base.rb

# coding: utf-8
# frozen_string_literal: true

# external dependencies
require 'rack'
require 'tilt'
require 'rack/protection'
require 'mustermann'
require 'mustermann/sinatra'
require 'mustermann/regular'

# stdlib dependencies
require 'thread'
require 'time'
require 'uri'

# other files we need
require 'sinatra/indifferent_hash'
require 'sinatra/show_exceptions'
require 'sinatra/version'

module Sinatra
  # The request object. See Rack::Request for more info:
  # http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Request
  class Request < Rack::Request
    HEADER_PARAM = /\s*[\w.]+=(?:[\w.]+|"(?:[^"\\]|\\.)*")?\s*/
    HEADER_VALUE_WITH_PARAMS = /(?:(?:\w+|\*)\/(?:\w+(?:\.|\-|\+)?|\*)*)\s*(?:;#{HEADER_PARAM})*/

    # Returns an array of acceptable media types for the response
    def accept
      @env['sinatra.accept'] ||= begin
        if @env.include? 'HTTP_ACCEPT' and @env['HTTP_ACCEPT'].to_s != ''
          @env['HTTP_ACCEPT'].to_s.scan(HEADER_VALUE_WITH_PARAMS).
            map! { |e| AcceptEntry.new(e) }.sort
        else
          [AcceptEntry.new('*/*')]
        end
      end
    end

    def accept?(type)
      preferred_type(type).to_s.include?(type)
    end

    def preferred_type(*types)
      return accept.first if types.empty?
      types.flatten!
      return types.first if accept.empty?
      accept.detect do |accept_header|
        type = types.detect { |t| MimeTypeEntry.new(t).accepts?(accept_header) }
        return type if type
      end
    end

    alias secure? ssl?

    def forwarded?
      @env.include? "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
    end

    def safe?
      get? or head? or options? or trace?
    end

    def idempotent?
      safe? or put? or delete? or link? or unlink?
    end

    def link?
      request_method == "LINK"
    end

    def unlink?
      request_method == "UNLINK"
    end

    def params
      super
    rescue Rack::Utils::ParameterTypeError, Rack::Utils::InvalidParameterError => e
      raise BadRequest, "Invalid query parameters: #{Rack::Utils.escape_html(e.message)}"
    rescue EOFError => e
      raise BadRequest, "Invalid multipart/form-data: #{Rack::Utils.escape_html(e.message)}"
    end

    class AcceptEntry
      attr_accessor :params
      attr_reader :entry

      def initialize(entry)
        params = entry.scan(HEADER_PARAM).map! do |s|
          key, value = s.strip.split('=', 2)
          value = value[1..-2].gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1') if value.start_with?('"')
          [key, value]
        end

        @entry  = entry
        @type   = entry[/[^;]+/].delete(' ')
        @params = Hash[params]
        @q      = @params.delete('q') { 1.0 }.to_f
      end

      def <=>(other)
        other.priority <=> self.priority
      end

      def priority
        # We sort in descending order; better matches should be higher.
        [ @q, -@type.count('*'), @params.size ]
      end

      def to_str
        @type
      end

      def to_s(full = false)
        full ? entry : to_str
      end

      def respond_to?(*args)
        super or to_str.respond_to?(*args)
      end

      def method_missing(*args, &block)
        to_str.send(*args, &block)
      end
    end

    class MimeTypeEntry
      attr_reader :params

      def initialize(entry)
        params = entry.scan(HEADER_PARAM).map! do |s|
          key, value = s.strip.split('=', 2)
          value = value[1..-2].gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1') if value.start_with?('"')
          [key, value]
        end

        @type   = entry[/[^;]+/].delete(' ')
        @params = Hash[params]
      end

      def accepts?(entry)
        File.fnmatch(entry, self) && matches_params?(entry.params)
      end

      def to_str
        @type
      end

      def matches_params?(params)
        return true if @params.empty?

        params.all? { |k,v| !@params.has_key?(k) || @params[k] == v }
      end
    end
  end

  # The response object. See Rack::Response and Rack::Response::Helpers for
  # more info:
  # http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Response
  # http://rubydoc.info/github/rack/rack/master/Rack/Response/Helpers
  class Response < Rack::Response
    DROP_BODY_RESPONSES = [204, 304]

    def body=(value)
      value = value.body while Rack::Response === value
      @body = String === value ? [value.to_str] : value
    end

    def each
      block_given? ? super : enum_for(:each)
    end

    def finish
      result = body

      if drop_content_info?
        headers.delete "Content-Length"
        headers.delete "Content-Type"
      end

      if drop_body?
        close
        result = []
      end

      if calculate_content_length?
        # if some other code has already set Content-Length, don't muck with it
        # currently, this would be the static file-handler
        headers["Content-Length"] = body.map(&:bytesize).reduce(0, :+).to_s
      end

      [status, headers, result]
    end

    private

    def calculate_content_length?
      headers["Content-Type"] and not headers["Content-Length"] and Array === body
    end

    def drop_content_info?
      informational? or drop_body?
    end

    def drop_body?
      DROP_BODY_RESPONSES.include?(status)
    end
  end

  # Some Rack handlers (Rainbows!) implement an extended body object protocol, however,
  # some middleware (namely Rack::Lint) will break it by not mirroring the methods in question.
  # This middleware will detect an extended body object and will make sure it reaches the
  # handler directly. We do this here, so our middleware and middleware set up by the app will
  # still be able to run.
  class ExtendedRack < Struct.new(:app)
    def call(env)
      result, callback = app.call(env), env['async.callback']
      return result unless callback and async?(*result)
      after_response { callback.call result }
      setup_close(env, *result)
      throw :async
    end

    private

    def setup_close(env, status, headers, body)
      return unless body.respond_to? :close and env.include? 'async.close'
      env['async.close'].callback { body.close }
      env['async.close'].errback { body.close }
    end

    def after_response(&block)
      raise NotImplementedError, "only supports EventMachine at the moment" unless defined? EventMachine
      EventMachine.next_tick(&block)
    end

    def async?(status, headers, body)
      return true if status == -1
      body.respond_to? :callback and body.respond_to? :errback
    end
  end

  # Behaves exactly like Rack::CommonLogger with the notable exception that it does nothing,
  # if another CommonLogger is already in the middleware chain.
  class CommonLogger < Rack::CommonLogger
    def call(env)
      env['sinatra.commonlogger'] ? @app.call(env) : super
    end

    superclass.class_eval do
      alias call_without_check call unless method_defined? :call_without_check
      def call(env)
        env['sinatra.commonlogger'] = true
        call_without_check(env)
      end
    end
  end

  class Error < StandardError #:nodoc:
  end

  class BadRequest < Error #:nodoc:
    def http_status; 400 end
  end

  class NotFound < Error #:nodoc:
    def http_status; 404 end
  end

  # Methods available to routes, before/after filters, and views.
  module Helpers
    # Set or retrieve the response status code.
    def status(value = nil)
      response.status = Rack::Utils.status_code(value) if value
      response.status
    end

