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687.txt
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687.txt
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[36] [[世界各国]]では、それぞれの色々な[[時刻]] ([[標準時]]) が使われています。
[[時刻]]を相互に変換したり、他の地域の現時刻を調べたりするために、
[[時差]]を示して[[標準時]]を換算するための[[表]]や、
同じ[[標準時]]の地域 ([[時間帯]]) を示した[[地図]]が作られてきました。
[229]
各国の[[政府機関]]の[[地図]]・[[海図]]部門や軍事部門などは、世界各国の[[標準時]]情報を収集し公開している場合があります。
特に [[CIA]] の [CITE@en[World Factbook]] に収録されているものが有名です。
[230] [[ITU]] は加盟各国の最新の[[標準時]]・[[夏時刻]]の情報をまとめて公開しています。
しかし国際通信のために用いるべき時刻を示しているだけで、各国の[[法令上の時刻]]の完全な一覧表では無いようです。
[231]
その他にも民間で色々な表や地図が作成されています。
-*-*-
[232]
歴史的変遷は、いくつかの[[書籍]]や[[データベース]]が収集を試みているようですが、
不完全な部分も多いようです。
情報の正確性・完全性、[[媒体]]・表現形式、歴史的変遷の有無は様々ですが、
次のような[[データベース]]が存在します。
[FIG(short list)[
- [[Time Changes]] シリーズ
- [[Shanks & Pottenger]]
- [[tzdata]]
- [[timeanddate.com]]
- [CITE[Wikipedia]]
- [[Windows時間帯]]
]FIG]
[251] 最新の[[時差]]情報は色々な分野で必要とされまとめられてきましたが、
変遷情報はあまり関心を持たれてこなかったようです。
唯一必要としてきたのが[[占星学]]の一部で、
[[誕生]]の[[時刻]]を正確に把握するために当時の[[時差]]の情報が必要とされました。
[[Time Changes]] シリーズも [[Shanks]] も、[[占星術]]分野で情報が収集され、出版に至っています。
近年新たにこの分野に進出したのが[[計算機科学]]者であり、
[[計算機]]上で過去から将来にわたって[[時差]]を適切に取り扱うため、
[[tzdata]] などの[[時差]]変遷データベースが[[機械可読]]な形で編纂されています。
-*-*-
[233] [[Web]] を検索するといくつか[[時差]]や[[標準時]]の情報を提供する
[[Webサイト]]が出てきますが、多くは [[tzdata]] その他の情報を機械的に表示しているだけで、
独自の情報源を持っていないようです。
[252] [[Wikipedia]] は各言語版に世界各地の[[標準時]]やその変遷の記事がありますが、
不完全で内容の充実度も項目ごとにばらばらです。 [[tzdata]] の内容のコピーもあれば、
独自の情報を示しているものもあります。
[167] [[標準時]]と[[時差]]については、次の各項を参照:
[FIG(short list)[
- [[標準時]]
- [[時差]]
- [[時間帯の接続]]
]FIG]
-*-*-
[186] こうした[DFN[時差の表]]や[DFN[時間帯図]]は、
その時代の人々がどのような[[時刻]]を使っていたのか、
あるいは各地の[[標準時]]の[[時差]]をどのように認識していたかを伝える貴重な史料です。
[272] 各図表には、製作者の[[政治的]]立場が反映されている可能性があることには注意が必要です。
例えば [[CIA]] の[[時間帯図]]では、
[[クリミア]]は[[ウクライナ]]と同じ色で塗られています。
しかし[[クリミア]]には[[ロシア連邦]]が進攻し、併合した後[[ロシアの標準時]]が実施されています。
[[CIA]] がその事実を把握していないとは考えづらく、
併合の承認と取られかねない変更を加えられなかったのでしょう。
[273]
そうでなくても、[[冷戦]]期の[[西側]]の[[地図]]には、
[[東側]]の最新の情報が入ってきておらず古いままとなっているケースがみられます。
* 1876年 Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy
[REFS[
- [41] [CITE[Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy - Google ブックス]] ([TIME[2016-07-01 19:55:36 +09:00]]) <https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=RytHAQAAIAAJ&hl=ja&pg=PA305#v=onepage&q&f=false>
(1876年版、[TIME[1876年11月29日][1876-11-29]]) 305ページ
]REFS]
[42] 当時の世界各地の[[報時球]]その他[[報時]]機構の一覧があります。
[43] そのうち、他の都市から時刻を供給されていた地点および[[時差]]が明記されている地点:
[FIG(list)[
- Cherbourg - Paris mean
