614.txt

[45] [[比律賓]]では、 [TZ[+08:00]] が[[標準時]]として使われています。

[97] [[日本]]の[[中央標準時]] [TZ[+09:00]] と1時間の[[時差]]があり、
[[フィリピン]]が遅れています。

* 名称

[98] [[フィリピン]]の[[法令]]では [DFN[Philippine Standard Time]] や略称
[DFN[PST]] を呼称としています。
政府機関は [DFN[PhST]] という略称も用いています [SRC[>>44]]。

[99] その他[DFN[フィリピン時間]]、[DFN[比律賓標準時]]、[DFN[Juan Time]] などと呼ばれています。

[103] [DFN[PHT]] と略されることもありますが、現地で使われているのか不明です。

[100] [[tzdata]] は[[フィリピン]]について [DFN[[CODE[Asia/Manila]]]]
を定義しています [SRC[>>7]]。

* 変遷

[FIG(table)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[84] [[フィリピンの標準時]]の変遷の概略
]FIGCAPTION]

:t: 時期
:マニラ: [[フィリピン諸島]]
:新南群島: [[新南群島]] ([[フィリピン]]支配地域)

:マニラ: [TZ[+08:03:52]]

:t: 16世紀
:マニラ: [TZ[-15:56]]

:t: [TIME[1845-01-01]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+08:03:52]]

:t: [TIME[1899-05-11]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+08:00]]

:t: [TIME[1936-11-01]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+09:00]]

:t: [TIME[1937-01-16]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+08:00]]

:t: [TIME[1938][year:1938]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+08:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+09:00]]

:t: [TIME[1942][year:1942]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+09:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+09:00]]

:t: [TIME[1945][year:1945]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+08:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+09:00]]

:t: [TIME[1945-09-21]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+08:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+08:00]]

:t: [TIME[1954-04-12]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+09:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+09:00]]

:t: [TIME[1954-07-01]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+08:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+08:00]]

:t: [TIME[1978-03-22]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+09:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+09:00]]

:t: [TIME[1978-09-21]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+08:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+08:00]]

:t: [TIME[1990-05-21]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+09:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+09:00]]

:t: [TIME[1990-07-29]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+08:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+08:00]]

:t: [[tzdata]]
:マニラ: [CODE[Manila][Asia/Manila]]
]FIG]

** スペイン領時代

;; [66] 古くから[[原住民]]がいましたし、[[支那]]や[[東南アジア]]各地とある程度の交易関係があったようです。

[18] [[tzdata]] は -15 (>>8) を最初としていますが、
元々[[アジア日付]] (+8 [[地方時]]) だったのがスペイン領となって[[アメリカ日付]] 
(-15) に改まったと処理するのが妥当にも思えます。

;; [17] 1521年に[[スペイン]]が侵攻を開始し、やがて[[植民地]]となりました。
[[中米]]や[[太平洋諸島]]と一体の[[領土]]として管理していました。

[8] [[tzdata]] の [CODE[Asia/Manila]] は、
元の[[地方時]]を [TZ[-15:56:00]] としています [SRC[>>7]]。

[10] [[スペイン領フィリピン]]の[RUBYB[[[総督]]]@en[governor-general]]の
[[Narciso Claveria y Zaldua]] ([[ナルシソ・クラベリア]]、
在任期間 [TIME[1844]]-[TIME[1849]]) の[TIME[1844年8月16日][1844-08-16]]の[[布告]]により、
[TIME[1844年12月30日][1844-12-30]]の翌日が[TIME[1845年1月1日][1845-01-01]]とされました
[SRC[>>7]]。これにより[[日付変更線]]は[[フィリピン]]の[[東]]側に移動しました。

[9] [[tzdata]] の [CODE[Asia/Manila]] は、
[TIME[1844年12月31日][1844-12-31]]を境に[[地方時]] [TZ[+08:04:00]]
となったとしています [SRC[>>7]]。

** 米領時代

;; [19] [[米西戦争]]の結果、[TIME[1898年12月10日][1898-12-10]]調印の[[パリ条約]]により[[フィリピン]]と[[グアム]]は[[アメリカ合衆国]]領となりました。
[[パリ条約]]は[TIME[1899年4月11日][1899-04-11]]に発効しました。
([[グアムの標準時]]も参照。)

[90] [TIME[1899年2月][1899-02]]にまとめられた表は、当時の港湾報時情報に基づき、
Manila [[平均時]] [TZ[+08:03:52]] を [[Manila]] の時刻として示しています [SRC[>>89]]。

[94] [TIME[1966年][year:1966]]の [CITE[Time Changes in the U.S.A.]] は、
[TIME[1899年5月11日][1899-05-11]]に[[標準時]]が [TZ[+08:00]] 
となった (それ以前は[[LMT]]) としていました [SRC[>>93]]。

[106] [[Time Changes]] 世界版の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
[TIME[1899年5月11日][1899-05-11]]から[[標準時]] [TZ[+08:00]]
(それ以前は[[地方平時]]) としていました。ただしすべての[[市民]]がすぐに使ったわけではないとの注釈がありました。
[SRC[>>1256]]

[104] [[Shanks]] の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
[TIME[1899年5月11日0時0分][1899-05-11T00:00]]から [TZ[+08:00]]
としていました (それ以前は [[LMT]]) [SRC[>>95]]。

[105] [[tzdata]] の [CODE[Asia/Manila]] は、
[TIME[1899年5月11日][1899-05-11]]を境に [TZ[+08:00]]
となったとしています [SRC[>>7]]。


[11] [TIME[1899年9月29日][1899-09-29]]掲載の[[英国水路部]][[告示]]によると、[[比律賓]]諸嶋の[[標準時]]が [TZ[+08:00]] となり、
[[馬尼剌]]の[[報時球]] ([LAT[14.36.0N]] [LON[120.58.0E]])
も[[標準時]]12:00:00 = [[綠威平時]]16:00:00 = [[平時]] 0:03:52 
[WEAK[(>>83 は112秒とするが明らかに誤り)]]
に変更されました [SRC[>>37, >>83]]。

;; [28] [[米国]]本国では[TIME[1883年][1883]]に[[鉄道標準時]]が定められ、
[TIME[1918年][1918]]に[[標準時]]と[[夏時間]]が法制化されています。
[[中国]] ([[清]]) は[TIME[1902年][1902]]に[[海岸時]]を定めています。
[[仏印]]は[TIME[1906年]]に[[標準時]]を定めています。
これらの時期と比較すると、非常に早い時期です。

;; [20] [[米西戦争]]と並行して現地人は独立を画策していましたが、
[TIME[1902年][1902]]までに[[米国]]により鎮圧され ([[米比戦争]])、
引き続き[[植民地]]とされました。