    # Set or retrieve the response body. When a block is given,
    # evaluation is deferred until the body is read with #each.
    def body(value = nil, &block)
      if block_given?
        def block.each; yield(call) end
        response.body = block
      elsif value
        # Rack 2.0 returns a Rack::File::Iterator here instead of
        # Rack::File as it was in the previous API.
        unless request.head? || value.is_a?(Rack::File::Iterator) || value.is_a?(Stream)
          headers.delete 'Content-Length'
        end
        response.body = value
      else
        response.body
      end
    end

    # Halt processing and redirect to the URI provided.
    def redirect(uri, *args)
      if env['HTTP_VERSION'] == 'HTTP/1.1' and env["REQUEST_METHOD"] != 'GET'
        status 303
      else
        status 302
      end

      # According to RFC 2616 section 14.30, "the field value consists of a
      # single absolute URI"
      response['Location'] = uri(uri.to_s, settings.absolute_redirects?, settings.prefixed_redirects?)
      halt(*args)
    end

    # Generates the absolute URI for a given path in the app.
    # Takes Rack routers and reverse proxies into account.
    def uri(addr = nil, absolute = true, add_script_name = true)
      return addr if addr =~ /\A[a-z][a-z0-9\+\.\-]*:/i
      uri = [host = String.new]
      if absolute
        host << "http#{'s' if request.secure?}://"
        if request.forwarded? or request.port != (request.secure? ? 443 : 80)
          host << request.host_with_port
        else
          host << request.host
        end
      end
      uri << request.script_name.to_s if add_script_name
      uri << (addr ? addr : request.path_info).to_s
      File.join uri
    end

    alias url uri
    alias to uri

    # Halt processing and return the error status provided.
    def error(code, body = nil)
      code, body    = 500, code.to_str if code.respond_to? :to_str
      response.body = body unless body.nil?
      halt code
    end

    # Halt processing and return a 404 Not Found.
    def not_found(body = nil)
      error 404, body
    end

    # Set multiple response headers with Hash.
    def headers(hash = nil)
      response.headers.merge! hash if hash
      response.headers
    end

    # Access the underlying Rack session.
    def session
      request.session
    end

    # Access shared logger object.
    def logger
      request.logger
    end

    # Look up a media type by file extension in Rack's mime registry.
    def mime_type(type)
      Base.mime_type(type)
    end

    # Set the Content-Type of the response body given a media type or file
    # extension.
    def content_type(type = nil, params = {})
      return response['Content-Type'] unless type
      default = params.delete :default
      mime_type = mime_type(type) || default
      fail "Unknown media type: %p" % type if mime_type.nil?
      mime_type = mime_type.dup
      unless params.include? :charset or settings.add_charset.all? { |p| not p === mime_type }
        params[:charset] = params.delete('charset') || settings.default_encoding
      end
      params.delete :charset if mime_type.include? 'charset'
      unless params.empty?
        mime_type << (mime_type.include?(';') ? ', ' : ';')
        mime_type << params.map do |key, val|
          val = val.inspect if val =~ /[";,]/
          "#{key}=#{val}"
        end.join(', ')
      end
      response['Content-Type'] = mime_type
    end

    # Set the Content-Disposition to "attachment" with the specified filename,
    # instructing the user agents to prompt to save.
    def attachment(filename = nil, disposition = :attachment)
      response['Content-Disposition'] = disposition.to_s.dup
      if filename
        params = '; filename="%s"' % File.basename(filename)
        response['Content-Disposition'] << params
        ext = File.extname(filename)
        content_type(ext) unless response['Content-Type'] or ext.empty?
      end
    end

    # Use the contents of the file at +path+ as the response body.
    def send_file(path, opts = {})
      if opts[:type] or not response['Content-Type']
        content_type opts[:type] || File.extname(path), :default => 'application/octet-stream'
      end

      disposition = opts[:disposition]
      filename    = opts[:filename]
      disposition = :attachment if disposition.nil? and filename
      filename    = path        if filename.nil?
      attachment(filename, disposition) if disposition

      last_modified opts[:last_modified] if opts[:last_modified]

      file   = Rack::File.new(File.dirname(settings.app_file))
      result = file.serving(request, path)

      result[1].each { |k,v| headers[k] ||= v }
      headers['Content-Length'] = result[1]['Content-Length']
      opts[:status] &&= Integer(opts[:status])
      halt (opts[:status] || result[0]), result[2]
    rescue Errno::ENOENT
      not_found
    end

    # Class of the response body in case you use #stream.
    #
    # Three things really matter: The front and back block (back being the
    # block generating content, front the one sending it to the client) and
    # the scheduler, integrating with whatever concurrency feature the Rack
    # handler is using.
    #
    # Scheduler has to respond to defer and schedule.
    class Stream
      def self.schedule(*) yield end
      def self.defer(*)    yield end

      def initialize(scheduler = self.class, keep_open = false, &back)
        @back, @scheduler, @keep_open = back.to_proc, scheduler, keep_open
        @callbacks, @closed = [], false
      end

      def close
        return if closed?
        @closed = true
        @scheduler.schedule { @callbacks.each { |c| c.call } }
      end

      def each(&front)
        @front = front
        @scheduler.defer do
          begin
            @back.call(self)
          rescue Exception => e
            @scheduler.schedule { raise e }
          end
          close unless @keep_open
        end
      end

      def <<(data)
        @scheduler.schedule { @front.call(data.to_s) }
        self
      end

      def callback(&block)
        return yield if closed?
        @callbacks << block
      end

      alias errback callback

      def closed?
        @closed
      end
    end

    # Allows to start sending data to the client even though later parts of
    # the response body have not yet been generated.
    #
    # The close parameter specifies whether Stream#close should be called
    # after the block has been executed. This is only relevant for evented
    # servers like Rainbows.
    def stream(keep_open = false)
      scheduler = env['async.callback'] ? EventMachine : Stream
      current   = @params.dup
      body Stream.new(scheduler, keep_open) { |out| with_params(current) { yield(out) } }
    end

    # Specify response freshness policy for HTTP caches (Cache-Control header).
    # Any number of non-value directives (:public, :private, :no_cache,
    # :no_store, :must_revalidate, :proxy_revalidate) may be passed along with
    # a Hash of value directives (:max_age, :s_maxage).
    #
    #   cache_control :public, :must_revalidate, :max_age => 60
    #   => Cache-Control: public, must-revalidate, max-age=60
    #
    # See RFC 2616 / 14.9 for more on standard cache control directives:
    # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-14.9.1
    def cache_control(*values)
      if values.last.kind_of?(Hash)
        hash = values.pop
        hash.reject! { |k, v| v == false }
        hash.reject! { |k, v| values << k if v == true }
      else
        hash = {}
      end

      values.map! { |value| value.to_s.tr('_','-') }
      hash.each do |key, value|
        key = key.to_s.tr('_', '-')
        value = value.to_i if ['max-age', 's-maxage'].include? key
        values << "#{key}=#{value}"
      end