- Algoa Bay (Port Elizabeth) 1[SUP[h]] Cape of Good Hope mean time = 23[SUP[h]] 46[SUP[m]] 6[SUP[s]] Greenwich mean time
- Madras 8[SUP[h]] 20[SUP[m]] 57[SUP[s]].3 Madras civil time = 15[SUP[h]] Greenwich mean time
- Batavia 1[SUP[h]] 7[SUP[m]] 12[SUP[s]].5 Batavia civil time = 18[SUP[h]] Greenwich time
- Newcastle - Sydney
- Rosario - The observatory of Cordoba
- Buenos Ayres - The observatory of Cordoba
]FIG]
* 1896年 地学雑誌、 1907年 Chambers's concise gazetteer of the world
[REFS[
- [173] [CITE[英國緑威と他の緊要なる塲處と時間の差異]] (地学雑誌 Vol. 8 (1896) No. 6 P 322, [TIME[2016-11-07 17:02:24 +09:00]]) <https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgeography1889/8/6/8_6_322/_article/-char/ja/>
- [274] [CITE@en[Chambers's concise gazetteer of the world : topographical, ... - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library | HathiTrust Digital Library]]
([[David Patrick]],
[TIME[1907][year:1907]],
[TIME[2018-07-28 23:36:21 +09:00]]) <https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b560255;view=1up;seq=770>
]REFS]
[FIG(table)[
:a: 和名
:b: 英名
:d: [[時差]]
:a: [[グレニツチ]]
:d: [TZ[+00:00]]
:a: [[アムステルダム]] ([[和蘭]])
:b: [[Amsterdam]]
:d: [TZ[+00:20]]
:#: 午後 12:20
:a: [[オークランド]] ([[ニユーヂーランド]])
:b: [[Auckland]]
:d: [TZ[+11:39]]
:#: 午後 11:39
:a: [[伯林]] ([[普及獨]])
:b: [[Berlin]]
:d: [TZ[+01:53]]
:a: [[ボンベー]] ([[英領印度]])
:b: [[Bombay]]
:d: [TZ[+04:51]]
:a: [[カルカツタ]]
:b: [[Calcutta]]
:d: [TZ[+05:53]]
:a: [[ケープタウン]] ([[印度]])
:b: [[Capetown]]
:d: [TZ[+01:14]]
:a: [[コンスタンチノープル]] ([[土耳古]])
:b: [[Constantinople]]
:d: [TZ[+01:56]]
:a: [[ダブリン]] ([[愛倫]])
:b: [[Dublin]]
:d: [TZ[-00:25]]
:#: 11:35
:a: [[エジンブルヒ]] ([[スコツトランド]])
:b: [[Edinburgh]]
:d: [TZ[-00:13]]
:#: 11:47
:a: [[リスボン]] ([[葡萄牙]])
:b: [[Lisbon]]
:d: [TZ[-00:36]]
:a: [[マドリツト]] ([[西班牙]])
:b: [[Madrid]]
:d: [TZ[-00:15]]
:a: [[メルボーン]] ([[濠]])
:b: [[Melbourne]]
:d: [TZ[+09:40]]
:a: [[ネープルス]] ([[伊太利]])
:b: [[Naples]]
:d: [TZ[+00:57]]
:a: [[ニユーヨーク]] ([[米]])
:b: [[New York]]
:d: [TZ[-04:56]]
:#: 07:04
:a: [[巴里]] ([[佛]])
:b: [[Paris]]
:d: [TZ[+00:09]]
:a: [[北京]] ([[支那]])
:b: [[Peking]]
:d: [TZ[+07:46]]
:a: [[クヱベツク]] ([[加奈太]])
:b: [[Quebec]]
:d: [TZ[-04:45]]
:#: 07:15
:a: [[ローム]] ([[米國]])
:b: [[Rome]]
:d: [TZ[+00:50]]
:#: 午後 12:50
:a: [[セント、ピータースブルグ]]
:b: [[St Petersburg]]
:d: [TZ[+02:01]]
:#: 午後 02:01
:a: [[桑港]] ([[米]])
:b: [[San Francisco]]
:d: [TZ[-07:37]]
:#: 04:23
:a: [[シドニー]] ([[濠]])
:b: [[Sydney]]
:d: [TZ[+10:05]]
:a: [[ツリースト]] ([[墺]])
:b: [[Trieste]]
:d: [TZ[+00:55]]
