:mod:`mailbox` --- Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
.. module:: mailbox :synopsis: Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
.. moduleauthor:: Gregory K. Johnson <gkj@gregorykjohnson.com>
.. sectionauthor:: Gregory K. Johnson <gkj@gregorykjohnson.com>
Source code: :source:`Lib/mailbox.py`
This module defines two classes, :class:`Mailbox` and :class:`Message`, for accessing and manipulating on-disk mailboxes and the messages they contain. :class:`Mailbox` offers a dictionary-like mapping from keys to messages. :class:`Message` extends the :mod:`email.message` module's :class:`~email.message.Message` class with format-specific state and behavior. Supported mailbox formats are Maildir, mbox, MH, Babyl, and MMDF.
.. seealso::
Module :mod:`email`
Represent and manipulate messages.
:class:`Mailbox` objects
A mailbox, which may be inspected and modified.
The :class:`Mailbox` class defines an interface and is not intended to be instantiated. Instead, format-specific subclasses should inherit from :class:`Mailbox` and your code should instantiate a particular subclass.
The :class:`Mailbox` interface is dictionary-like, with small keys corresponding to messages. Keys are issued by the :class:`Mailbox` instance with which they will be used and are only meaningful to that :class:`Mailbox` instance. A key continues to identify a message even if the corresponding message is modified, such as by replacing it with another message.
Messages may be added to a :class:`Mailbox` instance using the set-like
method :meth:`add` and removed using a del statement or the set-like
methods :meth:`remove` and :meth:`discard`.
:class:`Mailbox` interface semantics differ from dictionary semantics in some noteworthy ways. Each time a message is requested, a new representation (typically a :class:`Message` instance) is generated based upon the current state of the mailbox. Similarly, when a message is added to a :class:`Mailbox` instance, the provided message representation's contents are copied. In neither case is a reference to the message representation kept by the :class:`Mailbox` instance.
The default :class:`Mailbox` iterator iterates over message representations, not keys as the default dictionary iterator does. Moreover, modification of a mailbox during iteration is safe and well-defined. Messages added to the mailbox after an iterator is created will not be seen by the iterator. Messages removed from the mailbox before the iterator yields them will be silently skipped, though using a key from an iterator may result in a :exc:`KeyError` exception if the corresponding message is subsequently removed.
Warning
Be very cautious when modifying mailboxes that might be simultaneously changed by some other process. The safest mailbox format to use for such tasks is Maildir; try to avoid using single-file formats such as mbox for concurrent writing. If you're modifying a mailbox, you must lock it by calling the :meth:`lock` and :meth:`unlock` methods before reading any messages in the file or making any changes by adding or deleting a message. Failing to lock the mailbox runs the risk of losing messages or corrupting the entire mailbox.
:class:`Mailbox` instances have the following methods:
.. method:: add(message)
Add *message* to the mailbox and return the key that has been assigned to
it.
Parameter *message* may be a :class:`Message` instance, an
:class:`email.message.Message` instance, a string, a byte string, or a
file-like object (which should be open in binary mode). If *message* is
an instance of the
appropriate format-specific :class:`Message` subclass (e.g., if it's an
:class:`mboxMessage` instance and this is an :class:`mbox` instance), its
format-specific information is used. Otherwise, reasonable defaults for
format-specific information are used.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
Support for binary input was added.
.. method:: remove(key)
__delitem__(key)
discard(key)
Delete the message corresponding to *key* from the mailbox.
If no such message exists, a :exc:`KeyError` exception is raised if the
method was called as :meth:`remove` or :meth:`__delitem__` but no
exception is raised if the method was called as :meth:`discard`. The
behavior of :meth:`discard` may be preferred if the underlying mailbox
format supports concurrent modification by other processes.
.. method:: __setitem__(key, message) Replace the message corresponding to *key* with *message*. Raise a :exc:`KeyError` exception if no message already corresponds to *key*. As with :meth:`add`, parameter *message* may be a :class:`Message` instance, an :class:`email.message.Message` instance, a string, a byte string, or a file-like object (which should be open in binary mode). If *message* is an instance of the appropriate format-specific :class:`Message` subclass (e.g., if it's an :class:`mboxMessage` instance and this is an :class:`mbox` instance), its format-specific information is used. Otherwise, the format-specific information of the message that currently corresponds to *key* is left unchanged.
.. method:: iterkeys()
keys()
Return an iterator over all keys if called as :meth:`iterkeys` or return a
list of keys if called as :meth:`keys`.
.. method:: itervalues()
__iter__()
values()
Return an iterator over representations of all messages if called as
:meth:`itervalues` or :meth:`__iter__` or return a list of such
representations if called as :meth:`values`. The messages are represented
as instances of the appropriate format-specific :class:`Message` subclass
unless a custom message factory was specified when the :class:`Mailbox`
instance was initialized.
.. note::
The behavior of :meth:`__iter__` is unlike that of dictionaries, which
iterate over keys.
.. method:: iteritems()
items()
Return an iterator over (*key*, *message*) pairs, where *key* is a key and
*message* is a message representation, if called as :meth:`iteritems` or
return a list of such pairs if called as :meth:`items`. The messages are
represented as instances of the appropriate format-specific
:class:`Message` subclass unless a custom message factory was specified
when the :class:`Mailbox` instance was initialized.
