echo.go

/*
Package echo implements high performance, minimalist Go web framework.

Example:

  package main

  import (
    "net/http"

    "github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
    "github.com/labstack/echo/v4/middleware"
  )

  // Handler
  func hello(c echo.Context) error {
    return c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello, World!")
  }

  func main() {
    // Echo instance
    e := echo.New()

    // Middleware
    e.Use(middleware.Logger())
    e.Use(middleware.Recover())

    // Routes
    e.GET("/", hello)

    // Start server
    e.Logger.Fatal(e.Start(":1323"))
  }

Learn more at https://echo.labstack.com
*/
package echo

import (
	"bytes"
	stdContext "context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"io/ioutil"
	stdLog "log"
	"net"
	stdhttp "net/http"
	"net/url"
	"path"
	"path/filepath"
	"reflect"
	"runtime"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/labstack/gommon/color"
	"github.com/labstack/gommon/log"
	http "github.com/valyala/fasthttp"
	"golang.org/x/crypto/acme/autocert"
)

type (
	// Echo is the top-level framework instance.
	Echo struct {
		StdLogger        *stdLog.Logger
		colorer          *color.Color
		premiddleware    []MiddlewareFunc
		middleware       []MiddlewareFunc
		maxParam         *int
		router           *Router
		notFoundHandler  HandlerFunc
		pool             sync.Pool
		Server           *http.Server
		TLSServer        *http.Server
		Listener         net.Listener
		TLSListener      net.Listener
		AutoTLSManager   autocert.Manager
		DisableHTTP2     bool
		Debug            bool
		HideBanner       bool
		HidePort         bool
		HTTPErrorHandler HTTPErrorHandler
		Binder           Binder
		Validator        Validator
		Renderer         Renderer
		Logger           Logger
		Addr             string
		IsTLS            bool
	}

	// Route contains a handler and information for matching against requests.
	Route struct {
		Method string `json:"method"`
		Path   string `json:"path"`
		Name   string `json:"name"`
	}

	// HTTPError represents an error that occurred while handling a request.
	HTTPError struct {
		Code     int
		Message  interface{}
		Internal error // Stores the error returned by an external dependency
	}

	// MiddlewareFunc defines a function to process middleware.
	MiddlewareFunc func(HandlerFunc) HandlerFunc

	// HandlerFunc defines a function to serve HTTP requests.
	HandlerFunc func(Context) error

	// HTTPErrorHandler is a centralized HTTP error handler.
	HTTPErrorHandler func(error, Context)

	// Validator is the interface that wraps the Validate function.
	Validator interface {
		Validate(i interface{}) error
	}

	// Renderer is the interface that wraps the Render function.
	Renderer interface {
		Render(io.Writer, string, interface{}, Context) error
	}

	// Map defines a generic map of type `map[string]interface{}`.
	Map map[string]interface{}

	// i is the interface for Echo and Group.
	i interface {
		GET(string, HandlerFunc, ...MiddlewareFunc) *Route
	}
)

// HTTP methods
// NOTE: Deprecated, please use the stdlib constants directly instead.
const (
	CONNECT = stdhttp.MethodConnect
	DELETE  = stdhttp.MethodDelete
	GET     = stdhttp.MethodGet
	HEAD    = stdhttp.MethodHead
	OPTIONS = stdhttp.MethodOptions
	PATCH   = stdhttp.MethodPatch
	POST    = stdhttp.MethodPost
	// PROPFIND = "PROPFIND"
	PUT   = stdhttp.MethodPut
	TRACE = stdhttp.MethodTrace
)

// MIME types
const (
	MIMEApplicationJSON                  = "application/json"
	MIMEApplicationJSONCharsetUTF8       = MIMEApplicationJSON + "; " + charsetUTF8
	MIMEApplicationJavaScript            = "application/javascript"
	MIMEApplicationJavaScriptCharsetUTF8 = MIMEApplicationJavaScript + "; " + charsetUTF8
	MIMEApplicationXML                   = "application/xml"
	MIMEApplicationXMLCharsetUTF8        = MIMEApplicationXML + "; " + charsetUTF8
	MIMETextXML                          = "text/xml"
	MIMETextXMLCharsetUTF8               = MIMETextXML + "; " + charsetUTF8
	MIMEApplicationForm                  = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
	MIMEApplicationProtobuf              = "application/protobuf"
	MIMEApplicationMsgpack               = "application/msgpack"
	MIMETextHTML                         = "text/html"
	MIMETextHTMLCharsetUTF8              = MIMETextHTML + "; " + charsetUTF8
	MIMETextPlain                        = "text/plain"
	MIMETextPlainCharsetUTF8             = MIMETextPlain + "; " + charsetUTF8
	MIMEMultipartForm                    = "multipart/form-data"
	MIMEOctetStream                      = "application/octet-stream"
)

const (
	charsetUTF8 = "charset=UTF-8"
	// PROPFIND Method can be used on collection and property resources.
	PROPFIND = "PROPFIND"
)