:a: [[ベニース]] ([[米]])
:b: [[Venice]]
:d: [TZ[+00:50]]
:a: [[ウ井ンナ]] ([[墺]])
:b: [[Vinna]]
:d: [TZ[+01:06]]
]FIG]
[184] [CITE[地学雑誌]]には
> (Chamberss Concise Gazetteer of The word 千八百九十五年)
> (柳原博忠君報)
... とあります。
[CITE[Chambers's concise gazetteer of the world]]
([TIME[1907年][year:1907]]版)
にも同内容の表があり、
[TIME[1895年][year:1895]]版も同じものが掲載されたいたと思われます。
* 1898年 万国新地図地理統計表
[REFS[
- [64] [CITE@ja[国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション - 万国新地図地理統計表 : 教科適用]] ([TIME[2016-04-05 02:05:45 +09:00]] 版) <http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/811417/22?viewMode=> [TIME[1898年11月][1898-11]]
]REFS]
[FIG(table)[
:c:都市
:r:国
:d:時差
:c:[[グリーニッチ天文臺]]
:r:英國
:d:[TZ[+00:00]]
:c:[[巴里]]
:r:[[佛蘭西]]
:d:[TZ[+00:18]]
:c:[[ぺるん]]
:r:[[瑞西]]
:d:[TZ[+00:30]]
:c:[[くりすちやな]]
:r:[[那威]]
:d:[TZ[+00:45]]
:c:[[こぺんはーげん]]
:r:[[丁抹]]
:d:[TZ[+00:50]]
:c:[[羅馬]]
:r:[[伊太利]]
:d:[TZ[+00:50]]
:c:[[伯林]]
:r:[[普魯西]]
:d:[TZ[+00:54]]
:c:[[維也納]]
:r:[[墺太利]]
:d:[TZ[+10:06]]
:c:[[けーぷたうん]]
:r:[[喜望峯]]
:d:[TZ[+01:13]]
:c:[[亞〓]]
:r:[[希臘]]
:d:[TZ[+01:34]]
:c:[[こんすたんちのーぷる]]
:r:[[土耳其]]
:d:[TZ[+01:56]]
:c:[[せんと、ぴーたーすぼるぐ]]
:r:[[魯西亞]]
:d:[TZ[+02:01]]
:c:[[かいろ]]
:r:[[埃及]]
:d:[TZ[+02:04]]
:c:[[もざんぴっきゅ]]
:r:[[亞弗利加東岸]]
:d:[TZ[+02:42]]
:c:[[亞丁]]
:r:[[亞剌比亞]]
:d:[TZ[+03:00]]
:c:[[まどらす]]
:r:[[印度]]
:d:[TZ[+05:24]]
:c:[[ぼんべい]]
:r:[[印度]]
:d:[TZ[+05:42]]
:c:[[かるかった]]
:r:[[印度]]
:d:[TZ[+05:54]]
:c:[[らんぐーん]]
:r:[[馬來半島]]
:d:[TZ[+06:54]]
:c:[[しんがぷーる]]
:r:[[馬來半島]]
:d:[TZ[+06:55]]
:c:[[北京]]
:r:[[支那]]
:d:[TZ[+07:41]]
:c:[[上海]]
:r:[[支那]]
:d:[TZ[+08:06]]
:c:[[東京]]
:r:[[日本]]
:d:[TZ[+09:20]]
:c:[[めるぼるん]]
:r:[[ヴィクトリア]]
:d:[TZ[+09:40]]
:c:[[しどにー]]
:r:[[新南威勒士]]
:d:[TZ[+10:06]]
:c:[[ぶりすばーん]]
:r:[[ク井ンスランド]]
:d:[TZ[+10:12]]
:c:[[おぅーくうんど]]
:r:[[ニユージーランド]]
:d:[TZ[+11:39]]
:c:[[ほのるヽ]]
:r:[[布哇]]
:d:[TZ[-10:31]]
:c:[[さんふらんしすこ]]
:r:[[北米合衆國]]
:d:[TZ[-08:11]]
:c:[[めきしこ]]
:r:[[墨西哥]]
:d:[TZ[-06:26]]
:c:[[ちかご]]
:r:[[北米合衆國]]
:d:[TZ[-05:56]]
:c:[[わーんどん]]
:r:[[北米合衆國]]
:d:[TZ[-05:07]]
:c:[[おたわ]]
:r:[[加奈陀]]
:d:[TZ[-05:00]]
:c:[[にゆぅよーく]]
:r:[[北米合衆國]]
:d:[TZ[-04:56]]
:c:[[ぽーのすゑーりず]]
:r:[[アルヂェンチン共和國]]
:d:[TZ[-03:54]]
:c:[[ぢよーじ、たうん]]
:r:[[英領ギアナ]]
:d:[TZ[-03:51]]
:c:[[もんてゔぃごお]]
:r:[[ウラグ[SUB[ヱ]]ー]]
:d:[TZ[-03:44]]
:c:[[りお、で、じゃねーろ]]
:r:[[巴西]]
:d:[TZ[-02:53]]
:c:[[りすぼん]]
:r:[[葡萄牙]]
:d:[TZ[-00:36]]
:c:[[ふゑず]]
:r:[[モロツコ]]
:d:[TZ[-00:32]]
:c:[[だぶりん]]
:r:[[愛爾蘭]]
:d:[TZ[-00:25]]
:c:[[まどりつど]]
:r:[[西班牙]]
:d:[TZ[-00:24]]
:c:[[にでぃんばーふ]]
:r:[[蘇挌蘭]]
:d:[TZ[-00:11]]
]FIG]
* 1899年 The Geographical Journal, for February 1899.