[75] 雑誌記事の1905年末の情報で、[[比律賓]]は [TZ[+08:00]] とされています [SRC[>>74]]。

-*-*-

;; [113] [TIME[1934年3月][1934-03]]、
[[米国]]本国で[CITE[フィリピン独立法]]が制定され、
[[独立]]の準備が進められることとなりました。

;; [114] [TIME[1935年11月][1935-11]]、
[[米領フィリピン準州]]が成立しました。

[57] [TIME[1936年10月26日][1936-10-26]]承認の米領[[フィリピン準州]]法第91号
[CITE[[RUBYB[フィリピンの標準時を固定し、フィリピン大統領に日光節約時間の実施の権限を付する法律]@en[AN ACT TO FIX THE STANDARD TIME OF THE PHILIPPINES, AND TO AUTHORIZE THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES TO ESTABLISH A DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME THEREIN]]]]
は、[[フィリピン]]の[[標準時]]を [TZ[+08:00]] と規定すると共に、
[[大統領]]の[[布告]]により開始・終了[[日時]]を定めて3月から6月または11月から1月の期間内で[[日光節約時間]]
[TZ[+09:00]] を実施できると定めています [SRC[>>56]]。

[2] [TIME[同年10月30日][1936-10-30]]付米領[RUBYB[比島大統領布告第104号]@en[THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES PROOLAMATION No. 104]]
[CITE[[RUBYB[比律賓日光節約時間制定の件][ESTABLISHING THE DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME FOR THE PHILIPPINES]]]]
[SRC[>>1, >>60]] は、次のように定めました。

[FIG(list)[
- [3] [TIME[1936年11月1日][1936-11-01]]から[TIME[1937年1月31日][1937-01-31]]に[[日光節約時間]]
[TZ[+09:00]] を実施する
- [4] [[フィリピン標準時]]を1936年10月31日24時に1時間進める
- [5] (1時間進めた) 時刻を1937年1月31日24時に1時間戻す
]FIG]

[39] しかし、[TIME[1937年1月15日][1937-01-15]]、
大統領布告第126号[CITE[[RUBYB[1936年10月30日付布告第104号比律賓日光節約時間制定の件の失効の件]@en[REVOKING PROCLAMATION NO. 104, DATED OCTOBER 30, 1936, ESTABLISHING THE DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME FOR THE PHILIPPINES]]]]
により、予定より早く (1時間進めた) [[フィリピン標準時]]同日24時に1時間戻し、
元の[[フィリピン標準時]]に復帰することとされました [SRC[>>61, >>38]]。

[108] 
[[Time Changes]] の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
[TIME[1936年11月1日][1936-11-01]]から
[TIME[1937年2月1日][1937-02-01]]まで[[夏時刻]]とし、切り替えは0時としていました。
[SRC[>>1256]]

[96] [[Shanks]] の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
[TIME[1936年11月1日0時0分][1936-11-01T00:00]]から [TZ[+09:00]]、
[TIME[1937年2月1日0時0分][1937-02-01T00:00]]から [TZ[+08:00]]
としていました [SRC[>>95]]。

[107] [[tzdata]] の [CODE[Asia/Manila]] は、 
[TIME[1936年11月1日0時0分][1936-11-01T00:00]]に1時間進めて [TZ[+09:00]]、
[TIME[1937年2月1日0時0分][1937-02-01T00:00]]に1時間戻して [TZ[+08:00]] としています 
[SRC[>>7]]。


[REFS[
- [89] [CITE[The Geographical Journal, for February 1899.]] [[時差の表]]
- [37] [CITE[非律賓の標準時]] (地学雑誌 Vol. 11 (1899) No. 12 P 836, [TIME[2016-05-02 19:05:48 +09:00]]) <https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgeography1889/11/12/11_12_836/_article/-char/ja/>
- [74] [TIME[1906年][year:1905]] [CITE[地学雑誌]] [[時差の表]]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[56] [CITE[C.A. No. 91]]
( ([TIME[2009-01-20 20:19:26 +09:00]]))
<http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/comacts/ca_91_1936.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> COMMONWEALTH ACT No. 91
> AN ACT TO FIX THE STANDARD TIME OF THE PHILIPPINES, AND TO AUTHORIZE THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES TO ESTABLISH A DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME THEREIN
> Be it enacted by the National Assembly of the Philippines:
> Section 1. The standard time of the Philippines shall be fixed upon the basis of the mean astronomical time at one hundred and twenty degrees East Longitude, Greenwhich Meridian: Provided, That the President of the Philippines may, when the public interest so requires, and at any time or times, within the periods from March to June and from November to January, all inclusive, establish, by proclamation, a daylight saving time, by advancing by one hour, on such date as he shall determine, the standard time herein fixed, and by retarding such daylight saving time by another hour or such other date as he shall determine, so that during certain periods of the year, as above indicated, the standard time be one hour advance of the mean astronomical time at one hundred and twenty degrees East Longitude, Greenwhich Meridian. The President shall, in such proclamation, fix the date and hour when such daylight saving time shall commence and terminate.
> Section 2. The standard time of the daylight saving time herein established shall govern the movement of all common carrier. In all statutes, order, rules and regulations relating to the time of performance of an act by any officer or department of the Government of the Commonwealth,[SUP[1]] or relating to the time within which any right shall accrue or determine, or within which any act shall or shall not be performed by any person in the Philippines, it shall be understood that the time shall be the standard or the daylight saving time as herein established, as the case may be.
> This act shall take effect upon its approval.
> Approved, October 26, 1936.
> [SUP[1]]Now Republic.

]FIG]

- [1] [CITE[標題:時間関係雑纂 10.比島日光節約法関係]] ([TIME[2015-11-20 23:58:58 +09:00]] 版) <http://www.jacar.go.jp/DAS/meta/image_B04011419300>
[TIME[1936年][year:1936]]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[60] [CITE[Proclamation No. 104 Series of 1936]]
( ([TIME[2016-01-06 20:14:50 +09:00]]))
<http://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc1936/proc_104_1936.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> MALACAÑAN PALACE
> Manila
> BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
> Proclamation No. 104
> ESTABLISHING THE DAYLIGHT-SAVING TIME FOR THE PHILIPPINES
> Pursuant to the authority vested in me by Commonwealth Act Numbered Ninety-one and in order that employees and laborers may be afforded sunlight for recreation purposes and, likewise, to effect savings in the use of light both to the Government and to the general public, I, Manuel L. Quezon, President of the Philippines, hereby proclaim daylight-saving time for the Philippines between November first, nineteen hundred and thirty-six, and January thirty-first, nineteen hundred and thirty-seven, and order that at twelve o’clock midnight on October thirty-first, nineteen hundred and thirty-six, the standard time of the Philippines fixed in the aforesaid Act shall be advanced one hour, and at twelve o’clock midnight on October thirty-first, nineteen hundred and thirty-six, the standard time of the Philippines fixed in the aforesaid Act shall be advanced one hour, and at twelve o’clock midnight on January thirty-first, nineteen hundred and thirty-seven, the time so fixed, as above stated, shall be retarded one hour so as to return to standard time.
> Employers and the public in general are hereby enjoined to give effect to the purpose and intent of this Proclamation and of Act Numbered Ninety-one. For purposes of astronomy and meteorology, however, the mean astronomical time at one hundred and twenty degrees East longitude, Greenwich Meridian, may be used as heretofore.
> In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Commonwealth of the Philippines to be affixed.
> Done at the City of Manila, this thirtieth day of October, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and thirty-six and of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the first.
> '''['''SEAL''']'''
> (Sgd.) MANUEL L. QUEZON
> President of the Philippines
> By the President:
> (Sgd.) ELPIDIO QUIRINO
> Secretary of the Interior