// Headers
const (
	HeaderAccept              = "Accept"
	HeaderAcceptEncoding      = "Accept-Encoding"
	HeaderAllow               = "Allow"
	HeaderAuthorization       = "Authorization"
	HeaderContentDisposition  = "Content-Disposition"
	HeaderContentEncoding     = "Content-Encoding"
	HeaderContentLength       = "Content-Length"
	HeaderContentType         = "Content-Type"
	HeaderCookie              = "Cookie"
	HeaderSetCookie           = "Set-Cookie"
	HeaderIfModifiedSince     = "If-Modified-Since"
	HeaderLastModified        = "Last-Modified"
	HeaderLocation            = "Location"
	HeaderUpgrade             = "Upgrade"
	HeaderVary                = "Vary"
	HeaderWWWAuthenticate     = "WWW-Authenticate"
	HeaderXForwardedFor       = "X-Forwarded-For"
	HeaderXForwardedProto     = "X-Forwarded-Proto"
	HeaderXForwardedProtocol  = "X-Forwarded-Protocol"
	HeaderXForwardedSsl       = "X-Forwarded-Ssl"
	HeaderXUrlScheme          = "X-Url-Scheme"
	HeaderXHTTPMethodOverride = "X-HTTP-Method-Override"
	HeaderXRealIP             = "X-Real-IP"
	HeaderXRequestID          = "X-Request-ID"
	HeaderXRequestedWith      = "X-Requested-With"
	HeaderServer              = "Server"
	HeaderOrigin              = "Origin"

	// Access control
	HeaderAccessControlRequestMethod    = "Access-Control-Request-Method"
	HeaderAccessControlRequestHeaders   = "Access-Control-Request-Headers"
	HeaderAccessControlAllowOrigin      = "Access-Control-Allow-Origin"
	HeaderAccessControlAllowMethods     = "Access-Control-Allow-Methods"
	HeaderAccessControlAllowHeaders     = "Access-Control-Allow-Headers"
	HeaderAccessControlAllowCredentials = "Access-Control-Allow-Credentials"
	HeaderAccessControlExposeHeaders    = "Access-Control-Expose-Headers"
	HeaderAccessControlMaxAge           = "Access-Control-Max-Age"

	// Security
	HeaderStrictTransportSecurity         = "Strict-Transport-Security"
	HeaderXContentTypeOptions             = "X-Content-Type-Options"
	HeaderXXSSProtection                  = "X-XSS-Protection"
	HeaderXFrameOptions                   = "X-Frame-Options"
	HeaderContentSecurityPolicy           = "Content-Security-Policy"
	HeaderContentSecurityPolicyReportOnly = "Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only"
	HeaderXCSRFToken                      = "X-CSRF-Token"
)

const (
	// Version of Echo
	Version = "4.0.0"
	website = "https://echo.labstack.com"
	// http://patorjk.com/software/taag/#p=display&f=Small%20Slant&t=Echo
	banner = `
   ____    __
  / __/___/ /  ___
 / _// __/ _ \/ _ \
/___/\__/_//_/\___/ %s
High performance, minimalist Go web framework
%s
____________________________________O/_______
                                    O\
`
)

var (
	methods = [...]string{
		stdhttp.MethodConnect,
		stdhttp.MethodDelete,
		stdhttp.MethodGet,
		stdhttp.MethodHead,
		stdhttp.MethodOptions,
		stdhttp.MethodPatch,
		stdhttp.MethodPost,
		PROPFIND,
		stdhttp.MethodPut,
		stdhttp.MethodTrace,
	}
)