[REFS[
- [174] [CITE@en[Catalog Record: Civil time, or, Tables showing the... | Hathi Trust Digital Library]] ([TIME[2016-12-08 23:25:50 +09:00]]) <https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100253173>
]REFS]
>>174 いつのまにかアクセス制限が。
[REFS[
- [281] [CITE@en[Geographical Journal Including The Proceedings Of The Royal Geographical Society Vol.13 : The Assistant Secretary : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive]] ([TIME[2018-10-16 23:04:41 +09:00]]) <https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104571/page/n9>
-- [280] ([TIME[2017-05-20 22:43:55 +09:00]]) <https://ia601603.us.archive.org/20/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.104571/2015.104571.Geographical-Journal-Including-The-Proceedings-Of-The-Royal-Geographical-Society-Vol13_text.pdf#page=190>
]REFS]
[178] 説明書きによると:
[FIG(list)[
- [175] 各国の時差の表が無いことに気づいた [[John Milne]] が作成した表。
- [176] 英国在外公館経由で収集した情報には O.D. (Official Document) と注記がある。
- [177] T. H. Tizard [CITE[List of Time Signals]] の情報には L.T.S. と注記がある。
港湾[[平時]]であることが多く、新聞、鉄道、電信、市内の時刻とは必ずしも一致しない。
- [179] [[US]]、[[Canada]]、[[Mexico]] については Sir Sanford Fleming,
Mr. W. F. Allen, [CITE[Traveller's Official Guide]] の情報に依った。
- [180] [[International Telegraph Bureau]] の情報には I.T.B. と注記がある。
標準時と異なる時差が示されていたりして怪しいので注意が必要である。
]FIG]
;; [182] 引用されている電信会社の表は確かに怪しく、1897年発行なのに Yeddo [TZ[+09:18]]
が掲載されていたりします。
[225] [TIME[1899年4月][1899-04]]の[[英印]]の[[論文]]にも
「Taken from Prof. Milne's table of civil times, printed in the Geographical Journal,
February, 1899.」とする表が掲載されています [SRC[>>698]]。
[[Milne]] の元の表の抜粋のようです。
[REFS[
- [698] [CITE@en[Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal : Asiatic Society of Bengal : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive]] ([TIME[2017-05-23 18:38:58 +09:00]]) <https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofasi99asia>
-- [699] ([TIME[2008-11-27 17:01:03 +09:00]]) <https://ia802604.us.archive.org/24/items/proceedingsofasi99asia/proceedingsofasi99asia_bw.pdf#page=59>
--- [CITE@en[On Time in India: a suggestion for its improvement.]]—
By [[R. D. Oldham]], F.G.S., Superintendent, Geological Survey of India.
-- [700] [CITE@en[Full text of "Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal"]] ([TIME[2017-05-23 18:41:51 +09:00]]) <https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofasi99asia/proceedingsofasi99asia_djvu.txt>
]REFS]
** 本表
[181] 抜粋:
[FIG(list)[
- Formosa / [TZ[+09:00:00]] / I.T.B.
- Japan / [TZ[+09:00:00]] / Since January, 1888, this time has been used
for all purposes. It is regulated daily by a
time signal sent to all telegraph stations.
- Korea / [TZ[+09:00:00]] / I.T.B. O.D.
]FIG]
[FIG(list)[
- India / In towns and villages in many parts of India, local and
other time is announced by clocks striking, gongs, bells,
guns―these signals being given from churches, treasury
buildings, forts, telegraph offices, etc. Local time is
determined for each place, where there is a Government
telegraph office, with reference to its meridian, as so many
minutes (the nearest minute to the exact time being
taken) in advance of or behind the mean time of the
Madras Observatory, which has been adopted as the
standard time for the whole of India. This time is telegraphed
daily from Madras to every telegraph office.
Section XII. of the ‘Indian Telegraph Guide,' published
in Calcutta, consists of a closely printed table extending
over forty-nine pages, showing the difference between
Madras time and local mean time for all Government
telegraph offices in India.
- / Madras time is used on through lines of railway, and in
recording the time of despatch of foreign telegraphic
messages. For all other ordinary public and official
transactions, as well as private business, local time is
employed. To this, however, there appear to be exceptions,
as in Rajputana, Delhi, Umballa, Simla, etc., where
Madras time is employed for all purposes. O.D.