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[61] [CITE[Proclamation No. 126 Series of 1937]]
( ([TIME[2016-01-08 18:05:39 +09:00]]))
<http://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc1937/proc_126_1937.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> MALACAÑANG PALACE
> Manila
> BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
> Proclamation No. 126
> REVOKING PROCLAMATION NO. 104, DATED OCTOBER 30, 1936, ESTABLISHING THE DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME FOR THE PHILIPPINES.
> By virtue of the powers conferred upon me by law, I, Manuel L. Quezon, President of the Philippines, hereby revoke Proclamation Numbered One hundred four, dated October thirtieth, nineteen hundred and thirty-six, establishing the daylight saving time for the Philippines, and direct that at twelve o’clock midnight today, January fifteenth, nineteen hundred and thirty-seven, the standard time fixed in the said Proclamation shall be retarded one hour so as to return to the normal standard time.
> In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Commonwealth of the Philippines to be affixed.
> Done at the City of Manila, this fifteenth day of January, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and thirty-seven, and of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the second.
> '''['''SEAL''']'''
> (Sgd.) MANUEL L. QUEZON
> President of the Philippines
> By the President:
> (Sgd.) ELPIDIO QUIRINO
> Secretary of the Interior

]FIG]

- [38] [CITE[時間関係雑纂 0.雑]] ([TIME[2016-05-13 23:31:39 +09:00]]) <http://www.jacar.go.jp/DAS/meta/image_B04011418300>
コマ4
[TIME[1937年][year:1937]]
- [36] 
-- [35] [CITE@ja[国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション - 暦. 昭和14年]] ([TIME[2016-04-05 01:18:04 +09:00]] 版) <http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1255562/26>
-- [34] [CITE@ja[国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション - 暦. 昭和15年]] ([TIME[2016-04-05 01:15:31 +09:00]] 版) <http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1255573/26>
-- [33] [CITE@ja[国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション - 暦. 昭和16年]] ([TIME[2016-04-05 01:13:30 +09:00]] 版) <http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1184177/27>
-- [32] [CITE@ja[国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション - 暦. 昭和17年]] ([TIME[2016-04-05 01:11:48 +09:00]] 版) <http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1184172/26>
-- [31] [CITE@ja[国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション - 暦. 昭和18年]] ([TIME[2016-04-05 01:08:12 +09:00]] 版) <http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1184175/27>
-- [29] [CITE@ja[国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション - 暦. 昭和19年]] ([TIME[2016-04-05 00:50:19 +09:00]] 版) <http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1184173/26>
- [93] [CITE[Time Changes in the U.S.A.]] ([TIME[1966][year:1966]])
]REFS]

** 独立国時代

[118] 
[TIME[2017年][year:2017]]出版の[[書籍]]によると、
[TIME[1941年12月13日][1941-12-13]]、
[[Quezon]] が
[TIME[12月16日][1941-12-16]]-[TIME[1942年1月31日][1942-01-31]]と
[TIME[3月1日][1942-03-01]]-[TIME[6月30日][1942-06-30]]に戦時下の資源節約のため[[日光節約時]]を実施すると[[布告]]しました。
しかし[[日光節約時]]は予定より早く[TIME[4月30日][1942-04-30]]に終了しました。
かわって[[日本標準時]]が[TIME[5月1日][1942-05-01]]から実施されました。
[SRC[>>117]]

[119] 
この[[書籍]]自身が指摘している通り、[[日光節約時]]と[[日本標準時]]は共に
[TZ[+09:00]] ですから、同じ[[時刻]]が連続して用いられたことになります。
この切替日の意味は説明されていません。
統治者の変化による後世の説明上の区切りではなく何らかの事実に基づいているとすれば、
陥落前の[[米領フィリピン準州]]政府が[[夏時刻]]終了を指示した後、
進駐してきた日本軍政府が継続を指示した、といった感じでしょうか。

;; [21] [[大東亜戦争]]中の[TIME[1941年12月][1941-12]]末に[[日本軍]]が米領[[フィリピン]]に進攻し、
[TIME[1942年5月7日][1942-05-07]]に全島を制圧しました。

[12] 
[[Shanks]] の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
[TIME[1942年5月1日0時0分][1942-05-01T00:00]]から [TZ[+09:00]]
としています [SRC[>>95]]。
[[tzdata]] の [CODE[Asia/Manila]] は、 
[TIME[1942年5月][1942-05]]を境に [TZ[+09:00]] としています [SRC[>>7]]。

[101] [[大東亜戦争]]中、[[南方占領地]]各地では[[中央標準時]] [TZ[+09:00]]
が用いられたとされていますが、その正確な時期は不明です。
[[Shanks]] の日付の根拠は不明ですが、戦況を踏まえた推測でしょうか。

;; [111] [[大東亜の標準時]]も参照。

[112] 
[[Time Changes]] の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
この時期の[[標準時]]変更を特に示さず、
かわりに、
[[日本]]統治時代に[RUBYB[地下勢力]@en[underground forces]]が[RUBYB[通信]@en[communications]]でのみ[[夏時刻]]を用いたが、
[[市民]]は用いなかったと注記していました [SRC[>>1256]]。

[30] 
[[日本]]で[TIME[昭和13年/1938年][year:1938]]に発行された[TIME[昭和14年][year:1939]][[暦]]から[TIME[昭和18年/1943年][year:1943]]に発行された[TIME[昭和19年][year:1944]][[暦]]では、
[[フィリピン]]は [TZ[+08:00]] のままとなっています [SRC[>>36]]。