      response['Cache-Control'] = values.join(', ') if values.any?
    end

    # Set the Expires header and Cache-Control/max-age directive. Amount
    # can be an integer number of seconds in the future or a Time object
    # indicating when the response should be considered "stale". The remaining
    # "values" arguments are passed to the #cache_control helper:
    #
    #   expires 500, :public, :must_revalidate
    #   => Cache-Control: public, must-revalidate, max-age=500
    #   => Expires: Mon, 08 Jun 2009 08:50:17 GMT
    #
    def expires(amount, *values)
      values << {} unless values.last.kind_of?(Hash)

      if amount.is_a? Integer
        time    = Time.now + amount.to_i
        max_age = amount
      else
        time    = time_for amount
        max_age = time - Time.now
      end

      values.last.merge!(:max_age => max_age)
      cache_control(*values)

      response['Expires'] = time.httpdate
    end

    # Set the last modified time of the resource (HTTP 'Last-Modified' header)
    # and halt if conditional GET matches. The +time+ argument is a Time,
    # DateTime, or other object that responds to +to_time+.
    #
    # When the current request includes an 'If-Modified-Since' header that is
    # equal or later than the time specified, execution is immediately halted
    # with a '304 Not Modified' response.
    def last_modified(time)
      return unless time
      time = time_for time
      response['Last-Modified'] = time.httpdate
      return if env['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH']

      if status == 200 and env['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE']
        # compare based on seconds since epoch
        since = Time.httpdate(env['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE']).to_i
        halt 304 if since >= time.to_i
      end

      if (success? or status == 412) and env['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE']
        # compare based on seconds since epoch
        since = Time.httpdate(env['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE']).to_i
        halt 412 if since < time.to_i
      end
    rescue ArgumentError
    end

    ETAG_KINDS = [:strong, :weak]
    # Set the response entity tag (HTTP 'ETag' header) and halt if conditional
    # GET matches. The +value+ argument is an identifier that uniquely
    # identifies the current version of the resource. The +kind+ argument
    # indicates whether the etag should be used as a :strong (default) or :weak
    # cache validator.
    #
    # When the current request includes an 'If-None-Match' header with a
    # matching etag, execution is immediately halted. If the request method is
    # GET or HEAD, a '304 Not Modified' response is sent.
    def etag(value, options = {})
      # Before touching this code, please double check RFC 2616 14.24 and 14.26.
      options      = {:kind => options} unless Hash === options
      kind         = options[:kind] || :strong
      new_resource = options.fetch(:new_resource) { request.post? }

      unless ETAG_KINDS.include?(kind)
        raise ArgumentError, ":strong or :weak expected"
      end

      value = '"%s"' % value
      value = "W/#{value}" if kind == :weak
      response['ETag'] = value

      if success? or status == 304
        if etag_matches? env['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'], new_resource
          halt(request.safe? ? 304 : 412)
        end

        if env['HTTP_IF_MATCH']
          halt 412 unless etag_matches? env['HTTP_IF_MATCH'], new_resource
        end
      end
    end

    # Sugar for redirect (example:  redirect back)
    def back
      request.referer
    end

    # whether or not the status is set to 1xx
    def informational?
      status.between? 100, 199
    end

    # whether or not the status is set to 2xx
    def success?
      status.between? 200, 299
    end

    # whether or not the status is set to 3xx
    def redirect?
      status.between? 300, 399
    end

    # whether or not the status is set to 4xx
    def client_error?
      status.between? 400, 499
    end

    # whether or not the status is set to 5xx
    def server_error?
      status.between? 500, 599
    end

    # whether or not the status is set to 404
    def not_found?
      status == 404
    end

    # whether or not the status is set to 400
    def bad_request?
      status == 400
    end

    # Generates a Time object from the given value.
    # Used by #expires and #last_modified.
    def time_for(value)
      if value.is_a? Numeric
        Time.at value
      elsif value.respond_to? :to_s
        Time.parse value.to_s
      else
        value.to_time
      end
    rescue ArgumentError => boom
      raise boom
    rescue Exception
      raise ArgumentError, "unable to convert #{value.inspect} to a Time object"
    end

    private

    # Helper method checking if a ETag value list includes the current ETag.
    def etag_matches?(list, new_resource = request.post?)
      return !new_resource if list == '*'
      list.to_s.split(/\s*,\s*/).include? response['ETag']
    end

    def with_params(temp_params)
      original, @params = @params, temp_params
      yield
    ensure
      @params = original if original
    end
  end

  # Template rendering methods. Each method takes the name of a template
  # to render as a Symbol and returns a String with the rendered output,
  # as well as an optional hash with additional options.
  #
  # `template` is either the name or path of the template as symbol
  # (Use `:'subdir/myview'` for views in subdirectories), or a string
  # that will be rendered.
  #
  # Possible options are:
  #   :content_type   The content type to use, same arguments as content_type.
  #   :layout         If set to something falsy, no layout is rendered, otherwise
  #                   the specified layout is used
  #   :layout_engine  Engine to use for rendering the layout.
  #   :locals         A hash with local variables that should be available
  #                   in the template
  #   :scope          If set, template is evaluate with the binding of the given
  #                   object rather than the application instance.
  #   :views          Views directory to use.
  module Templates
    module ContentTyped
      attr_accessor :content_type
    end

    def initialize
      super
      @default_layout = :layout
      @preferred_extension = nil
    end

    def erb(template, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
      render(:erb, template, options, locals, &block)
    end

    def haml(template, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
      render(:haml, template, options, locals, &block)
    end

    def builder(template = nil, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
      options[:default_content_type] = :xml
      render_ruby(:builder, template, options, locals, &block)
    end

    def liquid(template, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
      render(:liquid, template, options, locals, &block)
    end

    def markdown(template, options = {}, locals = {})
      options[:exclude_outvar] = true
      render :markdown, template, options, locals
    end

    def rdoc(template, options = {}, locals = {})
      render :rdoc, template, options, locals
    end

    def asciidoc(template, options = {}, locals = {})
      render :asciidoc, template, options, locals
    end

    def markaby(template = nil, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
      render_ruby(:mab, template, options, locals, &block)
    end

    def nokogiri(template = nil, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
      options[:default_content_type] = :xml
      render_ruby(:nokogiri, template, options, locals, &block)
    end

    def slim(template, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
      render(:slim, template, options, locals, &block)
    end

    def yajl(template, options = {}, locals = {})
      options[:default_content_type] = :json
      render :yajl, template, options, locals
    end

    def rabl(template, options = {}, locals = {})
      Rabl.register!
      render :rabl, template, options, locals
    end

    # Calls the given block for every possible template file in views,
    # named name.ext, where ext is registered on engine.
    def find_template(views, name, engine)
      yield ::File.join(views, "#{name}.#{@preferred_extension}")

      Tilt.default_mapping.extensions_for(engine).each do |ext|
        yield ::File.join(views, "#{name}.#{ext}") unless ext == @preferred_extension
      end
    end

    private

    # logic shared between builder and nokogiri
    def render_ruby(engine, template, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
      options, template = template, nil if template.is_a?(Hash)
      template = Proc.new { block } if template.nil?
      render engine, template, options, locals
    end

    def render(engine, data, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
      # merge app-level options
      engine_options = settings.respond_to?(engine) ? settings.send(engine) : {}
      options.merge!(engine_options) { |key, v1, v2| v1 }