- / The determinations of the difference between Madras time
and Greenwich mean time are as follows:―
-- Series A. [TZ[+05:20:59.750]] ±0.155
-- Series B. [TZ[+05:20:59.010]] ±0.163
-- Series C. [TZ[+05:20:59.115]] ±0.0227
-- Series D. [TZ[+05:20:59.233]] ±0.127
-- Series E. [TZ[+05:20:59.421]] ±0.125
- / Series C. is the most recently determined, and probably the
most accurate. (Meteorological reporter to the Government
North-West Provinces and Oudh.)
- / The Director of the Madras Observatory gives [TZ[+05:20:59.4]],
as the most correct.
- / Ajmere / Merwara / Madras time is used, but at the Ajmere Observatory the time
used is 22m. later than this. O.D.
- / Baluchistan / Quetta / [TZ[+05:20:59.4]] / Madras or railway time. O.D.
- / Bengal / Calcutta / [TZ[+05:53:20.77]] / This time is in ordinary use at Bankura,
Bhagalpur, Burdwan, Darjiling, Dinajpur, Hooghly, Howrah, Jalpaiguri,
Jessore, Khulna, Malda, Midnapore, Murshidabad, Nadiya, Rajshahi, the
Twenty-four Parganas.
Madras time is used for railways and telegraphs.
It is also used by the public at
Champaran, Darbhanga, and possibly
other places.
A local mean time is also in use. O.D.
- / Bombay, Colaba Observatory / [TZ[+04:51:15.7]] / L.T.S. This is local mean time used at the
observatory.
- / Central Provinces / Nagpur / Madras civil time. [TZ[+05:20:59.4]]. O.D.
- / Coorg / Merkasra / [TZ[+05:02:57]]. O.D.
- / Hyderabad / Madras or railway time used in Government offices, but
local Amraoti time is 10m. [ABBR[S.][遅い (-)]] on this. O.D.
- / Karachi / [TZ[+04:27:52]] / L.T.S.
- / Karikal (French India) / [TZ[+05:21:5.6]] / Madras time. O.D.
- / Lucknow / Madras time used by railways, telegraphs, and for public affairs. O.D.
- / Madras / [TZ[+05:20:59.4]] / See India.
- / Nepal / At Katmandu, the capital, there are neither railways nor
telegraphs, and its longitude has not been accurately
determined. O.D.
- / North-West Provinces / Allahabad / Madras time used by railways, telegraphs, and for public
affairs. O.D.
- / Oudh / See Allahabad. (Madras time.)
- / Panjim (Goa) / [TZ[+04:55:28.12]] / This is official time. The West of India Portuguese
railway use Madras time. O.D.
- / Pondichery (French India) / [TZ[+05:21:5.6]] / Madras time. O.D.
- / Rajputana / Madras time for railways, telegraphs, and public affairs.
(Local time is therefore not in use.) O.D.
- Ceylon / Madras mean time used from May 1, 1898. Prior to this
Colombo mean time, [TZ[+05:04:21.9]], was used. O.D.
- Burma / Rangoon / [TZ[+06:24:40]] Time ball observatory at Rangoon. O.D.
]FIG]
[FIG(list)[
- Borneo, Dutch / Local mean time. See Java.
- Celebes / Local mean time. See Java.
- Java / Batavia / [TZ[+07:07:20]] / For towns in Java and the Dutch East
Indies, local mean time is used. For
the railways, Batavia time is kept for
West Java, Samarang time for Mid-Java,
and Surabaya time for East Java. O.D.
- / Tanjong Priok / [TZ[+07:07:32.6]] / L.T.S. Tanjong Priok mean time.
- / Surabaya / [TZ[+07:30:57.4]] / L.T.S. Surabaya mean time.
- Sumatra / Local mean time. See Java.
- Sunda Islands / Local mean time. See Java.
- Cochin China / Saigon / [TZ[+07:16:56]] / This refers to the meridian of Saigon. This
time is used in Lower Laos, Cambodia,
Annam. O.D.
- / Tongking, Haifong / [TZ[+07:04:39.5]] / Haifong mean time. L.T.S.
- Philippine Islands / Manila / [TZ[+08:03:52]] / Manila mean time. L.T.S.
- Siam / Bangkok / [TZ[+06:41:58.4]] / This refers to the meridian of the old flagstaff
at the palace, Bangkok. Time is
wired daily to telegraph stations. The
railway uses this time, but regulates its
clocks five minutes ''behind'' it. O.D.
- Straits Settlements / Penang / [TZ[+06:41:22]] / O.D.
- / Singapore / [TZ[+06:55:25.05]] / O.D.
]FIG]
[FIG(list)[
- China / [TZ[+08:05:00]] / This is used by the telegraph companies
(Great Northern and Great Eastern).
It is appriximately Shanghai time. The
foreigners at ports on the coast use their
own local mean time.
