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μ-case (Micro::Case)

Create simple and powerful use cases as objects (aka: service objects).

The main goals of this project are:

  1. Be simple to use and easy to learn (input >> process/transform >> output).
  2. Referential transparency and data integrity.
  3. No callbacks (before, after, around...).
  4. Represent complex business logic using a composition of use cases.

Table of Contents

Required Ruby version

>= 2.2.0

Installation

Add this line to your application's Gemfile:

gem 'u-case'

And then execute:

$ bundle

Or install it yourself as:

$ gem install u-case

Usage

How to define a use case?

class Multiply < Micro::Case::Base
  # 1. Define its input as attributes
  attributes :a, :b

  # 2. Define the method `call!` with its business logic
  def call!

    # 3. Wrap the use case result/output using the `Success()` and `Failure()` methods
    if a.is_a?(Numeric) && b.is_a?(Numeric)
      Success(a * b)
    else
      Failure { '`a` and `b` attributes must be numeric' }
    end
  end
end

#==========================#
# Calling a use case class #
#==========================#

# Success result

result = Multiply.call(a: 2, b: 2)

result.success? # true
result.value    # 4

# Failure result

bad_result = Multiply.call(a: 2, b: '2')

bad_result.failure? # true
bad_result.value    # "`a` and `b` attributes must be numeric"

#-----------------------------#
# Calling a use case instance #
#-----------------------------#

result = Multiply.new(a: 2, b: 3).call

result.value # 6

# Note:
# ----
# The result of a Micro::Case::Base.call
# is an instance of Micro::Case::Result

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What is a Micro::Case::Result?

A Micro::Case::Result stores use cases output data. These are their main methods:

  • #success? returns true if is a successful result.
  • #failure? returns true if is an unsuccessful result.
  • #value the result value itself.
  • #type a Symbol which gives meaning for the result, this is useful to declare different types of failures or success.
  • #on_success or #on_failure are hook methods which help you define the application flow.
  • #use_case if is a failure result, the use case responsible for it will be accessible through this method. This feature is handy to handle a flow failure (this topic will be covered ahead).

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What are the default Micro::Case::Result types?

Every result has a type and these are the defaults:

  • :ok when success
  • :error/:exception when failures
class Divide < Micro::Case::Base
  attributes :a, :b

  def call!
    invalid_attributes.empty? ? Success(a / b) : Failure(invalid_attributes)
  rescue => e
    Failure(e)
  end

  private def invalid_attributes
    attributes.select { |_key, value| !value.is_a?(Numeric) }
  end
end

# Success result

result = Divide.call(a: 2, b: 2)

result.type     # :ok
result.value    # 1
result.success? # true
result.use_case # raises `Micro::Case::Error::InvalidAccessToTheUseCaseObject: only a failure result can access its own use case`

# Failure result (type == :error)

bad_result = Divide.call(a: 2, b: '2')

bad_result.type     # :error
bad_result.value    # {"b"=>"2"}
bad_result.failure? # true
bad_result.use_case # #<Divide:0x0000 @__attributes={"a"=>2, "b"=>"2"}, @a=2, @b="2", @__result=#<Micro::Case::Result:0x0000 @use_case=#<Divide:0x0000 ...>, @type=:error, @value={"b"=>"2"}, @success=false>>

# Failure result (type == :exception)

err_result = Divide.call(a: 2, b: 0)

err_result.type     # :exception
err_result.value    # <ZeroDivisionError: divided by 0>
err_result.failure? # true
err_result.use_case # #<Divide:0x0000 @__attributes={"a"=>2, "b"=>0}, @a=2, @b=0, @__result=#<Micro::Case::Result:0x0000 @use_case=#<Divide:0x0000 ...>, @type=:exception, @value=#<ZeroDivisionError: divided by 0>, @success=false>>

# Note:
# ----
# Any Exception instance which is wrapped by
# the Failure() method will receive `:exception` instead of the `:error` type.

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How to define custom result types?