      # extract generic options
      locals          = options.delete(:locals) || locals         || {}
      views           = options.delete(:views)  || settings.views || "./views"
      layout          = options[:layout]
      layout          = false if layout.nil? && options.include?(:layout)
      eat_errors      = layout.nil?
      layout          = engine_options[:layout] if layout.nil? or (layout == true && engine_options[:layout] != false)
      layout          = @default_layout         if layout.nil? or layout == true
      layout_options  = options.delete(:layout_options) || {}
      content_type    = options.delete(:default_content_type)
      content_type    = options.delete(:content_type)   || content_type
      layout_engine   = options.delete(:layout_engine)  || engine
      scope           = options.delete(:scope)          || self
      exclude_outvar  = options.delete(:exclude_outvar)
      options.delete(:layout)

      # set some defaults
      options[:outvar] ||= '@_out_buf' unless exclude_outvar
      options[:default_encoding] ||= settings.default_encoding

      # compile and render template
      begin
        layout_was      = @default_layout
        @default_layout = false
        template        = compile_template(engine, data, options, views)
        output          = template.render(scope, locals, &block)
      ensure
        @default_layout = layout_was
      end

      # render layout
      if layout
        options = options.merge(:views => views, :layout => false, :eat_errors => eat_errors, :scope => scope).
                merge!(layout_options)
        catch(:layout_missing) { return render(layout_engine, layout, options, locals) { output } }
      end

      output.extend(ContentTyped).content_type = content_type if content_type
      output
    end

    def compile_template(engine, data, options, views)
      eat_errors = options.delete :eat_errors
      template = Tilt[engine]
      raise "Template engine not found: #{engine}" if template.nil?

      case data
      when Symbol
        template_cache.fetch engine, data, options, views do
          body, path, line = settings.templates[data]
          if body
            body = body.call if body.respond_to?(:call)
            template.new(path, line.to_i, options) { body }
          else
            found = false
            @preferred_extension = engine.to_s
            find_template(views, data, template) do |file|
              path ||= file # keep the initial path rather than the last one
              if found = File.exist?(file)
                path = file
                break
              end
            end
            throw :layout_missing if eat_errors and not found
            template.new(path, 1, options)
          end
        end
      when Proc
        compile_block_template(template, options, &data)
      when String
        template_cache.fetch engine, data, options, views do
          compile_block_template(template, options) { data }
        end
      else
        raise ArgumentError, "Sorry, don't know how to render #{data.inspect}."
      end
    end

    def compile_block_template(template, options, &body)
      first_location = caller_locations.first
      path, line = first_location.path, first_location.lineno
      path = options[:path] || path
      line = options[:line] || line
      template.new(path, line.to_i, options, &body)
    end
  end

  # Base class for all Sinatra applications and middleware.
  class Base
    include Rack::Utils
    include Helpers
    include Templates

    URI_INSTANCE = URI::Parser.new

    attr_accessor :app, :env, :request, :response, :params
    attr_reader   :template_cache

    def initialize(app = nil, **kwargs)
      super()
      @app = app
      @template_cache = Tilt::Cache.new
      @pinned_response = nil # whether a before! filter pinned the content-type
      yield self if block_given?
    end

    # Rack call interface.
    def call(env)
      dup.call!(env)
    end

    def call!(env) # :nodoc:
      @env      = env
      @params   = IndifferentHash.new
      @request  = Request.new(env)
      @response = Response.new
      @pinned_response = nil
      template_cache.clear if settings.reload_templates

      invoke { dispatch! }
      invoke { error_block!(response.status) } unless @env['sinatra.error']

      unless @response['Content-Type']
        if Array === body && body[0].respond_to?(:content_type)
          content_type body[0].content_type
        elsif default = settings.default_content_type
          content_type default
        end
      end

      @response.finish
    end

    # Access settings defined with Base.set.
    def self.settings
      self
    end

    # Access settings defined with Base.set.
    def settings
      self.class.settings
    end

    def options
      warn "Sinatra::Base#options is deprecated and will be removed, " \
        "use #settings instead."
      settings
    end

    # Exit the current block, halts any further processing
    # of the request, and returns the specified response.
    def halt(*response)
      response = response.first if response.length == 1
      throw :halt, response
    end

    # Pass control to the next matching route.
    # If there are no more matching routes, Sinatra will
    # return a 404 response.
    def pass(&block)
      throw :pass, block
    end

    # Forward the request to the downstream app -- middleware only.
    def forward
      fail "downstream app not set" unless @app.respond_to? :call
      status, headers, body = @app.call env
      @response.status = status
      @response.body = body
      @response.headers.merge! headers
      nil
    end

    private

    # Run filters defined on the class and all superclasses.
    # Accepts an optional block to call after each filter is applied.
    def filter!(type, base = settings, &block)
      filter!(type, base.superclass, &block) if base.superclass.respond_to?(:filters)
      base.filters[type].each do |args|
        result = process_route(*args)
        block.call(result) if block_given?
      end
    end

    # Run routes defined on the class and all superclasses.
    def route!(base = settings, pass_block = nil)
      if routes = base.routes[@request.request_method]
        routes.each do |pattern, conditions, block|
          response.delete_header('Content-Type') unless @pinned_response

          returned_pass_block = process_route(pattern, conditions) do |*args|
            env['sinatra.route'] = "#{@request.request_method} #{pattern}"
            route_eval { block[*args] }
          end

          # don't wipe out pass_block in superclass
          pass_block = returned_pass_block if returned_pass_block
        end
      end

      # Run routes defined in superclass.
      if base.superclass.respond_to?(:routes)
        return route!(base.superclass, pass_block)
      end

      route_eval(&pass_block) if pass_block
      route_missing
    end

    # Run a route block and throw :halt with the result.
    def route_eval
      throw :halt, yield
    end

    # If the current request matches pattern and conditions, fill params
    # with keys and call the given block.
    # Revert params afterwards.
    #
    # Returns pass block.
    def process_route(pattern, conditions, block = nil, values = [])
      route = @request.path_info
      route = '/' if route.empty? and not settings.empty_path_info?
      route = route[0..-2] if !settings.strict_paths? && route != '/' && route.end_with?('/')
      return unless params = pattern.params(route)

      params.delete("ignore") # TODO: better params handling, maybe turn it into "smart" object or detect changes
      force_encoding(params)
      @params = @params.merge(params) { |k, v1, v2| v2 || v1 } if params.any?