// Errors
var (
	ErrUnsupportedMediaType        = NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnsupportedMediaType)
	ErrNotFound                    = NewHTTPError(http.StatusNotFound)
	ErrUnauthorized                = NewHTTPError(http.StatusUnauthorized)
	ErrForbidden                   = NewHTTPError(http.StatusForbidden)
	ErrMethodNotAllowed            = NewHTTPError(http.StatusMethodNotAllowed)
	ErrStatusRequestEntityTooLarge = NewHTTPError(http.StatusRequestEntityTooLarge)
	ErrTooManyRequests             = NewHTTPError(http.StatusTooManyRequests)
	ErrBadRequest                  = NewHTTPError(http.StatusBadRequest)
	ErrBadGateway                  = NewHTTPError(http.StatusBadGateway)
	ErrInternalServerError         = NewHTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError)
	ErrRequestTimeout              = NewHTTPError(http.StatusRequestTimeout)
	ErrServiceUnavailable          = NewHTTPError(http.StatusServiceUnavailable)
	ErrValidatorNotRegistered      = errors.New("validator not registered")
	ErrRendererNotRegistered       = errors.New("renderer not registered")
	ErrInvalidRedirectCode         = errors.New("invalid redirect status code")
	ErrCookieNotFound              = errors.New("cookie not found")
	ErrInvalidCertOrKeyType        = errors.New("invalid cert or key type, must be string or []byte")
)

// Error handlers
var (
	NotFoundHandler = func(c Context) error {
		return ErrNotFound
	}

	MethodNotAllowedHandler = func(c Context) error {
		return ErrMethodNotAllowed
	}
)

// New creates an instance of Echo.
func New() (e *Echo) {
	e = &Echo{
		Server:    new(http.Server),
		TLSServer: new(http.Server),
		AutoTLSManager: autocert.Manager{
			Prompt: autocert.AcceptTOS,
		},
		Logger:   log.New("echo"),
		colorer:  color.New(),
		maxParam: new(int),
	}
	e.Server.Handler = e.ServeHTTP
	e.TLSServer.Handler = e.ServeHTTP
	e.HTTPErrorHandler = e.DefaultHTTPErrorHandler
	e.Binder = &DefaultBinder{}
	e.Logger.SetLevel(log.ERROR)
	e.StdLogger = stdLog.New(e.Logger.Output(), e.Logger.Prefix()+": ", 0)
	e.pool.New = func() interface{} {
		return e.NewContext(nil)
	}
	e.router = NewRouter(e)
	return
}

// NewContext returns a Context instance.
func (e *Echo) NewContext(ctx *http.RequestCtx) Context {
	return &context{
		request:  ctx,
		response: NewResponse(ctx, e),
		store:    make(Map),
		echo:     e,
		pvalues:  make([]string, *e.maxParam),
		handler:  NotFoundHandler,
	}
}

// Router returns router.
func (e *Echo) Router() *Router {
	return e.router
}

// DefaultHTTPErrorHandler is the default HTTP error handler. It sends a JSON response
// with status code.
func (e *Echo) DefaultHTTPErrorHandler(err error, c Context) {
	var (
		code = http.StatusInternalServerError
		msg  interface{}
	)

	if he, ok := err.(*HTTPError); ok {
		code = he.Code
		msg = he.Message
		if he.Internal != nil {
			err = fmt.Errorf("%v, %v", err, he.Internal)
		}
	} else if e.Debug {
		msg = err.Error()
	} else {
		msg = stdhttp.StatusText(code)
	}
	if _, ok := msg.(string); ok {
		msg = Map{"message": msg}
	}

	// Send response
	if !c.Response().Committed {
		if string(c.Request().Method()[:]) == stdhttp.MethodHead { // Issue #608
			err = c.NoContent(code)
		} else {
			err = c.JSON(code, msg)
		}
		if err != nil {
			e.Logger.Error(err)
		}
	}
}

// Pre adds middleware to the chain which is run before router.
func (e *Echo) Pre(middleware ...MiddlewareFunc) {
	e.premiddleware = append(e.premiddleware, middleware...)
}

// Use adds middleware to the chain which is run after router.
func (e *Echo) Use(middleware ...MiddlewareFunc) {
	e.middleware = append(e.middleware, middleware...)
}

// CONNECT registers a new CONNECT route for a path with matching handler in the
// router with optional route-level middleware.
func (e *Echo) CONNECT(path string, h HandlerFunc, m ...MiddlewareFunc) *Route {
	return e.Add(stdhttp.MethodConnect, path, h, m...)
}

