Int4.cs

// Copyright (c) Stride contributors (https://stride3d.net) and Silicon Studio Corp. (https://www.siliconstudio.co.jp)
// Distributed under the MIT license. See the LICENSE.md file in the project root for more information.
//
// Copyright (c) 2010-2011 SharpDX - Alexandre Mutel
// 
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
// 
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
// 
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
// THE SOFTWARE.
using System;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

namespace Stride.Core.Mathematics
{
    /// <summary>
    ///   Represents a four dimensional mathematical vector.
    /// </summary>
    [DataContract("Int4")]
    [DataStyle(DataStyle.Compact)]
    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 4)]
    public struct Int4 : IEquatable<Int4>, IFormattable
    {
        /// <summary>
        ///   The size of the <see cref = "Int4" /> type, in bytes.
        /// </summary>
        public static readonly int SizeInBytes = Utilities.SizeOf<Int4>();

        /// <summary>
        ///   A <see cref = "Int4" /> with all of its components set to zero.
        /// </summary>
        public static readonly Int4 Zero = new Int4();

        /// <summary>
        ///   The X unit <see cref = "Int4" /> (1, 0, 0, 0).
        /// </summary>
        public static readonly Int4 UnitX = new Int4(1, 0, 0, 0);

        /// <summary>
        ///   The Y unit <see cref = "Int4" /> (0, 1, 0, 0).
        /// </summary>
        public static readonly Int4 UnitY = new Int4(0, 1, 0, 0);

        /// <summary>
        ///   The Z unit <see cref = "Int4" /> (0, 0, 1, 0).
        /// </summary>
        public static readonly Int4 UnitZ = new Int4(0, 0, 1, 0);

        /// <summary>
        ///   The W unit <see cref = "Int4" /> (0, 0, 0, 1).
        /// </summary>
        public static readonly Int4 UnitW = new Int4(0, 0, 0, 1);

        /// <summary>
        ///   A <see cref = "Int4" /> with all of its components set to one.
        /// </summary>
        public static readonly Int4 One = new Int4(1, 1, 1, 1);

        /// <summary>
        ///   The X component of the vector.
        /// </summary>
        [DataMember(0)]
        public int X;

        /// <summary>
        ///   The Y component of the vector.
        /// </summary>
        [DataMember(1)]
        public int Y;

        /// <summary>
        ///   The Z component of the vector.
        /// </summary>
        [DataMember(2)]
        public int Z;

        /// <summary>
        ///   The W component of the vector.
        /// </summary>
        [DataMember(3)]
        public int W;

        /// <summary>
        ///   Initializes a new instance of the <see cref = "Int4" /> struct.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "value">The value that will be assigned to all components.</param>
        public Int4(int value)
        {
            X = value;
            Y = value;
            Z = value;
            W = value;
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Initializes a new instance of the <see cref = "Int4" /> struct.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "x">Initial value for the X component of the vector.</param>
        /// <param name = "y">Initial value for the Y component of the vector.</param>
        /// <param name = "z">Initial value for the Z component of the vector.</param>
        /// <param name = "w">Initial value for the W component of the vector.</param>
        public Int4(int x, int y, int z, int w)
        {
            X = x;
            Y = y;
            Z = z;
            W = w;
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Initializes a new instance of the <see cref = "Int4" /> struct.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "values">The values to assign to the X, Y, Z, and W components of the vector. This must be an array with four elements.</param>
        /// <exception cref = "ArgumentNullException">Thrown when <paramref name = "values" /> is <c>null</c>.</exception>
        /// <exception cref = "ArgumentOutOfRangeException">Thrown when <paramref name = "values" /> contains more or less than four elements.</exception>
        public Int4(int[] values)
        {
            if (values == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("values");
            if (values.Length != 4)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("values", "There must be four and only four input values for Int4.");