      regexp_exists = pattern.is_a?(Mustermann::Regular) || (pattern.respond_to?(:patterns) && pattern.patterns.any? {|subpattern| subpattern.is_a?(Mustermann::Regular)} )
      if regexp_exists
        captures           = pattern.match(route).captures.map { |c| URI_INSTANCE.unescape(c) if c }
        values            += captures
        @params[:captures] = force_encoding(captures) unless captures.nil? || captures.empty?
      else
        values += params.values.flatten
      end

      catch(:pass) do
        conditions.each { |c| throw :pass if c.bind(self).call == false }
        block ? block[self, values] : yield(self, values)
      end
    rescue
      @env['sinatra.error.params'] = @params
      raise
    ensure
      params ||= {}
      params.each { |k, _| @params.delete(k) } unless @env['sinatra.error.params']
    end

    # No matching route was found or all routes passed. The default
    # implementation is to forward the request downstream when running
    # as middleware (@app is non-nil); when no downstream app is set, raise
    # a NotFound exception. Subclasses can override this method to perform
    # custom route miss logic.
    def route_missing
      if @app
        forward
      else
        raise NotFound
      end
    end

    # Attempt to serve static files from public directory. Throws :halt when
    # a matching file is found, returns nil otherwise.
    def static!(options = {})
      return if (public_dir = settings.public_folder).nil?
      path = "#{public_dir}#{URI_INSTANCE.unescape(request.path_info)}"
      return unless valid_path?(path)

      path = File.expand_path(path)
      return unless path.start_with?(File.expand_path(public_dir) + '/')
      return unless File.file?(path)

      env['sinatra.static_file'] = path
      cache_control(*settings.static_cache_control) if settings.static_cache_control?
      send_file path, options.merge(:disposition => nil)
    end

    # Run the block with 'throw :halt' support and apply result to the response.
    def invoke
      res = catch(:halt) { yield }

      res = [res] if Integer === res or String === res
      if Array === res and Integer === res.first
        res = res.dup
        status(res.shift)
        body(res.pop)
        headers(*res)
      elsif res.respond_to? :each
        body res
      end
      nil # avoid double setting the same response tuple twice
    end

    # Dispatch a request with error handling.
    def dispatch!
      # Avoid passing frozen string in force_encoding
      @params.merge!(@request.params).each do |key, val|
        next unless val.respond_to?(:force_encoding)
        val = val.dup if val.frozen?
        @params[key] = force_encoding(val)
      end

      invoke do
        static! if settings.static? && (request.get? || request.head?)
        filter! :before do
          @pinned_response = !response['Content-Type'].nil?
        end
        route!
      end
    rescue ::Exception => boom
      invoke { handle_exception!(boom) }
    ensure
      begin
        filter! :after unless env['sinatra.static_file']
      rescue ::Exception => boom
        invoke { handle_exception!(boom) } unless @env['sinatra.error']
      end
    end

    # Error handling during requests.
    def handle_exception!(boom)
      if error_params = @env['sinatra.error.params']
        @params = @params.merge(error_params)
      end
      @env['sinatra.error'] = boom

      http_status = if boom.kind_of? Sinatra::Error
        if boom.respond_to? :http_status
          boom.http_status
        elsif settings.use_code? && boom.respond_to?(:code)
          boom.code
        end
      end

      http_status = 500 unless http_status && http_status.between?(400, 599)
      status(http_status)

      if server_error?
        dump_errors! boom if settings.dump_errors?
        raise boom if settings.show_exceptions? and settings.show_exceptions != :after_handler
      elsif not_found?
        headers['X-Cascade'] = 'pass' if settings.x_cascade?
      end

      if res = error_block!(boom.class, boom) || error_block!(status, boom)
        return res
      end

      if not_found? || bad_request?
        if boom.message && boom.message != boom.class.name
          body Rack::Utils.escape_html(boom.message)
        else
          content_type 'text/html'
          body '<h1>' + (not_found? ? 'Not Found' : 'Bad Request') + '</h1>'
        end
      end

      return unless server_error?
      raise boom if settings.raise_errors? or settings.show_exceptions?
      error_block! Exception, boom
    end

    # Find an custom error block for the key(s) specified.
    def error_block!(key, *block_params)
      base = settings
      while base.respond_to?(:errors)
        next base = base.superclass unless args_array = base.errors[key]
        args_array.reverse_each do |args|
          first = args == args_array.first
          args += [block_params]
          resp = process_route(*args)
          return resp unless resp.nil? && !first
        end
      end
      return false unless key.respond_to? :superclass and key.superclass < Exception
      error_block!(key.superclass, *block_params)
    end

    def dump_errors!(boom)
      msg = ["#{Time.now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")} - #{boom.class} - #{boom.message}:", *boom.backtrace].join("\n\t")
      @env['rack.errors'].puts(msg)
    end

    class << self
      CALLERS_TO_IGNORE = [ # :nodoc:
        /\/sinatra(\/(base|main|show_exceptions))?\.rb$/,   # all sinatra code
        /lib\/tilt.*\.rb$/,                                 # all tilt code
        /^\(.*\)$/,                                         # generated code
        /rubygems\/(custom|core_ext\/kernel)_require\.rb$/, # rubygems require hacks
        /active_support/,                                   # active_support require hacks
        /bundler(\/(?:runtime|inline))?\.rb/,               # bundler require hacks
        /<internal:/                                        # internal in ruby >= 1.9.2
      ]

      # contrary to what the comment said previously, rubinius never supported this
      if defined?(RUBY_IGNORE_CALLERS)
        warn "RUBY_IGNORE_CALLERS is deprecated and will no longer be supported by Sinatra 2.0"
        CALLERS_TO_IGNORE.concat(RUBY_IGNORE_CALLERS)
      end

      attr_reader :routes, :filters, :templates, :errors

      # Removes all routes, filters, middleware and extension hooks from the
      # current class (not routes/filters/... defined by its superclass).
      def reset!
        @conditions     = []
        @routes         = {}
        @filters        = {:before => [], :after => []}
        @errors         = {}
        @middleware     = []
        @prototype      = nil
        @extensions     = []

        if superclass.respond_to?(:templates)
          @templates = Hash.new { |hash, key| superclass.templates[key] }
        else
          @templates = {}
        end
      end

      # Extension modules registered on this class and all superclasses.
      def extensions
        if superclass.respond_to?(:extensions)
          (@extensions + superclass.extensions).uniq
        else
          @extensions
        end
      end

      # Middleware used in this class and all superclasses.
      def middleware
        if superclass.respond_to?(:middleware)
          superclass.middleware + @middleware
        else
          @middleware
        end
      end

      # Sets an option to the given value.  If the value is a proc,
      # the proc will be called every time the option is accessed.
      def set(option, value = (not_set = true), ignore_setter = false, &block)
        raise ArgumentError if block and !not_set
        value, not_set = block, false if block

        if not_set
          raise ArgumentError unless option.respond_to?(:each)
          option.each { |k,v| set(k, v) }
          return self
        end

        if respond_to?("#{option}=") and not ignore_setter
          return __send__("#{option}=", value)
        end

        setter = proc { |val| set option, val, true }
        getter = proc { value }

        case value
        when Proc
          getter = value
        when Symbol, Integer, FalseClass, TrueClass, NilClass
          getter = value.inspect
        when Hash
          setter = proc do |val|
            val = value.merge val if Hash === val
            set option, val, true
          end
        end

        define_singleton("#{option}=", setter)
        define_singleton(option, getter)
        define_singleton("#{option}?", "!!#{option}") unless method_defined? "#{option}?"
        self
      end