// DELETE registers a new DELETE route for a path with matching handler in the router
// with optional route-level middleware.
func (e *Echo) DELETE(path string, h HandlerFunc, m ...MiddlewareFunc) *Route {
	return e.Add(stdhttp.MethodDelete, path, h, m...)
}

// GET registers a new GET route for a path with matching handler in the router
// with optional route-level middleware.
func (e *Echo) GET(path string, h HandlerFunc, m ...MiddlewareFunc) *Route {
	return e.Add(stdhttp.MethodGet, path, h, m...)
}

// HEAD registers a new HEAD route for a path with matching handler in the
// router with optional route-level middleware.
func (e *Echo) HEAD(path string, h HandlerFunc, m ...MiddlewareFunc) *Route {
	return e.Add(stdhttp.MethodHead, path, h, m...)
}

// OPTIONS registers a new OPTIONS route for a path with matching handler in the
// router with optional route-level middleware.
func (e *Echo) OPTIONS(path string, h HandlerFunc, m ...MiddlewareFunc) *Route {
	return e.Add(stdhttp.MethodOptions, path, h, m...)
}

// PATCH registers a new PATCH route for a path with matching handler in the
// router with optional route-level middleware.
func (e *Echo) PATCH(path string, h HandlerFunc, m ...MiddlewareFunc) *Route {
	return e.Add(stdhttp.MethodPatch, path, h, m...)
}

// POST registers a new POST route for a path with matching handler in the
// router with optional route-level middleware.
func (e *Echo) POST(path string, h HandlerFunc, m ...MiddlewareFunc) *Route {
	return e.Add(stdhttp.MethodPost, path, h, m...)
}

// PUT registers a new PUT route for a path with matching handler in the
// router with optional route-level middleware.
func (e *Echo) PUT(path string, h HandlerFunc, m ...MiddlewareFunc) *Route {
	return e.Add(stdhttp.MethodPut, path, h, m...)
}

// TRACE registers a new TRACE route for a path with matching handler in the
// router with optional route-level middleware.
func (e *Echo) TRACE(path string, h HandlerFunc, m ...MiddlewareFunc) *Route {
	return e.Add(stdhttp.MethodTrace, path, h, m...)
}

// Any registers a new route for all HTTP methods and path with matching handler
// in the router with optional route-level middleware.
func (e *Echo) Any(path string, handler HandlerFunc, middleware ...MiddlewareFunc) []*Route {
	routes := make([]*Route, len(methods))
	for i, m := range methods {
		routes[i] = e.Add(m, path, handler, middleware...)
	}
	return routes
}

// Match registers a new route for multiple HTTP methods and path with matching
// handler in the router with optional route-level middleware.
func (e *Echo) Match(methods []string, path string, handler HandlerFunc, middleware ...MiddlewareFunc) []*Route {
	routes := make([]*Route, len(methods))
	for i, m := range methods {
		routes[i] = e.Add(m, path, handler, middleware...)
	}
	return routes
}

// Static registers a new route with path prefix to serve static files from the
// provided root directory.
func (e *Echo) Static(prefix, root string) *Route {
	if root == "" {
		root = "." // For security we want to restrict to CWD.
	}
	return static(e, prefix, root)
}

func static(i i, prefix, root string) *Route {
	h := func(c Context) error {
		p, err := url.PathUnescape(c.Param("*"))
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		name := filepath.Join(root, path.Clean("/"+p)) // "/"+ for security
		return c.File(name)
	}
	i.GET(prefix, h)
	if prefix == "/" {
		return i.GET(prefix+"*", h)
	}

	return i.GET(prefix+"/*", h)
}

// File registers a new route with path to serve a static file with optional route-level middleware.
func (e *Echo) File(path, file string, m ...MiddlewareFunc) *Route {
	return e.GET(path, func(c Context) error {
		return c.File(file)
	}, m...)
}

// Add registers a new route for an HTTP method and path with matching handler
// in the router with optional route-level middleware.
func (e *Echo) Add(method, path string, handler HandlerFunc, middleware ...MiddlewareFunc) *Route {
	name := handlerName(handler)
	e.router.Add(method, path, func(c Context) error {
		h := handler
		// Chain middleware
		for i := len(middleware) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
			h = middleware[i](h)
		}
		return h(c)
	})
	r := &Route{
		Method: method,
		Path:   path,
		Name:   name,
	}
	e.router.routes[method+path] = r
	return r
}

