614.txt

[45] [[比律賓]]では、 [TZ[+08:00]] が[[標準時]]として使われています。

[97] [[日本]]の[[中央標準時]] [TZ[+09:00]] と1時間の[[時差]]があり、
[[フィリピン]]が遅れています。

* 名称

[98] [[フィリピン]]の[[法令]]では [DFN[Philippine Standard Time]] や略称
[DFN[PST]] を呼称としています。
政府機関は [[Philippine Standard Time]] [SRC[>>145]] や [[PST][Philippine Standard Time]]
の他、 [DFN[PhST]] という略称も用いています [SRC[>>44]]。
[[日本語]]では[DFN[フィリピン標準時]]となります。

[99] その他 [DFN[Philippine Time]]、[DFN[フィリピン時間]]、
[DFN[Juan Time]] などと呼ばれています。

[HISTORY[
[103] [DFN[PHT]] と略されることもありますが、現地で使われているのか不明です。
かつての [[tzdata]] が根拠なく使っていたもの [SRC[>>91]]
に由来すると思われる [[Webサイト]]は多々あります。
[[Wikipedia]] は [[PHT]] をも示しており、 [[PST]] は[[北米の標準時]]の
1つと衝突するなどの議論があるようですが、
現地で実際に利用されているという根拠は示されていません [SRC[>>6, >>153]]。
現時点では架空の存在とみなすのが妥当でしょう。
]HISTORY]

-*-*-

[100] [[tzdata]] は[[フィリピン]]について [DFN[[CODE[Asia/Manila]]]]
を定義しています [SRC[>>7]]。

[REFS[
- [91] [CITE@en[Remove many invented abbreviations in 'asia']]
([[eggert]]著, [TIME[2017-01-14 04:37:24 +09:00]])
<https://github.com/eggert/tz/commit/1b99dcde6342dd10969041b32b00b813d4f4a36e>


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[145] [CITE@en-US[The Philippines | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]
([TIME[2018-02-15 16:54:43 +09:00]])
<http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/about/philippines/>
]FIGCAPTION]

> 
.*Time Zone	,Philippine Standard Time (UTC+8)

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[171] [CITE@en[Philippine Standard Time]]
([[Eljhay]]著, [TIME[2018-06-24 01:44:13 +09:00]])
<https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/astronomy/philippine-standard-time#republic-act-10535>
]FIGCAPTION]

> The Philippine Standard Time has the acronym PhST to distinguish it from the Pacific Standard Time (PST).

]FIG]

- [172] [CITE['''['''tz''']''' Philippine Standard Time]]
([TIME[2018-06-20 04:27:42 +09:00]])
<https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-June/026536.html>
- [176] [CITE@en[Use "PST/PDT" for Philippine time]]
([[eggert]]著, [TIME[2018-06-20 04:23:35 +09:00]])
<https://github.com/eggert/tz/commit/6dfe948f96dd603b306e5eaf010b65eb4d2fe71e>


]REFS]

* 変遷

[FIG(table)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[84] [[フィリピンの標準時]]の変遷の概略
]FIGCAPTION]

:t: 時期
:マニラ: [[フィリピン諸島]]
:新南群島: [[新南群島]] ([[フィリピン]]支配地域)

:マニラ: 
[[+][アジア日付]]

:t: 16世紀
:マニラ: 
[[-][アメリカ日付]]

:t: [TIME[1845-01-01]]
:マニラ: 
[[+][アジア日付]]

:t: [TIME[1899-05-11]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+08:00]]

:t: [TIME[1936-11-01]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+09:00]]

:t: [TIME[1937-01-16]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+08:00]]

:t: [TIME[1938][year:1938]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+08:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+09:00]]

:t: [TIME[1941-12-16]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+09:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+09:00]]

:t: [TIME[1942-01-31]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+08:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+09:00]]

:t: [TIME[1942-03-01]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+09:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+09:00]]

:t: [TIME[1945-09-21]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+09:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+08:00]]

:t: [TIME[1945-12-01]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+08:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+09:00]]

:t: [TIME[1954-04-12]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+09:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+09:00]]

:t: [TIME[1954-06-05]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+08:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+08:00]]

:t: [TIME[1977-03-28]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+09:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+09:00]]

:t: [TIME[1977-09-22]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+08:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+08:00]]

:t: [TIME[1990-05-21]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+09:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+09:00]]

:t: [TIME[1990-07-29]]
:マニラ: [TZ[+08:00]]
:新南群島: [TZ[+08:00]]

:t: 現所属国
:マニラ: [[フィリピン共和国]]
:新南群島: [[フィリピン共和国]]

:t: [[tzdata]]
:マニラ: [CODE[Manila][Asia/Manila]]
]FIG]

** スペイン領フィリピン時間

;; [66] [[フィリピン諸島]]には古くから[[原住民]]がおり、
[[支那]]や[[東南アジア]]各地と交易関係がありました。

[169] [[西洋]]世界との交流が無かった時期の[[日付]]は[[アジア日付]]とも[[アメリカ日付]]とも言えませんが、
周辺地域と同じ[[日付]]を使っていたと解釈するべきでしょうから、
[[経度より][地理的時間帯]][[アジア日付]]が用いられていたとするのが適切です。

[HISTORY[
[18] [[tzdata]] は[[アメリカ日付]]の [[LMT]] (>>8) を最初としています。
]HISTORY]

[170] [TIME[1521年3月17日][1521-03-17]]、
[[スペイン]]の[[マゼラン艦隊]]が[[フィリピン諸島]]に進攻しました。
[[マゼラン艦隊]]は[[アメリカ日付]]を用いていました。
[[マゼラン艦隊]]は数週間滞在して[[布教]]や戦闘を行いました。
この時点で[[原住民]]にどの程度浸透したかは不明とはいえ、
[[キリスト教]]の儀式などで[[アメリカ日付]]の[[西洋]]式[[日時]]に触れたものと思われます。

[17] その後[[スペイン]]は[[フィリピン諸島]]を[[植民地]]とし、
[[中米]]や[[太平洋諸島]]と一体の[[領土]]として管理していました。
[[スペイン領フィリピン]]に[[スペイン人]]は[[アメリカ大陸]]から往来していたので、
[[フィリピン]]でも[[アメリカ日付]]が用いられていました [SRC[>>92]]。
[[オランダ人]]が[[喜望峰]]周りで到達していた近隣の[[蘭領東インド]] ([[インドネシア]]) 
では[[アジア日付]]が用いられていて、[[日付]]の差がありました [SRC[>>92]]。

[8] [[tzdata]] の [CODE[Asia/Manila]] は、
元の[[LMT]]を [TZ[-15:56:00]] としています [SRC[>>7]]。

[152] [[Wikipedia]] は、
[TIME[1844年12月30日][1844-12-30]]までを
[[Manila]] は [TZ[-15:56]]、
[[Balabac]] (西部) は [TZ[-16:02]]、
[[Davao Oriental]] (東部) は [TZ[-15:33]] としています [SRC[>>6]]。

[178] 
[[フィリピン]]その他[[スペイン領太平洋諸島]]各地の[[スペイン人]]の他に、
[[フィリピン]]を拠点に[[日本]]や[[支那]]に渡って布教していた[[フランシスコ会]]の[[スペイン人]]も、
[[フィリピン]]と同じ[[アメリカ日付]]を使っていたようです。