      # Same as calling `set :option, true` for each of the given options.
      def enable(*opts)
        opts.each { |key| set(key, true) }
      end

      # Same as calling `set :option, false` for each of the given options.
      def disable(*opts)
        opts.each { |key| set(key, false) }
      end

      # Define a custom error handler. Optionally takes either an Exception
      # class, or an HTTP status code to specify which errors should be
      # handled.
      def error(*codes, &block)
        args  = compile! "ERROR", /.*/, block
        codes = codes.flat_map(&method(:Array))
        codes << Exception if codes.empty?
        codes << Sinatra::NotFound if codes.include?(404)
        codes.each { |c| (@errors[c] ||= []) << args }
      end

      # Sugar for `error(404) { ... }`
      def not_found(&block)
        error(404, &block)
      end

      # Define a named template. The block must return the template source.
      def template(name, &block)
        filename, line = caller_locations.first
        templates[name] = [block, filename, line.to_i]
      end

      # Define the layout template. The block must return the template source.
      def layout(name = :layout, &block)
        template name, &block
      end

      # Load embedded templates from the file; uses the caller's __FILE__
      # when no file is specified.
      def inline_templates=(file = nil)
        file = (file.nil? || file == true) ? (caller_files.first || File.expand_path($0)) : file

        begin
          io = ::IO.respond_to?(:binread) ? ::IO.binread(file) : ::IO.read(file)
          app, data = io.gsub("\r\n", "\n").split(/^__END__$/, 2)
        rescue Errno::ENOENT
          app, data = nil
        end

        if data
          if app and app =~ /([^\n]*\n)?#[^\n]*coding: *(\S+)/m
            encoding = $2
          else
            encoding = settings.default_encoding
          end
          lines = app.count("\n") + 1
          template = nil
          force_encoding data, encoding
          data.each_line do |line|
            lines += 1
            if line =~ /^@@\s*(.*\S)\s*$/
              template = force_encoding(String.new, encoding)
              templates[$1.to_sym] = [template, file, lines]
            elsif template
              template << line
            end
          end
        end
      end

      # Lookup or register a mime type in Rack's mime registry.
      def mime_type(type, value = nil)
        return type      if type.nil?
        return type.to_s if type.to_s.include?('/')
        type = ".#{type}" unless type.to_s[0] == ?.
        return Rack::Mime.mime_type(type, nil) unless value
        Rack::Mime::MIME_TYPES[type] = value
      end

      # provides all mime types matching type, including deprecated types:
      #   mime_types :html # => ['text/html']
      #   mime_types :js   # => ['application/javascript', 'text/javascript']
      def mime_types(type)
        type = mime_type type
        type =~ /^application\/(xml|javascript)$/ ? [type, "text/#$1"] : [type]
      end

      # Define a before filter; runs before all requests within the same
      # context as route handlers and may access/modify the request and
      # response.
      def before(path = /.*/, **options, &block)
        add_filter(:before, path, **options, &block)
      end

      # Define an after filter; runs after all requests within the same
      # context as route handlers and may access/modify the request and
      # response.
      def after(path = /.*/, **options, &block)
        add_filter(:after, path, **options, &block)
      end

      # add a filter
      def add_filter(type, path = /.*/, **options, &block)
        filters[type] << compile!(type, path, block, **options)
      end

      # Add a route condition. The route is considered non-matching when the
      # block returns false.
      def condition(name = "#{caller.first[/`.*'/]} condition", &block)
        @conditions << generate_method(name, &block)
      end

      def public=(value)
        warn ":public is no longer used to avoid overloading Module#public, use :public_folder or :public_dir instead"
        set(:public_folder, value)
      end

      def public_dir=(value)
        self.public_folder = value
      end

      def public_dir
        public_folder
      end

      # Defining a `GET` handler also automatically defines
      # a `HEAD` handler.
      def get(path, opts = {}, &block)
        conditions = @conditions.dup
        route('GET', path, opts, &block)

        @conditions = conditions
        route('HEAD', path, opts, &block)
      end

      def put(path, opts = {}, &bk)     route 'PUT',     path, opts, &bk end
      def post(path, opts = {}, &bk)    route 'POST',    path, opts, &bk end
      def delete(path, opts = {}, &bk)  route 'DELETE',  path, opts, &bk end
      def head(path, opts = {}, &bk)    route 'HEAD',    path, opts, &bk end
      def options(path, opts = {}, &bk) route 'OPTIONS', path, opts, &bk end
      def patch(path, opts = {}, &bk)   route 'PATCH',   path, opts, &bk end
      def link(path, opts = {}, &bk)    route 'LINK',    path, opts, &bk end
      def unlink(path, opts = {}, &bk)  route 'UNLINK',  path, opts, &bk end

      # Makes the methods defined in the block and in the Modules given
      # in `extensions` available to the handlers and templates
      def helpers(*extensions, &block)
        class_eval(&block)   if block_given?
        include(*extensions) if extensions.any?
      end

      # Register an extension. Alternatively take a block from which an
      # extension will be created and registered on the fly.
      def register(*extensions, &block)
        extensions << Module.new(&block) if block_given?
        @extensions += extensions
        extensions.each do |extension|
          extend extension
          extension.registered(self) if extension.respond_to?(:registered)
        end
      end

      def development?; environment == :development end
      def production?;  environment == :production  end
      def test?;        environment == :test        end

      # Set configuration options for Sinatra and/or the app.
      # Allows scoping of settings for certain environments.
      def configure(*envs)
        yield self if envs.empty? || envs.include?(environment.to_sym)
      end

      # Use the specified Rack middleware
      def use(middleware, *args, &block)
        @prototype = nil
        @middleware << [middleware, args, block]
      end
      ruby2_keywords(:use) if respond_to?(:ruby2_keywords, true)

      # Stop the self-hosted server if running.
      def quit!
        return unless running?
        # Use Thin's hard #stop! if available, otherwise just #stop.
        running_server.respond_to?(:stop!) ? running_server.stop! : running_server.stop
        $stderr.puts "== Sinatra has ended his set (crowd applauds)" unless suppress_messages?
        set :running_server, nil
        set :handler_name, nil
      end

      alias_method :stop!, :quit!

      # Run the Sinatra app as a self-hosted server using
      # Puma, Mongrel, or WEBrick (in that order). If given a block, will call
      # with the constructed handler once we have taken the stage.
      def run!(options = {}, &block)
        return if running?
        set options
        handler         = Rack::Handler.pick(server)
        handler_name    = handler.name.gsub(/.*::/, '')
        server_settings = settings.respond_to?(:server_settings) ? settings.server_settings : {}
        server_settings.merge!(:Port => port, :Host => bind)

        begin
          start_server(handler, server_settings, handler_name, &block)
        rescue Errno::EADDRINUSE
          $stderr.puts "== Someone is already performing on port #{port}!"
          raise
        ensure
          quit!
        end
      end

      alias_method :start!, :run!