.. method:: get(key, default=None)
__getitem__(key)
Return a representation of the message corresponding to *key*. If no such
message exists, *default* is returned if the method was called as
:meth:`get` and a :exc:`KeyError` exception is raised if the method was
called as :meth:`__getitem__`. The message is represented as an instance
of the appropriate format-specific :class:`Message` subclass unless a
custom message factory was specified when the :class:`Mailbox` instance
was initialized.
.. method:: get_message(key) Return a representation of the message corresponding to *key* as an instance of the appropriate format-specific :class:`Message` subclass, or raise a :exc:`KeyError` exception if no such message exists.
.. method:: get_bytes(key) Return a byte representation of the message corresponding to *key*, or raise a :exc:`KeyError` exception if no such message exists. .. versionadded:: 3.2
.. method:: get_string(key) Return a string representation of the message corresponding to *key*, or raise a :exc:`KeyError` exception if no such message exists. The message is processed through :class:`email.message.Message` to convert it to a 7bit clean representation.
.. method:: get_file(key)
Return a file-like representation of the message corresponding to *key*,
or raise a :exc:`KeyError` exception if no such message exists. The
file-like object behaves as if open in binary mode. This file should be
closed once it is no longer needed.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
The file object really is a binary file; previously it was incorrectly
returned in text mode. Also, the file-like object now supports the
context management protocol: you can use a :keyword:`with` statement to
automatically close it.
.. note::
Unlike other representations of messages, file-like representations are
not necessarily independent of the :class:`Mailbox` instance that
created them or of the underlying mailbox. More specific documentation
is provided by each subclass.
.. method:: __contains__(key) Return ``True`` if *key* corresponds to a message, ``False`` otherwise.
.. method:: __len__() Return a count of messages in the mailbox.
.. method:: clear() Delete all messages from the mailbox.
.. method:: pop(key, default=None) Return a representation of the message corresponding to *key* and delete the message. If no such message exists, return *default*. The message is represented as an instance of the appropriate format-specific :class:`Message` subclass unless a custom message factory was specified when the :class:`Mailbox` instance was initialized.
.. method:: popitem() Return an arbitrary (*key*, *message*) pair, where *key* is a key and *message* is a message representation, and delete the corresponding message. If the mailbox is empty, raise a :exc:`KeyError` exception. The message is represented as an instance of the appropriate format-specific :class:`Message` subclass unless a custom message factory was specified when the :class:`Mailbox` instance was initialized.
.. method:: update(arg)
Parameter *arg* should be a *key*-to-*message* mapping or an iterable of
(*key*, *message*) pairs. Updates the mailbox so that, for each given
*key* and *message*, the message corresponding to *key* is set to
*message* as if by using :meth:`__setitem__`. As with :meth:`__setitem__`,
each *key* must already correspond to a message in the mailbox or else a
:exc:`KeyError` exception will be raised, so in general it is incorrect
for *arg* to be a :class:`Mailbox` instance.
.. note::
Unlike with dictionaries, keyword arguments are not supported.
.. method:: flush() Write any pending changes to the filesystem. For some :class:`Mailbox` subclasses, changes are always written immediately and :meth:`flush` does nothing, but you should still make a habit of calling this method.
.. method:: lock() Acquire an exclusive advisory lock on the mailbox so that other processes know not to modify it. An :exc:`ExternalClashError` is raised if the lock is not available. The particular locking mechanisms used depend upon the mailbox format. You should *always* lock the mailbox before making any modifications to its contents.
.. method:: unlock() Release the lock on the mailbox, if any.
.. method:: close() Flush the mailbox, unlock it if necessary, and close any open files. For some :class:`Mailbox` subclasses, this method does nothing.
A subclass of :class:`Mailbox` for mailboxes in Maildir format. Parameter
factory is a callable object that accepts a file-like message representation
(which behaves as if opened in binary mode) and returns a custom representation.
If factory is None, :class:`MaildirMessage` is used as the default message
representation. If create is True, the mailbox is created if it does not
exist.
It is for historical reasons that dirname is named as such rather than path.
Maildir is a directory-based mailbox format invented for the qmail mail transfer agent and now widely supported by other programs. Messages in a Maildir mailbox are stored in separate files within a common directory structure. This design allows Maildir mailboxes to be accessed and modified by multiple unrelated programs without data corruption, so file locking is unnecessary.
Maildir mailboxes contain three subdirectories, namely: :file:`tmp`, :file:`new`, and :file:`cur`. Messages are created momentarily in the :file:`tmp` subdirectory and then moved to the :file:`new` subdirectory to finalize delivery. A mail user agent may subsequently move the message to the :file:`cur` subdirectory and store information about the state of the message in a special "info" section appended to its file name.
Folders of the style introduced by the Courier mail transfer agent are also
supported. Any subdirectory of the main mailbox is considered a folder if
'.' is the first character in its name. Folder names are represented by
:class:`Maildir` without the leading '.'. Each folder is itself a Maildir
mailbox but should not contain other folders. Instead, a logical nesting is
indicated using '.' to delimit levels, e.g., "Archived.2005.07".