;; [23] [TIME[1943年10月14日][1943-10-14]]、[[フィリピン]]は独立しました。

;; [115] 
[TIME[1944年7月4日][1944-07-04]]は、
当初の[CITE[フィリピン独立法]]に基づく[[フィリピン]]の[[独立]]の予定日でした。

;; [24] [TIME[1944年10月][1944-10]]に[[米軍]]が[[フィリピン]]に進攻し、
[TIME[1945年9月3日][1945-09-03]]に全島を制圧しました。

[22] 
[[Shanks]] の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
[TIME[1944年11月1日0時0分][1944-11-01T00:00]]から [TZ[+08:00]]
としています [SRC[>>95]]。
[[tzdata]] の [CODE[Asia/Manila]] は、 
[TIME[1944年11月][1944-11]]を境に [TZ[+08:00]] としています [SRC[>>7]]。

;; [25] [TIME[1944年11月][1944-11]]はまだ戦闘中で、何を根拠にこの時期としたのかは謎です。

[120] 
[TIME[2017年][year:2017]]出版の[[書籍]]は、
[TIME[1945年12月1日][1945-12-01]]に[[標準時]]に復帰した [SRC[>>117]]
としています。根拠は不明です。



;; [26] [TIME[1946年7月4日][1946-07-04]]、[[フィリピン]]は[[米国]]から独立しました。

;; [88] [TIME[1949年][year:1949]]、[[新南群島]]の領有権を主張するようになりました。

[REFS[
- [117] [CITE[The Great Daylight Saving Time Controversy - Chris Pearce - Google ブックス]] ([TIME[2018-02-15 01:27:11 +09:00]]) <https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=kpmbDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT365>
]REFS]

-*-*-

[67] [TIME[1954年4月6日][1954-04-06]]フィリピン大統領布告第13号
[CITE[[RUBYB[1954年夏季比律賓日光節約時間制定の件]@en[ESTABLISHING THE DAYLGHT SAVINGS TIME FOR THE PHILIPPINES DURING THE SUMMER SEASON OF 1954]]]]
は、次の通り[[夏時刻]]の実施を定めました [SRC[>>62]]。

[FIG(list)[
- [TIME[1954年4月12日][1954-04-12]]から[TIME[1954年7月1日][1954-07-01]]に[[日光節約時間]]
[TZ[+09:00]] を実施する
- [[フィリピン標準時]]を1954年4月11日24時に1時間進める
- (1時間進めた) 時刻を1954年6月30日24時に1時間戻す
]FIG]

;; [68] 1936年布告のコピペっぽいのですが、1936年とは終了日の扱いが微妙に違っています。
6月30日の終わりに1時間戻すのなら、[[日光節約時間]]は6月30日までと言うべきなのでしょうが、
7月1日までとなっています。

[110] 
[[Time Changes]] の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
[TIME[1954年4月12日][1954-04-12]]から
[TIME[1954年7月1日][1954-07-01]]まで[[夏時刻]]とし、
切り替えは0時としていました。 [SRC[>>1256]]

[13] 
[[Shanks]] の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
[TIME[1954年4月12日0時0分][1954-04-12T00:00]]から [TZ[+09:00]]、
[TIME[1954年7月1日0時0分][1954-07-01T00:00]]から [TZ[+08:00]]
としていました [SRC[>>95]]。

[109] [[tzdata]] の [CODE[Asia/Manila]] も、
[TIME[1954年4月12日0時0分][1954-04-12T00:00]]に [TZ[+09:00]] に移行、
[TIME[1954年7月1日0時0分][1954-07-01T00:00]]に [TZ[+08:00]] に復帰としています [SRC[>>7]]。

-*-*-

[116] 
[TIME[1978年][year:1978]]、[[日光節約時]]が実施されました。

[14] 
[[Shanks]] の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
[TIME[1978年3月22日0時0分][1978-03-22T00:00]]から [TZ[+09:00]]、
[TIME[1978年9月21日0時0分][1978-09-21T00:00]]から [TZ[+08:00]]
としています [SRC[>>95]]。
[[tzdata]] の [CODE[Asia/Manila]] は、 
[TIME[1978年3月22日0時0分][1978-03-22T00:00]]に [TZ[+09:00]] に移行、
[TIME[1978年9月21日0時0分][1978-09-21T00:00]]に [TZ[+08:00]] に復帰としています [SRC[>>7]]。

[87] [[Wikipedia]] [SRC[>>6]] は、[[フィリピン標準時]]は
Batas Pambansa Blg. 8 [SRC[>>46]] によって[TIME[1978年12月2日][1978-12-02]]に制定され、
[TIME[1983年1月1日][1983-01-01]]に実施されたとしています。
しかし同法は[[時間]]を含む[[単位系]]の管理を [[PAGASA]] の業務として定めている
[SRC[>>44, >>86]] のみで、
[[フィリピン標準時]]自体を制定するものでは無いようにみえます。
また、標準時管理業務も実際にはそれ以前から行われているようです [SRC[>>81]]。

-*-*-

[70] [RUBYB[1990年5月2日]@en[1990-05-02]][RUBYB[国家非常事態覚書指令第17号]@en[National Emergency Memorandum Order No. 17]]
[CITE[PROVIDING ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES AND DIRECTING THE OFFICE OF ENERGY AFFAIRS TO ISSUE THE IMPLEMENTING GUIDELINES]] は、
[RUBYB[第1章]@en[SECTION 1]]で、
[TIME[1990年5月21日][1990-05-21]]から[[日光節約時間]]を実施すると規定しました [SRC[>>69]]。
本覚書指令は資源供給の適正化が図られるまでの間の施策を指示するもので、
明確な終了日時は示していませんでした。

[72] [TIME[1990年7月28日][1990-07-28]]発効の
[CITE[Guidelines Implementing National Emergency Memorandum Order No. 17]]
は、[[日光節約時間]]を[TIME[1990年8月31日][1990-08-31]]まで実施することとしていました 
[SRC[>>59]]。

[71] [TIME[1990年7月20日][1990-07-20]][RUBYB[大統領令第415号]@en[EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 415]]
[CITE[LIFTING THE DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME (DST) PROGRAM INSTITUTED UNDER THE NATIONAL EMERGENCY MEMORANDUM ORDER NO. 17, SERIES OF 1990, EFFECTIVE MIDNIGHT OF JULY 28, 1990]]
は、 >>72 の指針を改め、[TIME[1990年7月28日24時][1990-07-29T00:00+09:00]]に1時間戻して
[TIME[23時][1990-07-28T23:00+08:00]]とすることとしました [SRC[>>59]]。

;; [73] [[timeanddate.com]] は、
[TIME[標準時1990年5月21日0時][1990-05-21T00:00+08:00]]に1時間進め、
[TIME[夏時刻1990年7月29日0時][1990-07-29T00:00+09:00]]に1時間戻したとしています [SRC[>>58]]。