      # Check whether the self-hosted server is running or not.
      def running?
        running_server?
      end

      # The prototype instance used to process requests.
      def prototype
        @prototype ||= new
      end

      # Create a new instance without middleware in front of it.
      alias new! new unless method_defined? :new!

      # Create a new instance of the class fronted by its middleware
      # pipeline. The object is guaranteed to respond to #call but may not be
      # an instance of the class new was called on.
      def new(*args, &bk)
        instance = new!(*args, &bk)
        Wrapper.new(build(instance).to_app, instance)
      end
      ruby2_keywords :new if respond_to?(:ruby2_keywords, true)

      # Creates a Rack::Builder instance with all the middleware set up and
      # the given +app+ as end point.
      def build(app)
        builder = Rack::Builder.new
        setup_default_middleware builder
        setup_middleware builder
        builder.run app
        builder
      end

      def call(env)
        synchronize { prototype.call(env) }
      end

      # Like Kernel#caller but excluding certain magic entries and without
      # line / method information; the resulting array contains filenames only.
      def caller_files
        cleaned_caller(1).flatten
      end

      private

      # Starts the server by running the Rack Handler.
      def start_server(handler, server_settings, handler_name)
        # Ensure we initialize middleware before startup, to match standard Rack
        # behavior, by ensuring an instance exists:
        prototype
        # Run the instance we created:
        handler.run(self, **server_settings) do |server|
          unless suppress_messages?
            $stderr.puts "== Sinatra (v#{Sinatra::VERSION}) has taken the stage on #{port} for #{environment} with backup from #{handler_name}"
          end

          setup_traps
          set :running_server, server
          set :handler_name,   handler_name
          server.threaded = settings.threaded if server.respond_to? :threaded=

          yield server if block_given?
        end
      end

      def suppress_messages?
        handler_name =~ /cgi/i || quiet
      end

      def setup_traps
        if traps?
          at_exit { quit! }

          [:INT, :TERM].each do |signal|
            old_handler = trap(signal) do
              quit!
              old_handler.call if old_handler.respond_to?(:call)
            end
          end

          set :traps, false
        end
      end

      # Dynamically defines a method on settings.
      def define_singleton(name, content = Proc.new)
        singleton_class.class_eval do
          undef_method(name) if method_defined? name
          String === content ? class_eval("def #{name}() #{content}; end") : define_method(name, &content)
        end
      end

      # Condition for matching host name. Parameter might be String or Regexp.
      def host_name(pattern)
        condition { pattern === request.host }
      end

      # Condition for matching user agent. Parameter should be Regexp.
      # Will set params[:agent].
      def user_agent(pattern)
        condition do
          if request.user_agent.to_s =~ pattern
            @params[:agent] = $~[1..-1]
            true
          else
            false
          end
        end
      end
      alias_method :agent, :user_agent

      # Condition for matching mimetypes. Accepts file extensions.
      def provides(*types)
        types.map! { |t| mime_types(t) }
        types.flatten!
        condition do
          if type = response['Content-Type']
            types.include? type or types.include? type[/^[^;]+/]
          elsif type = request.preferred_type(types)
            params = (type.respond_to?(:params) ? type.params : {})
            content_type(type, params)
            true
          else
            false
          end
        end
      end

      def route(verb, path, options = {}, &block)
        enable :empty_path_info if path == "" and empty_path_info.nil?
        signature = compile!(verb, path, block, **options)
        (@routes[verb] ||= []) << signature
        invoke_hook(:route_added, verb, path, block)
        signature
      end

      def invoke_hook(name, *args)
        extensions.each { |e| e.send(name, *args) if e.respond_to?(name) }
      end

      def generate_method(method_name, &block)
        define_method(method_name, &block)
        method = instance_method method_name
        remove_method method_name
        method
      end

      def compile!(verb, path, block, **options)
        # Because of self.options.host
        host_name(options.delete(:host)) if options.key?(:host)
        # Pass Mustermann opts to compile()
        route_mustermann_opts = options.key?(:mustermann_opts) ? options.delete(:mustermann_opts) : {}.freeze

        options.each_pair { |option, args| send(option, *args) }

        pattern                 = compile(path, route_mustermann_opts)
        method_name             = "#{verb} #{path}"
        unbound_method          = generate_method(method_name, &block)
        conditions, @conditions = @conditions, []
        wrapper                 = block.arity != 0 ?
          proc { |a, p| unbound_method.bind(a).call(*p) } :
          proc { |a, p| unbound_method.bind(a).call }

        [ pattern, conditions, wrapper ]
      end

      def compile(path, route_mustermann_opts = {})
        Mustermann.new(path, **mustermann_opts.merge(route_mustermann_opts))
      end

      def setup_default_middleware(builder)
        builder.use ExtendedRack
        builder.use ShowExceptions       if show_exceptions?
        builder.use Rack::MethodOverride if method_override?
        builder.use Rack::Head
        setup_logging    builder
        setup_sessions   builder
        setup_protection builder
      end

      def setup_middleware(builder)
        middleware.each { |c,a,b| builder.use(c, *a, &b) }
      end

      def setup_logging(builder)
        if logging?
          setup_common_logger(builder)
          setup_custom_logger(builder)
        elsif logging == false
          setup_null_logger(builder)
        end
      end

      def setup_null_logger(builder)
        builder.use Rack::NullLogger
      end

      def setup_common_logger(builder)
        builder.use Sinatra::CommonLogger
      end

      def setup_custom_logger(builder)
        if logging.respond_to? :to_int
          builder.use Rack::Logger, logging
        else
          builder.use Rack::Logger
        end
      end

      def setup_protection(builder)
        return unless protection?
        options = Hash === protection ? protection.dup : {}
        options = {
          img_src:  "'self' data:",
          font_src: "'self'"
        }.merge options

        protect_session = options.fetch(:session) { sessions? }
        options[:without_session] = !protect_session

        options[:reaction] ||= :drop_session

        builder.use Rack::Protection, options
      end

      def setup_sessions(builder)
        return unless sessions?
        options = {}
        options[:secret] = session_secret if session_secret?
        options.merge! sessions.to_hash if sessions.respond_to? :to_hash
        builder.use session_store, options
      end

      def inherited(subclass)
        subclass.reset!
        subclass.set :app_file, caller_files.first unless subclass.app_file?
        super
      end

      @@mutex = Mutex.new
      def synchronize(&block)
        if lock?
          @@mutex.synchronize(&block)
        else
          yield
        end
      end

      # used for deprecation warnings
      def warn(message)
        super message + "\n\tfrom #{cleaned_caller.first.join(':')}"
      end

      # Like Kernel#caller but excluding certain magic entries
      def cleaned_caller(keep = 3)
        caller(1).
          map!    { |line| line.split(/:(?=\d|in )/, 3)[0,keep] }.
          reject { |file, *_| CALLERS_TO_IGNORE.any? { |pattern| file =~ pattern } }
      end
    end