;; [177] 
[[南洋群島の標準時]]、
[[台湾の標準時]]、
[[インドネシアの標準時]]、
[[日付変更線]]も参照。

[179] 
一方で[[マニラ]]の[[支那人町]]や[[日本人町]]を中心に[[フィリピン]]にも周辺国の商人が進出してきていました。
[[支那人]]や[[日本人]]などは、
現地の[[スペイン人]]との交渉のため[[西暦]]の[[アメリカ日付]]を使うこともあったでしょうが、
日常生活や同民族同士のやり取りでは本国の、[[アジア日付]]相当の[[日時]]を使っていたと考えるのが自然です。

-*-*-

[10] [[スペイン領フィリピン]]の[RUBYB[[[総督]]]@en[governor-general]]の
[[Narciso Claveria y Zaldua]] ([[ナルシソ・クラベリア]]、
在任期間 [TIME[1844]]-[TIME[1849]]) の[TIME[1844年8月16日][1844-08-16]]の[[布告]]により、
[TIME[1844年12月30日][1844-12-30]]の翌日が[TIME[1845年1月1日][1845-01-01]]とされました
[SRC[>>7]]。これにより[[日付変更線]]は[[フィリピン]]の[[東]]側に移動しました。

[160] これは、[[中南米]]諸国が[[スペイン]]から[[独立]]した後、
[[フィリピン]]へも[[喜望峰]]周りで行き来されるようになったためでした
[SRC[>>92]]。

[9] [[tzdata]] の [CODE[Asia/Manila]] は、
[TIME[1844年12月31日][1844-12-31]]を境に[[地方時]] [TZ[+08:04:00]]
となったとしています [SRC[>>7]]。

[154] [[Wikipedia]] は、
[TIME[1845年1月1日][1845-01-01]]から
[TIME[1844年12月30日][1844-12-30]]までを
[[Manila]] は [TZ[+08:04]]、
[[Balabac]] (西部) は [TZ[+07:58]]、
[[Davao Oriental]] (東部) は [TZ[+08:27]] としています [SRC[>>6]]。

[REFS[
- [92] [CITE[The International Date Line]]
([TIME[2017-04-06 19:24:43 +09:00]])
<http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/international_date.php>
]REFS]

** 米領フィリピン標準時

;; [19] [TIME[1898年][year:1898]]、[[米国]]は[[スペイン領フィリピン]]に進攻しました
([[米西戦争]])。
現地人により[[フィリピン共和国]]が成立しました。
[TIME[1898年12月10日][1898-12-10]]調印の[[パリ条約]]により[[フィリピン]]と[[グアム]]は[[アメリカ合衆国]]領となりました。
[[パリ条約]]は[TIME[1899年4月11日][1899-04-11]]に発効しました。
([[グアムの標準時]]も参照。)

[90] [TIME[1899年2月][1899-02]]の [[Milne]] の[[時差の表]]は、当時の港湾[[報時]]情報に基づき、
Manila [[平均時]] [TZ[+08:03:52]] を [[Manila]] の[[時刻]]としていました [SRC[>>89]]。

;; [159] この情報が[[米西戦争]]の結果を反映しているのかどうかは不明です。

[11] [TIME[1899年9月29日][1899-09-29]]掲載の[[英国水路部]][[告示]]によると、
[[比律賓]]諸嶋の[[標準時]]が [TZ[+08:00]] となり、
[[馬尼剌]]の[[報時球]] ([LAT[14.36.0N]] [LON[120.58.0E]])
も[[標準時]]12:00:00 = [[綠威平時]]16:00:00 = [[平時]] 0:03:52 
[WEAK[(>>83 は112秒とするが明らかに誤り)]]
に変更されました [SRC[>>37, >>83]]。

[94] [TIME[1966年][year:1966]]の [CITE[Time Changes in the U.S.A.]] は、
[TIME[1899年5月11日][1899-05-11]]に[[標準時]]が [TZ[+08:00]] 
となった (それ以前は[[LMT]]) としていました [SRC[>>93]]。

[106] [[Time Changes]] 世界版の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
[TIME[1899年5月11日][1899-05-11]]から[[標準時]] [TZ[+08:00]]
(それ以前は[[地方平時]]) としていました。ただしすべての[[市民]]がすぐに使ったわけではないとの注釈がありました。
[SRC[>>1256]]

[104] [[Shanks]] の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
[TIME[1899年5月11日0時0分][1899-05-11T00:00]]から [TZ[+08:00]]
としていました (それ以前は [[LMT]]) [SRC[>>95]]。

[105] [[tzdata]] の [CODE[Asia/Manila]] は、
[TIME[1899年5月11日][1899-05-11]]を境に [TZ[+08:00]]
となったとしています [SRC[>>7]]。

[28] [[米国]]本国では[TIME[1883年][year:1883]]に[[鉄道標準時]]が定められ、
[TIME[1918年][year:1918]]に[[標準時]]と[[夏時間]]が法制化されています。
[[中国]] ([[清]]) は[TIME[1902年][year:1902]]に[[海岸時]]を定めています。
[[仏印]]は[TIME[1906年][year:1906]]に[[標準時]]を定めています。
これらの時期と比較すると、[TIME[1899年][year:1899]]は非常に早い時期です。
なお旧[[宗主国]]の[[スペイン]]本国は、
[TIME[1901年][year:1901]]に[[標準時]]を採用することになります。

[146] [[フィリピン]]では、
[[米西戦争]]とその後の[[領土]]獲得により進駐してきた[[米軍]]や[[米国政府]]の役人が新領土の制度を整備する中で、
[[報時球]]などで用いる[[時刻]]として本国の制度に倣って[[標準時]]
[TZ[+08:00]] を定めたものと思われます。ただそれが[[法令]]により公式に定められたのか、
担当者レベルで設定したものが広がったのかは不明です。
[TIME[5月11日][1899-05-11]]という[[日付]]の根拠も明らかになっていません。

;; [20] [[米国]]は[[フィリピン共和国]]を承認せず、
[TIME[1902年][year:1902]]までに[[米国]]により制圧され ([[米比戦争]])、
引き続き[[植民地]]とされました。

[75] 雑誌記事の[TIME[1905年][year:1905]]末の情報で、
[[比律賓]]は [TZ[+08:00]] とされていました [SRC[>>74]]。

[186] 
[TIME[1929年][year:1929]]には、
[[蘭印]]の[[スマトラ島]]を訪れた[[日本]]の科学者が、
[[フィリピン]]の[[カギテ局]]の[[報時]]信号を受信して[[経度]]を測定しました。
[[カギテ]]とは [[Cavite]] でしょうか?

;; [[インドネシアの標準時]]参照。

[REFS[

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[83] [CITE[THE LONDON GAZETTE, SEPTEMBEB 29, 1899.]]
([TIME[2016-07-28 19:44:39 +09:00]])
<https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27121/page/5936/data.pdf>
]FIGCAPTION]

> No. 590.—WEST INDIA AND PHILIPPINE
ISLANDS.
> ALTERATION IK TIME SIGNALS.
> (3.) Philippine Islands.
> . The standard time adopted for the Philippine
Islands is that of the 120th meridian, East of
Greenwich, or 16h. Om. Os. G.M.T.
> - Consequent on this alteration the time ball at
Manila is now dropped at noon standard mean
time, which is equal to 16h, Om. Os. G.M.T.,
or Oh. 3m. 52s. local mean time.
> Approximate position of time signal, lat.
14° 36' 0" N., long. 120° 68' 0" E.
> This Notice affects the following Admiralty
Charts :—Havana Harbour, No. 414 ; Manila
Bay, No. 976. Also, List of Time Signals, 1898,
page 54; West India Pilot, Vol. 11, 1887, page
201; China Sea Directory, Vol. II, 1899, page
313 ; Eastern Archipelago, Vol. I, 1890, page 59.