            X = values[0];
            Y = values[1];
            Z = values[2];
            W = values[3];
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Gets or sets the component at the specified index.
        /// </summary>
        /// <value>The value of the X, Y, Z, or W component, depending on the index.</value>
        /// <param name = "index">The index of the component to access. Use 0 for the X component, 1 for the Y component, 2 for the Z component, and 3 for the W component.</param>
        /// <returns>The value of the component at the specified index.</returns>
        /// <exception cref = "System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException">Thrown when the <paramref name = "index" /> is out of the range [0, 3].</exception>
        public int this[int index]
        {
            get
            {
                switch (index)
                {
                    case 0:
                        return X;
                    case 1:
                        return Y;
                    case 2:
                        return Z;
                    case 3:
                        return W;
                }

                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index", "Indices for Int4 run from 0 to 3, inclusive.");
            }

            set
            {
                switch (index)
                {
                    case 0:
                        X = value;
                        break;
                    case 1:
                        Y = value;
                        break;
                    case 2:
                        Z = value;
                        break;
                    case 3:
                        W = value;
                        break;
                    default:
                        throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("index", "Indices for Int4 run from 0 to 3, inclusive.");
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Calculates the length of the vector.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>The length of the vector.</returns>
        /// <remarks>
        /// <see cref="Int4.LengthSquared"/> may be preferred when only the relative length is needed
        /// and speed is of the essence.
        /// </remarks>
        public int Length()
        {
            return (int)Math.Sqrt((X * X) + (Y * Y) + (Z * Z) + (W * W));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Calculates the squared length of the vector.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>The squared length of the vector.</returns>
        /// <remarks>
        /// This method may be preferred to <see cref="Int4.Length"/> when only a relative length is needed
        /// and speed is of the essence.
        /// </remarks>
        public int LengthSquared()
        {
            return (X * X) + (Y * Y) + (Z * Z) + (W * W);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Creates an array containing the elements of the vector.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>A four-element array containing the components of the vector.</returns>
        public int[] ToArray()
        {
            return new int[] { X, Y, Z, W };
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Adds two vectors.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "left">The first vector to add.</param>
        /// <param name = "right">The second vector to add.</param>
        /// <param name = "result">When the method completes, contains the sum of the two vectors.</param>
        public static void Add(ref Int4 left, ref Int4 right, out Int4 result)
        {
            result = new Int4(left.X + right.X, left.Y + right.Y, left.Z + right.Z, left.W + right.W);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Adds two vectors.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "left">The first vector to add.</param>
        /// <param name = "right">The second vector to add.</param>
        /// <returns>The sum of the two vectors.</returns>
        public static Int4 Add(Int4 left, Int4 right)
        {
            return new Int4(left.X + right.X, left.Y + right.Y, left.Z + right.Z, left.W + right.W);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Subtracts two vectors.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "left">The first vector to subtract.</param>
        /// <param name = "right">The second vector to subtract.</param>
        /// <param name = "result">When the method completes, contains the difference of the two vectors.</param>
        public static void Subtract(ref Int4 left, ref Int4 right, out Int4 result)
        {
            result = new Int4(left.X - right.X, left.Y - right.Y, left.Z - right.Z, left.W - right.W);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Subtracts two vectors.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "left">The first vector to subtract.</param>
        /// <param name = "right">The second vector to subtract.</param>
        /// <returns>The difference of the two vectors.</returns>
        public static Int4 Subtract(Int4 left, Int4 right)
        {
            return new Int4(left.X - right.X, left.Y - right.Y, left.Z - right.Z, left.W - right.W);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Scales a vector by the given value.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "value">The vector to scale.</param>
        /// <param name = "scale">The amount by which to scale the vector.</param>
        /// <param name = "result">When the method completes, contains the scaled vector.</param>
        public static void Multiply(ref Int4 value, int scale, out Int4 result)
        {
            result = new Int4(value.X * scale, value.Y * scale, value.Z * scale, value.W * scale);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Scales a vector by the given value.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "value">The vector to scale.</param>
        /// <param name = "scale">The amount by which to scale the vector.</param>
        /// <returns>The scaled vector.</returns>
        public static Int4 Multiply(Int4 value, int scale)
        {
            return new Int4(value.X * scale, value.Y * scale, value.Z * scale, value.W * scale);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Modulates a vector with another by performing component-wise multiplication.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "left">The first vector to modulate.</param>
        /// <param name = "right">The second vector to modulate.</param>
        /// <param name = "result">When the method completes, contains the modulated vector.</param>
        public static void Modulate(ref Int4 left, ref Int4 right, out Int4 result)
        {
            result = new Int4(left.X * right.X, left.Y * right.Y, left.Z * right.Z, left.W * right.W);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Modulates a vector with another by performing component-wise multiplication.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "left">The first vector to modulate.</param>
        /// <param name = "right">The second vector to modulate.</param>
        /// <returns>The modulated vector.</returns>
        public static Int4 Modulate(Int4 left, Int4 right)
        {
            return new Int4(left.X * right.X, left.Y * right.Y, left.Z * right.Z, left.W * right.W);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Scales a vector by the given value.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "value">The vector to scale.</param>
        /// <param name = "scale">The amount by which to scale the vector.</param>
        /// <param name = "result">When the method completes, contains the scaled vector.</param>
        public static void Divide(ref Int4 value, int scale, out Int4 result)
        {
            result = new Int4(value.X / scale, value.Y / scale, value.Z / scale, value.W / scale);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Scales a vector by the given value.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "value">The vector to scale.</param>
        /// <param name = "scale">The amount by which to scale the vector.</param>
        /// <returns>The scaled vector.</returns>
        public static Int4 Divide(Int4 value, int scale)
        {
            return new Int4(value.X / scale, value.Y / scale, value.Z / scale, value.W / scale);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Reverses the direction of a given vector.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "value">The vector to negate.</param>
        /// <param name = "result">When the method completes, contains a vector facing in the opposite direction.</param>
        public static void Negate(ref Int4 value, out Int4 result)
        {
            result = new Int4(-value.X, -value.Y, -value.Z, -value.W);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Reverses the direction of a given vector.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "value">The vector to negate.</param>
        /// <returns>A vector facing in the opposite direction.</returns>
        public static Int4 Negate(Int4 value)
        {
            return new Int4(-value.X, -value.Y, -value.Z, -value.W);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Restricts a value to be within a specified range.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "value">The value to clamp.</param>
        /// <param name = "min">The minimum value.</param>
        /// <param name = "max">The maximum value.</param>
        /// <param name = "result">When the method completes, contains the clamped value.</param>
        public static void Clamp(ref Int4 value, ref Int4 min, ref Int4 max, out Int4 result)
        {
            int x = value.X;
            x = (x > max.X) ? max.X : x;
            x = (x < min.X) ? min.X : x;

