata& stm, ::lw_shared_ptr<keyspace_metadata> ksm) {
    _metadata = std::move(ksm);
   return create_replication_strategy(stm, _metadata->strategy_options());
}

column_family::config
keyspace::make_column_family_config(const schema& s, const database& db) const {
    column_family::config cfg;
    const db::config& db_config = db.get_config();

    for (auto& extra : _config.all_datadirs) {
        auto uuid_sstring = s.id().to_sstring();
        boost::erase_all(uuid_sstring, "-");
        cfg.all_datadirs.push_back(format("{}/{}-{}", extra, s.cf_name(), uuid_sstring));
    }
    cfg.datadir = cfg.all_datadirs[0];
    cfg.enable_disk_reads = _config.enable_disk_reads;
    cfg.enable_disk_writes = _config.enable_disk_writes;
    cfg.enable_commitlog = _config.enable_commitlog;
    cfg.enable_cache = _config.enable_cache;
    cfg.enable_dangerous_direct_import_of_cassandra_counters = _config.enable_dangerous_direct_import_of_cassandra_counters;
    cfg.compaction_enforce_min_threshold = _config.compaction_enforce_min_threshold;
    cfg.dirty_memory_manager = _config.dirty_memory_manager;
    cfg.streaming_read_concurrency_semaphore = _config.streaming_read_concurrency_semaphore;
    cfg.compaction_concurrency_semaphore = _config.compaction_concurrency_semaphore;
    cfg.cf_stats = _config.cf_stats;
    cfg.enable_incremental_backups = _config.enable_incremental_backups;
    cfg.compaction_scheduling_group = _config.compaction_scheduling_group;
    cfg.memory_compaction_scheduling_group = _config.memory_compaction_scheduling_group;
    cfg.memtable_scheduling_group = _config.memtable_scheduling_group;
    cfg.memtable_to_cache_scheduling_group = _config.memtable_to_cache_scheduling_group;
    cfg.streaming_scheduling_group = _config.streaming_scheduling_group;
    cfg.statement_scheduling_group = _config.statement_scheduling_group;
    cfg.enable_metrics_reporting = db_config.enable_keyspace_column_family_metrics();
    cfg.enable_node_aggregated_table_metrics = db_config.enable_node_aggregated_table_metrics();
    cfg.reversed_reads_auto_bypass_cache = db_config.reversed_reads_auto_bypass_cache;
    cfg.enable_optimized_reversed_reads = db_config.enable_optimized_reversed_reads;
    cfg.tombstone_warn_threshold = db_config.tombstone_warn_threshold();
    cfg.view_update_concurrency_semaphore = _config.view_update_concurrency_semaphore;
    cfg.view_update_concurrency_semaphore_limit = _config.view_update_concurrency_semaphore_limit;
    cfg.data_listeners = &db.data_listeners();
    cfg.enable_compacting_data_for_streaming_and_repair = db_config.enable_compacting_data_for_streaming_and_repair();

    return cfg;
}

future<> table::init_storage() {
    co_await coroutine::parallel_for_each(_config.all_datadirs, [] (sstring cfdir) {
        return io_check([cfdir] { return recursive_touch_directory(cfdir); });
    });
    co_await io_check([this] { return touch_directory(_config.datadir + "/upload"); });
    co_await io_check([this] { return touch_directory(_config.datadir + "/staging"); });
}

future<> table::destroy_storage() {
    return sstables::remove_table_directory_if_has_no_snapshots(fs::path(_config.datadir));
}

future<> keyspace::init_storage() {
    if (_config.datadir != "") {
        co_await io_check([this] { return touch_directory(_config.datadir); });
    }
}

column_family& database::find_column_family(const schema_ptr& schema) {
    return find_column_family(schema->id());
}

const column_family& database::find_column_family(const schema_ptr& schema) const {
    return find_column_family(schema->id());
}

void database::validate_keyspace_update(keyspace_metadata& ksm) {
    ksm.validate(_feat, get_token_metadata().get_topology());
    if (!has_keyspace(ksm.name())) {
        throw exceptions::configuration_exception(format("Cannot update non existing keyspace '{}'.", ksm.name()));
    }
}

void database::validate_new_keyspace(keyspace_metadata& ksm) {
    ksm.validate(_feat, get_token_metadata().get_topology());
    if (has_keyspace(ksm.name())) {
        throw exceptions::already_exists_exception{ksm.name()};
    }
}

schema_ptr database::find_schema(const sstring& ks_name, const sstring& cf_name) const {
    auto uuid = find_uuid(ks_name, cf_name);
    try {
        return find_schema(uuid);
    } catch (no_such_column_family&) {
        on_internal_error(dblog, fmt::format("find_schema {}.{}: UUID={} not found", ks_name, cf_name, uuid));
    }
}

schema_ptr database::find_schema(const table_id& uuid) const {
    return find_column_family(uuid).schema();
}

bool database::has_schema(std::string_view ks_name, std::string_view cf_name) const {
    return _tables_metadata.contains(std::make_pair(ks_name, cf_name));
}

std::vector<view_ptr> database::get_views() const {
    return boost::copy_range<std::vector<view_ptr>>(get_non_system_column_families()
            | boost::adaptors::filtered([] (auto& cf) { return cf->schema()->is_view(); })
            | boost::adaptors::transformed([] (auto& cf) { return view_ptr(cf->schema()); }));
}

future<> database::create_in_memory_keyspace(const lw_shared_ptr<keyspace_metadata>& ksm, locator::effective_replication_map_factory& erm_factory, system_keyspace system) {
    auto kscfg = make_keyspace_config(*ksm);
    if (system == system_keyspace::yes) {
        kscfg.enable_disk_reads = kscfg.enable_disk_writes = kscfg.enable_commitlog = !_cfg.volatile_system_keyspace_for_testing();
        kscfg.enable_cache = _cfg.enable_cache();
        // don't make system keyspace writes wait for user writes (if under pressure)
        kscfg.dirty_memory_manager = &_system_dirty_memory_manager;
    }
    if (extensions().is_extension_internal_keyspace(ksm->name())) {
        // don't make internal keyspaces write wait for user writes (if under pressure), and also to avoid possible deadlocks.
        kscfg.dirty_memory_manager = &_system_dirty_memory_manager;
    }
    keyspace ks(ksm, std::move(kscfg), erm_factory);
    co_await ks.create_replication_strategy(get_shared_token_metadata(), ksm->strategy_options());
    _keyspaces.emplace(ksm->name(), std::move(ks));
}

future<>
database::create_keyspace(const lw_shared_ptr<keyspace_metadata>& ksm, locator::effective_replication_map_factory& erm_factory, system_keyspace system) {
    if (_keyspaces.contains(ksm->name())) {
        co_return;
    }

    co_await create_in_memory_keyspace(ksm, erm_factory, system);
    auto& ks = _keyspaces.at(ksm->name());
    co_await ks.init_storage();
}

future<> database::create_keyspace_on_all_shards(sharded<database>& sharded_db, sharded<service::storage_proxy>& proxy, const keyspace_metadata& ks_metadata) {
    co_await modify_keyspace_on_all_shards(sharded_db, [&] (replica::database& db) -> future<> {
        auto ksm = keyspace_metadata::new_keyspace(ks_metadata);
        co_await db.create_keyspace(ksm, proxy.local().get_erm_factory(), system_keyspace::no);
    }, [&] (replica::database& db) -> future<> {
        const auto& ks = db.find_keyspace(ks_metadata.name());
        co_await db.get_notifier().create_keyspace(ks.metadata());
    });
}

future<>
database::drop_caches() const {
    std::unordered_map<table_id, lw_shared_ptr<column_family>> tables = get_tables_metadata().get_column_families_copy();
    for (auto&& e : tables) {
        table& t = *e.second;
        co_await t.get_row_cache().invalidate(row_cache::external_updater([] {}));
        auto sstables = t.get_sstables();
        for (sstables::shared_sstable sst : *sstables) {
            co_await sst->drop_caches();
        }
    }
    co_return;
}

std::set<sstring>
database::existing_index_names(const sstring& ks_name, const sstring& cf_to_exclude) const {
    std::set<sstring> names;
    for (auto& schema : find_keyspace(ks_name).metadata()->tables()) {
        if (!cf_to_exclude.empty() && schema->cf_name() == cf_to_exclude) {
            continue;
        }
        for (const auto& index_name : schema->index_names()) {
            names.emplace(index_name);
        }
    }
    return names;
}

namespace {

enum class request_class {
    user,
    system,
    maintenance,
};

request_class classify_request(const database_config& _dbcfg) {
    const auto current_group = current_scheduling_group();

    // Everything running in the statement group is considered a user request
    if (current_group == _dbcfg.statement_scheduling_group) {
        return request_class::user;
    // System requests run in the default (main) scheduling group
    // All requests executed on behalf of internal work also uses the system semaphore
    } else if (current_group == default_scheduling_group()
            || current_group == _dbcfg.compaction_scheduling_group
            || current_group == _dbcfg.gossip_scheduling_group
            || current_group == _dbcfg.memory_compaction_scheduling_group
            || current_group == _dbcfg.memtable_scheduling_group
            || current_group == _dbcfg.memtable_to_cache_scheduling_group) {
        return request_class::system;
    // Requests done on behalf of view update generation run in the streaming group
    } else if (current_scheduling_group() == _dbcfg.streaming_scheduling_group) {
        return request_class::maintenance;
    // Everything else is considered a user request
    } else {
        return request_class::user;
    }
}

template <typename T>
using foreign_unique_ptr = foreign_ptr<std::unique_ptr<T>>;

class streaming_reader_lifecycle_policy
    : public reader_lifecycle_policy_v2
        , public enable_shared_from_this<streaming_reader_lifecycle_policy> {
    struct reader_context {
        foreign_ptr<lw_shared_ptr<const dht::partition_range>> range;
        foreign_unique_ptr<utils::phased_barrier::operation> read_operation;
        reader_concurrency_semaphore* semaphore;
    };
    distributed<replica::database>& _db;
    table_id _table_id;
    gc_clock::time_point _compaction_time;
    std::vector<reader_context> _contexts;
public:
    streaming_reader_lifecycle_policy(distributed<replica::database>& db, table_id table_id, gc_clock::time_point compaction_time)
        : _db(db)
        , _table_id(table_id)
        , _compaction_time(compaction_time)
        , _contexts(smp::count) {
    }
    virtual flat_mutation_reader_v2 create_reader(
        schema_ptr schema,
        reader_permit permit,
        const dht::partition_range& range,
        const query::partition_slice& slice,
        tracing::trace_state_ptr,
        mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr) override {
        const auto shard = this_shard_id();
        auto& cf = _db.local().find_column_family(schema);

