fnmatch.rst

:mod:`fnmatch` --- Unix filename pattern matching

.. module:: fnmatch
   :synopsis: Unix shell style filename pattern matching.

Source code: :source:`Lib/fnmatch.py`

.. index:: single: filenames; wildcard expansion

.. index:: module: re

---

This module provides support for Unix shell-style wildcards, which are not the same as regular expressions (which are documented in the :mod:`re` module). The special characters used in shell-style wildcards are:

Pattern	Meaning
*	matches everything
?	matches any single character
[seq]	matches any character in seq
[!seq]	matches any character not in seq

For a literal match, wrap the meta-characters in brackets. For example, '[?]' matches the character '?'.

.. index:: module: glob

Note that the filename separator ('/' on Unix) is not special to this module. See module :mod:`glob` for pathname expansion (:mod:`glob` uses :func:`fnmatch` to match pathname segments). Similarly, filenames starting with a period are not special for this module, and are matched by the * and ? patterns.

.. function:: fnmatch(filename, pattern)

   Test whether the *filename* string matches the *pattern* string, returning
   :const:`True` or :const:`False`.  If the operating system is case-insensitive,
   then both parameters will be normalized to all lower- or upper-case before
   the comparison is performed.  :func:`fnmatchcase` can be used to perform a
   case-sensitive comparison, regardless of whether that's standard for the
   operating system.

   This example will print all file names in the current directory with the
   extension ``.txt``::

      import fnmatch
      import os

      for file in os.listdir('.'):
          if fnmatch.fnmatch(file, '*.txt'):
              print(file)

.. function:: fnmatchcase(filename, pattern)

   Test whether *filename* matches *pattern*, returning :const:`True` or
   :const:`False`; the comparison is case-sensitive.

.. function:: filter(names, pattern)

   Return the subset of the list of *names* that match *pattern*. It is the same as
   ``[n for n in names if fnmatch(n, pattern)]``, but implemented more efficiently.

.. function:: translate(pattern)

   Return the shell-style *pattern* converted to a regular expression for
   using with :func:`re.match`.

   Example:

      >>> import fnmatch, re
      >>>
      >>> regex = fnmatch.translate('*.txt')
      >>> regex
      '.*\\.txt\\Z(?ms)'
      >>> reobj = re.compile(regex)
      >>> reobj.match('foobar.txt')
      <_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 10), match='foobar.txt'>

.. seealso::

   Module :mod:`glob`
      Unix shell-style path expansion.