Note
The Maildir specification requires the use of a colon (':') in certain
message file names. However, some operating systems do not permit this
character in file names, If you wish to use a Maildir-like format on such
an operating system, you should specify another character to use
instead. The exclamation point ('!') is a popular choice. For
example:
import mailbox mailbox.Maildir.colon = '!'
The :attr:`colon` attribute may also be set on a per-instance basis.
:class:`Maildir` instances have all of the methods of :class:`Mailbox` in addition to the following:
.. method:: list_folders() Return a list of the names of all folders.
.. method:: get_folder(folder) Return a :class:`Maildir` instance representing the folder whose name is *folder*. A :exc:`NoSuchMailboxError` exception is raised if the folder does not exist.
.. method:: add_folder(folder) Create a folder whose name is *folder* and return a :class:`Maildir` instance representing it.
.. method:: remove_folder(folder) Delete the folder whose name is *folder*. If the folder contains any messages, a :exc:`NotEmptyError` exception will be raised and the folder will not be deleted.
.. method:: clean() Delete temporary files from the mailbox that have not been accessed in the last 36 hours. The Maildir specification says that mail-reading programs should do this occasionally.
Some :class:`Mailbox` methods implemented by :class:`Maildir` deserve special remarks:
.. method:: add(message)
__setitem__(key, message)
update(arg)
.. warning::
These methods generate unique file names based upon the current process
ID. When using multiple threads, undetected name clashes may occur and
cause corruption of the mailbox unless threads are coordinated to avoid
using these methods to manipulate the same mailbox simultaneously.
.. method:: flush() All changes to Maildir mailboxes are immediately applied, so this method does nothing.
.. method:: lock()
unlock()
Maildir mailboxes do not support (or require) locking, so these methods do
nothing.
.. method:: close() :class:`Maildir` instances do not keep any open files and the underlying mailboxes do not support locking, so this method does nothing.
.. method:: get_file(key) Depending upon the host platform, it may not be possible to modify or remove the underlying message while the returned file remains open.
.. seealso::
`maildir man page from qmail <http://www.qmail.org/man/man5/maildir.html>`_
The original specification of the format.
`Using maildir format <https://cr.yp.to/proto/maildir.html>`_
Notes on Maildir by its inventor. Includes an updated name-creation scheme and
details on "info" semantics.
`maildir man page from Courier <http://www.courier-mta.org/maildir.html>`_
Another specification of the format. Describes a common extension for supporting
folders.
A subclass of :class:`Mailbox` for mailboxes in mbox format. Parameter factory
is a callable object that accepts a file-like message representation (which
behaves as if opened in binary mode) and returns a custom representation. If
factory is None, :class:`mboxMessage` is used as the default message
representation. If create is True, the mailbox is created if it does not
exist.
The mbox format is the classic format for storing mail on Unix systems. All messages in an mbox mailbox are stored in a single file with the beginning of each message indicated by a line whose first five characters are "From ".
Several variations of the mbox format exist to address perceived shortcomings in the original. In the interest of compatibility, :class:`mbox` implements the original format, which is sometimes referred to as :dfn:`mboxo`. This means that the :mailheader:`Content-Length` header, if present, is ignored and that any occurrences of "From " at the beginning of a line in a message body are transformed to ">From " when storing the message, although occurrences of ">From " are not transformed to "From " when reading the message.
Some :class:`Mailbox` methods implemented by :class:`mbox` deserve special remarks:
.. method:: get_file(key) Using the file after calling :meth:`flush` or :meth:`close` on the :class:`mbox` instance may yield unpredictable results or raise an exception.
.. method:: lock()
unlock()
Three locking mechanisms are used---dot locking and, if available, the
:c:func:`flock` and :c:func:`lockf` system calls.
.. seealso::
`mbox man page from qmail <http://www.qmail.org/man/man5/mbox.html>`_
A specification of the format and its variations.
`mbox man page from tin <http://www.tin.org/bin/man.cgi?section=5&topic=mbox>`_
Another specification of the format, with details on locking.
`Configuring Netscape Mail on Unix: Why The Content-Length Format is Bad <https://www.jwz.org/doc/content-length.html>`_
An argument for using the original mbox format rather than a variation.
`"mbox" is a family of several mutually incompatible mailbox formats <http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jonathan.deboynepollard/FGA/mail-mbox-formats.html>`_
A history of mbox variations.
A subclass of :class:`Mailbox` for mailboxes in MH format. Parameter factory
is a callable object that accepts a file-like message representation (which
behaves as if opened in binary mode) and returns a custom representation. If
factory is None, :class:`MHMessage` is used as the default message
representation. If create is True, the mailbox is created if it does not
exist.
MH is a directory-based mailbox format invented for the MH Message Handling System, a mail user agent. Each message in an MH mailbox resides in its own file. An MH mailbox may contain other MH mailboxes (called :dfn:`folders`) in addition to messages. Folders may be nested indefinitely. MH mailboxes also support :dfn:`sequences`, which are named lists used to logically group messages without moving them to sub-folders. Sequences are defined in a file called :file:`.mh_sequences` in each folder.
The :class:`MH` class manipulates MH mailboxes, but it does not attempt to emulate all of :program:`mh`'s behaviors. In particular, it does not modify and is not affected by the :file:`context` or :file:`.mh_profile` files that are used by :program:`mh` to store its state and configuration.