]FIG]

- [89] [CITE[The Geographical Journal, for February 1899.]] [[時差の表]]
- [37] [CITE[非律賓の標準時]] (地学雑誌 Vol. 11 (1899) No. 12 P 836, [TIME[2016-05-02 19:05:48 +09:00]]) <https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgeography1889/11/12/11_12_836/_article/-char/ja/>
- [74] [TIME[1906年][year:1905]] [CITE[地学雑誌]] [[時差の表]]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[85] [CITE@en[Page 3212 | Issue 28245, 27 April 1909 | London Gazette | The Gazette]]
([TIME[2016-07-28 02:11:00 +09:00]])
<https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28245/page/3212>
]FIGCAPTION]

> No. 572.—CHINA SEA, PHILIPPINES-LUZON
ISLAND.
> Manila—Time Signal Established.
> Subject.—A time signal of the undermentioned
description has been established at Engineer
Island, Manila Harbour.
> Position.—On the Semaphore. Tower, Engineer
Island; lat. 14° 35' 43" N., long. 120° 57' 21" E.
(on Chart No. 3487). 
> Description.—The ball is hoisted five minutes
before signal and dropped at noon, standard time,
of the meridian of 120° E., corresponding to
16h. 00m. 00s. Greenwich mean time. In case
of failure the ball will be lowered slowly about
five minutes after noon.
> Charts affected.—No. 3487, Manila and Eavite
anchorages; No. 976, Manila Bay.
> Publications.—China Sea, Directory, Vol. II,
1906, page 326; Eastern Archipelago, Part L
1902, page 68.
Authority.—United States Hydrographic
Office, Notice No. 701 of 1909.

]FIG]


]REFS]

** ケーソン夏時刻

;; [113] [TIME[1934年3月][1934-03]]、
[[米国]]本国で[CITE[フィリピン独立法]]が制定され、
[[独立]]の準備が進められることとなりました。

;; [114] [TIME[1935年11月][1935-11]]、
[[米領フィリピン準州]]が成立しました。

[57] [TIME[1936年10月26日][1936-10-26]]承認の米領[[フィリピン準州]]法第91号
[CITE[[RUBYB[フィリピンの標準時を固定し、フィリピン大統領に日光節約時間の実施の権限を付する法律]@en[AN ACT TO FIX THE STANDARD TIME OF THE PHILIPPINES, AND TO AUTHORIZE THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES TO ESTABLISH A DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME THEREIN]]]]
は、[[フィリピン]]の[[標準時]]を [TZ[+08:00]] と規定すると共に、
[[大統領]]の[[布告]]により開始・終了[[日時]]を定めて3月から6月または11月から1月の期間内で[[日光節約時間]]
[TZ[+09:00]] を実施できると定めています [SRC[>>56]]。

[2] [TIME[同年10月30日][1936-10-30]]付米領[RUBYB[比島大統領布告第104号]@en[THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES PROOLAMATION No. 104]]
[CITE[[RUBYB[比律賓日光節約時間制定の件][ESTABLISHING THE DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME FOR THE PHILIPPINES]]]]
[SRC[>>1, >>60]] により、
[[米領フィリピン準州]]の[[大統領]]の[[マニュエル・ルイス・ケソン・イ・モリーナ]]は、
次のように定めました。

- [3] [TIME[1936年11月1日][1936-11-01]]から[TIME[1937年1月31日][1937-01-31]]に[[日光節約時間]]
[TZ[+09:00]] を実施する
- [4] [[フィリピン標準時]]を1936年10月31日24時に1時間進める
- [5] (1時間進めた) 時刻を1937年1月31日24時に1時間戻す

[39] しかし、[TIME[1937年1月15日][1937-01-15]]、
大統領布告第126号[CITE[[RUBYB[1936年10月30日付布告第104号比律賓日光節約時間制定の件の失効の件]@en[REVOKING PROCLAMATION NO. 104, DATED OCTOBER 30, 1936, ESTABLISHING THE DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME FOR THE PHILIPPINES]]]]
により、予定より早く (1時間進めた) [[フィリピン標準時]]同日24時に1時間戻し、
元の[[フィリピン標準時]]に復帰することとされました [SRC[>>61, >>38]]。

[HISTORY[
[108] 
[[Time Changes]] の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
[TIME[1936年11月1日][1936-11-01]]から
[TIME[1937年2月1日][1937-02-01]]まで[[夏時刻]]とし、切り替えは0時としていました。
[SRC[>>1256]]

[96] [[Shanks]] の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
[TIME[1936年11月1日0時0分][1936-11-01T00:00]]から [TZ[+09:00]]、
[TIME[1937年2月1日0時0分][1937-02-01T00:00]]から [TZ[+08:00]]
としていました [SRC[>>95]]。

[107] [[tzdata]] の [CODE[Asia/Manila]] は、 
[TIME[1936年11月1日0時0分][1936-11-01T00:00]]に1時間進めて [TZ[+09:00]]、
[TIME[1937年2月1日0時0分][1937-02-01T00:00]]に1時間戻して [TZ[+08:00]] としています 
[SRC[>>7]]。
]HISTORY]

[183] 
[TIME[1936年11月][1936-11]]に[[フィリピン]]に寄港した[[日本人]]
([[臺灣][大日本帝国臺灣]]の実業家の[[三卷俊夫]]) は、
[[日光節約時]]を体験し記録に残しました [SRC[>>189]]。
[[日光節約時]]は[DFN[ケーソン夏期標準時]]、[DFN[ケーソン時間]]、
[DFN[ケソン時間]]と呼んでおり、
現地の[[日本人]]がそう呼んでいたものと思われます。
現地の[[フィリピン人]]も同じように呼んでいたのでしょうか。
[[ケーソン]]は労働者の終業後の余暇の拡大を狙っているらしいが、
慣れない一般人には当面不便だろうと筆者は評していました [SRC[>>181]]。

;; [184] なお、この筆者が伝えられていた出港時刻は[[標準時]]だったため、
[[夏時刻]]で行動していた筆者は1時間早く着いてしまい、
「ケーソン」ならぬ「軽損」では洒落にもならぬ [SRC[>>182]]
と笑い話にしていました。逆に1時間の遅刻にならずに済んで良かったですね。

[185] 
[TIME[昭和10年10月17日][1937-10-17]]
[WEAK[([[台湾の標準時]]が[[中央標準時]]に統一された後)]]
に[[臺灣]]の[[新聞]]に掲載された[[三卷俊夫]]のコラムは、
[[フィリピン]]の[[夏時刻]]である[[ケーソン時間]]を紹介していました
[SRC[>>180]]。
実施理由はやはり労働者の終業後の運動時間のためとしていました [SRC[>>180]]。
この頃には既に[[標準時]]に復帰していたはずで、
この年には[[夏時刻]]は実施されていないのですが、
不継続がまだ決定していなかったのか、
[[臺灣]]まで伝わっていなかっただけなのかはわかりません。