            int y = value.Y;
            y = (y > max.Y) ? max.Y : y;
            y = (y < min.Y) ? min.Y : y;

            int z = value.Z;
            z = (z > max.Z) ? max.Z : z;
            z = (z < min.Z) ? min.Z : z;

            int w = value.W;
            w = (w > max.W) ? max.W : w;
            w = (w < min.W) ? min.W : w;

            result = new Int4(x, y, z, w);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Restricts a value to be within a specified range.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "value">The value to clamp.</param>
        /// <param name = "min">The minimum value.</param>
        /// <param name = "max">The maximum value.</param>
        /// <returns>The clamped value.</returns>
        public static Int4 Clamp(Int4 value, Int4 min, Int4 max)
        {
            Int4 result;
            Clamp(ref value, ref min, ref max, out result);
            return result;
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Returns a vector containing the smallest components of the specified vectors.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "left">The first source vector.</param>
        /// <param name = "right">The second source vector.</param>
        /// <param name = "result">When the method completes, contains an new vector composed of the largest components of the source vectors.</param>
        public static void Max(ref Int4 left, ref Int4 right, out Int4 result)
        {
            result.X = (left.X > right.X) ? left.X : right.X;
            result.Y = (left.Y > right.Y) ? left.Y : right.Y;
            result.Z = (left.Z > right.Z) ? left.Z : right.Z;
            result.W = (left.W > right.W) ? left.W : right.W;
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Returns a vector containing the largest components of the specified vectors.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "left">The first source vector.</param>
        /// <param name = "right">The second source vector.</param>
        /// <returns>A vector containing the largest components of the source vectors.</returns>
        public static Int4 Max(Int4 left, Int4 right)
        {
            Int4 result;
            Max(ref left, ref right, out result);
            return result;
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Returns a vector containing the smallest components of the specified vectors.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "left">The first source vector.</param>
        /// <param name = "right">The second source vector.</param>
        /// <param name = "result">When the method completes, contains an new vector composed of the smallest components of the source vectors.</param>
        public static void Min(ref Int4 left, ref Int4 right, out Int4 result)
        {
            result.X = (left.X < right.X) ? left.X : right.X;
            result.Y = (left.Y < right.Y) ? left.Y : right.Y;
            result.Z = (left.Z < right.Z) ? left.Z : right.Z;
            result.W = (left.W < right.W) ? left.W : right.W;
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Returns a vector containing the smallest components of the specified vectors.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "left">The first source vector.</param>
        /// <param name = "right">The second source vector.</param>
        /// <returns>A vector containing the smallest components of the source vectors.</returns>
        public static Int4 Min(Int4 left, Int4 right)
        {
            Int4 result;
            Min(ref left, ref right, out result);
            return result;
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Adds two vectors.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "left">The first vector to add.</param>
        /// <param name = "right">The second vector to add.</param>
        /// <returns>The sum of the two vectors.</returns>
        public static Int4 operator +(Int4 left, Int4 right)
        {
            return new Int4(left.X + right.X, left.Y + right.Y, left.Z + right.Z, left.W + right.W);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Assert a vector (return it unchanged).
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "value">The vector to assert (unchange).</param>
        /// <returns>The asserted (unchanged) vector.</returns>
        public static Int4 operator +(Int4 value)
        {
            return value;
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Subtracts two vectors.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "left">The first vector to subtract.</param>
        /// <param name = "right">The second vector to subtract.</param>
        /// <returns>The difference of the two vectors.</returns>
        public static Int4 operator -(Int4 left, Int4 right)
        {
            return new Int4(left.X - right.X, left.Y - right.Y, left.Z - right.Z, left.W - right.W);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Reverses the direction of a given vector.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "value">The vector to negate.</param>