;; [15] [[tzdata]] は、90年代に[[夏時刻]]が実施されたとの情報があるが詳細不明としています
[SRC[>>7]]。 [[Web]] 上にも混乱した情報がいくつかあります。いずれもこの1990年のものを指していると思われます。

-*-*-

[42] [TIME[2013年5月15日][2013-05-15]]公布の比律賓[RUBYB[共和国法第10535号]@en[Republic Act No. 10535]]
[CITE[The Philippine Standard Time (PST) Act of 2013]] は、
[[比律賓標準時]]の利用を国内各機関に求めています [SRC[>>40]]。
ここでは、[DFN[比律賓標準時]] ([DFN[PST]]) は政府観象当局
[[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]] ([[PAGASA]]) 
の Time Service Unit によって管理され、親組織
[[Department of Science and Technology]] ([[DOST]])
と協力して国内に配布することが定められています [SRC[>>40]]。

;; [43] [[比律賓標準時]]自体の定義は含まれていませんが、
おそらくは1936年準州法 (>>57) が有効なのだと思われます。
[[施行規則]] [SRC[>>49]] には実施方法がより詳しく規定されており、 [[UTC]] 
に基づく補正などにも言及はあるのですが、 [[UTC]] との[[時差]]など [[PhST]]
自体の定義はやはり (準州法の参照すら) 見当たりません。

[102] その背景には、[[テレビ放送]]の[[時刻]]すら統一されていない実情がある
[SRC[>>27]] ようです。ちなみにこのような状況は[[タイの標準時]]でも起こっています。

[REFS[

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[62] [CITE[Proclamation No. 13 Series of 1954]]
( ([TIME[2016-03-05 19:41:59 +09:00]]))
<http://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc1954/proc_13_1954.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> MALACAÑANG
> RESIDENCE OF THE PRESIDENT
> OF THE PHILIPPINES
> Manila
> Proclamation No. 13
> ESTABLISHING THE DAYLGHT SAVINGS TIME FOR THE PHILIPPINES DURING THE SUMMER SEASON OF 1954
> Pursuant to the authority vested in me by Commonwealth Act No. 91, and in order that officers, employees, and laborers of the government may be afforded sunlight for work and recreation purposes after office hours, and to effect savings in the use of light both to the government and the general public, I, Ramon Magsaysay, President of the Philippines, do hereby proclaim daylight saving time for the Philippines for the period between April twelfth, nineteen-hundred and fifty-four, and July first, nineteen-hundred and fifty-four, and hereby order that at twelve o’clock-midnight on April eleventh, nineteen-hundred and fifty-four, the standard time in the Philippines fixed in the aforesaid Act shall be advanced one hour, and at twelve o’clock midnight on June thirtieth, nineteen-hundred and fifty-four, the time fixed as above-stated shall be set back or retarded one hour so as to return to standard time.
> Employers and the public in general are hereby enjoined to give effect to the purpose and intent of this Proclamation and of Act numbered ninety-one. For purposes of astronomy and meteorology, however, the mean astronomical time to one hundred and twenty degrees East longitude, Greenwich Meridian, may be used as heretofore.
> In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Republic of the Philippines to be affixed.
> Done at the City of Manila, this 6th day of April, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen-hundred and fifty-four, and of the Independence of the Philippines, the eighth.
> RAMON MAGSAYSAY
> President of the Philippines
> By the President:
> FRED RUIZ CASTRO
> Executive Secretary

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[69] [CITE@en-us[National Emergency Memorandum Order No. 17]]
( ([TIME[2016-02-27 21:57:00 +09:00]]))
<http://www.abernales.com/nemo17.htm>
]FIGCAPTION]

> National Emergency Memorandum Order No. 17
> WHEREAS, to assure continuous power supply in the coming months, there is a need to adopt energy conservation measures to complement the supply side actions undertaken by the Joint Government and Private Sector Initiatives Task Force under the Four-Day Work Week Program;
>WHEREAS, until such time that the power supply situation has normalized and as continuing efforts to generate more effectively energy conservation awareness among energy users, these energy conservation measures have to be adopted for long range benefit to the country’s economy and people;
> NOW, THEREFORE, I, CORAZON C. AQUINO, President of the Republic of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution and Republic Act No. 6826, do hereby order:

> SECTION 1.  A Daylight Saving Time (DST) shall, effective May 21, 1990, be adopted by advancing the official clock by one hour in both the public and private sectors.

> Done in the City of Manila this 2nd day of May, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and ninety.

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[59] [CITE[E.O. No. 415]]
( ([TIME[2010-07-06 06:40:12 +09:00]]))
<http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1990/eo_415_1990.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 415	July 20, 1990
> LIFTING THE DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME (DST) PROGRAM INSTITUTED UNDER THE NATIONAL EMERGENCY MEMORANDUM ORDER NO. 17, SERIES OF 1990, EFFECTIVE MIDNIGHT OF JULY 28, 1990
> WHEREAS, under the Guidelines Implementing National Emergency Memorandum Order No. 17, the Daily Saving Time (DST) Program shall be effective until August 31, 1990;
> WHEREAS, in view of the onset of the rainy season and the early nighttime darkness which both cut short the longer daylight hours expected during this time of the year, the Energy Conservation Inter-Agency Committee has recommended the early termination of the Daily Saving Time (DST) Program;
> NOW, THEREFORE, I, CORAZON, C. AQUINO, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by law, do hereby order:
> Sec. 1.	The Daylight Saving Time (DST) Program instituted under National Emergency Memorandum Order No. 17, Series of 1990, is hereby lifted effective midnight of July 28, 1990, Saturday, by adjusting the official clock one hour earlier, i.e., 12:00 midnight to 11:00 p.m. in both the public and private sectors.
> Sec. 2.	This Executive order shall be published for two (2) days in two national newspapers of general circulation.
> DONE in the City of Manila, this 20th day of July, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and ninety. 

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[63] [CITE[E.O. No. 418]]
( ([TIME[2010-07-06 06:39:28 +09:00]]))
<http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1990/eo_418_1990.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> DIRECTING THE IMMEDIATE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM

> Sec. 5.	The Energy Conservation Inter-Agency Committee established under Executive Order No. 412 dated July 13, 1990 shall continue to implement energy conservation measures provided under National Emergency Memorandum Order No. 17, S. of 1990, except for the Daylight Saving Time,

> Sec. 12.	This Executive Order shall take effect immediately.
> DONE in the City of Manila, this 13th day of August, nineteen hundred and ninety.