    # Force data to specified encoding. It defaults to settings.default_encoding
    # which is UTF-8 by default
    def self.force_encoding(data, encoding = default_encoding)
      return if data == settings || data.is_a?(Tempfile)
      if data.respond_to? :force_encoding
        data.force_encoding(encoding).encode!
      elsif data.respond_to? :each_value
        data.each_value { |v| force_encoding(v, encoding) }
      elsif data.respond_to? :each
        data.each { |v| force_encoding(v, encoding) }
      end
      data
    end

    def force_encoding(*args) settings.force_encoding(*args) end

    reset!

    set :environment, (ENV['APP_ENV'] || ENV['RACK_ENV'] || :development).to_sym
    set :raise_errors, Proc.new { test? }
    set :dump_errors, Proc.new { !test? }
    set :show_exceptions, Proc.new { development? }
    set :sessions, false
    set :session_store, Rack::Protection::EncryptedCookie
    set :logging, false
    set :protection, true
    set :method_override, false
    set :use_code, false
    set :default_encoding, "utf-8"
    set :x_cascade, true
    set :add_charset, %w[javascript xml xhtml+xml].map { |t| "application/#{t}" }
    settings.add_charset << /^text\//
    set :mustermann_opts, {}
    set :default_content_type, 'text/html'

    # explicitly generating a session secret eagerly to play nice with preforking
    begin
      require 'securerandom'
      set :session_secret, SecureRandom.hex(64)
    rescue LoadError, NotImplementedError
      # SecureRandom raises a NotImplementedError if no random device is available
      set :session_secret, "%064x" % Kernel.rand(2**256-1)
    end

    class << self
      alias_method :methodoverride?, :method_override?
      alias_method :methodoverride=, :method_override=
    end

    set :run, false                       # start server via at-exit hook?
    set :running_server, nil
    set :handler_name, nil
    set :traps, true
    set :server, %w[HTTP webrick]
    set :bind, Proc.new { development? ? 'localhost' : '0.0.0.0' }
    set :port, Integer(ENV['PORT'] && !ENV['PORT'].empty? ? ENV['PORT'] : 4567)
    set :quiet, false

    ruby_engine = defined?(RUBY_ENGINE) && RUBY_ENGINE

    server.unshift 'puma'
    server.unshift 'mongrel'  if ruby_engine.nil?
    server.unshift 'thin'     if ruby_engine != 'jruby'
    server.unshift 'trinidad' if ruby_engine == 'jruby'

    set :absolute_redirects, true
    set :prefixed_redirects, false
    set :empty_path_info, nil
    set :strict_paths, true

    set :app_file, nil
    set :root, Proc.new { app_file && File.expand_path(File.dirname(app_file)) }
    set :views, Proc.new { root && File.join(root, 'views') }
    set :reload_templates, Proc.new { development? }
    set :lock, false
    set :threaded, true

    set :public_folder, Proc.new { root && File.join(root, 'public') }
    set :static, Proc.new { public_folder && File.exist?(public_folder) }
    set :static_cache_control, false

    error ::Exception do
      response.status = 500
      content_type 'text/html'
      '<h1>Internal Server Error</h1>'
    end

    configure :development do
      get '/__sinatra__/:image.png' do
        filename = __dir__ + "/images/#{params[:image].to_i}.png"
        content_type :png
        send_file filename
      end

      error NotFound do
        content_type 'text/html'

        if self.class == Sinatra::Application
          code = <<-RUBY.gsub(/^ {12}/, '')
            #{request.request_method.downcase} '#{request.path_info}' do
              "Hello World"
            end
          RUBY
        else
          code = <<-RUBY.gsub(/^ {12}/, '')
            class #{self.class}
              #{request.request_method.downcase} '#{request.path_info}' do
                "Hello World"
              end
            end
          RUBY

          file = settings.app_file.to_s.sub(settings.root.to_s, '').sub(/^\//, '')
          code = "# in #{file}\n#{code}" unless file.empty?
        end

        (<<-HTML).gsub(/^ {10}/, '')
          <!DOCTYPE html>
          <html>
          <head>
            <style type="text/css">
            body { text-align:center;font-family:helvetica,arial;font-size:22px;
              color:#888;margin:20px}
            #c {margin:0 auto;width:500px;text-align:left}
            </style>
          </head>
          <body>
            <h2>Sinatra doesn’t know this ditty.</h2>
            <img src='#{uri "/__sinatra__/404.png"}'>
            <div id="c">
              Try this:
              <pre>#{Rack::Utils.escape_html(code)}</pre>
            </div>
          </body>
          </html>
        HTML
      end
    end
  end

  # Execution context for classic style (top-level) applications. All
  # DSL methods executed on main are delegated to this class.
  #
  # The Application class should not be subclassed, unless you want to
  # inherit all settings, routes, handlers, and error pages from the
  # top-level. Subclassing Sinatra::Base is highly recommended for
  # modular applications.
  class Application < Base
    set :logging, Proc.new { !test? }
    set :method_override, true
    set :run, Proc.new { !test? }
    set :app_file, nil

    def self.register(*extensions, &block) #:nodoc:
      added_methods = extensions.flat_map(&:public_instance_methods)
      Delegator.delegate(*added_methods)
      super(*extensions, &block)
    end
  end

  # Sinatra delegation mixin. Mixing this module into an object causes all
  # methods to be delegated to the Sinatra::Application class. Used primarily
  # at the top-level.
  module Delegator #:nodoc:
    def self.delegate(*methods)
      methods.each do |method_name|
        define_method(method_name) do |*args, &block|
          return super(*args, &block) if respond_to? method_name
          Delegator.target.send(method_name, *args, &block)
        end
        # ensure keyword argument passing is compatible with ruby >= 2.7
        ruby2_keywords(method_name) if respond_to?(:ruby2_keywords, true)
        private method_name
      end
    end

    delegate :get, :patch, :put, :post, :delete, :head, :options, :link, :unlink,
             :template, :layout, :before, :after, :error, :not_found, :configure,
             :set, :mime_type, :enable, :disable, :use, :development?, :test?,
             :production?, :helpers, :settings, :register

    class << self
      attr_accessor :target
    end

    self.target = Application
  end

  class Wrapper
    def initialize(stack, instance)
      @stack, @instance = stack, instance
    end

    def settings
      @instance.settings
    end

    def helpers
      @instance
    end

    def call(env)
      @stack.call(env)
    end

    def inspect
      "#<#{@instance.class} app_file=#{settings.app_file.inspect}>"
    end
  end

  # Create a new Sinatra application; the block is evaluated in the class scope.
  def self.new(base = Base, &block)
    base = Class.new(base)
    base.class_eval(&block) if block_given?
    base
  end

  # Extend the top-level DSL with the modules provided.
  def self.register(*extensions, &block)
    Delegator.target.register(*extensions, &block)
  end

  # Include the helper modules provided in Sinatra's request context.
  def self.helpers(*extensions, &block)
    Delegator.target.helpers(*extensions, &block)
  end

  # Use the middleware for classic applications.
  def self.use(*args, &block)
    Delegator.target.use(*args, &block)
  end
end