Answer: Use a symbol as the argument of Success(), Failure() methods and declare a block to set their values.

class Multiply < Micro::Case::Base
  attributes :a, :b

  def call!
    return Success(a * b) if a.is_a?(Numeric) && b.is_a?(Numeric)

    Failure(:invalid_data) do
      attributes.reject { |_, input| input.is_a?(Numeric) }
    end
  end
end

# Success result

result = Multiply.call(a: 3, b: 2)

result.type     # :ok
result.value    # 6
result.success? # true

# Failure result

bad_result = Multiply.call(a: 3, b: '2')

bad_result.type     # :invalid_data
bad_result.value    # {"b"=>"2"}
bad_result.failure? # true

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Is it possible to define a custom result type without a block?

Answer: Yes, it is. But only for failure results!

class Multiply < Micro::Case::Base
  attributes :a, :b

  def call!
    return Failure(:invalid_data) unless a.is_a?(Numeric) && b.is_a?(Numeric)

    Success(a * b)
  end
end

result = Multiply.call(a: 2, b: '2')

result.failure?            # true
result.value               # :invalid_data
result.type                # :invalid_data
result.use_case.attributes # {"a"=>2, "b"=>"2"}

# Note:
# ----
# This feature is handy to handle failures in a flow
# (this topic will be covered ahead).

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How to use the result hooks?

As mentioned earlier, the Micro::Case::Result has two methods to improve the flow control. They are: #on_success, on_failure.

The examples below show how to use them:

class Double < Micro::Case::Base
  attributes :number

  def call!
    return Failure(:invalid) { 'the number must be a numeric value' } unless number.is_a?(Numeric)
    return Failure(:lte_zero) { 'the number must be greater than 0' } if number <= 0

    Success(number * 2)
  end
end

#================================#
# Printing the output if success #
#================================#

Double
  .call(number: 3)
  .on_success { |number| p number }
  .on_failure(:invalid) { |msg| raise TypeError, msg }
  .on_failure(:lte_zero) { |msg| raise ArgumentError, msg }

# The output because it is a success:
#   6

#=============================#
# Raising an error if failure #
#=============================#

Double
  .call(number: -1)
  .on_success { |number| p number }
  .on_failure { |_msg, use_case| puts "#{use_case.class.name} was the use case responsible for the failure" }
  .on_failure(:invalid) { |msg| raise TypeError, msg }
  .on_failure(:lte_zero) { |msg| raise ArgumentError, msg }

# The outputs because it is a failure:
#   Double was the use case responsible for the failure
# (throws the error)
#   ArgumentError (the number must be greater than 0)

# Note:
# ----
# The use case responsible for the failure will be accessible as the second hook argument

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What happens if a result hook is declared multiple times?

Answer: The hook will be triggered if it matches the result type.

class Double < Micro::Case::Base
  attributes :number

  def call!
    return Failure(:invalid) { 'the number must be a numeric value' } unless number.is_a?(Numeric)

    Success(:computed) { number * 2 }
  end
end

result = Double.call(number: 3)
result.value     # 6
result.value * 4 # 24

accum = 0

result.on_success { |number| accum += number }
      .on_success { |number| accum += number }
      .on_success(:computed) { |number| accum += number }
      .on_success(:computed) { |number| accum += number }

accum # 24

result.value * 4 == accum # true

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How to compose uses cases to represents complex ones?

In this case, this will be is a flow, because the idea is to use/reuse use cases as steps which will define a more complex one.

module Steps
  class ConvertToNumbers < Micro::Case::Base
    attribute :numbers

    def call!
      if numbers.all? { |value| String(value) =~ /\d+/ }
        Success(numbers: numbers.map(&:to_i))
      else
        Failure('numbers must contain only numeric types')
      end
    end
  end

  class Add2 < Micro::Case::Strict
    attribute :numbers

    def call!
      Success(numbers: numbers.map { |number| number + 2 })
    end
  end

  class Double < Micro::Case::Strict
    attribute :numbers

    def call!
      Success(numbers: numbers.map { |number| number * 2 })
    end
  end

  class Square < Micro::Case::Strict
    attribute :numbers

    def call!
      Success(numbers: numbers.map { |number| number * number })
    end
  end
end

#---------------------------------------------#
# Creating a flow using the collection syntax #
#---------------------------------------------#