:class:`MH` instances have all of the methods of :class:`Mailbox` in addition to the following:
.. method:: list_folders() Return a list of the names of all folders.
.. method:: get_folder(folder) Return an :class:`MH` instance representing the folder whose name is *folder*. A :exc:`NoSuchMailboxError` exception is raised if the folder does not exist.
.. method:: add_folder(folder) Create a folder whose name is *folder* and return an :class:`MH` instance representing it.
.. method:: remove_folder(folder) Delete the folder whose name is *folder*. If the folder contains any messages, a :exc:`NotEmptyError` exception will be raised and the folder will not be deleted.
.. method:: get_sequences() Return a dictionary of sequence names mapped to key lists. If there are no sequences, the empty dictionary is returned.
.. method:: set_sequences(sequences) Re-define the sequences that exist in the mailbox based upon *sequences*, a dictionary of names mapped to key lists, like returned by :meth:`get_sequences`.
.. method:: pack()
Rename messages in the mailbox as necessary to eliminate gaps in
numbering. Entries in the sequences list are updated correspondingly.
.. note::
Already-issued keys are invalidated by this operation and should not be
subsequently used.
Some :class:`Mailbox` methods implemented by :class:`MH` deserve special remarks:
.. method:: remove(key)
__delitem__(key)
discard(key)
These methods immediately delete the message. The MH convention of marking
a message for deletion by prepending a comma to its name is not used.
.. method:: lock()
unlock()
Three locking mechanisms are used---dot locking and, if available, the
:c:func:`flock` and :c:func:`lockf` system calls. For MH mailboxes, locking
the mailbox means locking the :file:`.mh_sequences` file and, only for the
duration of any operations that affect them, locking individual message
files.
.. method:: get_file(key) Depending upon the host platform, it may not be possible to remove the underlying message while the returned file remains open.
.. method:: flush() All changes to MH mailboxes are immediately applied, so this method does nothing.
.. method:: close() :class:`MH` instances do not keep any open files, so this method is equivalent to :meth:`unlock`.
.. seealso::
`nmh - Message Handling System <http://www.nongnu.org/nmh/>`_
Home page of :program:`nmh`, an updated version of the original :program:`mh`.
`MH & nmh: Email for Users & Programmers <http://rand-mh.sourceforge.net/book/>`_
A GPL-licensed book on :program:`mh` and :program:`nmh`, with some information
on the mailbox format.
A subclass of :class:`Mailbox` for mailboxes in Babyl format. Parameter
factory is a callable object that accepts a file-like message representation
(which behaves as if opened in binary mode) and returns a custom representation.
If factory is None, :class:`BabylMessage` is used as the default message
representation. If create is True, the mailbox is created if it does not
exist.
Babyl is a single-file mailbox format used by the Rmail mail user agent
included with Emacs. The beginning of a message is indicated by a line
containing the two characters Control-Underscore ('\037') and Control-L
('\014'). The end of a message is indicated by the start of the next
message or, in the case of the last message, a line containing a
Control-Underscore ('\037') character.
Messages in a Babyl mailbox have two sets of headers, original headers and so-called visible headers. Visible headers are typically a subset of the original headers that have been reformatted or abridged to be more attractive. Each message in a Babyl mailbox also has an accompanying list of :dfn:`labels`, or short strings that record extra information about the message, and a list of all user-defined labels found in the mailbox is kept in the Babyl options section.
:class:`Babyl` instances have all of the methods of :class:`Mailbox` in addition to the following:
.. method:: get_labels()
Return a list of the names of all user-defined labels used in the mailbox.
.. note::
The actual messages are inspected to determine which labels exist in
the mailbox rather than consulting the list of labels in the Babyl
options section, but the Babyl section is updated whenever the mailbox
is modified.
Some :class:`Mailbox` methods implemented by :class:`Babyl` deserve special remarks:
.. method:: get_file(key) In Babyl mailboxes, the headers of a message are not stored contiguously with the body of the message. To generate a file-like representation, the headers and body are copied together into an :class:`io.BytesIO` instance, which has an API identical to that of a file. As a result, the file-like object is truly independent of the underlying mailbox but does not save memory compared to a string representation.
.. method:: lock()
unlock()
Three locking mechanisms are used---dot locking and, if available, the
:c:func:`flock` and :c:func:`lockf` system calls.
.. seealso::
`Format of Version 5 Babyl Files <https://quimby.gnus.org/notes/BABYL>`_
A specification of the Babyl format.
`Reading Mail with Rmail <https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Rmail.html>`_
The Rmail manual, with some information on Babyl semantics.
A subclass of :class:`Mailbox` for mailboxes in MMDF format. Parameter factory
is a callable object that accepts a file-like message representation (which
behaves as if opened in binary mode) and returns a custom representation. If
factory is None, :class:`MMDFMessage` is used as the default message
representation. If create is True, the mailbox is created if it does not
exist.