        _contexts[shard].range = make_foreign(make_lw_shared<const dht::partition_range>(range));
        _contexts[shard].read_operation = make_foreign(std::make_unique<utils::phased_barrier::operation>(cf.read_in_progress()));
        _contexts[shard].semaphore = &cf.streaming_read_concurrency_semaphore();

        return cf.make_streaming_reader(std::move(schema), std::move(permit), *_contexts[shard].range, slice, fwd_mr, _compaction_time);
    }
    virtual const dht::partition_range* get_read_range() const override {
        const auto shard = this_shard_id();
        return _contexts[shard].range.get();
    }
    virtual void update_read_range(lw_shared_ptr<const dht::partition_range> range) override {
        const auto shard = this_shard_id();
        _contexts[shard].range = make_foreign(std::move(range));
    }
    virtual future<> destroy_reader(stopped_reader reader) noexcept override {
        auto ctx = std::move(_contexts[this_shard_id()]);
        auto reader_opt = ctx.semaphore->unregister_inactive_read(std::move(reader.handle));
        if  (!reader_opt) {
            return make_ready_future<>();
        }
        return reader_opt->close().finally([ctx = std::move(ctx)] {});
    }
    virtual reader_concurrency_semaphore& semaphore() override {
        const auto shard = this_shard_id();
        if (!_contexts[shard].semaphore) {
            auto& cf = _db.local().find_column_family(_table_id);
            _contexts[shard].semaphore = &cf.streaming_read_concurrency_semaphore();
        }
        return *_contexts[shard].semaphore;
    }
    virtual future<reader_permit> obtain_reader_permit(schema_ptr schema, const char* const description, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout, tracing::trace_state_ptr trace_ptr) override {
        auto& cf = _db.local().find_column_family(_table_id);
        return semaphore().obtain_permit(schema.get(), description, cf.estimate_read_memory_cost(), timeout, std::move(trace_ptr));
    }
};

} // anonymous namespace

static bool can_apply_per_partition_rate_limit(const schema& s, const database_config& dbcfg, db::operation_type op_type) {
    return s.per_partition_rate_limit_options().get_max_ops_per_second(op_type).has_value()
            && classify_request(dbcfg) == request_class::user;
}

bool database::can_apply_per_partition_rate_limit(const schema& s, db::operation_type op_type) const {
    return replica::can_apply_per_partition_rate_limit(s, _dbcfg, op_type);
}

bool database::is_internal_query() const {
    return classify_request(_dbcfg) != request_class::user;
}

std::optional<db::rate_limiter::can_proceed> database::account_coordinator_operation_to_rate_limit(table& tbl, const dht::token& token,
        db::per_partition_rate_limit::account_and_enforce account_and_enforce_info,
        db::operation_type op_type) {

    std::optional<uint32_t> table_limit = tbl.schema()->per_partition_rate_limit_options().get_max_ops_per_second(op_type);
    db::rate_limiter::label& lbl = tbl.get_rate_limiter_label_for_op_type(op_type);
    return _rate_limiter.account_operation(lbl, dht::token::to_int64(token), *table_limit, account_and_enforce_info);
}

static db::rate_limiter::can_proceed account_singular_ranges_to_rate_limit(
        db::rate_limiter& limiter, column_family& cf,
        const dht::partition_range_vector& ranges,
        const database_config& dbcfg,
        db::per_partition_rate_limit::info rate_limit_info) {
    using can_proceed = db::rate_limiter::can_proceed;

    if (std::holds_alternative<std::monostate>(rate_limit_info) || !can_apply_per_partition_rate_limit(*cf.schema(), dbcfg, db::operation_type::read)) {
        // Rate limiting is disabled for this query
        return can_proceed::yes;
    }

    auto table_limit = *cf.schema()->per_partition_rate_limit_options().get_max_reads_per_second();
    can_proceed ret = can_proceed::yes;

    auto& read_label = cf.get_rate_limiter_label_for_reads();
    for (const auto& range : ranges) {
        if (!range.is_singular()) {
            continue;
        }
        auto token = dht::token::to_int64(ranges.front().start()->value().token());
        if (limiter.account_operation(read_label, token, table_limit, rate_limit_info) == db::rate_limiter::can_proceed::no) {
            // Don't return immediately - account all ranges first
            ret = can_proceed::no;
        }
    }

    return ret;
}

future<std::tuple<lw_shared_ptr<query::result>, cache_temperature>>
database::query(schema_ptr s, const query::read_command& cmd, query::result_options opts, const dht::partition_range_vector& ranges,
                tracing::trace_state_ptr trace_state, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout, db::per_partition_rate_limit::info rate_limit_info) {
    const auto reversed = cmd.slice.is_reversed();
    if (reversed) {
        s = s->make_reversed();
    }

    column_family& cf = find_column_family(cmd.cf_id);

    if (account_singular_ranges_to_rate_limit(_rate_limiter, cf, ranges, _dbcfg, rate_limit_info) == db::rate_limiter::can_proceed::no) {
        ++_stats->total_reads_rate_limited;
        co_await coroutine::return_exception(replica::rate_limit_exception());
    }

    auto& semaphore = get_reader_concurrency_semaphore();
    auto max_result_size = cmd.max_result_size ? *cmd.max_result_size : get_unlimited_query_max_result_size();

    std::optional<query::querier> querier_opt;
    lw_shared_ptr<query::result> result;
    std::exception_ptr ex;

    if (cmd.query_uuid && !cmd.is_first_page) {
        querier_opt = _querier_cache.lookup_data_querier(cmd.query_uuid, *s, ranges.front(), cmd.slice, semaphore, trace_state, timeout);
    }

    auto read_func = [&, this] (reader_permit permit) {
        reader_permit::need_cpu_guard ncpu_guard{permit};
        permit.set_max_result_size(max_result_size);
        return cf.query(std::move(s), std::move(permit), cmd, opts, ranges, trace_state, get_result_memory_limiter(),
                timeout, &querier_opt).then([&result, ncpu_guard = std::move(ncpu_guard)] (lw_shared_ptr<query::result> res) {
            result = std::move(res);
        });
    };

    try {
        auto op = cf.read_in_progress();

        future<> f = make_ready_future<>();
        if (querier_opt) {
            querier_opt->permit().set_trace_state(trace_state);
            f = co_await coroutine::as_future(semaphore.with_ready_permit(querier_opt->permit(), read_func));
        } else {
            f = co_await coroutine::as_future(semaphore.with_permit(s.get(), "data-query", cf.estimate_read_memory_cost(), timeout, trace_state, read_func));
        }

        if (!f.failed()) {
            if (cmd.query_uuid && querier_opt) {
                _querier_cache.insert_data_querier(cmd.query_uuid, std::move(*querier_opt), std::move(trace_state));
            }
        } else {
            ex = f.get_exception();
        }
    } catch (...) {
        ex = std::current_exception();
    }

    if (querier_opt) {
        co_await querier_opt->close();
    }
    if (ex) {
        ++semaphore.get_stats().total_failed_reads;
        co_return coroutine::exception(std::move(ex));
    }

    auto hit_rate = cf.get_global_cache_hit_rate();
    ++semaphore.get_stats().total_successful_reads;
    _stats->short_data_queries += bool(result->is_short_read());
    co_return std::tuple(std::move(result), hit_rate);
}

future<std::tuple<reconcilable_result, cache_temperature>>
database::query_mutations(schema_ptr s, const query::read_command& cmd, const dht::partition_range& range,
                          tracing::trace_state_ptr trace_state, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    const auto reversed = cmd.slice.options.contains(query::partition_slice::option::reversed);
    if (reversed) {
        s = s->make_reversed();
    }

    const auto short_read_allwoed = query::short_read(cmd.slice.options.contains<query::partition_slice::option::allow_short_read>());
    auto& semaphore = get_reader_concurrency_semaphore();
    auto max_result_size = cmd.max_result_size ? *cmd.max_result_size : get_unlimited_query_max_result_size();
    auto accounter = co_await get_result_memory_limiter().new_mutation_read(max_result_size, short_read_allwoed);
    column_family& cf = find_column_family(cmd.cf_id);

    std::optional<query::querier> querier_opt;
    reconcilable_result result;
    std::exception_ptr ex;

    if (cmd.query_uuid && !cmd.is_first_page) {
        querier_opt = _querier_cache.lookup_mutation_querier(cmd.query_uuid, *s, range, cmd.slice, semaphore, trace_state, timeout);
    }

    auto read_func = [&] (reader_permit permit) {
        reader_permit::need_cpu_guard ncpu_guard{permit};
        permit.set_max_result_size(max_result_size);
        return cf.mutation_query(std::move(s), std::move(permit), cmd, range,
                std::move(trace_state), std::move(accounter), timeout, &querier_opt).then([&result, ncpu_guard = std::move(ncpu_guard)] (reconcilable_result res) {
            result = std::move(res);
        });
    };

    try {
        auto op = cf.read_in_progress();

        future<> f = make_ready_future<>();
        if (querier_opt) {
            querier_opt->permit().set_trace_state(trace_state);
            f = co_await coroutine::as_future(semaphore.with_ready_permit(querier_opt->permit(), read_func));
        } else {
            f = co_await coroutine::as_future(semaphore.with_permit(s.get(), "mutation-query", cf.estimate_read_memory_cost(), timeout, trace_state, read_func));
        }

        if (!f.failed()) {
            if (cmd.query_uuid && querier_opt) {
                _querier_cache.insert_mutation_querier(cmd.query_uuid, std::move(*querier_opt), std::move(trace_state));
            }
        } else {
            ex = f.get_exception();
        }