        /// <returns>A vector facing in the opposite direction.</returns>
        public static Int4 operator -(Int4 value)
        {
            return new Int4(-value.X, -value.Y, -value.Z, -value.W);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Scales a vector by the given value.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "value">The vector to scale.</param>
        /// <param name = "scale">The amount by which to scale the vector.</param>
        /// <returns>The scaled vector.</returns>
        public static Int4 operator *(int scale, Int4 value)
        {
            return new Int4(value.X * scale, value.Y * scale, value.Z * scale, value.W * scale);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Scales a vector by the given value.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "value">The vector to scale.</param>
        /// <param name = "scale">The amount by which to scale the vector.</param>
        /// <returns>The scaled vector.</returns>
        public static Int4 operator *(Int4 value, int scale)
        {
            return new Int4(value.X * scale, value.Y * scale, value.Z * scale, value.W * scale);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Scales a vector by the given value.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "value">The vector to scale.</param>
        /// <param name = "scale">The amount by which to scale the vector.</param>
        /// <returns>The scaled vector.</returns>
        public static Int4 operator /(Int4 value, int scale)
        {
            return new Int4(value.X / scale, value.Y / scale, value.Z / scale, value.W / scale);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Tests for equality between two objects.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "left">The first value to compare.</param>
        /// <param name = "right">The second value to compare.</param>
        /// <returns><c>true</c> if <paramref name = "left" /> has the same value as <paramref name = "right" />; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns>
        public static bool operator ==(Int4 left, Int4 right)
        {
            return left.Equals(right);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Tests for inequality between two objects.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "left">The first value to compare.</param>
        /// <param name = "right">The second value to compare.</param>
        /// <returns><c>true</c> if <paramref name = "left" /> has a different value than <paramref name = "right" />; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns>
        public static bool operator !=(Int4 left, Int4 right)
        {
            return !left.Equals(right);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Performs an explicit conversion from <see cref = "Int4" /> to <see cref = "Vector2" />.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "value">The value.</param>
        /// <returns>The result of the conversion.</returns>
        public static explicit operator Vector2(Int4 value)
        {
            return new Vector2(value.X, value.Y);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Performs an explicit conversion from <see cref = "Int4" /> to <see cref = "Vector3" />.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "value">The value.</param>
        /// <returns>The result of the conversion.</returns>
        public static explicit operator Vector3(Int4 value)
        {
            return new Vector3(value.X, value.Y, value.Z);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Performs an explicit conversion from <see cref = "Int4" /> to <see cref = "Vector4" />.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "value">The value.</param>
        /// <returns>The result of the conversion.</returns>
        public static explicit operator Vector4(Int4 value)
        {
            return new Vector4(value.X, value.Y, value.Z, value.W);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Returns a <see cref = "string" /> that represents this instance.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>
        ///   A <see cref = "string" /> that represents this instance.
        /// </returns>
        public override string ToString()
        {
            return string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, "X:{0} Y:{1} Z:{2} W:{3}", X, Y, Z, W);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Returns a <see cref = "string" /> that represents this instance.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "format">The format.</param>
        /// <returns>
        ///   A <see cref = "string" /> that represents this instance.
        /// </returns>
        public string ToString(string format)
        {
            if (format == null)
                return ToString();