MMDF is a single-file mailbox format invented for the Multichannel Memorandum
Distribution Facility, a mail transfer agent. Each message is in the same
form as an mbox message but is bracketed before and after by lines containing
four Control-A ('\001') characters. As with the mbox format, the
beginning of each message is indicated by a line whose first five characters
are "From ", but additional occurrences of "From " are not transformed to
">From " when storing messages because the extra message separator lines
prevent mistaking such occurrences for the starts of subsequent messages.
Some :class:`Mailbox` methods implemented by :class:`MMDF` deserve special remarks:
.. method:: get_file(key) Using the file after calling :meth:`flush` or :meth:`close` on the :class:`MMDF` instance may yield unpredictable results or raise an exception.
.. method:: lock()
unlock()
Three locking mechanisms are used---dot locking and, if available, the
:c:func:`flock` and :c:func:`lockf` system calls.
.. seealso::
`mmdf man page from tin <http://www.tin.org/bin/man.cgi?section=5&topic=mmdf>`_
A specification of MMDF format from the documentation of tin, a newsreader.
`MMDF <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMDF>`_
A Wikipedia article describing the Multichannel Memorandum Distribution
Facility.
:class:`Message` objects
A subclass of the :mod:`email.message` module's :class:`~email.message.Message`. Subclasses of :class:`mailbox.Message` add mailbox-format-specific state and behavior.
If message is omitted, the new instance is created in a default, empty state. If message is an :class:`email.message.Message` instance, its contents are copied; furthermore, any format-specific information is converted insofar as possible if message is a :class:`Message` instance. If message is a string, a byte string, or a file, it should contain an RFC 2822-compliant message, which is read and parsed. Files should be open in binary mode, but text mode files are accepted for backward compatibility.
The format-specific state and behaviors offered by subclasses vary, but in general it is only the properties that are not specific to a particular mailbox that are supported (although presumably the properties are specific to a particular mailbox format). For example, file offsets for single-file mailbox formats and file names for directory-based mailbox formats are not retained, because they are only applicable to the original mailbox. But state such as whether a message has been read by the user or marked as important is retained, because it applies to the message itself.
There is no requirement that :class:`Message` instances be used to represent messages retrieved using :class:`Mailbox` instances. In some situations, the time and memory required to generate :class:`Message` representations might not be acceptable. For such situations, :class:`Mailbox` instances also offer string and file-like representations, and a custom message factory may be specified when a :class:`Mailbox` instance is initialized.
A message with Maildir-specific behaviors. Parameter message has the same meaning as with the :class:`Message` constructor.
Typically, a mail user agent application moves all of the messages in the :file:`new` subdirectory to the :file:`cur` subdirectory after the first time the user opens and closes the mailbox, recording that the messages are old whether or not they've actually been read. Each message in :file:`cur` has an "info" section added to its file name to store information about its state. (Some mail readers may also add an "info" section to messages in :file:`new`.) The "info" section may take one of two forms: it may contain "2," followed by a list of standardized flags (e.g., "2,FR") or it may contain "1," followed by so-called experimental information. Standard flags for Maildir messages are as follows:
| Flag | Meaning | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| D | Draft | Under composition |
| F | Flagged | Marked as important |
| P | Passed | Forwarded, resent, or bounced |
| R | Replied | Replied to |
| S | Seen | Read |
| T | Trashed | Marked for subsequent deletion |
:class:`MaildirMessage` instances offer the following methods:
.. method:: get_subdir()
Return either "new" (if the message should be stored in the :file:`new`
subdirectory) or "cur" (if the message should be stored in the :file:`cur`
subdirectory).
.. note::
A message is typically moved from :file:`new` to :file:`cur` after its
mailbox has been accessed, whether or not the message is has been
read. A message ``msg`` has been read if ``"S" in msg.get_flags()`` is
``True``.
.. method:: set_subdir(subdir) Set the subdirectory the message should be stored in. Parameter *subdir* must be either "new" or "cur".
.. method:: get_flags() Return a string specifying the flags that are currently set. If the message complies with the standard Maildir format, the result is the concatenation in alphabetical order of zero or one occurrence of each of ``'D'``, ``'F'``, ``'P'``, ``'R'``, ``'S'``, and ``'T'``. The empty string is returned if no flags are set or if "info" contains experimental semantics.
.. method:: set_flags(flags) Set the flags specified by *flags* and unset all others.
.. method:: add_flag(flag) Set the flag(s) specified by *flag* without changing other flags. To add more than one flag at a time, *flag* may be a string of more than one character. The current "info" is overwritten whether or not it contains experimental information rather than flags.
.. method:: remove_flag(flag) Unset the flag(s) specified by *flag* without changing other flags. To remove more than one flag at a time, *flag* maybe a string of more than one character. If "info" contains experimental information rather than flags, the current "info" is not modified.
.. method:: get_date() Return the delivery date of the message as a floating-point number representing seconds since the epoch.
.. method:: set_date(date) Set the delivery date of the message to *date*, a floating-point number representing seconds since the epoch.
.. method:: get_info() Return a string containing the "info" for a message. This is useful for accessing and modifying "info" that is experimental (i.e., not a list of flags).
.. method:: set_info(info) Set "info" to *info*, which should be a string.