[FIG[ [191] [[フィリピン]]の[[太陽]]

- [[マニラ]] [[標準時]] [TZ[+08:00]]
--
[FIG(suntime)[
tz=+08:00 lat=14.583333 lon=120.966667 day=2000-03-20 offsetbefore=01:00
]FIG]
[[春分]]
--
[FIG(suntime)[
tz=+08:00 lat=14.583333 lon=120.966667 day=2000-06-21 offsetbefore=01:00
]FIG]
[[夏至]]
--
[FIG(suntime)[
tz=+08:00 lat=14.583333 lon=120.966667 day=2000-09-23 offsetbefore=01:00
]FIG]
[[秋分]]
--
[FIG(suntime)[
tz=+08:00 lat=14.583333 lon=120.966667 day=2000-12-21 offsetbefore=01:00
]FIG]
[[冬至]]
- [[マニラ]] [[夏時刻]] [TZ[+09:00]]
--
[FIG(suntime)[
tz=+09:00 lat=14.583333 lon=120.966667 day=2000-03-20 offsetafter=01:00
]FIG]
[[春分]]
--
[FIG(suntime)[
tz=+09:00 lat=14.583333 lon=120.966667 day=2000-06-21 offsetafter=01:00
]FIG]
[[夏至]]
-- 
[FIG(suntime)[
tz=+09:00 lat=14.583333 lon=120.966667 day=2000-09-23 offsetafter=01:00
]FIG]
[[秋分]]
-- 
[FIG(suntime)[
tz=+09:00 lat=14.583333 lon=120.966667 day=2000-12-21 offsetafter=01:00
]FIG]
[[冬至]]

]FIG]

-*-*-

[173] 
[[米領フィリピン準州]]では、[[紀年法]]として[[西暦]]が使われていましたが、
形式的な場では[[フィリピン建国紀元]]も用いられました。
[[アメリカ建国紀元]]に倣ったものと思われます。
後の[[フィリピン共和国]]独立後にもしばらく同様の[[紀年法]]が用いられていました。

[REFS[

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[56] [CITE[C.A. No. 91]]
( ([TIME[2009-01-20 20:19:26 +09:00]]))
<http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/comacts/ca_91_1936.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> COMMONWEALTH ACT No. 91
> AN ACT TO FIX THE STANDARD TIME OF THE PHILIPPINES, AND TO AUTHORIZE THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES TO ESTABLISH A DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME THEREIN
> Be it enacted by the National Assembly of the Philippines:
> Section 1. The standard time of the Philippines shall be fixed upon the basis of the mean astronomical time at one hundred and twenty degrees East Longitude, Greenwhich Meridian: Provided, That the President of the Philippines may, when the public interest so requires, and at any time or times, within the periods from March to June and from November to January, all inclusive, establish, by proclamation, a daylight saving time, by advancing by one hour, on such date as he shall determine, the standard time herein fixed, and by retarding such daylight saving time by another hour or such other date as he shall determine, so that during certain periods of the year, as above indicated, the standard time be one hour advance of the mean astronomical time at one hundred and twenty degrees East Longitude, Greenwhich Meridian. The President shall, in such proclamation, fix the date and hour when such daylight saving time shall commence and terminate.
> Section 2. The standard time of the daylight saving time herein established shall govern the movement of all common carrier. In all statutes, order, rules and regulations relating to the time of performance of an act by any officer or department of the Government of the Commonwealth,[SUP[1]] or relating to the time within which any right shall accrue or determine, or within which any act shall or shall not be performed by any person in the Philippines, it shall be understood that the time shall be the standard or the daylight saving time as herein established, as the case may be.
> This act shall take effect upon its approval.
> Approved, October 26, 1936.
> [SUP[1]]Now Republic.

]FIG]

- [1] [CITE[標題:時間関係雑纂 10.比島日光節約法関係]] ([TIME[2015-11-20 23:58:58 +09:00]] 版) <http://www.jacar.go.jp/DAS/meta/image_B04011419300>
[TIME[1936年][year:1936]]
- [125] [CITE@en-US[Proclamation No. 104, s. 1936 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] ([TIME[2018-02-15 02:24:31 +09:00]]) <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/10/30/proclamation-no-104-s-1936/>

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[60] [CITE[Proclamation No. 104 Series of 1936]]
( ([TIME[2016-01-06 20:14:50 +09:00]]))
<http://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc1936/proc_104_1936.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> MALACAÑAN PALACE
> Manila
> BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
> Proclamation No. 104
> ESTABLISHING THE DAYLIGHT-SAVING TIME FOR THE PHILIPPINES
> Pursuant to the authority vested in me by Commonwealth Act Numbered Ninety-one and in order that employees and laborers may be afforded sunlight for recreation purposes and, likewise, to effect savings in the use of light both to the Government and to the general public, I, Manuel L. Quezon, President of the Philippines, hereby proclaim daylight-saving time for the Philippines between November first, nineteen hundred and thirty-six, and January thirty-first, nineteen hundred and thirty-seven, and order that at twelve o’clock midnight on October thirty-first, nineteen hundred and thirty-six, the standard time of the Philippines fixed in the aforesaid Act shall be advanced one hour, and at twelve o’clock midnight on October thirty-first, nineteen hundred and thirty-six, the standard time of the Philippines fixed in the aforesaid Act shall be advanced one hour, and at twelve o’clock midnight on January thirty-first, nineteen hundred and thirty-seven, the time so fixed, as above stated, shall be retarded one hour so as to return to standard time.
> Employers and the public in general are hereby enjoined to give effect to the purpose and intent of this Proclamation and of Act Numbered Ninety-one. For purposes of astronomy and meteorology, however, the mean astronomical time at one hundred and twenty degrees East longitude, Greenwich Meridian, may be used as heretofore.
> In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Commonwealth of the Philippines to be affixed.
> Done at the City of Manila, this thirtieth day of October, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and thirty-six and of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the first.
> '''['''SEAL''']'''
> (Sgd.) MANUEL L. QUEZON
> President of the Philippines
> By the President:
> (Sgd.) ELPIDIO QUIRINO
> Secretary of the Interior

]FIG]

- [126] [CITE@en-US[Proclamation No. 126. s. 1937 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] ([TIME[2018-02-15 02:25:29 +09:00]]) <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1937/01/15/proclamation-no-126-s-1937/>

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[61] [CITE[Proclamation No. 126 Series of 1937]]
( ([TIME[2016-01-08 18:05:39 +09:00]]))
<http://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc1937/proc_126_1937.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> MALACAÑANG PALACE
> Manila
> BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
> Proclamation No. 126
> REVOKING PROCLAMATION NO. 104, DATED OCTOBER 30, 1936, ESTABLISHING THE DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME FOR THE PHILIPPINES.
> By virtue of the powers conferred upon me by law, I, Manuel L. Quezon, President of the Philippines, hereby revoke Proclamation Numbered One hundred four, dated October thirtieth, nineteen hundred and thirty-six, establishing the daylight saving time for the Philippines, and direct that at twelve o’clock midnight today, January fifteenth, nineteen hundred and thirty-seven, the standard time fixed in the said Proclamation shall be retarded one hour so as to return to the normal standard time.
> In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Commonwealth of the Philippines to be affixed.
> Done at the City of Manila, this fifteenth day of January, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and thirty-seven, and of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the second.
> '''['''SEAL''']'''
> (Sgd.) MANUEL L. QUEZON
> President of the Philippines
> By the President:
> (Sgd.) ELPIDIO QUIRINO
> Secretary of the Interior