    } catch (...) {
        ex = std::current_exception();
    }

    if (querier_opt) {
        co_await querier_opt->close();
    }
    if (ex) {
        ++semaphore.get_stats().total_failed_reads;
        co_return coroutine::exception(std::move(ex));
    }

    auto hit_rate = cf.get_global_cache_hit_rate();
    ++semaphore.get_stats().total_successful_reads;
    _stats->short_mutation_queries += bool(result.is_short_read());
    co_return std::tuple(std::move(result), hit_rate);
}

query::max_result_size database::get_unlimited_query_max_result_size() const {
    switch (classify_request(_dbcfg)) {
        case request_class::user:
            return query::max_result_size(_cfg.max_memory_for_unlimited_query_soft_limit(), _cfg.max_memory_for_unlimited_query_hard_limit());
        case request_class::system: [[fallthrough]];
        case request_class::maintenance:
            return query::max_result_size(query::result_memory_limiter::unlimited_result_size);
    }
    std::abort();
}

reader_concurrency_semaphore& database::get_reader_concurrency_semaphore() {
    switch (classify_request(_dbcfg)) {
        case request_class::user: return _read_concurrency_sem;
        case request_class::system: return _system_read_concurrency_sem;
        case request_class::maintenance: return _streaming_concurrency_sem;
    }
    std::abort();
}

future<reader_permit> database::obtain_reader_permit(table& tbl, const char* const op_name, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout, tracing::trace_state_ptr trace_ptr) {
    return get_reader_concurrency_semaphore().obtain_permit(tbl.schema().get(), op_name, tbl.estimate_read_memory_cost(), timeout, std::move(trace_ptr));
}

future<reader_permit> database::obtain_reader_permit(schema_ptr schema, const char* const op_name, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout, tracing::trace_state_ptr trace_ptr) {
    return obtain_reader_permit(find_column_family(std::move(schema)), op_name, timeout, std::move(trace_ptr));
}

bool database::is_user_semaphore(const reader_concurrency_semaphore& semaphore) const {
    return &semaphore != &_streaming_concurrency_sem
        && &semaphore != &_compaction_concurrency_sem
        && &semaphore != &_system_read_concurrency_sem;
}

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const column_family& cf) {
    fmt::print(out, "{{column_family: {}/{}}}", cf._schema->ks_name(), cf._schema->cf_name());
    return out;
}

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const database& db) {
    out << "{\n";
    db._tables_metadata.for_each_table([&] (table_id id, const lw_shared_ptr<table> tp) {
        auto&& cf = *tp;
        out << "(" << id.to_sstring() << ", " << cf.schema()->cf_name() << ", " << cf.schema()->ks_name() << "): " << cf << "\n";
    });
    out << "}";
    return out;
}

future<mutation> database::do_apply_counter_update(column_family& cf, const frozen_mutation& fm, schema_ptr m_schema,
                                                   db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout,tracing::trace_state_ptr trace_state) {
    auto m = fm.unfreeze(m_schema);
    m.upgrade(cf.schema());

    // prepare partition slice
    query::column_id_vector static_columns;
    static_columns.reserve(m.partition().static_row().size());
    m.partition().static_row().for_each_cell([&] (auto id, auto&&) {
        static_columns.emplace_back(id);
    });

    query::clustering_row_ranges cr_ranges;
    cr_ranges.reserve(8);
    query::column_id_vector regular_columns;
    regular_columns.reserve(32);

    for (auto&& cr : m.partition().clustered_rows()) {
        cr_ranges.emplace_back(query::clustering_range::make_singular(cr.key()));
        cr.row().cells().for_each_cell([&] (auto id, auto&&) {
            regular_columns.emplace_back(id);
        });
    }

    boost::sort(regular_columns);
    regular_columns.erase(std::unique(regular_columns.begin(), regular_columns.end()),
                          regular_columns.end());

    auto slice = query::partition_slice(std::move(cr_ranges), std::move(static_columns),
        std::move(regular_columns), { }, { }, query::max_rows);

    return do_with(std::move(slice), std::move(m), std::vector<locked_cell>(),
                   [this, &cf, timeout, trace_state = std::move(trace_state), op = cf.write_in_progress()] (const query::partition_slice& slice, mutation& m, std::vector<locked_cell>& locks) mutable {
        tracing::trace(trace_state, "Acquiring counter locks");
        return cf.lock_counter_cells(m, timeout).then([&, m_schema = cf.schema(), trace_state = std::move(trace_state), timeout, this] (std::vector<locked_cell> lcs) mutable {
            locks = std::move(lcs);

            // Before counter update is applied it needs to be transformed from
            // deltas to counter shards. To do that, we need to read the current
            // counter state for each modified cell...

            tracing::trace(trace_state, "Reading counter values from the CF");
            auto permit = get_reader_concurrency_semaphore().make_tracking_only_permit(m_schema.get(), "counter-read-before-write", timeout, trace_state);
            return counter_write_query(m_schema, cf.as_mutation_source(), std::move(permit), m.decorated_key(), slice, trace_state)
                    .then([this, &cf, &m, m_schema, timeout, trace_state] (auto mopt) {
                // ...now, that we got existing state of all affected counter
                // cells we can look for our shard in each of them, increment
                // its clock and apply the delta.
                transform_counter_updates_to_shards(m, mopt ? &*mopt : nullptr, cf.failed_counter_applies_to_memtable(), _cfg.host_id);
                tracing::trace(trace_state, "Applying counter update");
                return this->apply_with_commitlog(cf, m, timeout);
            }).then([&m] {
                return std::move(m);
            });
        });
    });
}

future<> memtable_list::flush() {
    if (!may_flush()) {
        return make_ready_future<>();
    } else if (!_flush_coalescing) {
        promise<> flushed;
        future<> ret = _flush_coalescing.emplace(flushed.get_future());
        _dirty_memory_manager->start_extraneous_flush();
        _dirty_memory_manager->get_flush_permit().then([this] (auto permit) {
            _flush_coalescing.reset();
            return _dirty_memory_manager->flush_one(*this, std::move(permit)).finally([this] {
                _dirty_memory_manager->finish_extraneous_flush();
            });
        }).forward_to(std::move(flushed));
        return ret;
    } else {
        return *_flush_coalescing;
    }
}

lw_shared_ptr<memtable> memtable_list::new_memtable() {
    return make_lw_shared<memtable>(_current_schema(), *_dirty_memory_manager, _table_stats, this, _compaction_scheduling_group);
}

// Synchronously swaps the active memtable with a new, empty one,
// returning the old memtables list.
// Exception safe.
std::vector<replica::shared_memtable> memtable_list::clear_and_add() {
    std::vector<replica::shared_memtable> new_memtables;
    new_memtables.emplace_back(new_memtable());
    return std::exchange(_memtables, std::move(new_memtables));
}

future<> database::apply_in_memory(const frozen_mutation& m, schema_ptr m_schema, db::rp_handle&& h, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    auto& cf = find_column_family(m.column_family_id());

    data_listeners().on_write(m_schema, m);

    return with_gate(cf.async_gate(), [&m, m_schema = std::move(m_schema), h = std::move(h), &cf, timeout] () mutable -> future<> {
        return cf.apply(m, std::move(m_schema), std::move(h), timeout);
    });
}

future<> database::apply_in_memory(const mutation& m, column_family& cf, db::rp_handle&& h, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    return with_gate(cf.async_gate(), [&m, h = std::move(h), &cf, timeout]() mutable -> future<> {
        return cf.apply(m, std::move(h), timeout);
    });
}

future<mutation> database::apply_counter_update(schema_ptr s, const frozen_mutation& m, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout, tracing::trace_state_ptr trace_state) {
    if (timeout <= db::timeout_clock::now()) {
        update_write_metrics_for_timed_out_write();
        return make_exception_future<mutation>(timed_out_error{});
    }
  return update_write_metrics(seastar::futurize_invoke([&] {
    if (!s->is_synced()) {
        throw std::runtime_error(format("attempted to mutate using not synced schema of {}.{}, version={}",
                                        s->ks_name(), s->cf_name(), s->version()));
    }
    try {
        auto& cf = find_column_family(m.column_family_id());
        return do_apply_counter_update(cf, m, s, timeout, std::move(trace_state));
    } catch (no_such_column_family&) {
        dblog.error("Attempting to mutate non-existent table {}", m.column_family_id());
        throw;
    }
  }));
}

// #9919 etc. The initiative to wrap exceptions here
// causes a bunch of problems with (implicit) call sites
// catching timed_out_error (not checking is_timeout_exception).
// Fixing the call sites is a good idea, but it is also hard
// to verify. This workaround should ensure we take the
// correct code paths in all cases, until we can clean things up
// proper.
class wrapped_timed_out_error : public timed_out_error {
private:
    sstring _msg;
public:
    wrapped_timed_out_error(sstring msg)
        : _msg(std::move(msg))
    {}
    const char* what() const noexcept override {
        return _msg.c_str();
    }
};