When a :class:`MaildirMessage` instance is created based upon an :class:`mboxMessage` or :class:`MMDFMessage` instance, the :mailheader:`Status` and :mailheader:`X-Status` headers are omitted and the following conversions take place:
| Resulting state | :class:`mboxMessage` or :class:`MMDFMessage` state |
|---|---|
| "cur" subdirectory | O flag |
| F flag | F flag |
| R flag | A flag |
| S flag | R flag |
| T flag | D flag |
When a :class:`MaildirMessage` instance is created based upon an :class:`MHMessage` instance, the following conversions take place:
| Resulting state | :class:`MHMessage` state |
|---|---|
| "cur" subdirectory | "unseen" sequence |
| "cur" subdirectory and S flag | no "unseen" sequence |
| F flag | "flagged" sequence |
| R flag | "replied" sequence |
When a :class:`MaildirMessage` instance is created based upon a :class:`BabylMessage` instance, the following conversions take place:
| Resulting state | :class:`BabylMessage` state |
|---|---|
| "cur" subdirectory | "unseen" label |
| "cur" subdirectory and S flag | no "unseen" label |
| P flag | "forwarded" or "resent" label |
| R flag | "answered" label |
| T flag | "deleted" label |
A message with mbox-specific behaviors. Parameter message has the same meaning as with the :class:`Message` constructor.
Messages in an mbox mailbox are stored together in a single file. The sender's envelope address and the time of delivery are typically stored in a line beginning with "From " that is used to indicate the start of a message, though there is considerable variation in the exact format of this data among mbox implementations. Flags that indicate the state of the message, such as whether it has been read or marked as important, are typically stored in :mailheader:`Status` and :mailheader:`X-Status` headers.
Conventional flags for mbox messages are as follows:
| Flag | Meaning | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| R | Read | Read |
| O | Old | Previously detected by MUA |
| D | Deleted | Marked for subsequent deletion |
| F | Flagged | Marked as important |
| A | Answered | Replied to |
The "R" and "O" flags are stored in the :mailheader:`Status` header, and the "D", "F", and "A" flags are stored in the :mailheader:`X-Status` header. The flags and headers typically appear in the order mentioned.
:class:`mboxMessage` instances offer the following methods:
.. method:: get_from() Return a string representing the "From " line that marks the start of the message in an mbox mailbox. The leading "From " and the trailing newline are excluded.
.. method:: set_from(from_, time_=None) Set the "From " line to *from_*, which should be specified without a leading "From " or trailing newline. For convenience, *time_* may be specified and will be formatted appropriately and appended to *from_*. If *time_* is specified, it should be a :class:`time.struct_time` instance, a tuple suitable for passing to :meth:`time.strftime`, or ``True`` (to use :meth:`time.gmtime`).
.. method:: get_flags() Return a string specifying the flags that are currently set. If the message complies with the conventional format, the result is the concatenation in the following order of zero or one occurrence of each of ``'R'``, ``'O'``, ``'D'``, ``'F'``, and ``'A'``.
.. method:: set_flags(flags) Set the flags specified by *flags* and unset all others. Parameter *flags* should be the concatenation in any order of zero or more occurrences of each of ``'R'``, ``'O'``, ``'D'``, ``'F'``, and ``'A'``.
.. method:: add_flag(flag) Set the flag(s) specified by *flag* without changing other flags. To add more than one flag at a time, *flag* may be a string of more than one character.
.. method:: remove_flag(flag) Unset the flag(s) specified by *flag* without changing other flags. To remove more than one flag at a time, *flag* maybe a string of more than one character.
When an :class:`mboxMessage` instance is created based upon a :class:`MaildirMessage` instance, a "From " line is generated based upon the :class:`MaildirMessage` instance's delivery date, and the following conversions take place:
| Resulting state | :class:`MaildirMessage` state |
|---|---|
| R flag | S flag |
| O flag | "cur" subdirectory |
| D flag | T flag |
| F flag | F flag |
| A flag | R flag |
When an :class:`mboxMessage` instance is created based upon an :class:`MHMessage` instance, the following conversions take place:
| Resulting state | :class:`MHMessage` state |
|---|---|
| R flag and O flag | no "unseen" sequence |
| O flag | "unseen" sequence |
| F flag | "flagged" sequence |
| A flag | "replied" sequence |
When an :class:`mboxMessage` instance is created based upon a :class:`BabylMessage` instance, the following conversions take place:
| Resulting state | :class:`BabylMessage` state |
|---|---|
| R flag and O flag | no "unseen" label |
| O flag | "unseen" label |
| D flag | "deleted" label |
| A flag | "answered" label |
When a :class:`Message` instance is created based upon an :class:`MMDFMessage` instance, the "From " line is copied and all flags directly correspond:
| Resulting state | :class:`MMDFMessage` state |
|---|---|
| R flag | R flag |
| O flag | O flag |
| D flag | D flag |
| F flag | F flag |
| A flag | A flag |
A message with MH-specific behaviors. Parameter message has the same meaning as with the :class:`Message` constructor.
MH messages do not support marks or flags in the traditional sense, but they do support sequences, which are logical groupings of arbitrary messages. Some mail reading programs (although not the standard :program:`mh` and :program:`nmh`) use sequences in much the same way flags are used with other formats, as follows:
| Sequence | Explanation |
|---|---|
| unseen | Not read, but previously detected by MUA |
| replied | Replied to |
| flagged | Marked as important |
:class:`MHMessage` instances offer the following methods:
.. method:: get_sequences() Return a list of the names of sequences that include this message.