// Group creates a new router group with prefix and optional group-level middleware.
func (e *Echo) Group(prefix string, m ...MiddlewareFunc) (g *Group) {
	g = &Group{prefix: prefix, echo: e}
	g.Use(m...)
	return
}

// URI generates a URI from handler.
func (e *Echo) URI(handler HandlerFunc, params ...interface{}) string {
	name := handlerName(handler)
	return e.Reverse(name, params...)
}

// URL is an alias for `URI` function.
func (e *Echo) URL(h HandlerFunc, params ...interface{}) string {
	return e.URI(h, params...)
}

// Reverse generates an URL from route name and provided parameters.
func (e *Echo) Reverse(name string, params ...interface{}) string {
	uri := new(bytes.Buffer)
	ln := len(params)
	n := 0
	for _, r := range e.router.routes {
		if r.Name == name {
			for i, l := 0, len(r.Path); i < l; i++ {
				if r.Path[i] == ':' && n < ln {
					for ; i < l && r.Path[i] != '/'; i++ {
					}
					uri.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("%v", params[n]))
					n++
				}
				if i < l {
					uri.WriteByte(r.Path[i])
				}
			}
			break
		}
	}
	return uri.String()
}

// Routes returns the registered routes.
func (e *Echo) Routes() []*Route {
	routes := make([]*Route, 0, len(e.router.routes))
	for _, v := range e.router.routes {
		routes = append(routes, v)
	}
	return routes
}

// AcquireContext returns an empty `Context` instance from the pool.
// You must return the context by calling `ReleaseContext()`.
func (e *Echo) AcquireContext() Context {
	return e.pool.Get().(Context)
}

// ReleaseContext returns the `Context` instance back to the pool.
// You must call it after `AcquireContext()`.
func (e *Echo) ReleaseContext(c Context) {
	e.pool.Put(c)
}

// ServeHTTP implements `http.Handler` interface, which serves HTTP requests.
func (e *Echo) ServeHTTP(ctx *http.RequestCtx) {
	// Acquire context
	c := e.pool.Get().(*context)
	c.Reset(ctx)

	h := NotFoundHandler

	if e.premiddleware == nil {
		e.router.Find(string(ctx.Method()[:]), getPath(ctx), c)
		h = c.Handler()
		h = applyMiddleware(h, e.middleware...)
	} else {
		h = func(c Context) error {
			e.router.Find(string(ctx.Method()[:]), getPath(ctx), c)
			h := c.Handler()
			h = applyMiddleware(h, e.middleware...)
			return h(c)
		}
		h = applyMiddleware(h, e.premiddleware...)
	}

	// Execute chain
	if err := h(c); err != nil {
		e.HTTPErrorHandler(err, c)
	}

	// Release context
	e.pool.Put(c)
}

// Start starts an HTTP server.
func (e *Echo) Start(address string) error {
	e.Addr = address
	return e.StartServer(e.Server)
}

// StartTLS starts an HTTPS server.
// If `certFile` or `keyFile` is `string` the values are treated as file paths.
// If `certFile` or `keyFile` is `[]byte` the values are treated as the certificate or key as-is.
func (e *Echo) StartTLS(address string, certFile, keyFile interface{}, nph http.ServeHandler) (err error) {
	var cert []byte
	if cert, err = filepathOrContent(certFile); err != nil {
		return
	}

	var key []byte
	if key, err = filepathOrContent(keyFile); err != nil {
		return
	}

	s := e.TLSServer
	s.AppendCert(string(cert[:]), string(key[:]))

	return e.startTLS(address, nph)
}

// BodyLimit changes the MaxRequestBodySize the server can handle.
func (e *Echo) BodyLimit(size int) {
	// HACK: This is a hack because the middleware doesn't seem to
	// be able to handle this
	e.Server.MaxRequestBodySize = size
}

func filepathOrContent(fileOrContent interface{}) (content []byte, err error) {
	switch v := fileOrContent.(type) {
	case string:
		return ioutil.ReadFile(v)
	case []byte:
		return v, nil
	default:
		return nil, ErrInvalidCertOrKeyType
	}
}

func (e *Echo) startTLS(address string, nph http.ServeHandler) error {
	s := e.TLSServer
	e.Addr = address
	if !e.DisableHTTP2 {
		s.NextProto("h2", nph)
	}
	e.IsTLS = true
	return e.StartServer(e.TLSServer)
}