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[58] [CITE@en[Time changes in year 1990 for Philippines – Manila]]
( ([TIME[2016-06-22 01:43:45 +09:00]]))
<http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/philippines/manila?year=1990>
]FIGCAPTION]

> When local standard time was about to reach
> Monday, 21 May 1990, 00:00:00 clocks were turned forward 1 hour to 
> Monday, 21 May 1990, 01:00:00 local daylight time instead
> When local daylight time was about to reach
> Sunday, 29 July 1990, 00:00:00 clocks were turned backward 1 hour to 
> Saturday, 28 July 1990, 23:00:00 local standard time instead

]FIG]

- [1256] [[Time Changes]] (1982)
- [95] [[Shanks]] (2003)
- [7] [CITE@en[tz/asia at master · eggert/tz]] ([TIME[2017-10-23 23:55:46 +09:00]]) <https://github.com/eggert/tz/blob/master/asia#L2717>
- [6] [CITE@en[Philippine Standard Time - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia]]
([TIME[2015-10-20 21:19:23 +09:00]] 版)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Standard_Time>
- [16] [CITE@en-US[Republic Act No. 10535 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] ([TIME[2016-04-01 22:34:36 +09:00]] 版) <http://www.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/>

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[40] [CITE@en-US[Republic Act No. 10535 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]
( ([TIME[2016-06-15 00:52:58 +09:00]]))
<http://www.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/>
]FIGCAPTION]

> AN ACT TO SET THE PHILIPPINE STANDARD TIME (PST) IN ALL OFFICIAL SOURCES THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY, TO PROVIDE FUNDS FOR THE INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SYNCHRONIZED TIME DEVICES TO BE DISPLAYED IN KEY PUBLIC PLACES AND TO DECLARE THE FIRST WEEK OF EVERY YEAR AS NATIONAL TIME CONSCIOUSNESS WEEK

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[41] [CITE@en-US[DepEd urges schools to use Philippine Standard Time | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]
( ([TIME[2016-06-15 00:53:52 +09:00]]))
<http://www.gov.ph/2011/11/11/luistro-urges-schools-to-use-philippine-standard-time/>
]FIGCAPTION]

> The Department of Education issued DepEd Order Number 86, series of 2011, “Synchronizing with the Philippine Standard Time,” directing all school officials nationwide to synchronize with the Philippine Standard Time (PST) so that all school-based activities are conducted simultaneously.

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[44] [CITE@en[Philippine Standard Time]]
( ([[Eljhay]]著, [TIME[2016-06-21 23:56:52 +09:00]]))
<http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/astronomy/philippine-standard-time>
]FIGCAPTION]

> The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) is mandated by law, as the government agency which is tasked to keep and disseminate the Philippine Standard Time (PhST). Section 6 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 8, defining the metric system in the country, states that: "PAGASA shall be responsible in the establishment, maintenance and operation of the National Standard for the second of time".
> Another law is Presidential Decree 1149, assigning PAGASA as the official agency that will handle the dissemination of the Philippine Standard Time (PST). Recently, the Philippine Standard Time Act was created.  Later, its Implementing Rules and Regulations was also created.

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[46] [CITE@en[PHILIPPINE LAWS, STATUTES AND CODES - CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY]]
( ([[Joselito Guianan Chan, Managing Partner, Chan Robles and Associates Law Firm]]著, [TIME[2013-07-18 04:31:30 +09:00]]))
<http://www.chanrobles.com/bataspambansabilang8.htm#.V2lWWPmLTIW>
]FIGCAPTION]

> Sec.  6.  National standards for metric units. — (a)  For the purpose of deriving the value of the base units, the National Institute of Science and Technology shall establish and maintain national standards of these units with the concurrence of the Board for certification by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, when necessary. chanrobles virtual law library . chanrobles virtual law library
> (b)  For the purpose of deriving the value of the second the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration shall establish and maintain the national standard for the second, with the concurrence of the board. chan

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[47] [CITE[P.D. No. 1149]]
( ([TIME[2010-05-28 09:02:40 +09:00]]))
<http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1977/pd_1149_1977.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1149
> AMENDING CERTAIN SECTIONS OF PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 78 OTHERWISE KNOWN AS "THE ATMOSPHERIC, GEOPHYSICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL SCIENCE ACT OF 1972"
> WHEREAS, under Letter of Instruction No. 41, dated December 11, 1975 the Typhoon Moderation Research and Development Council (TMRDC) created pursuant to Republic Act No. 6613 was transferred from the Office of the President and merged with the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), Department of National Defense;
> (c) The National Geophysical and Astronomical OFFICE shall undertake activities or observations and studies of Geophysical and Astronomical phenomena essential for the safety and welfare of the people and also for the economy of the country. The OFFICE shall issue bulletins and/or technical advise to the public in case of significant geophysical events like severe earthquakes and tsunami, and shall also serve as the official time service agency of the Philippines.

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[48] [CITE@en[Implementing Rules and Regulations]]
( ([TIME[2016-06-22 00:07:07 +09:00]]))
<http://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/2014-04-27-01-59-53/implementing-rules-and-regulations>
]FIGCAPTION]

> IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT N0.10535, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE PHILIPPINE STANDARD TlME ACT OF 2013 HOTDownload
> AN ACT TO SET THE PHILIPPINE STANDARD TIME (PST) IN ALL OFFICIAL SOURCES THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY, TO PROVIDE FUNDS FOR THE INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SYNCHRONIZED TIME DEVICES TO BE DISPLAYED IN KEY PUBLIC PLACES AND TO DECLARE THE FIRST WEEK OF EVERY YEAR AS NATIONAL TIME CONSCIOUSNESS WEEK
> Information
> Created 2014-10-01 Changed 2016-05-05

]FIG]


[49] [CITE[Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No. 10535 "Philippine Standard Time (PhST) Act of 2013"]]
( ([TIME[2014-01-20 15:50:28 +09:00]]))
<http://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/2014-04-27-01-59-53/implementing-rules-and-regulations/send/48-irr/249-ra-10535-irr-ao-013-s2013-12032013>

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[27] [CITE@ja[フィリピンで やっと フィリピン標準時間が定着か? 2013年6月から : バギオの北ルソン日本人会 JANL]]
([[janlbaguio]] 著, [TIME[2016-04-01 23:27:56 +09:00]] 版)
<http://janl.exblog.jp/17878030>
]FIGCAPTION]

> この記事によりますと、テレビやラジオの事業者がフィリピン標準時をきちんと守らない場合には ペナルティーが科せられることになったとあります。
> この大元の時間管理は PAGASA、日本の気象庁に相当する機関が責任を持つともあります。
> 従来は、テレビなどを見ていても 正確な時刻が分らず、NHKのテレビで時計を合わせていましたが、 今後はテレビやラジオで正確な時刻が知らせられることで、フィリピンの人たちの時計が 同じ時刻を示してくれることを期待したいと思います。

]FIG]
]REFS]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[50] [CITE[Philippine Experiments With Daylight Saving Time | Life So Mundane]]
( ([TIME[2016-06-21 19:31:40 +09:00]]))
<http://www.lifesomundane.net/2011/10/philippine-experiments-with-daylight.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> If I am not so sure about DST being implemented during the Marcos era, I am dead certain that it was during the Cory Aquino era. 