            return string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, "X:{0} Y:{1} Z:{2} W:{3}",
                                 X.ToString(format, CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),
                                 Y.ToString(format, CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),
                                 Z.ToString(format, CultureInfo.CurrentCulture),
                                 W.ToString(format, CultureInfo.CurrentCulture));
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Returns a <see cref = "string" /> that represents this instance.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "formatProvider">The format provider.</param>
        /// <returns>
        ///   A <see cref = "string" /> that represents this instance.
        /// </returns>
        public string ToString(IFormatProvider formatProvider)
        {
            return string.Format(formatProvider, "X:{0} Y:{1} Z:{2} W:{3}", X, Y, Z, W);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Returns a <see cref = "string" /> that represents this instance.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "format">The format.</param>
        /// <param name = "formatProvider">The format provider.</param>
        /// <returns>
        ///   A <see cref = "string" /> that represents this instance.
        /// </returns>
        public string ToString(string format, IFormatProvider formatProvider)
        {
            if (format == null)
                ToString(formatProvider);

            return string.Format(formatProvider, "X:{0} Y:{1} Z:{2} W:{3}", X.ToString(format, formatProvider),
                                 Y.ToString(format, formatProvider), Z.ToString(format, formatProvider),
                                 W.ToString(format, formatProvider));
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Returns a hash code for this instance.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>
        ///   A hash code for this instance, suitable for use in hashing algorithms and data structures like a hash table. 
        /// </returns>
        public override int GetHashCode()
        {
            return X.GetHashCode() + Y.GetHashCode() + Z.GetHashCode() + W.GetHashCode();
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Determines whether the specified <see cref = "Int4" /> is equal to this instance.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "other">The <see cref = "Int4" /> to compare with this instance.</param>
        /// <returns>
        ///   <c>true</c> if the specified <see cref = "Int4" /> is equal to this instance; otherwise, <c>false</c>.
        /// </returns>
        public bool Equals(Int4 other)
        {
            return other.X == X && other.Y == Y && other.Z == Z && other.W == W;
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///   Determines whether the specified <see cref = "object" /> is equal to this instance.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name = "value">The <see cref = "object" /> to compare with this instance.</param>
        /// <returns>
        ///   <c>true</c> if the specified <see cref = "object" /> is equal to this instance; otherwise, <c>false</c>.
        /// </returns>
        public override bool Equals(object value)
        {
            if (value == null)
                return false;

            if (value.GetType() != GetType())
                return false;

            return Equals((Int4)value);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Performs an implicit conversion from <see cref="int"/> array to <see cref="Stride.Core.Mathematics.Int4"/>.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="input">The input.</param>
        /// <returns>The result of the conversion.</returns>
        public static implicit operator Int4(int[] input)
        {
            return new Int4(input);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Performs an implicit conversion from <see cref="Stride.Core.Mathematics.Int4"/> to <see cref="int"/> array.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="input">The input.</param>
        /// <returns>The result of the conversion.</returns>
        public static implicit operator int[](Int4 input)
        {
            return input.ToArray();
        }
    }
}