The Chinese at most places use an approximate
apparent sun time, obtained from
sun-dials. O.D.
- / Amoy / [TZ[+07:52:16.2]] / Amoy Custom House mean time. L.T.S.
- / Chifu / [TZ[+08:05:40]] / O.D.
- / Chunking / Local mean time should be [TZ[+07:08:08]]. O.D.
- / Fuchau / [TZ[+07:57:46.5]] / Mean time for the merdian of Pagoda
anchorage, about 12 miles from Fuchau. O.D.
- / Hankau / [TZ[+07:37:20]] / Meridian of Hankau, [LON[114.20.0E]]. O.D.
- / Hong Kong, Kaulung / [TZ[+07:36:41.7]] / L.T.S.
- / Newchwang / [TZ[+08:09:02]] / This is local mean time of the Chinese town
of Zingtzu, known to foreigners as Newchwang.
The real Newchwang is 30 miles to the north-east. O.D.
The meridian used is that of the Custom
House flagstaff, [LON[122.15.30E]]. This
has recently been corrected to [LON[122.14.0E]].
A time gun is fired weekly at noon.
- / Pekin / [TZ[+07:45:54]] / This is local mean time used by foreigners
in Pekin and railways in North China.
The telegraphs do not appear to keep a
uniform time. It is not Pekin, Tientsin,
Shanghai, nor apparent time. O.D.
- / Shanghai / [TZ[+08:05:43.2]] / (Zikawei Observatory time). O.D.
[TZ[+08:05:56.7]] is Shanghai mean time. L.T.S.
- / Swatau / [TZ[+07:46:55]] / Swatau mean time. L.T.S.
- / Tietsin / [TZ[+07:49:12]] / Naval school time. The Tientsin Town
Hall clock should be [TZ[+07:47]]. The
civil time is determined by the municipal
chronometer, from which the community
may every Saturday set their watches.
This chronometer, however, has sometimes
been known to have an error of
three minutes. O.D.
]FIG]
[FIG(list)[
- Madagascar / Antananarivo / [TZ[+03:10:07]] / The meridian is that of the Observatory,
15°11′30″E. of Paris.
- / Tamatave / [TZ[+03:17:41]] / O.D.
- Mauritius / Port Louis / [TZ[+03:50:12.6]] / Meridian of the Royal Alfred Observatory.
O.D.
- Réunion / [TZ[+03:43:20]] / The railway keeps a time 10m. slow on this.
]FIG]
[FIG(list)[
- Fiji / Suva / [TZ[+11:55:44]] / O.D.
]FIG]
** Tables issued by Telegraph Companies. December 1, 1890.
[183] 抜粋:
[FIG(table)[
:p: Place.
:1: Eastern Telegraph Company, Ltd., July 1, 1897.
:2: Indo-European Telegraph Company, Ltd., Oct. 1897.
:3: Western Union Telegraph Company.
:p: [[Aden]]
:1: [TZ[+03:00]]
:3: [TZ[+03:00]]
-*-*-
:p: [[Agra]]
:2: [TZ[+05:11]]
:p: [[Bombay]]
:1: [TZ[+05:21]]
:2: [TZ[+04:51]]
:3: [TZ[+04:51]]
:p: [[Calcutta]]
:1: [TZ[+05:21]]
:2: [TZ[+05:53]]
:3: [TZ[+05:53]]