]FIG]

- [38] [CITE[時間関係雑纂 0.雑]] ([TIME[2016-05-13 23:31:39 +09:00]]) <http://www.jacar.go.jp/DAS/meta/image_B04011418300>
コマ4
[TIME[1937年][year:1937]]
- [189] 
[CITE[赤道を横切る]]
[BOX[

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[181] [CITE@ja[[[赤道を横切る]]:第35章 ダバオ(その1) | ALL-THE-CRAP 日々の貴重なガラクタ達]]
([TIME[2018-08-28 00:27:11 +09:00]])
<https://ameblo.jp/self-health-check/entry-12270977489.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> 11月6日、払暁フィリピン、ミンダナオ島南端チチカ角灯台を望み、漸次ダバオ海湾に転針、午前9時カリアン角通過、奥行き70カイリ、横幅35カイリの湾内に侵入してフィリピンの山々を眺める。午後1時25分タリツクド、サマル両島を右に見て2時10分ダバオ港着、タワウよりの航程566カイリ。この日正午気温83度。
> ダバオ到着と同時に時計が一時間進められてケーソン夏期標準時となった。つまり日本の標準時と合わせる事になる。台湾においても時差撤廃の説がある。これは学理上からと実際上からと賛否両論あるようであるがケーソンの考えは勤務者に対し、退庁、退店後明るい間に運動なり散歩などの時間を与えたいと言うにあるらしい。他にも重要な動機があるかも知れぬが、要するに早く起きて早く寝る事になるからどちらにしても同じ理屈だが従来の習慣に慣らされている一般人にとっては当分の不便は免れぬであろう。
> ダバオにおいても着港と同時に柴田領事以下多数邦人の出迎えを受け、午後4時半上陸(従来の3時半、以下フィリピン航海中全部ケーソン時間に従う)日本領事館に領事柴田市太郎氏を訪問し御款待を受け次に向かい側の日本人会並びに小学校を視察し、それより本日は自由行動となったが、外泊希望の者はそれぞれ旅館に引き取り他は市内見物の上帰船した。

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[182] [CITE@ja[[[赤道を横切る]]:第36章 ダバオの産業 | ALL-THE-CRAP 日々の貴重なガラクタ達]]
([TIME[2018-08-28 00:28:13 +09:00]])
<https://ameblo.jp/self-health-check/entry-12279966032.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> 午後1時出帆と聞いて急いで零時半までに帰船してみると、それは標準時の午後1時の意味であったからケーソン時間では午後2時に当る。一時間だけ見物時間を短縮して損をした。何のことだ、軽損軽損は洒落にもならぬ。

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[ [187] [CITE@ja[[[赤道を横切る]]:第37章 サンボアンガ(その1) | ALL-THE-CRAP 日々の貴重なガラクタ達]] ([TIME[2018-09-13 23:21:59 +09:00]]) <https://ameblo.jp/self-health-check/entry-12285928421.html>

> ケソン時間の午後7時半は標準時の6時半だが、それでも夕陽すでに西に落ちて、逢魔ケ時の椰子林はいささか物凄い。
]FIG]



[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[188] [CITE@ja[[[赤道を横切る]]:第39章 マニラ(その5) | ALL-THE-CRAP 日々の貴重なガラクタ達]]
([TIME[2018-09-13 23:25:40 +09:00]])
<https://ameblo.jp/self-health-check/entry-12302227571.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> 午後4時50分マニラ出帆、湾口北水道に向かう。ただし出帆と同時に時計一時間後退、台湾の標準時としたから実際は午後3時50分であった。以後台湾標準時による事、勿論である。台湾においても内台間時差撤廃問題が起こり、現に実行されんとしている。

]FIG]

]BOX]
- [190] [CITE[猫の髭 續編]], [[三卷春楓]] ([[三卷俊夫]]),
[TIME[昭和十五年七月二十日][1940-07-20]]
-- 
[CITE@zh-TW[國立公共資訊圖書館 數位典藏服務網 ─]] ([TIME[2018-08-27 19:37:34 +09:00]]) <http://das.ntl.gov.tw/sp.asp?xdurl=sp.asp&spurl=xdcm/query_for_front/arch/result_jap_book.jsp?xml_id=0001803184%26chapter_name=%E4%B9%9D%2C+%E5%86%8D%E3%81%B3%E6%99%82%E5%B7%AE%E5%BE%B9%E5%BB%A2%E3%80%81%E5%86%85%E8%87%BA%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%82%26ctNode=205>
[CSECTION[九, 再び時差徹廢、内臺一如]],
[TIME[昭和12年10月17日][1937-10-17]]、25ページ-27ページ
--- <http://das.ntl.gov.tw/xdcm/xml/show_img.jsp?file_name=309190100e-thm-bjn02189v02-00025-t.jpg&img_size=large>
--- <http://das.ntl.gov.tw/xdcm/xml/show_img.jsp?file_name=309190100e-thm-bjn02189v02-00026-t.jpg&img_size=large>
--- <http://das.ntl.gov.tw/xdcm/xml/show_img.jsp?file_name=309190100e-thm-bjn02189v02-00027-t.jpg&img_size=large>
[FIG(quote)[ [180] >>190

>
[BOX(vertical)[
比律賓にも''ケーソン''時間
と云ふのがある。日本標準時
同様とするもので、恰も今回
臺灣に於て實施されたのと同じ
く一時間の時差を縮めたもの
である。尤もこれは所謂''サン''
''マー''。''タイ''ムで一年を通じて
實行するものではない。其理
由の一として、俸給生活者に
對し、日没前一時間長く戸外
運動を行はしむる餘裕を與へ
んとするのであると聞いた。

]BOX]

]FIG]
- [36] [CITE[暦]]
-- [35] [CITE@ja[国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション - 暦. 昭和14年]] ([TIME[2016-04-05 01:18:04 +09:00]] 版) <http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1255562/26>
-- [34] [CITE@ja[国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション - 暦. 昭和15年]] ([TIME[2016-04-05 01:15:31 +09:00]] 版) <http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1255573/26>
-- [33] [CITE@ja[国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション - 暦. 昭和16年]] ([TIME[2016-04-05 01:13:30 +09:00]] 版) <http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1184177/27>
-- [32] [CITE@ja[国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション - 暦. 昭和17年]] ([TIME[2016-04-05 01:11:48 +09:00]] 版) <http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1184172/26>
-- [31] [CITE@ja[国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション - 暦. 昭和18年]] ([TIME[2016-04-05 01:08:12 +09:00]] 版) <http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1184175/27>
-- [29] [CITE@ja[国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション - 暦. 昭和19年]] ([TIME[2016-04-05 00:50:19 +09:00]] 版) <http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1184173/26>
- [93] [CITE[Time Changes in the U.S.A.]] ([TIME[1966][year:1966]])
]REFS]