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[51] [CITE[PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time | Headlines, News, The Philippine Star | philstar.com]]
( ([TIME[2016-06-22 01:11:14 +09:00]]))
<http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time>
]FIGCAPTION]

> MANILA, Philippines - A House leader has called on Malacañang to declare the use of daylight-saving time (DST) starting November this year to January 2015, and then from March to June next year, to prepare the country for a looming power crisis.
> In House Resolution 1334, Deputy Minority Leader and LPG-MA Rep. Arnel Ty urged the Aquino administration to proclaim the observance of DST over the seven-month period “in order to significantly conserve energy."
> He said a 1936 law, Commonwealth Act No. 91', authorizes the President of the Philippines to proclaim the resort to DST, “when the public interest so requires,” for a cumulative period not exceeding seven months each year.
> DST was last proclaimed during the Ramos administration, when the country was reeling from a crippling power crisis.

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[52] [CITE@en[For First Time Ever, Philippines Will Observe Daylight Saving Time |]]
( ([TIME[2016-06-22 01:15:44 +09:00]]))
<https://adobochronicles.com/2016/03/12/for-first-time-ever-philippines-will-observe-daylight-saving-time/>
]FIGCAPTION]

> MANILA, Philippines (The Adobo Chronicles, Manila Bureau) – Starting at 2 o’clock a.m. Sunday (Monday, Philippine time), Americans, except those in Arizona and Hawaii,  will set their clocks forward by one hour as part of Daylight Saving Time (DST).  In the Philippines, Filipinos will advance their clocks by two hours.
> For the first time in the history of the Philippines, this tropical country in Asia is implementing DST, but unlike its U.S. counterpart, it is a two-hour adjustment.

> However, Philippine DST has nothing to do with energy-saving.  It is a national scheme to encourage and ensure that Filipinos arrive at their appointments, school or work ON TIME — in fact two hours early.
> You see, the Philippines is known for “Filipino time,” a standard in which people arriving late for appointments is expected, much less tolerated.  Even their country’s flag carrier, Philippine Air Lines, or PAL, is often referred to as “Plane Always Late.”
> With the new Philippine DST, many employers will be very pleased that at last, their workers will arrive on time — assuming the LRT and MRT (light railway) trains run on schedule.
> “By the time DST is set back to regular or standard time in the fall, Filipinos will already have been used to being on time or early,” President NoyNoy Aquino told reporters today.

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[54] [CITE@en[About Us |]]
( ([TIME[2016-06-22 01:25:16 +09:00]]))
<https://adobochronicles.com/about/>
]FIGCAPTION]

> THE ADOBO CHRONICLES  is your source of up-to-date, unbelievable news. Everything you read on this site is based on fact, except for the lies.

]FIG]



[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[53] [CITE@en-US[DOE: Daylight saving time no solution to power crisis | Money | GMA News Online]] (August 8, 2014 11:30pm, [TIME[2016-06-22 01:21:52 +09:00]]) <http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/374059/money/economy/doe-daylight-saving-time-no-solution-to-power-crisis>
]FIGCAPTION]

>The Department of Energy has dismissed Congress' suggestion to use daylight saving time to help address a looming power crisis next year, a report on GMA's “State of the Nation” program said Friday.
>
The suggestion was made by LPG Marketers' Association party-list Representative Arnel Ty who said adapting the system could help the country conserve energy.
]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[55] [CITE@en-US[DST Philippines - Tagalog Po!]]
( ([TIME[2016-06-22 01:26:37 +09:00]]))
<http://tagalogpo.com/filipino-cultural-notes/daylight-savings-time-philippines/>
]FIGCAPTION]

> Currently the Philippines does not enforce daylight savings time; although in the years 1936-1937,1954, and 1990 daylight savings time was briefly implemented. 

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[64] [CITE[Philippines to Adopt Daylight Saving Time to Save Electricity]]
(May. 3, 1990 1:24 PM ET ([TIME[2016-06-22 01:54:35 +09:00]]))
<http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1990/Philippines-to-Adopt-Daylight-Saving-Time-to-Save-Electricity/id-6272cbc1160104917d74628051a70453>
]FIGCAPTION]

> The conservation moves are intended to deal with an energy crisis that has led to severe power outages.
> Mrs. Aquino ordered the nation to move its clocks ahead one hour on May 21 for an indefinite period of time. She also ordered strict implementation of a law limiting the use of electricity for advertising billboards.

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[76] [CITE@en-US[DOST encourages public to sync clocks to Philippine Standard Time | SciTech | GMA News Online]]
(Published January 4, 2016 8:25pm [TIME[2016-07-07 20:47:03 +09:00]])
<http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/549972/scitech/science/dost-encourages-public-to-sync-clocks-to-philippine-standard-time>
]FIGCAPTION]

> There's a running theory that we'd all be on time if traffic in Metro Manila weren't so bad, but while concerned government agencies are trying to solve that problem, the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) wants the public to at least be synchronized.
> The DOST is once again leading the observance of the National Time Consciousness Week (NTCW), which starts on January 4th and ends on the 8th.
> NTCW was initiated last year and in the spirit of the campaign to instill more discipline, the public is enjoined to synchronize their watches with the official Philippine Standard Time (PhST).
> PhST is provided by the PAG-ASA and via Republic Act 10535 or The Philippine Standard Time Act of 2013, local government offices as well as broadcasting companies are required to follow "Juan Time."
> - See more at: http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/549972/scitech/science/dost-encourages-public-to-sync-clocks-to-philippine-standard-time#sthash.z3a2IMJI.dpuf

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[77] [CITE@ja[テイクオフ:パーティーで定刻前に来… - NNA ASIA]]
([TIME[2016-07-25 11:29:31 +09:00]])
<http://www.nna.jp/articles/show/20140116php001A>
]FIGCAPTION]

> フィリピン人と待ち合わせる時は、約束の時間を1時間早めに設定しておいた方がいいともいわれる。昨年5月には、国民の時間厳守を奨励するフィリピン標準時法(共和国法第10535号)が成立しているのだが、認知度は低いようだ。

]FIG]

* 新南群島

[78] [[フィリピン]]は[[新南群島]]の領有権を主張し、一部を[[実効支配]]しています。
[[新南群島]]の時刻については、[[東南アジアの標準時]]を参照。