Add2ToAllNumbers = Micro::Case::Flow[
  Steps::ConvertToNumbers,
  Steps::Add2
]

result = Add2ToAllNumbers.call(numbers: %w[1 1 2 2 3 4])

p result.success? # true
p result.value    # {:numbers => [3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6]}

#---------------------------------------------------#
# An alternative way to create a flow using classes #
#---------------------------------------------------#

class DoubleAllNumbers
  include Micro::Case::Flow

  flow Steps::ConvertToNumbers, Steps::Double
end

DoubleAllNumbers
  .call(numbers: %w[1 1 b 2 3 4])
  .on_failure { |message| p message } # "numbers must contain only numeric types"

#-------------------------------------------------------------#
# Another way to create a flow using the composition operator #
#-------------------------------------------------------------#

SquareAllNumbers =
  Steps::ConvertToNumbers >> Steps::Square

SquareAllNumbers
  .call(numbers: %w[1 1 2 2 3 4])
  .on_success { |value| p value[:numbers] } # [1, 1, 4, 4, 9, 16]

# Note:
# ----
# When happening a failure, the use case responsible
# will be accessible in the result

result = SquareAllNumbers.call(numbers: %w[1 1 b 2 3 4])

result.failure?                                # true
result.use_case.is_a?(Steps::ConvertToNumbers) # true

result.on_failure do |_message, use_case|
  puts "#{use_case.class.name} was the use case responsible for the failure" # Steps::ConvertToNumbers was the use case responsible for the failure
end

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Is it possible to compose a use case flow with other ones?

Answer: Yes, it is.

module Steps
  class ConvertToNumbers < Micro::Case::Base
    attribute :numbers

    def call!
      if numbers.all? { |value| String(value) =~ /\d+/ }
        Success(numbers: numbers.map(&:to_i))
      else
        Failure('numbers must contain only numeric types')
      end
    end
  end

  class Add2 < Micro::Case::Strict
    attribute :numbers

    def call!
      Success(numbers: numbers.map { |number| number + 2 })
    end
  end

  class Double < Micro::Case::Strict
    attribute :numbers

    def call!
      Success(numbers: numbers.map { |number| number * 2 })
    end
  end

  class Square < Micro::Case::Strict
    attribute :numbers

    def call!
      Success(numbers: numbers.map { |number| number * number })
    end
  end
end

Add2ToAllNumbers = Steps::ConvertToNumbers >> Steps::Add2
DoubleAllNumbers = Steps::ConvertToNumbers >> Steps::Double
SquareAllNumbers = Steps::ConvertToNumbers >> Steps::Square

DoubleAllNumbersAndAdd2 = DoubleAllNumbers >> Steps::Add2
SquareAllNumbersAndAdd2 = SquareAllNumbers >> Steps::Add2

SquareAllNumbersAndDouble = SquareAllNumbersAndAdd2 >> DoubleAllNumbers
DoubleAllNumbersAndSquareAndAdd2 = DoubleAllNumbers >> SquareAllNumbersAndAdd2

SquareAllNumbersAndDouble
  .call(numbers: %w[1 1 2 2 3 4])
  .on_success { |value| p value[:numbers] } # [6, 6, 12, 12, 22, 36]

DoubleAllNumbersAndSquareAndAdd2
  .call(numbers: %w[1 1 2 2 3 4])
  .on_success { |value| p value[:numbers] } # [6, 6, 18, 18, 38, 66]

Note: You can blend any of the available syntaxes/approaches to create use case flows - examples.

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What is a strict use case?

Answer: Is a use case which will require all the keywords (attributes) on its initialization.

class Double < Micro::Case::Strict
  attribute :numbers

  def call!
    Success(numbers.map { |number| number * 2 })
  end
end

Double.call({})

# The output (raised an error):
# ArgumentError (missing keyword: :numbers)

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Is there some feature to auto handle exceptions inside of a use case or flow?

Answer: Yes, there is!