:p: [[Kurrachi]]
:1: [TZ[+05:21]]
:2: [TZ[+04:27]]
:p: [[Lahore]]
:2: [TZ[+04:57]]
:p: [[Madras]]
:1: [TZ[+05:21]]
:2: [TZ[+05:21]]
:3: [TZ[+05:21]]
:p: [[Pouna]]
:2: [TZ[+04:55]]
:p: [[Simla]]
:2: [TZ[+05:01]]
:p: [[Pondicherry]]
:2: [TZ[+05:19]]
:p: [[Akyab]]
:1: [TZ[+06:11]]
:2: [TZ[+06:11]]
:p: [[Bencoelen]]
:2: [TZ[+06:49]]
:p: [[Moulmein]]
:1: [TZ[+06:30]]
:2: [TZ[+06:30]]
:p: [[Rangoon]]
:1: [TZ[+06:20]]
:2: [TZ[+06:20]]
:p: [[Colombo]]
:1: [TZ[+05:19]]
:2: [TZ[+05:19]]
:p: [[Galle]]
:1: [TZ[+05:20]]
:2: [TZ[+05:20]]
-*-*-
:p: [[Borneo]]
:1: [TZ[+07:39]]
:p: [[Malacca]]
:1: [TZ[+06:49]]
:2: [TZ[+06:49]]
:p: [[Penang]]
:1: [TZ[+06:42]]
:2: [TZ[+06:42]]
:p: [[Singapore]]
:1: [TZ[+06:55]]
:2: [TZ[+06:55]]
:3: [TZ[+06:55]]
-*-*-
:p: [[Mauritius]]
:1: [TZ[+03:50]]
:2: [TZ[+03:50]]
:3: [TZ[+03:50]]
:p: [[Bangkok]]
:1: [TZ[+06:41]]
:2: [TZ[+06:41]]
:p: [[Manila]]
:1: [TZ[+08:03]]
:2: [TZ[+08:03]]
:3: [TZ[+08:03]]
:p: [[Saigon]]
:1: [TZ[+07:06]]
:2: [TZ[+07:06]]
-*-*-
:p: [[Banjoewangic]]
:1: [TZ[+07:07]]
:2: [TZ[+07:37]]
:p: [[Batavia]]
:1: [TZ[+07:07]]
:2: [TZ[+07:07]]
:p: [[Samarang]]
:1: [TZ[+07:07]]
:2: [TZ[+07:21]]
:p: [[Sourabaya]]
:1: [TZ[+07:07]]
:2: [TZ[+07:30]]
-*-*-
:p: [[Amoy]]
:1: [TZ[+08:05]]
:2: [TZ[+07:52]]
:3: [TZ[+07:52]]
:p: [[Canton]]
:1: [TZ[+07:33]]
:2: [TZ[+07:33]]
:p: [[Fuchau]]
:1: [TZ[+08:05]]
:p: [[Hong Kong]]
:1: [TZ[+08:05]]
:2: [TZ[+07:36]]
:3: [TZ[+07:36]]
:p: [[Nanking]]
:2: [TZ[+07:55]]
:p: [[Pekin]]
:1: [TZ[+07:46]]
:2: [TZ[+07:46]]
:3: [TZ[+07:46]]
:p: [[Shanghai]]
:1: [TZ[+08:05]]
:2: [TZ[+08:05]]
:3: [TZ[+08:05]]
-*-
:p: [[Kioto]]
:1: [TZ[+09:00]]
:p: [[Nagasaki]]
:1: [TZ[+09:00]]
:2: [TZ[+08:40]]
:3: [TZ[+08:40]]
:p: [[Tokio]]
:1: [TZ[+09:00]]
:3: [TZ[+09:18]]
:p: [[Yeddo]]
:2: [TZ[+09:18]]
:p: [[Yokohama]]
:3: [TZ[+09:19]]
]FIG]
* 1900年 地学雑誌
[REFS[
- [1] [CITE[西班牙の標準時]] ([CITE@en[地学雑誌]] Vol. 12 (1900) No. 12 P 725a-726, [TIME[2016-05-02 18:26:28 +09:00]]) <https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgeography1889/12/12/12_12_725a/_article/-char/ja/>
]REFS]
[FIG(table)[
:c: 地域
:d: [[時差]]
:note: 備考
:c:[[ベルギー]]、[[オランダ]]、[[イギリス]]、[[イスパニヤ]]および[[海峡殖民地]]
:d: [TZ[+00:00]]
:c: [[フランス]]
:d: [TZ[+00:09]]
:c: [[スエーデン]]、[[ノルウエー]]、[[デンマーク]]、[[ドイツ]]、
[[スイッアーランド]]、[[ルクサンブルグ]]、[[イタリー]]、
[[オーストロハンガリー]]、[[ボスニア]]、[[セルビア]]
:d: [TZ[+01:00]]
:c: [[ロシア]]、[[ルーマニア]]、[[ブルガリヤ]]、[[トルコ]]、
[[クレート]]
:d: [TZ[+02:00]]
:c: [[グリーキ]]
:d: [[地方時]]?