// see above (#9919)
template<typename T = std::runtime_error>
static std::exception_ptr wrap_commitlog_add_error(schema_ptr s, const frozen_mutation& m, std::exception_ptr eptr) {
    // it is tempting to do a full pretty print here, but the mutation is likely
    // humungous if we got an error, so just tell us where and pk...
    return make_nested_exception_ptr(T(format("Could not write mutation {}:{} ({}) to commitlog"
        , s->ks_name(), s->cf_name()
        , m.key()
    )), std::move(eptr));
}

future<> database::apply_with_commitlog(column_family& cf, const mutation& m, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    db::rp_handle h;
    if (cf.commitlog() != nullptr && cf.durable_writes()) {
        auto fm = freeze(m);
        std::exception_ptr ex;
        try {
            commitlog_entry_writer cew(m.schema(), fm, db::commitlog::force_sync::no);
            auto f_h = co_await coroutine::as_future(cf.commitlog()->add_entry(m.schema()->id(), cew, timeout));
            if (!f_h.failed()) {
                h = f_h.get();
            } else {
                ex = f_h.get_exception();
            }
        } catch (...) {
            ex = std::current_exception();
        }
        if (ex) {
            if (try_catch<timed_out_error>(ex)) {
                ex = wrap_commitlog_add_error<wrapped_timed_out_error>(cf.schema(), fm, std::move(ex));
            } else {
                ex = wrap_commitlog_add_error<>(cf.schema(), fm, std::move(ex));
            }
            co_await coroutine::exception(std::move(ex));
        }
    }
    try {
        co_await apply_in_memory(m, cf, std::move(h), timeout);
    } catch (mutation_reordered_with_truncate_exception&) {
        // This mutation raced with a truncate, so we can just drop it.
        dblog.debug("replay_position reordering detected");
    }
}

future<> database::apply(const std::vector<frozen_mutation>& muts, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    if (timeout <= db::timeout_clock::now()) {
        update_write_metrics_for_timed_out_write();
        return make_exception_future<>(timed_out_error{});
    }
    return update_write_metrics(do_apply_many(muts, timeout));
}

future<> database::do_apply_many(const std::vector<frozen_mutation>& muts, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    std::vector<commitlog_entry_writer> writers;
    db::commitlog* cl = nullptr;
    std::optional<shard_id> shard;

    if (muts.empty()) {
        co_return;
    }

    writers.reserve(muts.size());

    for (size_t i = 0; i < muts.size(); ++i) {
        auto s = local_schema_registry().get(muts[i].schema_version());
        auto&& cf = find_column_family(muts[i].column_family_id());

        if (!cl) {
            cl = cf.commitlog();
        } else if (cl != cf.commitlog()) {
            auto&& first_cf = find_column_family(muts[0].column_family_id());
            on_internal_error(dblog, format("Cannot apply atomically across commitlog domains: {}.{}, {}.{}",
                              cf.schema()->ks_name(), cf.schema()->cf_name(),
                              first_cf.schema()->ks_name(), first_cf.schema()->cf_name()));
        }

        auto m_shard = cf.shard_of(dht::get_token(*s, muts[i].key()));
        if (!shard) {
            if (this_shard_id() != m_shard) {
                on_internal_error(dblog, format("Must call apply() on the owning shard ({} != {})", this_shard_id(), m_shard));
            }
            shard = m_shard;
        } else if (*shard != m_shard) {
            on_internal_error(dblog, "Cannot apply atomically across shards");
        }

        dblog.trace("apply [{}/{}]: {}", i, muts.size() - 1, muts[i].pretty_printer(s));
        writers.emplace_back(s, muts[i], commitlog_entry_writer::force_sync::yes);
    }

    if (!cl) {
        on_internal_error(dblog, "Cannot apply atomically without commitlog");
    }

    std::vector<rp_handle> handles = co_await cl->add_entries(std::move(writers), timeout);

    // FIXME: Memtable application is not atomic so reads may observe mutations partially applied until restart.
    for (size_t i = 0; i < muts.size(); ++i) {
        auto s = local_schema_registry().get(muts[i].schema_version());
        co_await apply_in_memory(muts[i], s, std::move(handles[i]), timeout);
    }
}

future<> database::do_apply(schema_ptr s, const frozen_mutation& m, tracing::trace_state_ptr tr_state, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout, db::commitlog::force_sync sync, db::per_partition_rate_limit::info rate_limit_info) {
    ++_stats->total_writes;
    // assume failure until proven otherwise
    auto update_writes_failed = defer([&] { ++_stats->total_writes_failed; });

    // I'm doing a nullcheck here since the init code path for db etc
    // is a little in flux and commitlog is created only when db is
    // initied from datadir.
    auto uuid = m.column_family_id();
    auto& cf = find_column_family(uuid);

    if (!std::holds_alternative<std::monostate>(rate_limit_info) && can_apply_per_partition_rate_limit(*s, db::operation_type::write)) {
        auto table_limit = *s->per_partition_rate_limit_options().get_max_writes_per_second();
        auto& write_label = cf.get_rate_limiter_label_for_writes();
        auto token = dht::token::to_int64(dht::get_token(*s, m.key()));
        if (_rate_limiter.account_operation(write_label, token, table_limit, rate_limit_info) == db::rate_limiter::can_proceed::no) {
            ++_stats->total_writes_rate_limited;
            co_await coroutine::return_exception(replica::rate_limit_exception());
        }
    }

    sync = sync || db::commitlog::force_sync(s->wait_for_sync_to_commitlog());

    // Signal to view building code that a write is in progress,
    // so it knows when new writes start being sent to a new view.
    auto op = cf.write_in_progress();

    row_locker::lock_holder lock;
    if (!cf.views().empty()) {
        if (!_view_update_generator) {
            co_await coroutine::return_exception(std::runtime_error("view update generator not plugged to push updates"));
        }

        auto lock_f = co_await coroutine::as_future(cf.push_view_replica_updates(_view_update_generator, s, m, timeout, std::move(tr_state), get_reader_concurrency_semaphore()));
        if (lock_f.failed()) {
            auto ex = lock_f.get_exception();
            if (is_timeout_exception(ex)) {
                ++_stats->total_writes_timedout;
            }
            co_await coroutine::return_exception_ptr(std::move(ex));
        }
        lock = lock_f.get();
    }

    // purposefully manually "inlined" apply_with_commitlog call here to reduce # coroutine
    // frames.
    db::rp_handle h;
    auto cl = cf.commitlog();
    if (cl != nullptr && cf.durable_writes()) {
        std::exception_ptr ex;
        try {
            commitlog_entry_writer cew(s, m, sync);
            auto f_h = co_await coroutine::as_future(cf.commitlog()->add_entry(uuid, cew, timeout));
            if (!f_h.failed()) {
                h = f_h.get();
            } else {
                ex = f_h.get_exception();
            }
        } catch (...) {
            ex = std::current_exception();
        }
        if (ex) {
            if (is_timeout_exception(ex)) {
                ++_stats->total_writes_timedout;
                ex = wrap_commitlog_add_error<wrapped_timed_out_error>(cf.schema(), m, std::move(ex));
            } else {
                ex = wrap_commitlog_add_error<>(s, m, std::move(ex));
            }
            co_await coroutine::exception(std::move(ex));
        }
    }
    auto f = co_await coroutine::as_future(this->apply_in_memory(m, s, std::move(h), timeout));
    if (f.failed()) {
      auto ex = f.get_exception();
      if (try_catch<mutation_reordered_with_truncate_exception>(ex)) {
        // This mutation raced with a truncate, so we can just drop it.
        dblog.debug("replay_position reordering detected");
        co_return;
      } else if (is_timeout_exception(ex)) {
        ++_stats->total_writes_timedout;
      }
      co_await coroutine::return_exception_ptr(std::move(ex));
    }
    // Success, prevent incrementing failure counter
    update_writes_failed.cancel();
}

template<typename Future>
Future database::update_write_metrics(Future&& f) {
    return f.then_wrapped([s = _stats] (auto f) {
        if (f.failed()) {
            ++s->total_writes_failed;
            auto ep = f.get_exception();
            if (is_timeout_exception(ep)) {
                ++s->total_writes_timedout;
            } else if (try_catch<replica::rate_limit_exception>(ep)) {
                ++s->total_writes_rate_limited;
            }
            return futurize<Future>::make_exception_future(std::move(ep));
        }
        ++s->total_writes;
        return f;
    });
}

void database::update_write_metrics_for_timed_out_write() {
    ++_stats->total_writes;
    ++_stats->total_writes_failed;
    ++_stats->total_writes_timedout;
}

future<> database::apply(schema_ptr s, const frozen_mutation& m, tracing::trace_state_ptr tr_state, db::commitlog::force_sync sync, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout, db::per_partition_rate_limit::info rate_limit_info) {
    if (dblog.is_enabled(logging::log_level::trace)) {
        dblog.trace("apply {}", m.pretty_printer(s));
    }
    if (timeout <= db::timeout_clock::now()) {
        update_write_metrics_for_timed_out_write();
        return make_exception_future<>(timed_out_error{});
    }
    if (!s->is_synced()) {
        on_internal_error(dblog, format("attempted to apply mutation using not synced schema of {}.{}, version={}", s->ks_name(), s->cf_name(), s->version()));
    }
    return _apply_stage(this, std::move(s), seastar::cref(m), std::move(tr_state), timeout, sync, rate_limit_info);
}

future<> database::apply_hint(schema_ptr s, const frozen_mutation& m, tracing::trace_state_ptr tr_state, db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    if (dblog.is_enabled(logging::log_level::trace)) {
        dblog.trace("apply hint {}", m.pretty_printer(s));
    }
    if (!s->is_synced()) {
        on_internal_error(dblog, format("attempted to apply hint using not synced schema of {}.{}, version={}", s->ks_name(), s->cf_name(), s->version()));
    }
    return with_scheduling_group(_dbcfg.streaming_scheduling_group, [this, s = std::move(s), &m, tr_state = std::move(tr_state), timeout] () mutable {
        return _apply_stage(this, std::move(s), seastar::cref(m), std::move(tr_state), timeout, db::commitlog::force_sync::no, std::monostate{});
    });
}

keyspace::config
database::make_keyspace_config(const keyspace_metadata& ksm) {
    keyspace::config cfg;
    if (_cfg.data_file_directories().size() > 0) {
        cfg.datadir = format("{}/{}", _cfg.data_file_directories()[0], ksm.name());
        for (auto& extra : _cfg.data_file_directories()) {
            cfg.all_datadirs.push_back(format("{}/{}", extra, ksm.name()));
        }
        cfg.enable_disk_writes = !_cfg.enable_in_memory_data_store();
        cfg.enable_disk_reads = true; // we allways read from disk
        cfg.enable_commitlog = _cfg.enable_commitlog() && !_cfg.enable_in_memory_data_store();
        cfg.enable_cache = _cfg.enable_cache();