.. method:: set_sequences(sequences) Set the list of sequences that include this message.
.. method:: add_sequence(sequence) Add *sequence* to the list of sequences that include this message.
.. method:: remove_sequence(sequence) Remove *sequence* from the list of sequences that include this message.
When an :class:`MHMessage` instance is created based upon a :class:`MaildirMessage` instance, the following conversions take place:
| Resulting state | :class:`MaildirMessage` state |
|---|---|
| "unseen" sequence | no S flag |
| "replied" sequence | R flag |
| "flagged" sequence | F flag |
When an :class:`MHMessage` instance is created based upon an :class:`mboxMessage` or :class:`MMDFMessage` instance, the :mailheader:`Status` and :mailheader:`X-Status` headers are omitted and the following conversions take place:
| Resulting state | :class:`mboxMessage` or :class:`MMDFMessage` state |
|---|---|
| "unseen" sequence | no R flag |
| "replied" sequence | A flag |
| "flagged" sequence | F flag |
When an :class:`MHMessage` instance is created based upon a :class:`BabylMessage` instance, the following conversions take place:
| Resulting state | :class:`BabylMessage` state |
|---|---|
| "unseen" sequence | "unseen" label |
| "replied" sequence | "answered" label |
A message with Babyl-specific behaviors. Parameter message has the same meaning as with the :class:`Message` constructor.
Certain message labels, called :dfn:`attributes`, are defined by convention to have special meanings. The attributes are as follows:
| Label | Explanation |
|---|---|
| unseen | Not read, but previously detected by MUA |
| deleted | Marked for subsequent deletion |
| filed | Copied to another file or mailbox |
| answered | Replied to |
| forwarded | Forwarded |
| edited | Modified by the user |
| resent | Resent |
By default, Rmail displays only visible headers. The :class:`BabylMessage` class, though, uses the original headers because they are more complete. Visible headers may be accessed explicitly if desired.
:class:`BabylMessage` instances offer the following methods:
.. method:: get_labels() Return a list of labels on the message.
.. method:: set_labels(labels) Set the list of labels on the message to *labels*.
.. method:: add_label(label) Add *label* to the list of labels on the message.
.. method:: remove_label(label) Remove *label* from the list of labels on the message.
.. method:: get_visible() Return an :class:`Message` instance whose headers are the message's visible headers and whose body is empty.
.. method:: set_visible(visible) Set the message's visible headers to be the same as the headers in *message*. Parameter *visible* should be a :class:`Message` instance, an :class:`email.message.Message` instance, a string, or a file-like object (which should be open in text mode).
.. method:: update_visible() When a :class:`BabylMessage` instance's original headers are modified, the visible headers are not automatically modified to correspond. This method updates the visible headers as follows: each visible header with a corresponding original header is set to the value of the original header, each visible header without a corresponding original header is removed, and any of :mailheader:`Date`, :mailheader:`From`, :mailheader:`Reply-To`, :mailheader:`To`, :mailheader:`CC`, and :mailheader:`Subject` that are present in the original headers but not the visible headers are added to the visible headers.
When a :class:`BabylMessage` instance is created based upon a :class:`MaildirMessage` instance, the following conversions take place:
| Resulting state | :class:`MaildirMessage` state |
|---|---|
| "unseen" label | no S flag |
| "deleted" label | T flag |
| "answered" label | R flag |
| "forwarded" label | P flag |
When a :class:`BabylMessage` instance is created based upon an :class:`mboxMessage` or :class:`MMDFMessage` instance, the :mailheader:`Status` and :mailheader:`X-Status` headers are omitted and the following conversions take place:
| Resulting state | :class:`mboxMessage` or :class:`MMDFMessage` state |
|---|---|
| "unseen" label | no R flag |
| "deleted" label | D flag |
| "answered" label | A flag |
When a :class:`BabylMessage` instance is created based upon an :class:`MHMessage` instance, the following conversions take place:
| Resulting state | :class:`MHMessage` state |
|---|---|
| "unseen" label | "unseen" sequence |
| "answered" label | "replied" sequence |
A message with MMDF-specific behaviors. Parameter message has the same meaning as with the :class:`Message` constructor.
As with message in an mbox mailbox, MMDF messages are stored with the sender's address and the delivery date in an initial line beginning with "From ". Likewise, flags that indicate the state of the message are typically stored in :mailheader:`Status` and :mailheader:`X-Status` headers.
Conventional flags for MMDF messages are identical to those of mbox message and are as follows:
| Flag | Meaning | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| R | Read | Read |
| O | Old | Previously detected by MUA |
| D | Deleted | Marked for subsequent deletion |
| F | Flagged | Marked as important |
| A | Answered | Replied to |
The "R" and "O" flags are stored in the :mailheader:`Status` header, and the "D", "F", and "A" flags are stored in the :mailheader:`X-Status` header. The flags and headers typically appear in the order mentioned.
:class:`MMDFMessage` instances offer the following methods, which are identical to those offered by :class:`mboxMessage`:
.. method:: get_from() Return a string representing the "From " line that marks the start of the message in an mbox mailbox. The leading "From " and the trailing newline are excluded.