:c: [[日本国]][[西部標準時]]
:d: [TZ[+06:00]]
:note: 原文記述の通り
:c: [[日本国]][[中央標準時]]
:d: [TZ[+09:00]]
:c: [[ニユーヨーク]]
:d: [TZ[-05:00]]
:c: [[シガゴ]]
:d: [TZ[-06:00]]
]FIG]
* 1901年 航海指針
[REFS[
- [268] [CITE@ja[国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション - 航海指針]] ([TIME[明34.12][year:1901]]) <http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/846983/150>
]REFS]
世界同盟標準時
,* ,* 中央歐羅巴 , [TZ[+01:00]]
,* ,* 南亞弗利加 , [TZ[+01:30]]
,* 日本 ,* 中央標準時 , [TZ[+09:00]] (明石)
,* ,* 西部標準時 , [TZ[+08:00]] (臺灣)
,* 濠洲 ,* 西濠洲 , [TZ[+08:00]]
,* ,* 南濠洲 , [TZ[+09:00]]
,* ,* ピクトリヤ , [TZ[+10:00]]
,* ,* クインスランド , [TZ[+10:00]]
,* ,* タスマニア , [TZ[+10:00]]
,* ,* ニユージーランド,[TZ[+11:30]]
,* 亞米利加合衆國及加奈太,* 殖民地 ,[TZ[-04:00]]
,* ,* 東亞米利加 , [TZ[-05:00]]
,* ,* 中央亞米利加, [TZ[-06:00]]
,* ,* 山 , [TZ[-07:00]]
,* ,* 太平洋諸島 , [TZ[-08:00]]
,* ,* シトカ , [TZ[-09:00]]
,* ,* タヒチ , [TZ[-10:00]]
,* ,* 中央太平諸島, [TZ[-11:00]]
,* ,* アンチポデス, [TZ[-12:00]]
* 1903年 最近漢文万国地図
[REFS[
- [207] [CITE@ja[国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション - 最近漢文万国地図]] ([[松邑孫吉]]著, [TIME[明36.1][year:1903]]) <http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/767514/15>
]REFS]
[208] 全都市、[[経度]]から求めた[[地方時]]?
* 1904年 THE CHRONOMETER AND TIME SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES NAVAL OBSERVATORY AND THE PRESENT STATUS OF STANDARD TIME
[284] [CITE[THE CHRONOMETER AND TIME SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES NAVAL OBSERVATORY AND THE PRESENT STATUS OF STANDARD TIME]]
* 1905年 (1907年 Mathematical Geography)
[278] [SEE[ [[Mathematical Geography]] ]]
出典は: Vol. IV, [[Appendix IV of the Publications of the United States Naval Observatory]], 1905
* 1906年 Publications of the United States Naval Observatory
[279] [SEE[ [[Appendix IV of the Publications of the United States Naval Observatory]] ]]
* 1906年 地学雑誌
[REFS[
- [4] [CITE[世界に於けるグリニチ子午線を基礎とせる標凖時採用の現况]] (地学雑誌 Vol. 18 (1906) No. 10 P 689-695, [TIME[2016-05-02 23:08:10 +09:00]]) <https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgeography1889/18/10/18_10_689/_article/-char/ja/>
]REFS]
[37] 欧州標準時採用前の[[ロンドン]]・[[コンスタンチノープル]]間の汽車旅行の場合の[[時差]]
(合計一時五十六分):
[FIG(table)[
:kana: 地名 (仮名)
:latin: 地名 (ラテン文字)
:name: 時刻名
:delta: 時差
:kana: [[オスタント]]
:latin: [[Ostende]]
:name: ペルヂク時
:delta: 一七分
:kana: [[リユクサンブㇽグ]]
:latin: [[Luxemberg]]
:name: リユサンブルク時
:delta: 七分
:kana: [[ヂーデンフォッフヱン]]
:latin: [[Diedenhofen]]
:name: ストラスブルグ時
:delta: 七分
:kana: [[クヱール]]
:latin: [[Kehl]]
:name: バーデン時
:delta: 二分
:kana: [[ミユーラツケル]]
:latin: [[Müblacher]]
:name: ウツテンペルグ時
:delta: 三分
:kana: [[ユルム]]
:latin: [[Ulm]]
:name: ババリア時
:delta: 一〇分
:kana: [[シンバハ]]
:latin: [[Simbach]]
:name: オーストリア時
:delta: 一一分
:kana: [[ブルツク]]
:latin: [[Bruck]]
:name: ハンガリー時
:delta: 一九分
:kana: [[ペルグラード]]
:latin: [[Belgrade]]
:name: セルピア時
:delta: 六分
:kana: [[ザリブロツド]]
:latin: [[Tzaribrod]]
:name: ブルガリア時
:delta: 一一分
:kana: [[ムユスタパパシア]]
:latin: [[Mustapha-Pacha]]
:name: トルコ時
:delta: 一三分
]FIG]
[39] 標準時採用後:
[FIG(list)[
- ベッチンゲン Bettingen (ベルヂツクに接しリユクサンブルグに在り) (中央ヨーロッパ標準時) 一時
- ザリブロツド Tzaribrod (東ヨーロッパ標準時) 一時
]FIG]
[38] 1905年末各国標準時:
[FIG(table)[
:name: 國名
:lon: 標準時に採用せる子午線
:time: 標準時の名稱
:delta: 帝國中央標準時に對する遅速
:note: 備考
:name: 日本帝國(樺太を含む臺灣諸島沖繩諸島を除く)
:lon: 東經一三五度
:time: 帝國中央標準時
:delta: 〇時
:name: ␣[[清帝國]]、[[關東州租借地]]
:name: ␣臺灣諸島沖繩諸島
:lon: 東經一二〇度
:time: 帝國西部標準時
:delta: 遅一時