    } else {
        cfg.datadir = "";
        cfg.enable_disk_writes = false;
        cfg.enable_disk_reads = false;
        cfg.enable_commitlog = false;
        cfg.enable_cache = false;
    }
    cfg.enable_dangerous_direct_import_of_cassandra_counters = _cfg.enable_dangerous_direct_import_of_cassandra_counters();
    cfg.compaction_enforce_min_threshold = _cfg.compaction_enforce_min_threshold;
    cfg.dirty_memory_manager = &_dirty_memory_manager;
    cfg.streaming_read_concurrency_semaphore = &_streaming_concurrency_sem;
    cfg.compaction_concurrency_semaphore = &_compaction_concurrency_sem;
    cfg.cf_stats = &_cf_stats;
    cfg.enable_incremental_backups = _enable_incremental_backups;

    cfg.compaction_scheduling_group = _dbcfg.compaction_scheduling_group;
    cfg.memory_compaction_scheduling_group = _dbcfg.memory_compaction_scheduling_group;
    cfg.memtable_scheduling_group = _dbcfg.memtable_scheduling_group;
    cfg.memtable_to_cache_scheduling_group = _dbcfg.memtable_to_cache_scheduling_group;
    cfg.streaming_scheduling_group = _dbcfg.streaming_scheduling_group;
    cfg.statement_scheduling_group = _dbcfg.statement_scheduling_group;
    cfg.enable_metrics_reporting = _cfg.enable_keyspace_column_family_metrics();

    cfg.view_update_concurrency_semaphore = &_view_update_concurrency_sem;
    cfg.view_update_concurrency_semaphore_limit = max_memory_pending_view_updates();
    return cfg;
}

} // namespace replica

namespace db {

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const write_type& t) {
    switch (t) {
        case write_type::SIMPLE: return os << "SIMPLE";
        case write_type::BATCH: return os << "BATCH";
        case write_type::UNLOGGED_BATCH: return os << "UNLOGGED_BATCH";
        case write_type::COUNTER: return os << "COUNTER";
        case write_type::BATCH_LOG: return os << "BATCH_LOG";
        case write_type::CAS: return os << "CAS";
        case write_type::VIEW: return os << "VIEW";
    }
    abort();
}

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, db::consistency_level cl) {
    switch (cl) {
    case db::consistency_level::ANY: return os << "ANY";
    case db::consistency_level::ONE: return os << "ONE";
    case db::consistency_level::TWO: return os << "TWO";
    case db::consistency_level::THREE: return os << "THREE";
    case db::consistency_level::QUORUM: return os << "QUORUM";
    case db::consistency_level::ALL: return os << "ALL";
    case db::consistency_level::LOCAL_QUORUM: return os << "LOCAL_QUORUM";
    case db::consistency_level::EACH_QUORUM: return os << "EACH_QUORUM";
    case db::consistency_level::SERIAL: return os << "SERIAL";
    case db::consistency_level::LOCAL_SERIAL: return os << "LOCAL_SERIAL";
    case db::consistency_level::LOCAL_ONE: return os << "LOCAL_ONE";
    default: abort();
    }
}

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, operation_type op_type) {
    switch (op_type) {
    case operation_type::read: return os << "read";
    case operation_type::write: return os << "write";
    }
    abort();
}

}

namespace replica {

sstring database::get_available_index_name(const sstring &ks_name, const sstring &cf_name,
                                           std::optional<sstring> index_name_root) const
{
    auto existing_names = existing_index_names(ks_name);
    auto base_name = index_metadata::get_default_index_name(cf_name, index_name_root);
    sstring accepted_name = base_name;
    int i = 0;
    auto name_accepted = [&] {
        auto index_table_name = secondary_index::index_table_name(accepted_name);
        return !has_schema(ks_name, index_table_name) && !existing_names.contains(accepted_name);
    };
    while (!name_accepted()) {
        accepted_name = base_name + "_" + std::to_string(++i);
    }
    return accepted_name;
}

schema_ptr database::find_indexed_table(const sstring& ks_name, const sstring& index_name) const {
    for (auto& schema : find_keyspace(ks_name).metadata()->tables()) {
        if (schema->has_index(index_name)) {
            return schema;
        }
    }
    return nullptr;
}

future<> database::close_tables(table_kind kind_to_close) {
    auto b = defer([this] { _stop_barrier.abort(); });
    co_await _tables_metadata.parallel_for_each_table(coroutine::lambda([this, kind_to_close] (table_id, lw_shared_ptr<table> table) -> future<> {
        auto& s = table->schema();
        table_kind k = is_system_table(*s) || _cfg.extensions().is_extension_internal_keyspace(s->ks_name()) ? table_kind::system : table_kind::user;
        if (k == kind_to_close) {
            co_await table->stop();
        }
    }));
    co_await _stop_barrier.arrive_and_wait();
    b.cancel();
}

void database::revert_initial_system_read_concurrency_boost() {
    _system_read_concurrency_sem.set_resources({database::max_count_system_concurrent_reads, max_memory_system_concurrent_reads()});
    dblog.debug("Reverted system read concurrency from initial {} to normal {}", database::max_count_concurrent_reads, database::max_count_system_concurrent_reads);
}

future<> database::start() {
    _large_data_handler->start();
    // We need the compaction manager ready early so we can reshard.
    _compaction_manager.enable();
    co_await init_commitlog();
}

future<> database::shutdown() {
    _shutdown = true;
    auto b = defer([this] { _stop_barrier.abort(); });
    co_await _stop_barrier.arrive_and_wait();
    b.cancel();

    // Closing a table can cause us to find a large partition. Since we want to record that, we have to close
    // system.large_partitions after the regular tables.
    co_await close_tables(database::table_kind::user);
    co_await close_tables(database::table_kind::system);
    co_await _large_data_handler->stop();
    // Don't shutdown the keyspaces just yet,
    // since they are needed during shutdown.
    // FIXME: restore when https://github.com/scylladb/scylla/issues/8995
    // is fixed and no queries are issued after the database shuts down.
    // (see also https://github.com/scylladb/scylla/issues/9684)
    // for (auto& [ks_name, ks] : _keyspaces) {
    //     co_await ks.shutdown();
    // }
}

future<> database::stop() {
    if (!_shutdown) {
        co_await shutdown();
    }

    // try to ensure that CL has done disk flushing
    if (_commitlog) {
        dblog.info("Shutting down commitlog");
        co_await _commitlog->shutdown();
        dblog.info("Shutting down commitlog complete");
    }
    if (_schema_commitlog) {
        dblog.info("Shutting down schema commitlog");
        co_await _schema_commitlog->shutdown();
        dblog.info("Shutting down schema commitlog complete");
    }
    co_await _view_update_concurrency_sem.wait(max_memory_pending_view_updates());
    if (_commitlog) {
        co_await _commitlog->release();
    }
    if (_schema_commitlog) {
        co_await _schema_commitlog->release();
    }
    dblog.info("Shutting down system dirty memory manager");
    co_await _system_dirty_memory_manager.shutdown();
    dblog.info("Shutting down dirty memory manager");
    co_await _dirty_memory_manager.shutdown();
    dblog.info("Shutting down memtable controller");
    co_await _memtable_controller.shutdown();
    dblog.info("Closing user sstables manager");
    co_await _user_sstables_manager->close();
    dblog.info("Closing system sstables manager");
    co_await _system_sstables_manager->close();
    dblog.info("Stopping querier cache");
    co_await _querier_cache.stop();
    dblog.info("Stopping concurrency semaphores");
    co_await _read_concurrency_sem.stop();
    co_await _streaming_concurrency_sem.stop();
    co_await _compaction_concurrency_sem.stop();
    co_await _system_read_concurrency_sem.stop();
    dblog.info("Joining memtable update action");
    co_await _update_memtable_flush_static_shares_action.join();
}

future<> database::flush_all_memtables() {
    return _tables_metadata.parallel_for_each_table([] (table_id, lw_shared_ptr<table> table) {
        return table->flush();
    });
}

future<> database::flush(const sstring& ksname, const sstring& cfname) {
    auto& cf = find_column_family(ksname, cfname);
    return cf.flush();
}

future<> database::flush_table_on_all_shards(sharded<database>& sharded_db, table_id id) {
    return sharded_db.invoke_on_all([id] (replica::database& db) {
        return db.find_column_family(id).flush();
    });
}

future<> database::drop_cache_for_table_on_all_shards(sharded<database>& sharded_db, table_id id) {
    return sharded_db.invoke_on_all([id] (replica::database& db) {
        return db.find_column_family(id).get_row_cache().invalidate(row_cache::external_updater([] {}));
    });
}

future<> database::flush_table_on_all_shards(sharded<database>& sharded_db, std::string_view ks_name, std::string_view table_name) {
    return flush_table_on_all_shards(sharded_db, sharded_db.local().find_uuid(ks_name, table_name));
}

future<> database::flush_tables_on_all_shards(sharded<database>& sharded_db, std::string_view ks_name, std::vector<sstring> table_names) {
    return parallel_for_each(table_names, [&, ks_name] (const auto& table_name) {
        return flush_table_on_all_shards(sharded_db, ks_name, table_name);
    });
}

future<> database::flush_keyspace_on_all_shards(sharded<database>& sharded_db, std::string_view ks_name) {
    auto& ks = sharded_db.local().find_keyspace(ks_name);
    return parallel_for_each(ks.metadata()->cf_meta_data(), [&] (auto& pair) {
        return flush_table_on_all_shards(sharded_db, pair.second->id());
    });
}

future<> database::drop_cache_for_keyspace_on_all_shards(sharded<database>& sharded_db, std::string_view ks_name) {
    auto& ks = sharded_db.local().find_keyspace(ks_name);
    return parallel_for_each(ks.metadata()->cf_meta_data(), [&] (auto& pair) {
        return drop_cache_for_table_on_all_shards(sharded_db, pair.second->id());
    });
}