.. method:: set_from(from_, time_=None) Set the "From " line to *from_*, which should be specified without a leading "From " or trailing newline. For convenience, *time_* may be specified and will be formatted appropriately and appended to *from_*. If *time_* is specified, it should be a :class:`time.struct_time` instance, a tuple suitable for passing to :meth:`time.strftime`, or ``True`` (to use :meth:`time.gmtime`).
.. method:: get_flags() Return a string specifying the flags that are currently set. If the message complies with the conventional format, the result is the concatenation in the following order of zero or one occurrence of each of ``'R'``, ``'O'``, ``'D'``, ``'F'``, and ``'A'``.
.. method:: set_flags(flags) Set the flags specified by *flags* and unset all others. Parameter *flags* should be the concatenation in any order of zero or more occurrences of each of ``'R'``, ``'O'``, ``'D'``, ``'F'``, and ``'A'``.
.. method:: add_flag(flag) Set the flag(s) specified by *flag* without changing other flags. To add more than one flag at a time, *flag* may be a string of more than one character.
.. method:: remove_flag(flag) Unset the flag(s) specified by *flag* without changing other flags. To remove more than one flag at a time, *flag* maybe a string of more than one character.
When an :class:`MMDFMessage` instance is created based upon a :class:`MaildirMessage` instance, a "From " line is generated based upon the :class:`MaildirMessage` instance's delivery date, and the following conversions take place:
| Resulting state | :class:`MaildirMessage` state |
|---|---|
| R flag | S flag |
| O flag | "cur" subdirectory |
| D flag | T flag |
| F flag | F flag |
| A flag | R flag |
When an :class:`MMDFMessage` instance is created based upon an :class:`MHMessage` instance, the following conversions take place:
| Resulting state | :class:`MHMessage` state |
|---|---|
| R flag and O flag | no "unseen" sequence |
| O flag | "unseen" sequence |
| F flag | "flagged" sequence |
| A flag | "replied" sequence |
When an :class:`MMDFMessage` instance is created based upon a :class:`BabylMessage` instance, the following conversions take place:
| Resulting state | :class:`BabylMessage` state |
|---|---|
| R flag and O flag | no "unseen" label |
| O flag | "unseen" label |
| D flag | "deleted" label |
| A flag | "answered" label |
When an :class:`MMDFMessage` instance is created based upon an :class:`mboxMessage` instance, the "From " line is copied and all flags directly correspond:
| Resulting state | :class:`mboxMessage` state |
|---|---|
| R flag | R flag |
| O flag | O flag |
| D flag | D flag |
| F flag | F flag |
| A flag | A flag |
The following exception classes are defined in the :mod:`mailbox` module:
.. exception:: Error() The based class for all other module-specific exceptions.
.. exception:: NoSuchMailboxError() Raised when a mailbox is expected but is not found, such as when instantiating a :class:`Mailbox` subclass with a path that does not exist (and with the *create* parameter set to ``False``), or when opening a folder that does not exist.
.. exception:: NotEmptyError() Raised when a mailbox is not empty but is expected to be, such as when deleting a folder that contains messages.
.. exception:: ExternalClashError() Raised when some mailbox-related condition beyond the control of the program causes it to be unable to proceed, such as when failing to acquire a lock that another program already holds a lock, or when a uniquely-generated file name already exists.
.. exception:: FormatError() Raised when the data in a file cannot be parsed, such as when an :class:`MH` instance attempts to read a corrupted :file:`.mh_sequences` file.
A simple example of printing the subjects of all messages in a mailbox that seem interesting:
import mailbox
for message in mailbox.mbox('~/mbox'):
subject = message['subject'] # Could possibly be None.
if subject and 'python' in subject.lower():
print(subject)
To copy all mail from a Babyl mailbox to an MH mailbox, converting all of the format-specific information that can be converted:
import mailbox
destination = mailbox.MH('~/Mail')
destination.lock()
for message in mailbox.Babyl('~/RMAIL'):
destination.add(mailbox.MHMessage(message))
destination.flush()
destination.unlock()
This example sorts mail from several mailing lists into different mailboxes, being careful to avoid mail corruption due to concurrent modification by other programs, mail loss due to interruption of the program, or premature termination due to malformed messages in the mailbox:
import mailbox
import email.errors
list_names = ('python-list', 'python-dev', 'python-bugs')
boxes = {name: mailbox.mbox('~/email/%s' % name) for name in list_names}
inbox = mailbox.Maildir('~/Maildir', factory=None)
for key in inbox.iterkeys():
try:
message = inbox[key]
except email.errors.MessageParseError:
continue # The message is malformed. Just leave it.
for name in list_names:
list_id = message['list-id']
if list_id and name in list_id:
# Get mailbox to use
box = boxes[name]
# Write copy to disk before removing original.
# If there's a crash, you might duplicate a message, but
# that's better than losing a message completely.
box.lock()
box.add(message)
box.flush()
box.unlock()
# Remove original message
inbox.lock()
inbox.discard(key)
inbox.flush()
inbox.unlock()
break # Found destination, so stop looking.
for box in boxes.itervalues():
box.close()