Use cases:

Like Micro::Case::Strict the Micro::Case::Safe is another kind of use case. It has the ability to auto intercept any exception as a failure result. e.g:

require 'logger'

AppLogger = Logger.new(STDOUT)

class Divide < Micro::Case::Safe
  attributes :a, :b

  def call!
    return Success(a / b) if a.is_a?(Integer) && b.is_a?(Integer)
    Failure(:not_an_integer)
  end
end

result = Divide.call(a: 2, b: 0)
result.type == :exception             # true
result.value.is_a?(ZeroDivisionError) # true

result.on_failure(:exception) do |exception|
  AppLogger.error(exception.message) # E, [2019-08-21T00:05:44.195506 #9532] ERROR -- : divided by 0
end

# Note:
# ----
# If you need to handle a specific error,
# I recommend the usage of a case statement. e,g:

result.on_failure(:exception) do |exception, use_case|
  case exception
  when ZeroDivisionError then AppLogger.error(exception.message)
  else AppLogger.debug("#{use_case.class.name} was the use case responsible for the exception")
  end
end

# Another note:
# ------------
# It is possible to rescue an exception even when is a safe use case.
# Examples: https://github.com/serradura/u-case/blob/5a85fc238b63811a32737493dc6c59965f92491d/test/micro/case/safe_test.rb#L95-L123

Flows:

As the safe use cases, safe flows can intercept an exception in any of its steps. These are the ways to define one:

module Users
  Create = ProcessParams & ValidateParams & Persist & SendToCRM
end

# Note:
# The ampersand is based on the safe navigation operator. https://ruby-doc.org/core-2.6/doc/syntax/calling_methods_rdoc.html#label-Safe+navigation+operator

# The alternatives are:

module Users
  class Create
    include Micro::Case::Flow::Safe

    flow ProcessParams, ValidateParams, Persist, SendToCRM
  end
end

# or

module Users
  Create = Micro::Case::Flow::Safe[
    ProcessParams,
    ValidateParams,
    Persist,
    SendToCRM
  ]
end

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How to validate use case attributes?

Requirement:

To do this your application must have the activemodel >= 3.2 as a dependency.

#
# By default, if your application has the activemodel as a dependency,
# any kind of use case can use it to validate their attributes.
#
class Multiply < Micro::Case::Base
  attributes :a, :b

  validates :a, :b, presence: true, numericality: true

  def call!
    return Failure(:validation_error) { {errors: self.errors} } unless valid?

    Success(number: a * b)
  end
end

#
# But if do you want an automatic way to fail
# your use cases on validation errors, you can use:

# In some file. e.g: A Rails initializer
require 'u-case/with_validation' # or require 'micro/case/with_validation'

# In the Gemfile
gem 'u-case', require: 'u-case/with_validation'

# Using this approach, you can rewrite the previous example with less code. e.g:

class Multiply < Micro::Case::Base
  attributes :a, :b

  validates :a, :b, presence: true, numericality: true

  def call!
    Success(number: a * b)
  end
end

# Note:
# ----
# After requiring the validation mode, the
# Micro::Case::Strict and Micro::Case::Safe classes will inherit this new behavior.

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Examples

  1. Rescuing an exception inside of use cases

  2. Users creation

    An example of flow in how to define steps to sanitize, validate, and persist some input data.

  3. CLI calculator

    A more complex example which use rake tasks to demonstrate how to handle user data, and how to use different failures type to control the program flow.

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Comparisons

Check it out implementations of the same use case with different gems/abstractions.

Benchmarks

interactor VS u-case

https://github.com/serradura/u-case/tree/master/benchmarks/interactor

interactor VS u-case

Development

After checking out the repo, run bin/setup to install dependencies. Then, run ./test.sh to run the tests. You can also run bin/console for an interactive prompt that will allow you to experiment.

To install this gem onto your local machine, run bundle exec rake install. To release a new version, update the version number in version.rb, and then run bundle exec rake release, which will create a git tag for the version, push git commits and tags, and push the .gem file to rubygems.org.

Contributing

Bug reports and pull requests are welcome on GitHub at https://github.com/serradura/u-case. This project is intended to be a safe, welcoming space for collaboration, and contributors are expected to adhere to the Contributor Covenant code of conduct.

License

The gem is available as open source under the terms of the MIT License.

Code of Conduct

Everyone interacting in the Micro::Case project’s codebases, issue trackers, chat rooms and mailing lists is expected to follow the code of conduct.