future<> database::snapshot_table_on_all_shards(sharded<database>& sharded_db, std::string_view ks_name, sstring table_name, sstring tag, db::snapshot_ctl::snap_views snap_views, bool skip_flush) {
    if (!skip_flush) {
        co_await flush_table_on_all_shards(sharded_db, ks_name, table_name);
    }
    auto uuid = sharded_db.local().find_uuid(ks_name, table_name);
    auto table_shards = co_await get_table_on_all_shards(sharded_db, uuid);
    co_await table::snapshot_on_all_shards(sharded_db, table_shards, tag);
    if (snap_views) {
        for (const auto& vp : table_shards->views()) {
            co_await snapshot_table_on_all_shards(sharded_db, ks_name, vp->cf_name(), tag, db::snapshot_ctl::snap_views::no, skip_flush);
        }
    }
}

future<> database::snapshot_tables_on_all_shards(sharded<database>& sharded_db, std::string_view ks_name, std::vector<sstring> table_names, sstring tag, db::snapshot_ctl::snap_views snap_views, bool skip_flush) {
    return parallel_for_each(table_names, [&sharded_db, ks_name, tag = std::move(tag), snap_views, skip_flush] (auto& table_name) {
        return snapshot_table_on_all_shards(sharded_db, ks_name, std::move(table_name), tag, snap_views, skip_flush);
    });
}

future<> database::snapshot_keyspace_on_all_shards(sharded<database>& sharded_db, std::string_view ks_name, sstring tag, bool skip_flush) {
    auto& ks = sharded_db.local().find_keyspace(ks_name);
    co_await coroutine::parallel_for_each(ks.metadata()->cf_meta_data(), [&, tag = std::move(tag), skip_flush] (const auto& pair) -> future<> {
        auto uuid = pair.second->id();
        if (!skip_flush) {
            co_await flush_table_on_all_shards(sharded_db, uuid);
        }
        auto table_shards = co_await get_table_on_all_shards(sharded_db, uuid);
        co_await table::snapshot_on_all_shards(sharded_db, table_shards, tag);
    });
}

future<> database::truncate_table_on_all_shards(sharded<database>& sharded_db, sharded<db::system_keyspace>& sys_ks,
        sstring ks_name, sstring cf_name, std::optional<db_clock::time_point> truncated_at_opt, bool with_snapshot, std::optional<sstring> snapshot_name_opt) {
    auto uuid = sharded_db.local().find_uuid(ks_name, cf_name);
    auto table_shards = co_await get_table_on_all_shards(sharded_db, uuid);
    co_return co_await truncate_table_on_all_shards(sharded_db, sys_ks, table_shards, truncated_at_opt, with_snapshot, std::move(snapshot_name_opt));
}

struct database::table_truncate_state {
    gate::holder holder;
    db_clock::time_point low_mark_at;
    db::replay_position low_mark;
    std::vector<compaction_manager::compaction_reenabler> cres;
    bool did_flush;
};

future<> database::truncate_table_on_all_shards(sharded<database>& sharded_db, sharded<db::system_keyspace>& sys_ks,
        const global_table_ptr& table_shards, std::optional<db_clock::time_point> truncated_at_opt, bool with_snapshot, std::optional<sstring> snapshot_name_opt) {
    auto& cf = *table_shards;
    auto s = cf.schema();

    // Schema tables changed commitlog domain at some point and this node will refuse to boot with
    // truncation record present for schema tables to protect against misinterpreting of replay positions.
    // Also, the replay_position returned by discard_sstables() may refer to old commit log domain.
    if (s->ks_name() == db::schema_tables::NAME) {
        throw std::runtime_error(format("Truncating of {}.{} is not allowed.", s->ks_name(), s->cf_name()));
    }

    auto auto_snapshot = sharded_db.local().get_config().auto_snapshot();
    dblog.info("Truncating {}.{} {}snapshot", s->ks_name(), s->cf_name(), with_snapshot && auto_snapshot ? "with auto-" : "without ");

    std::vector<foreign_ptr<std::unique_ptr<table_truncate_state>>> table_states;
    table_states.resize(smp::count);

    co_await coroutine::parallel_for_each(boost::irange(0u, smp::count), [&] (unsigned shard) -> future<> {
        table_states[shard] = co_await smp::submit_to(shard, [&] () -> future<foreign_ptr<std::unique_ptr<table_truncate_state>>> {
            auto& cf = *table_shards;
            auto st = std::make_unique<table_truncate_state>();

            st->holder = cf.async_gate().hold();

            // Force mutations coming in to re-acquire higher rp:s
            // This creates a "soft" ordering, in that we will guarantee that
            // any sstable written _after_ we issue the flush below will
            // only have higher rp:s than we will get from the discard_sstable
            // call.
            st->low_mark_at = db_clock::now();
            st->low_mark = cf.set_low_replay_position_mark();

            st->cres.reserve(1 + cf.views().size());
            auto& db = sharded_db.local();
            auto& cm = db.get_compaction_manager();
            co_await cf.parallel_foreach_table_state([&cm, &st] (compaction::table_state& ts) -> future<> {
                st->cres.emplace_back(co_await cm.stop_and_disable_compaction(ts));
            });
            co_await coroutine::parallel_for_each(cf.views(), [&] (view_ptr v) -> future<> {
                auto& vcf = db.find_column_family(v);
                co_await vcf.parallel_foreach_table_state([&cm, &st] (compaction::table_state& ts) -> future<> {
                    st->cres.emplace_back(co_await cm.stop_and_disable_compaction(ts));
                });
            });

            co_return make_foreign(std::move(st));
        });
    });

    const auto should_snapshot = with_snapshot && auto_snapshot;
    const auto should_flush = should_snapshot && cf.can_flush();
    dblog.trace("{} {}.{} and views on all shards", should_flush ? "Flushing" : "Clearing", s->ks_name(), s->cf_name());
    std::function<future<>(replica::table&)> flush_or_clear = should_flush ?
            [] (replica::table& cf) {
                // TODO:
                // this is not really a guarantee at all that we've actually
                // gotten all things to disk. Again, need queue-ish or something.
                return cf.flush();
            } :
            [] (replica::table& cf) {
                return cf.clear();
            };
    co_await sharded_db.invoke_on_all([&] (replica::database& db) -> future<> {
        unsigned shard = this_shard_id();
        auto& cf = *table_shards;
        auto& st = *table_states[shard];

        co_await flush_or_clear(cf);
        co_await coroutine::parallel_for_each(cf.views(), [&] (view_ptr v) -> future<> {
            auto& vcf = db.find_column_family(v);
            co_await flush_or_clear(vcf);
        });
        st.did_flush = should_flush;
    });

    auto truncated_at = truncated_at_opt.value_or(db_clock::now());

    if (should_snapshot) {
        auto name = snapshot_name_opt.value_or(
            format("{:d}-{}", truncated_at.time_since_epoch().count(), cf.schema()->cf_name()));
        co_await table::snapshot_on_all_shards(sharded_db, table_shards, name);
    }

    co_await sharded_db.invoke_on_all([&] (database& db) {
        auto shard = this_shard_id();
        auto& cf = *table_shards;
        auto& st = *table_states[shard];

        return db.truncate(sys_ks.local(), cf, st, truncated_at);
    });
}

future<> database::truncate(db::system_keyspace& sys_ks, column_family& cf, const table_truncate_state& st, db_clock::time_point truncated_at) {
    dblog.trace("Truncating {}.{} on shard", cf.schema()->ks_name(), cf.schema()->cf_name());

    const auto uuid = cf.schema()->id();

    dblog.debug("Discarding sstable data for truncated CF + indexes");
    // TODO: notify truncation

    db::replay_position rp = co_await cf.discard_sstables(truncated_at);
    // TODO: indexes.
    // Note: since discard_sstables was changed to only count tables owned by this shard,
    // we can get zero rp back. Changed assert, and ensure we save at least low_mark.
    // #6995 - the assert below was broken in c2c6c71 and remained so for many years. 
    // We nowadays do not flush tables with sstables but autosnapshot=false. This means
    // the low_mark assertion does not hold, because we maybe/probably never got around to 
    // creating the sstables that would create them.
    // If truncated_at is earlier than the time low_mark was taken
    // then the replay_position returned by discard_sstables may be
    // smaller than low_mark.
    assert(!st.did_flush || rp == db::replay_position() || (truncated_at <= st.low_mark_at ? rp <= st.low_mark : st.low_mark <= rp));
    if (rp == db::replay_position()) {
        rp = st.low_mark;
    }
    co_await coroutine::parallel_for_each(cf.views(), [this, &sys_ks, truncated_at] (view_ptr v) -> future<> {
        auto& vcf = find_column_family(v);
            db::replay_position rp = co_await vcf.discard_sstables(truncated_at);
            co_await sys_ks.save_truncation_record(vcf, truncated_at, rp);
    });
    // save_truncation_record() may actually fail after we cached the truncation time
    // but this is not be worse that if failing without caching: at least the correct time
    // will be available until next reboot and a client will have to retry truncation anyway.
    cf.cache_truncation_record(truncated_at);
    co_await sys_ks.save_truncation_record(cf, truncated_at, rp);

    auto& gc_state = get_compaction_manager().get_tombstone_gc_state();
    gc_state.drop_repair_history_map_for_table(uuid);
}

const sstring& database::get_snitch_name() const {
    return _cfg.endpoint_snitch();
}

dht::token_range_vector database::get_keyspace_local_ranges(sstring ks) {
    return find_keyspace(ks).get_effective_replication_map()->get_ranges(utils::fb_utilities::get_broadcast_address());
}