** 戦時日光節約時

[123] 
[TIME[1941年12月13日][1941-12-13]]、
[[米領フィリピン準州]]の[TIME[1941年][year:1941]][[布告]]第789号
[CITE[ESTABLISHING DAYLIGHT-SAVING TIME FOR THE PHILIPPINES DURING THE PRESENT EMERGENCY.]]
は、次の期間に1時間の[[日光節約時]]を実施すると定めました [SRC[>>122]]。

- [TIME[1941年12月16日0時][1941-12-16T00:00]]-[TIME[1942年1月31日][1942-01-31]]
- [TIME[1942年3月1日][1942-03-01]]-[TIME[1942年6月30日][1942-06-30]]

;; [194] [[観象]]目的では引き続き [TZ[+08:00]] を利用できるとされました [SRC[>>122]]。

[195] [TIME[2月][1942-02]]が除外された理由は不明ですが、
後の時代にも似たような提案があり (>>51)、
[[フィリピン]]の気候にはそれが適しているのでしょう。
(6月-10月/11月が[[雨季]]、
10/11月-5月が[[乾季]]、
うち2月までが狭義の[[乾季]]、
3月からが[[暑季]]とされています。)

;; [21] [[大東亜戦争]]中の[TIME[1941年12月][1941-12]]末に[[日本軍]]が米領[[フィリピン]]に進攻し、
[TIME[1942年5月7日][1942-05-07]]に全島を制圧しました。

[193] [[フィリピン]]に駐留する[[日本軍]]および[[日本軍]]の[[軍政]]下の[[フィリピン]]も、
[[日光節約時]]を無期限で継続したようです。
[SEE[ [[大東亜の標準時]] ]]

[HISTORY[
[118] 
[TIME[2017年][year:2017]]出版の[[書籍]]によると、
戦時下の資源節約が理由だったといいます。
しかし[[日光節約時]]は予定より早く[TIME[4月30日][1942-04-30]]に終了しました。
かわって[[日本標準時]]が[TIME[5月1日][1942-05-01]]から実施されました。
[SRC[>>117]]

[119] 
この[[書籍]]自身が指摘している通り、[[日光節約時]]と[[日本標準時]]は共に
[TZ[+09:00]] ですから、同じ[[時刻]]が連続して用いられたことになります。
この切替日の意味は説明されていません。
統治者の変化による後世の説明上の区切りではなく何らかの事実に基づいているとすれば、
陥落前の[[米領フィリピン準州]]政府が[[夏時刻]]終了を指示した後、
進駐してきた日本軍政府が継続を指示した、といった感じでしょうか。
しかしこの時期の[[米領フィリピン準州]]政府は[[豪州]]に逃亡していて、
[[官報]]にも[[フィリピン]]現地の[[法令]]のようなものは収録されていないようです
[SRC[>>124]]。

[12] 
[[Shanks]] の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
[TIME[1942年5月1日0時0分][1942-05-01T00:00]]から [TZ[+09:00]]
としています [SRC[>>95]]。
[[tzdata]] の [CODE[Asia/Manila]] は、 
[TIME[1942年5月][1942-05]]を境に [TZ[+09:00]] としています [SRC[>>7]]。

[101] [[大東亜戦争]]中、[[南方占領地]]各地では[[中央標準時]] [TZ[+09:00]]
が用いられたとされています。
[[Shanks]] の[[日付]]の根拠は不明ですが、戦況を踏まえた推測でしょうか。
[SEE[ [[大東亜の標準時]] ]]

[112] 
[[Time Changes]] の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
この時期の[[標準時]]変更を特に示さず、
かわりに、
[[日本]]統治時代に[RUBYB[地下勢力]@en[underground forces]]が[RUBYB[通信]@en[communications]]でのみ[[夏時刻]]を用いたが、
[[市民]]は用いなかったと注記していました [SRC[>>1256]]。

[147] この注記の根拠は不明ですが、それが正しいのであれば、
[[日本]]軍政府や独立した[[フィリピン共和国]]は本来の[[標準時]] [TZ[+08:00]]
に復帰しており、潜伏していた[[米領フィリピン準州]]兵は[[夏時刻]] [TZ[+09:00]]
を継続していたということになります。その真偽は不明です。

[30] 
[[日本]]で[TIME[昭和13年/1938年][year:1938]]に発行された[TIME[昭和14年][year:1939]][[暦]]から[TIME[昭和18年/1943年][year:1943]]に発行された[TIME[昭和19年][year:1944]][[暦]]では、
[[フィリピン]]は [TZ[+08:00]] のままとなっています [SRC[>>36]]。
]HISTORY]

;; [23] [TIME[1943年10月14日][1943-10-14]]、[[フィリピン]]は独立しました。

;; [115] 
[TIME[1944年7月4日][1944-07-04]]は、
当初の[CITE[フィリピン独立法]]に基づく[[フィリピン]]の[[独立]]の予定日でした。

;; [24] [TIME[1944年10月][1944-10]]に[[米軍]]が[[フィリピン]]に進攻し、
[TIME[1945年9月3日][1945-09-03]]に全島を制圧しました。

[HISTORY[
[22] 
[[Shanks]] の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
[TIME[1944年11月1日0時0分][1944-11-01T00:00]]から [TZ[+08:00]]
としていました [SRC[>>95]]。
[[tzdata]] の [CODE[Asia/Manila]] は、 
[TIME[1944年11月][1944-11]]を境に [TZ[+08:00]] としています [SRC[>>7]]。
[TIME[1944年11月][1944-11]]はまだ戦闘中で、何を根拠にこの時期としたのかは謎です。
]HISTORY]

[140] 
[TIME[1945年3月][1945-03]]、
[[マニラ]]に復帰した[[米領フィリピン準州]]政府は、
[[布告]]の[[時刻]]に[[日光節約時]]と注記しており [SRC[>>138]]、
[TZ[+09:00]] を使っていたものと思われます。

[120] 
[TIME[1945年11月11日][1945-11-11]]、
[[米領フィリピン準州]]の[TIME[1945年][year:1945]][[布告]]第20号
[CITE[PROVIDING FOR THE RETURN TO STANDARD TIME, AS PROVIDED IN COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 91]]
は、[[資源]]節約の必要が解消されたとして、
[TIME[1945年11月30日24時][1945-12-01T00:00]]をもって[[日光節約時]]を終了し、
1時間戻して[[標準時]]に復帰すると定めました [SRC[>>131]]。
[[大統領]] [[Sergio Osmena]] は[[米国]]の[[ワシントンDC]]滞在中だったようで、
本[[布告]]は[[ワシントンDC]]で[[署名]]された [SRC[>>131]] ようです。
本[[布告]]が[[フィリピン]]国内の状況から制定されたものか、
[[米国]]本国からの指示で制定されたのか[[布告]]の文章からは不明です。



;; [26] [TIME[1946年7月4日][1946-07-04]]、[[フィリピン]]は[[米国]]から[[独立]]しました。

;; [88] [TIME[1949年][year:1949]]、
[[フィリピン]]は[[新南群島]]の領有権を主張するようになりました。

[161] 
[TIME[1949年][year:1949]]、
[[Weather Bureau]] に [[Time Service Division]] が設置されました。
[[U. Nardin Marine Chronometer]] が主たる[[時計]]として用いられ、
[[pendulum regulator]] が [[dispatch clock]] として用いられました。 [SRC[>>81]]