* 北ボルネオ

[79] [[フィリピン]]は[[北ボルネオ]]の領有権を主張していたことがあります。
[[北ボルネオ]]の時刻については、[[マレーシアの標準時]]を参照。

* 関連

[65] 現在の[[フィリピンの標準時]] [TZ[+08:00]] は、
[[中国大陸の標準時]]、[[マレーシアの標準時]]・[[シンガポールの標準時]]、
[[台湾の標準時]]、[[インドネシアの標準時]]の1つなどと同じものです。

[80] かつて[[フィリピン]]と同じく[[スペイン領東インド]]に属していた各地域については、
[[南洋群島の標準時]]・[[グアムの標準時]]、[[台湾の標準時]]、
[[インドネシアの標準時]]を参照。

* メモ

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[81] [CITE@en-US[PAGASA Time Service - Tagalog Po!]]
([TIME[2016-07-28 12:53:09 +09:00]])
<http://tagalogpo.com/filipino-cultural-notes/pagasa-time-service/>
]FIGCAPTION]

> The Time Service Division was established as one of the major units in the then Weather Bureau sometime in 1949. Its master clock was a U. Nardin Marine Chronometer, with pendulum regulator, which was utilized as a dispatch clock. A short synchrome ensemble replaced the marine chronometer in 1951 and a quartz crystal clock improved the system in 1965.
> Since then, there was no major improvement that had been done with the system, except for the acquisition of a Digitizing Oscilloscope.  In 1988, the Time Service Division was downgraded to the Time Service Unit (TSU), together with the reorganization of the PAGASA.  In 1996, the TSU acquired a Luminous Digital Clock and a Global Positioning System (GPS), which were installed in 1997, as its primary reference timing system.
> In 2003, TSU was transferred to the newly renovated Transit Building of the PAGASA Astronomical Observatory, equipped with the new timing equipment, known as the Rubidium/Global Positioning System Common View (Rb/GPSCV) Time Transfer System.  The detailed characteristics, components and utilization of the Rb/GPSCV are given in a succeeding section.

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[82] [CITE@en-US[PAGASA urges schools to follow PHL Standard Time | News | GMA News Online]]
(Published January 6, 2014 7:34pm [TIME[2016-07-28 12:55:47 +09:00]])
<http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/342658/news/nation/pagasa-urges-schools-to-follow-phl-standard-time>
]FIGCAPTION]

> Mario Raymundo, chief of the PAGASA's Time Service Unit, appealed to all school administrators to display clocks on their respective campuses displaying the PST, in line with National Time Consciousness Week observed from January 1 to 7.
> 

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[83] ([TIME[2016-07-28 19:44:39 +09:00]])
<https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27121/page/5936/data.pdf>
]FIGCAPTION]

> No. 590.—WEST INDIA AND PHILIPPINE
> ISLANDS.
> ALTERATION IK TIME SIGNALS.
> (3.) Philippine Islands.
> . The standard time adopted for the Philippine
> Islands is that of the 120th meridian, East of
> Greenwich, or 16h. Om. Os. G.M.T.
> - Consequent on this alteration the time ball at
> Manila is now dropped at noon standard mean
> time, which is equal to 16h, Om. Os. G.M.T.,
> or Oh. 3m. 52s. local mean time.
> Approximate position of time signal, lat.
> 14° 36' 0" N., long. 120° 68' 0" E.
> This Notice affects the following Admiralty
> Charts :—Havana Harbour, No. 414 ; Manila
> Bay, No. 976. Also, List of Time Signals, 1898,
> page 54; West India Pilot, Vol. 11, 1887, page
> 201; China Sea Directory, Vol. II, 1899, page
> 313 ; Eastern Archipelago, Vol. I, 1890, page 59.

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[85] [CITE@en[Page 3212 | Issue 28245, 27 April 1909 | London Gazette | The Gazette]]
([TIME[2016-07-28 02:11:00 +09:00]])
<https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28245/page/3212>
]FIGCAPTION]

> No. 572.—CHINA SEA, PHILIPPINES-LUZON
ISLAND.
> Manila—Time Signal Established.
> Subject.—A time signal of the undermentioned
description has been established at Engineer
Island, Manila Harbour.
> Position.—On the Semaphore. Tower, Engineer
Island; lat. 14° 35' 43" N., long. 120° 57' 21" E.
(on Chart No. 3487). 
> Description.—The ball is hoisted five minutes
before signal and dropped at noon, standard time,
of the meridian of 120° E., corresponding to
16h. 00m. 00s. Greenwich mean time. In case
of failure the ball will be lowered slowly about
five minutes after noon.
> Charts affected.—No. 3487, Manila and Eavite
anchorages; No. 976, Manila Bay.
> Publications.—China Sea, Directory, Vol. II,
1906, page 326; Eastern Archipelago, Part L
1902, page 68.
Authority.—United States Hydrographic
Office, Notice No. 701 of 1909.

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[86] [CITE@en[Juan Time to sync time pieces with PST]]
([[Framelia V. Anonas, S&T Media Service, DOST-STII]]著, [TIME[2016-09-08 00:00:57 +09:00]])
<http://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/news/36-2011-news/253-juan-time-to-sync-time-pieces-with-pst>
]FIGCAPTION]

> To sync all time pieces in the country’s more than 7,100 islands, the Department of Science and Technology with several partners will unveil at 7:00 PM tonight a clock prototype that displays the Philippine Standard Time. Dubbed “Juan Time”, DOST’s campaign aims to promote the nationwide use of the PST (hence “Juan Time”, a word play on “One Time” and “Juan” being the common name for Filipinos) and sync timepieces with the PST.
> “Time is a resource that is very important but often overlooked,” said DOST Secretary Mario G. Montejo. “Other than its social and economic value, time is something that can unite us as Filipinos.”
> “Juan Time reminds Filipinos that keeping to the PST avoids the difficulties of having confusing, unsynchronized time,” Montejo added.
> Established decades ago, the PST is set by DOST’s Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), the country’s official timekeeper since 1978 as mandated by Section 6 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 8.
> The PST is set via DOST-PAGASA’s timing system that consists of rubidium atomic clock, Global Positioning System receiver, time interval counter, distribution amplifier, and a computer. The system automatically calculates its time difference with every satellite within its antenna’s field of view. The PST is available online at the DOST-PAGASA website (http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph).

]FIG]


[91] [CITE@en[Remove many invented abbreviations in 'asia']]
([[eggert]]著, [TIME[2017-01-14 04:37:24 +09:00]])
<https://github.com/eggert/tz/commit/1b99dcde6342dd10969041b32b00b813d4f4a36e>

[92] [CITE[The International Date Line]]
([TIME[2017-04-06 19:24:43 +09:00]])
<http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/international_date.php>