/*!
 * \brief a helper function that gets a table name and returns a prefix
 * of the directory name of the table.
 */
static sstring get_snapshot_table_dir_prefix(const sstring& table_name) {
    return table_name + "-";
}

static std::pair<sstring, table_id> extract_cf_name_and_uuid(const sstring& directory_name) {
    // cf directory is of the form: 'cf_name-uuid'
    // uuid is assumed to be exactly 32 hex characters wide.
    constexpr size_t uuid_size = 32;
    ssize_t pos = directory_name.size() - uuid_size - 1;
    if (pos <= 0 || directory_name[pos] != '-') {
        on_internal_error(dblog, format("table directory entry name '{}' is invalid: no '-' separator found at pos {}", directory_name, pos));
    }
    return std::make_pair(directory_name.substr(0, pos), table_id(utils::UUID(directory_name.substr(pos + 1))));
}

future<std::vector<database::snapshot_details_result>> database::get_snapshot_details() {
    std::vector<sstring> data_dirs = _cfg.data_file_directories();
    std::vector<database::snapshot_details_result> details;

    for (auto& datadir : data_dirs) {
        co_await lister::scan_dir(fs::path{datadir}, lister::dir_entry_types::of<directory_entry_type::directory>(), [&details] (fs::path parent_dir, directory_entry de) -> future<> {
            // KS directory
            sstring ks_name = de.name;

            co_return co_await lister::scan_dir(parent_dir / de.name, lister::dir_entry_types::of<directory_entry_type::directory>(), [&details, ks_name = std::move(ks_name)] (fs::path parent_dir, directory_entry de) -> future<> {
                // CF directory
                auto cf_dir = parent_dir / de.name;

                // Skip tables with no snapshots.
                // Also, skips non-keyspace parent_dir (e.g. commitlog or view_hints directories)
                // that may also be present under the data directory alongside keyspaces
                if (!co_await file_exists((cf_dir / sstables::snapshots_dir).native())) {
                    co_return;
                }

                auto cf_name_and_uuid = extract_cf_name_and_uuid(de.name);
                co_return co_await lister::scan_dir(cf_dir / sstables::snapshots_dir, lister::dir_entry_types::of<directory_entry_type::directory>(), [&details, &ks_name, &cf_name = cf_name_and_uuid.first, &cf_dir] (fs::path parent_dir, directory_entry de) -> future<> {
                    database::snapshot_details_result snapshot_result = {
                        .snapshot_name = de.name,
                        .details = {0, 0, cf_name, ks_name}
                    };

                    co_await lister::scan_dir(parent_dir / de.name,  lister::dir_entry_types::of<directory_entry_type::regular>(), [cf_dir, &snapshot_result] (fs::path snapshot_dir, directory_entry de) -> future<> {
                        auto sd = co_await io_check(file_stat, (snapshot_dir / de.name).native(), follow_symlink::no);
                        auto size = sd.allocated_size;

                        // The manifest and schema.sql files are the only files expected to be in this directory not belonging to the SSTable.
                        //
                        // All the others should just generate an exception: there is something wrong, so don't blindly
                        // add it to the size.
                        if (de.name != "manifest.json" && de.name != "schema.cql") {
                            snapshot_result.details.total += size;
                        } else {
                            size = 0;
                        }

                        try {
                            // File exists in the main SSTable directory. Snapshots are not contributing to size
                            auto psd = co_await io_check(file_stat, (cf_dir / de.name).native(), follow_symlink::no);
                            // File in main SSTable directory must be hardlinked to the file in the snapshot dir with the same name.
                            if (psd.device_id != sd.device_id || psd.inode_number != sd.inode_number) {
                                dblog.warn("[{} device_id={} inode_number={} size={}] is not the same file as [{} device_id={} inode_number={} size={}]",
                                        (cf_dir / de.name).native(), psd.device_id, psd.inode_number, psd.size,
                                        (snapshot_dir / de.name).native(), sd.device_id, sd.inode_number, sd.size);
                                snapshot_result.details.live += size;
                            }
                        } catch (std::system_error& e) {
                            if (e.code() != std::error_code(ENOENT, std::system_category())) {
                                throw;
                            }
                            snapshot_result.details.live += size;
                        }
                    });

                    details.emplace_back(std::move(snapshot_result));
                });
            });
        });
    }

    co_return details;
}

// For the filesystem operations, this code will assume that all keyspaces are visible in all shards
// (as we have been doing for a lot of the other operations, like the snapshot itself).
future<> database::clear_snapshot(sstring tag, std::vector<sstring> keyspace_names, const sstring& table_name) {
    std::vector<sstring> data_dirs = _cfg.data_file_directories();
    std::unordered_set<sstring> ks_names_set(keyspace_names.begin(), keyspace_names.end());
    auto table_name_param = table_name;

    // if specific keyspaces names were given - filter only these keyspaces directories
    auto filter = ks_names_set.empty()
            ? lister::filter_type([] (const fs::path&, const directory_entry&) { return true; })
            : lister::filter_type([&] (const fs::path&, const directory_entry& dir_entry) {
                return ks_names_set.contains(dir_entry.name);
            });

    // if specific table name was given - filter only these table directories
    auto table_filter = table_name.empty()
            ? lister::filter_type([] (const fs::path&, const directory_entry& dir_entry) { return true; })
            : lister::filter_type([table_name = get_snapshot_table_dir_prefix(table_name)] (const fs::path&, const directory_entry& dir_entry) {
                return dir_entry.name.find(table_name) == 0;
            });

    co_await coroutine::parallel_for_each(data_dirs, [&, this] (const sstring& parent_dir) {
        return async([&] {
            //
            // The keyspace data directories and their snapshots are arranged as follows:
            //
            //  <data dir>
            //  |- <keyspace name1>
            //  |  |- <column family name1>
            //  |     |- snapshots
            //  |        |- <snapshot name1>
            //  |          |- <snapshot file1>
            //  |          |- <snapshot file2>
            //  |          |- ...
            //  |        |- <snapshot name2>
            //  |        |- ...
            //  |  |- <column family name2>
            //  |  |- ...
            //  |- <keyspace name2>
            //  |- ...
            //
            auto data_dir = fs::path(parent_dir);
            auto data_dir_lister = directory_lister(data_dir, lister::dir_entry_types::of<directory_entry_type::directory>(), filter);
            auto close_data_dir_lister = deferred_close(data_dir_lister);
            dblog.debug("clear_snapshot: listing data dir {} with filter={}", data_dir, ks_names_set.empty() ? "none" : fmt::format("{}", ks_names_set));
            while (auto ks_ent = data_dir_lister.get().get0()) {
                auto ks_name = ks_ent->name;
                auto ks_dir = data_dir / ks_name;
                auto ks_dir_lister = directory_lister(ks_dir, lister::dir_entry_types::of<directory_entry_type::directory>(), table_filter);
                auto close_ks_dir_lister = deferred_close(ks_dir_lister);
                dblog.debug("clear_snapshot: listing keyspace dir {} with filter={}", ks_dir, table_name_param.empty() ? "none" : fmt::format("{}", table_name_param));
                while (auto table_ent = ks_dir_lister.get().get0()) {
                    auto table_dir = ks_dir / table_ent->name;
                    auto snapshots_dir = table_dir / sstables::snapshots_dir;
                    auto has_snapshots = file_exists(snapshots_dir.native()).get0();
                    if (has_snapshots) {
                        if (tag.empty()) {
                            dblog.info("Removing {}", snapshots_dir);
                            recursive_remove_directory(std::move(snapshots_dir)).get();
                            has_snapshots = false;
                        } else {
                            // if specific snapshots tags were given - filter only these snapshot directories
                            auto snapshots_dir_lister = directory_lister(snapshots_dir, lister::dir_entry_types::of<directory_entry_type::directory>());
                            auto close_snapshots_dir_lister = deferred_close(snapshots_dir_lister);
                            dblog.debug("clear_snapshot: listing snapshots dir {} with filter={}", snapshots_dir, tag);
                            has_snapshots = false;  // unless other snapshots are found
                            while (auto snapshot_ent = snapshots_dir_lister.get().get0()) {
                                if (snapshot_ent->name == tag) {
                                    auto snapshot_dir = snapshots_dir / snapshot_ent->name;
                                    dblog.info("Removing {}", snapshot_dir);
                                    recursive_remove_directory(std::move(snapshot_dir)).get();
                                } else {
                                    has_snapshots = true;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        dblog.debug("clear_snapshot: {} not found", snapshots_dir);
                    }
                    // zap the table directory if the table is dropped
                    // and has no remaining snapshots
                    if (!has_snapshots) {
                        auto [cf_name, cf_uuid] = extract_cf_name_and_uuid(table_ent->name);
                        auto id_opt = _tables_metadata.get_table_id_if_exists(std::make_pair(ks_name, cf_name));
                        auto dropped = !id_opt || (cf_uuid != id_opt);
                        if (dropped) {
                            dblog.info("Removing dropped table dir {}", table_dir);
                            sstables::remove_table_directory_if_has_no_snapshots(table_dir).get();
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        });
    });
}

future<> database::flush_non_system_column_families() {
    auto non_system_cfs = get_tables_metadata().filter([this] (auto uuid_and_cf) {
        auto cf = uuid_and_cf.second;
        auto& ks = cf->schema()->ks_name();
        return !is_system_keyspace(ks) && !_cfg.extensions().is_extension_internal_keyspace(ks);
    });
    // count CFs first
    auto total_cfs = boost::distance(non_system_cfs);
    _drain_progress.total_cfs = total_cfs;
    _drain_progress.remaining_cfs = total_cfs;
    // flush
    dblog.info("Flushing non-system tables");
    return parallel_for_each(non_system_cfs, [this] (auto&& uuid_and_cf) {
        auto cf = uuid_and_cf.second;
        return cf->flush().then([this] {
            _drain_progress.remaining_cfs--;
        });
    }).finally([] {
        dblog.info("Flushed non-system tables");
    });
}

future<> database::flush_system_column_families() {
    auto system_cfs = get_tables_metadata().filter([this] (auto uuid_and_cf) {
        auto cf = uuid_and_cf.second;
        auto& ks = cf->schema()->ks_name();
        return is_system_keyspace(ks) || _cfg.extensions().is_extension_internal_keyspace(ks);
    });
    dblog.info("Flushing system tables");
    return parallel_for_each(system_cfs, [] (auto&& uuid_and_cf) {
        auto cf = uuid_and_cf.second;
        return cf->flush();
    }).finally([] {
        dblog.info("Flushed system tables");
    });
}

future<> database::drain() {
    auto b = defer([this] { _stop_barrier.abort(); });
    // Interrupt on going compaction and shutdown to prevent further compaction
    co_await _compaction_manager.drain();