[162] 
[TIME[1951年][year:1951]]、
[[Time Service Division]] の [[U. Nardin Marine Chronometer]] は
[[short synchrome ensemble]] に置き換えられました。 [SRC[>>81]]

[REFS[

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[122] [CITE@en-US[Proclamation No. 789, s. 1941 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] ([TIME[2018-02-15 02:07:59 +09:00]]) <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1941/12/13/proclamation-no-789-s-1941/>
]FIGCAPTION]

>
[B[Proclamation No. 789, s. 1941]]
> Signed on December 13, 1941
>
[BOX(center)[
MALACAÑAN PALACE

MANILA

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES

PROCLAMATION NO. 789
]BOX]
>
ESTABLISHING DAYLIGHT-SAVING TIME FOR THE PHILIPPINES DURING THE PRESENT EMERGENCY.
>
Pursuant to the authority vested in me by Commonwealth Act Numbered Ninety-one and in view of the present emergency, I, Manuel L. Quezon, President of the Philippines, hereby proclaim daylight-saving time for the Philippines effective December sixteenth, nineteen hundred and forty-one, to continue only until January thirty-first, nineteen hundred and forty-two, and from March first to June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and forty-two, and direct that at twelve o’clock midnight on December fifteenth, nineteen hundred and forty-one, the standard time of the Philippines fixed in the aforesaid Act shall be advanced one hour.
>
The public in general is hereby enjoined to give effect to the purpose and intent of this Proclamation and of Act Numbered Ninety-one. For purposes of astronomy and meteorology, however, the mean astrological time at one hundred and twenty degrees East longitude, Greenwich Meridian, may be used as heretofore.
>
Done at the City of Manila, this thirteenth day of December, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and forty-one, and of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the seventh.
>
[BOX(right)[
MANUEL L. QUEZON

[I[President of the Philippines]]
]BOX]
>
[BOX[
By the President:

JORGE B. VARGAS

[I[Secretary to the President]]
]BOX]

]FIG]

- [127] [CITE@en-US[Executive Order No. 384, s. 1941 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] ([TIME[2018-02-15 02:26:31 +09:00]]) <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1941/12/16/executive-order-no-384-s-1941/>
- [124] [CITE@en-US[April | 1942 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] ([TIME[2018-02-15 02:22:15 +09:00]]) <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1942/04/>
- [139] [CITE[Executive Order No. 31, March 8, 1945]]
([TIME[2015-03-13 16:42:29 +09:00]]) <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/1945/03mar/19450308-EO-0031-OSMENA.pdf>

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[138] [CITE@en-US[Executive Order No. 31, s. 1945 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] ([TIME[2018-02-15 15:44:25 +09:00]]) <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1945/03/08/executive-order-no-31-s-1945/>
]FIGCAPTION]

> the office hours of all bureaus and offices shall be from eight o’clock to twelve o’clock in the morning, and from one o’clock to four o’clock in the afternoon (Daylight Saving Time) on week-days including Saturdays
> [SNIP[]]
> This Order repeals Executive Order No. 384, dated December 16, 1941, and shall take effect as of March 6, 1945.
>
Done at the City of Manila, this 8th day of March, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and forty-five, and of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the tenth.
]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[131] [CITE@en-US[Proclamation No. 20, s. 1945 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] ([TIME[2018-02-15 15:12:24 +09:00]]) <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1945/11/11/proclamation-no-20-s-1945/>
]FIGCAPTION]

>
[B[Proclamation No. 20, s. 1945]]
> Signed on November 11, 1945
>
[BOX(center)[
MALACAÑAN PALACE

MANILA

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES

PROCLAMATION NO. 20
]BOX]
>
[B[PROVIDING FOR THE RETURN TO STANDARD TIME, AS PROVIDED IN COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 91]]
>
WHEREAS, the emergency which justified the observance of the daylight-saving time has ceased to exist;
>
NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of the powers conferred upon me by law, I, SERGIO OSMEÑA, President of the Philippines, do hereby direct that at twelve o’clock midnight, November 30, 1945, the daylight-saving time, heretofore observed in the Philippines, be terminated and retarded by one hour, and proclaim the standard time, as fixed in Commonwealth Act No. 91, effective in the Philippines beginning December 1, 1945.
>
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Commonwealth of the Philippines to be affixed.
>
Done at the City of Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America (for the City of Manila, Philippines), this 11th day of November, in the year of Our Lord, Nineteen Hundred and Forty-five, and of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the tenth.
>
[BOX(right)[
(Sgd.) [B[SERGIO OSMEÑA]]

President of the Philippines
]BOX]
>
By the President:
>
[BOX[
(Sgd.) [B[JOSE S. REYES]]

Secretary to the President
]BOX]

]FIG]

- [117] [CITE[The Great Daylight Saving Time Controversy - Chris Pearce - Google ブックス]] ([TIME[2018-02-15 01:27:11 +09:00]]) <https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=kpmbDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT365>
]REFS]

** 1954年夏時刻

[67] [TIME[1954年4月6日][1954-04-06]]フィリピン大統領布告第13号
[CITE[[RUBYB[1954年夏季比律賓日光節約時間制定の件]@en[ESTABLISHING THE DAYLGHT SAVINGS TIME FOR THE PHILIPPINES DURING THE SUMMER SEASON OF 1954]]]]
は、次の通り[[夏時刻]]の実施を定めました [SRC[>>62]]。

- [TIME[1954年4月12日][1954-04-12]]から[TIME[1954年7月1日][1954-07-01]]に[[日光節約時間]]
[TZ[+09:00]] を実施する
- [[フィリピン標準時]]を1954年4月11日24時に1時間進める
- (1時間進めた) 時刻を1954年6月30日24時に1時間戻す

;; [68] 1936年布告のコピペっぽいのですが、1936年とは終了日の扱いが微妙に違っています。
6月30日の終わりに1時間戻すのなら、[[日光節約時間]]は6月30日までと言うべきなのでしょうが、
7月1日までとなっています。

[142] 
[TIME[1954年6月3日][1954-06-03]]フィリピン大統領[[布告]]第33号
[CITE[REVOKING PROCLAMATION NO. 13, DATED APRIL 6, 1954, SO AS TO RESTORE THE STANDARD TIME.]]
は、[[布告]]第13号を取り消し、
1954年6月4日深夜12時に1時間戻して[[標準時]]に復帰すると定めました
[SRC[>>141]]。ここでいう深夜12時が0時を指すのか24時を指すのか不明ですが、
以前の[[布告]]の表現との整合性から
[TIME[24時 (5日0時)][1954-06-05T00:00]] の意でしょうか。

[HISTORY[
[110] 
[[Time Changes]] の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
[TIME[1954年4月12日][1954-04-12]]から
[TIME[1954年7月1日][1954-07-01]]まで[[夏時刻]]とし、
切り替えは0時としていました。 [SRC[>>1256]]

[13] 
[[Shanks]] の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
[TIME[1954年4月12日0時0分][1954-04-12T00:00]]から [TZ[+09:00]]、
[TIME[1954年7月1日0時0分][1954-07-01T00:00]]から [TZ[+08:00]]
としていました [SRC[>>95]]。