// StartServer starts a custom http server.
func (e *Echo) StartServer(s *http.Server) (err error) {
	// Setup
	e.colorer.SetOutput(e.Logger.Output())
	s.Handler = e.ServeHTTP
	if e.Debug {
		e.Logger.SetLevel(log.DEBUG)
	}

	if !e.HideBanner {
		e.colorer.Printf(banner, e.colorer.Red("v"+Version), e.colorer.Blue(website))
	}

	if e.IsTLS == false {
		if e.Listener == nil {
			e.Listener, err = newListener(e.Addr)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
		if !e.HidePort {
			e.colorer.Printf("⇨ http server started on %s\n", e.colorer.Green(e.Listener.Addr()))
		}
		return s.Serve(e.Listener)
	}
	if e.TLSListener == nil {
		_, err := newListener(e.Addr)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		e.TLSListener, _ = net.Listen("udp4", "ip4")
	}
	if !e.HidePort {
		e.colorer.Printf("⇨ https server started on %s\n", e.colorer.Green(e.TLSListener.Addr()))
	}
	return s.Serve(e.TLSListener)
}

// Shutdown stops the server gracefully.
// It internally calls `http.Server#Shutdown()`.
func (e *Echo) Shutdown(ctx stdContext.Context) error {
	if err := e.TLSServer.Shutdown(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return e.Server.Shutdown()
}

// NewHTTPError creates a new HTTPError instance.
func NewHTTPError(code int, message ...interface{}) *HTTPError {
	he := &HTTPError{Code: code, Message: stdhttp.StatusText(code)}
	if len(message) > 0 {
		he.Message = message[0]
	}
	return he
}

// Error makes it compatible with `error` interface.
func (he *HTTPError) Error() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("code=%d, message=%v", he.Code, he.Message)
}

// SetInternal sets error to HTTPError.Internal
func (he *HTTPError) SetInternal(err error) *HTTPError {
	he.Internal = err
	return he
}

// WrapHandler wraps `http.Handler` into `echo.HandlerFunc`.
func (e *Echo) WrapHandler(h http.RequestHandler) HandlerFunc {
	return func(c Context) error {
		e.ServeHTTP(c.Request())
		return nil
	}
}

// WrapMiddleware wraps `func(http.Handler) http.Handler` into `echo.MiddlewareFunc`
func (e *Echo) WrapMiddleware(m func(http.RequestHandler) http.RequestHandler) MiddlewareFunc {
	return func(next HandlerFunc) HandlerFunc {
		return func(c Context) (err error) {
			m(http.RequestHandler(func(ctx *http.RequestCtx) {
				c.SetRequest(ctx)
				err = next(c)
			}))

			e.ServeHTTP(c.Request())
			return
		}
	}
}

func getPath(r *http.RequestCtx) string {
	path := string(r.Request.URI().PathOriginal()[:]) // TODO: Check if equivalent to r.URL.RawPath
	if path == "" {
		path = string(r.Request.URI().Path()[:]) // TODO: Check if equivalent to r.URL.Path
	}
	return path
}

func handlerName(h HandlerFunc) string {
	t := reflect.ValueOf(h).Type()
	if t.Kind() == reflect.Func {
		return runtime.FuncForPC(reflect.ValueOf(h).Pointer()).Name()
	}
	return t.String()
}

// // PathUnescape is wraps `url.PathUnescape`
// func PathUnescape(s string) (string, error) {
// 	return url.PathUnescape(s)
// }

// tcpKeepAliveListener sets TCP keep-alive timeouts on accepted
// connections. It's used by ListenAndServe and ListenAndServeTLS so
// dead TCP connections (e.g. closing laptop mid-download) eventually
// go away.
type tcpKeepAliveListener struct {
	*net.TCPListener
}

func (ln tcpKeepAliveListener) Accept() (c net.Conn, err error) {
	if c, err = ln.AcceptTCP(); err != nil {
		return
	} else if err = c.(*net.TCPConn).SetKeepAlive(true); err != nil {
		return
	} else if err = c.(*net.TCPConn).SetKeepAlivePeriod(3 * time.Minute); err != nil {
		return
	}
	return
}

func newListener(address string) (*tcpKeepAliveListener, error) {
	l, err := net.Listen("tcp", address)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return &tcpKeepAliveListener{l.(*net.TCPListener)}, nil
}

func applyMiddleware(h HandlerFunc, middleware ...MiddlewareFunc) HandlerFunc {
	for i := len(middleware) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
		h = middleware[i](h)
	}
	return h
}