    // flush the system ones after all the rest are done, just in case flushing modifies any system state
    // like CASSANDRA-5151. don't bother with progress tracking since system data is tiny.
    co_await _stop_barrier.arrive_and_wait();
    co_await flush_non_system_column_families();
    co_await _stop_barrier.arrive_and_wait();
    co_await flush_system_column_families();
    co_await _stop_barrier.arrive_and_wait();
    co_await _commitlog->shutdown();
    if (_schema_commitlog) {
        co_await _schema_commitlog->shutdown();
    }
    b.cancel();
}

size_t database::tables_metadata::size() const noexcept {
    return _column_families.size();
}

future<> database::tables_metadata::add_table(schema_ptr schema) {
    auto holder = co_await _cf_lock.hold_write_lock();
    auto id = schema->id();
    auto kscf = std::make_pair(schema->ks_name(), schema->cf_name());
    try {
        _column_families.emplace(id, schema->table().shared_from_this());
        _ks_cf_to_uuid.emplace(kscf, id);
    } catch (...) {
        _ks_cf_to_uuid.erase(std::move(kscf));
        _column_families.erase(id);
        throw;
    }
}

future<> database::tables_metadata::remove_table(schema_ptr schema) noexcept {
    try {
        auto holder = co_await _cf_lock.hold_write_lock();
        _column_families.erase(schema->id());
        _ks_cf_to_uuid.erase(std::make_pair(schema->ks_name(), schema->cf_name()));
    } catch (...) {
        on_fatal_internal_error(dblog, format("tables_metadata::remove_cf: {}", std::current_exception()));
    }
}

table& database::tables_metadata::get_table(table_id id) const {
    return *_column_families.at(id);
}

table_id database::tables_metadata::get_table_id(const std::pair<std::string_view, std::string_view>& kscf) const {
    return _ks_cf_to_uuid.at(kscf);
}

lw_shared_ptr<table> database::tables_metadata::get_table_if_exists(table_id id) const {
    if (auto it = _column_families.find(id); it != _column_families.end()) {
        return it->second;
    }
    return nullptr;
}

table_id database::tables_metadata::get_table_id_if_exists(const std::pair<std::string_view, std::string_view>& kscf) const {
    if (auto it = _ks_cf_to_uuid.find(kscf); it != _ks_cf_to_uuid.end()) {
        return it->second;
    }
    return table_id::create_null_id();
}

bool database::tables_metadata::contains(table_id id) const {
    return _column_families.contains(id);
}

bool database::tables_metadata::contains(std::pair<std::string_view, std::string_view> kscf) const {
    return _ks_cf_to_uuid.contains(kscf);
}

void database::tables_metadata::for_each_table(std::function<void(table_id, lw_shared_ptr<table>)> f) const {
    for (auto& [id, table]: _column_families) {
        f(id, table);
    }
}

void database::tables_metadata::for_each_table_id(std::function<void(const ks_cf_t&, table_id)> f) const {
    for (auto& [kscf, id]: _ks_cf_to_uuid) {
        f(kscf, id);
    }
}

future<> database::tables_metadata::for_each_table_gently(std::function<future<>(table_id, lw_shared_ptr<table>)> f) {
    auto holder = co_await _cf_lock.hold_read_lock();
    for (auto& [id, table]: _column_families) {
        co_await f(id, table);
    }
}

future<> database::tables_metadata::parallel_for_each_table(std::function<future<>(table_id, lw_shared_ptr<table>)> f) {
    auto holder = co_await _cf_lock.hold_read_lock();
    co_await coroutine::parallel_for_each(_column_families, [f = std::move(f)] (auto& table) {
        return f(table.first, table.second);
    });
}

const std::unordered_map<table_id, lw_shared_ptr<table>> database::tables_metadata::get_column_families_copy() const {
    return _column_families;
}

data_dictionary::database
database::as_data_dictionary() const {
    static constinit data_dictionary_impl _impl;
    return _impl.wrap(*this);
}

void database::plug_system_keyspace(db::system_keyspace& sys_ks) noexcept {
    _compaction_manager.plug_system_keyspace(sys_ks);
    _large_data_handler->plug_system_keyspace(sys_ks);
    _user_sstables_manager->plug_system_keyspace(sys_ks);
}

void database::unplug_system_keyspace() noexcept {
    _user_sstables_manager->unplug_system_keyspace();
    _compaction_manager.unplug_system_keyspace();
    _large_data_handler->unplug_system_keyspace();
}

void database::plug_view_update_generator(db::view::view_update_generator& generator) noexcept {
    _view_update_generator = generator.shared_from_this();
}

void database::unplug_view_update_generator() noexcept {
    _view_update_generator = nullptr;
}

} // namespace replica

flat_mutation_reader_v2 make_multishard_streaming_reader(distributed<replica::database>& db,
        schema_ptr schema, reader_permit permit,
        std::function<std::optional<dht::partition_range>()> range_generator,
        gc_clock::time_point compaction_time) {

    auto& table = db.local().find_column_family(schema);
    auto erm = table.get_effective_replication_map();
    auto ms = mutation_source([&db, erm, compaction_time] (schema_ptr s,
            reader_permit permit,
            const dht::partition_range& pr,
            const query::partition_slice& ps,
            tracing::trace_state_ptr trace_state,
            streamed_mutation::forwarding,
            mutation_reader::forwarding fwd_mr) {
        auto table_id = s->id();
        return make_multishard_combining_reader_v2(seastar::make_shared<replica::streaming_reader_lifecycle_policy>(db, table_id, compaction_time),
                std::move(s), erm, std::move(permit), pr, ps, std::move(trace_state), fwd_mr);
    });
    auto&& full_slice = schema->full_slice();
    return make_flat_multi_range_reader(schema, std::move(permit), std::move(ms),
            std::move(range_generator), std::move(full_slice), {}, mutation_reader::forwarding::no);
}

flat_mutation_reader_v2 make_multishard_streaming_reader(distributed<replica::database>& db,
        schema_ptr schema, reader_permit permit, const dht::partition_range& range, gc_clock::time_point compaction_time)
{
    const auto table_id = schema->id();
    const auto& full_slice = schema->full_slice();
    auto erm = db.local().find_column_family(schema).get_effective_replication_map();
    return make_multishard_combining_reader_v2(
        seastar::make_shared<replica::streaming_reader_lifecycle_policy>(db, table_id, compaction_time),
        std::move(schema),
        std::move(erm),
        std::move(permit),
        range,
        full_slice);
}

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, gc_clock::time_point tp) {
    auto sec = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(tp.time_since_epoch()).count();
    std::ostream tmp(os.rdbuf());
    tmp << std::setw(12) << sec;
    return os;
}

const timeout_config infinite_timeout_config = {
        // not really infinite, but long enough
        1h, 1h, 1h, 1h, 1h, 1h, 1h,
};

namespace replica {

future<foreign_ptr<lw_shared_ptr<reconcilable_result>>> query_mutations(
        sharded<database>& db,
        schema_ptr s,
        const dht::partition_range& pr,
        const query::partition_slice& ps,
        db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    auto max_size = db.local().get_unlimited_query_max_result_size();
    auto max_res_size = query::max_result_size(max_size.soft_limit, max_size.hard_limit, query::result_memory_limiter::maximum_result_size);
    auto cmd = query::read_command(s->id(), s->version(), ps, max_res_size, query::tombstone_limit::max);
    auto erm = s->table().get_effective_replication_map();
    if (auto shard_opt = dht::is_single_shard(erm->get_sharder(*s), *s, pr)) {
        auto shard = *shard_opt;
        co_return co_await db.invoke_on(shard, [gs = global_schema_ptr(s), &cmd, &pr, timeout] (replica::database& db) mutable {
            return db.query_mutations(gs, cmd, pr, {}, timeout).then([] (std::tuple<reconcilable_result, cache_temperature>&& res) {
                return make_foreign(make_lw_shared<reconcilable_result>(std::move(std::get<0>(res))));
            });
        });
    } else {
        auto prs = dht::partition_range_vector{pr};
        auto&& [res, _] = co_await query_mutations_on_all_shards(db, std::move(s), cmd, prs, {}, timeout);
        co_return std::move(res);
    }
}

future<foreign_ptr<lw_shared_ptr<query::result>>> query_data(
        sharded<database>& db,
        schema_ptr s,
        const dht::partition_range& pr,
        const query::partition_slice& ps,
        db::timeout_clock::time_point timeout) {
    auto max_size = db.local().get_unlimited_query_max_result_size();
    auto max_res_size = query::max_result_size(max_size.soft_limit, max_size.hard_limit, query::result_memory_limiter::maximum_result_size);
    auto cmd = query::read_command(s->id(), s->version(), ps, max_res_size, query::tombstone_limit::max);
    auto prs = dht::partition_range_vector{pr};
    auto opts = query::result_options::only_result();
    auto erm = s->table().get_effective_replication_map();
    if (auto shard_opt = dht::is_single_shard(erm->get_sharder(*s), *s, pr)) {
        auto shard = *shard_opt;
        co_return co_await db.invoke_on(shard, [gs = global_schema_ptr(s), &cmd, opts, &prs, timeout] (replica::database& db) mutable {
            return db.query(gs, cmd, opts, prs, {}, timeout).then([] (std::tuple<lw_shared_ptr<query::result>, cache_temperature>&& res) {
                return make_foreign(std::move(std::get<0>(res)));
            });
        });
    } else {
        auto&& [res, _] = co_await query_data_on_all_shards(db, std::move(s), cmd, prs, opts, {}, timeout);
        co_return std::move(res);
    }
}

} // namespace replica