[109] [[tzdata]] の [CODE[Asia/Manila]] も、
[TIME[1954年4月12日0時0分][1954-04-12T00:00]]に [TZ[+09:00]] に移行、
[TIME[1954年7月1日0時0分][1954-07-01T00:00]]に [TZ[+08:00]] に復帰としています [SRC[>>7]]。
]HISTORY]

[REFS[

- [136] [CITE@en-US[Proclamation No. 13, s. 1954 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] ([TIME[2018-02-15 15:34:33 +09:00]]) <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1954/04/06/proclamation-no-13-s-1954/>

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[62] [CITE[Proclamation No. 13 Series of 1954]]
( ([TIME[2016-03-05 19:41:59 +09:00]]))
<http://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc1954/proc_13_1954.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> MALACAÑANG
> RESIDENCE OF THE PRESIDENT
> OF THE PHILIPPINES
> Manila
> Proclamation No. 13
> ESTABLISHING THE DAYLGHT SAVINGS TIME FOR THE PHILIPPINES DURING THE SUMMER SEASON OF 1954
> Pursuant to the authority vested in me by Commonwealth Act No. 91, and in order that officers, employees, and laborers of the government may be afforded sunlight for work and recreation purposes after office hours, and to effect savings in the use of light both to the government and the general public, I, Ramon Magsaysay, President of the Philippines, do hereby proclaim daylight saving time for the Philippines for the period between April twelfth, nineteen-hundred and fifty-four, and July first, nineteen-hundred and fifty-four, and hereby order that at twelve o’clock-midnight on April eleventh, nineteen-hundred and fifty-four, the standard time in the Philippines fixed in the aforesaid Act shall be advanced one hour, and at twelve o’clock midnight on June thirtieth, nineteen-hundred and fifty-four, the time fixed as above-stated shall be set back or retarded one hour so as to return to standard time.
> Employers and the public in general are hereby enjoined to give effect to the purpose and intent of this Proclamation and of Act numbered ninety-one. For purposes of astronomy and meteorology, however, the mean astronomical time to one hundred and twenty degrees East longitude, Greenwich Meridian, may be used as heretofore.
> In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Republic of the Philippines to be affixed.
> Done at the City of Manila, this 6th day of April, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen-hundred and fifty-four, and of the Independence of the Philippines, the eighth.
> RAMON MAGSAYSAY
> President of the Philippines
> By the President:
> FRED RUIZ CASTRO
> Executive Secretary

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[198] [CITE[NewspaperSG - Digitised Search]]
([TIME[2018-10-06 16:56:29 +09:00]])
<http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Search?ST=1&AT=search&k=President%20Ramon%20Magsaysay%20yesterday%20issued%20a%20proclamation%20placing%20the%20Philippines%20on%20daylight%20saving%20time%20beginning%20midnight.%20April%2011%20when%20Philippines%20time%20will%20be%20advanced%20one%20hour.%20The%20time%20will%20return%20to%20standard%20at%20midnight%20on%20June%2030.>
]FIGCAPTION]

> Singapore Standard 8 April 1954  Microfilm Reel NL2603
> P.I. DaYLIGHT SaVING PLaN MaNILa. april 7, (Renter)— President Ramon Magsaysay yesterday issued a proclamation placing the Philippines on daylight saving time beginning midnight. april 11 when Philippines time will be advanced one hour. the time will return to standard at midnight on June 30.

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[141] [CITE@en-US[Proclamation No. 33, s. 1954 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] ([TIME[2018-02-15 16:26:56 +09:00]]) <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1954/06/03/proclamation-no-33-s-1954/>
]FIGCAPTION]

>
[B[Proclamation No. 33, s. 1954]]
>Signed on June 3, 1954
>
[BOX(center)[
MALACAÑANG

RESIDENCE OF THE PRESIDENT

OF THE PHILIPPINES

MANILA

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES

PROCLAMATION NO. 33
]BOX]
>
REVOKING PROCLAMATION NO. 13, DATED APRIL 6, 1954, SO AS TO RESTORE THE STANDARD TIME.
>
By virtue of the powers vested in me by law, I, Ramon Magsaysay, President of the Philippines, do hereby revoke Proclamation No. 13, dated April 6, 1954, establishing the daylight saving time for the Philippines during the summer season of 1954, and direct that at twelve o’clock midnight of June 4, 1954, the time fixed in the said proclamation shall be set back or retarded one hour so as to return to normal standard time.
>
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Republic of the Philippines to be affixed.
>
Done in the City of Manila, this 3rd day of June, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and fifty-four, and of the Independence of the Philippines, the eighth.
>
[BOX(right)[
RAMON MAGSAYSAY

[I[President of the Philippines]]
]BOX]
>
[BOX[
By the President:

FRED RUIZ CASTRO

[I[Executive Secretary]]
]BOX]
]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[201] [CITE[NewspaperSG - Digitised Search]]
([TIME[2018-10-06 18:48:23 +09:00]])
<http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Search?ST=1&AT=search&k=Magsaysay%20has%20had%20enough%20MANILA.%20Frl.%20President%20Ramon%20Magsaysay%20has%20decided%20the%20Philippines%20has%20enough%20daylight%20saving%20time.>
]FIGCAPTION]

> The Straits Times 5 June 1954 AP  Microfilm Reel NL1768
> Magsaysay has had enough MANILA. Frl. President Ramon Magsaysay has decided the Philippines has enough daylight saving time. He Issued a proclamation last nlghi saying the country would return to standard time hi miriniKlit oo Friday. D.r. Ughi .saving time was to have continued until June 30.— A.P. I

]FIG]

]REFS]

-*-*-

[163] 
[TIME[1965年][year:1965]]、
[[Time Service Division]] の[[時計]]は
[[U. Nardin Marine Chronometer]] は
[[quartz crystal clock]] に置き換えられました。
(後年 [[Digitizing Oscilloscope]] も導入されました。) [SRC[>>81]]

** 1977年夏時刻

[129] 
[TIME[1977年3月25日][1977-03-25]]、
[[フィリピン共和国]]の[TIME[1977年][year:1977]][[布告]]第1629号
[CITE[ESTABLISHING A DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME DURING THE PERIOD FROM MARCH 28 UP TO JUNE 7, 1977.]]
は、
[TIME[3月28日0時][1977-03-28T00:00]]-[TIME[6月7日][1977-06-07]]に[[資源節約]]のため
1時間の[[日光節約時]]を実施すると定めました。
[SRC[>>128]]

;; [130] [[フィリピン政府]]の [[Webサイト]]の[[テキスト]]化された[[官報]]の[[布告]]は、
終了日を題名では7日、本文では27日としています。題名が正しいようです。

[SEE[ [[石油危機]] ]]

[207] [TIME[3月11日][1977-03-11]]に[[戒厳令]]下で実施が指示された [SRC[>>200]]
とする情報もあります。

[205] 実施前週から周知があり、前日の[[ラジオ]]でも[[時計]]を動かすよう案内があったものの、
国内では混乱が見られたようです [SRC[>>204]]。

[133] 
[TIME[1977年5月26日][1977-05-26]]、
[[フィリピン共和国]]の[TIME[1977年][year:1977]][[布告]]第1641号
[CITE[EXTENDING THE DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME JUNE 7, 1977 TO SEPTEMBER 21, 1977.]]
は、[[日光節約時]]による[[資源]]節約の有効性が確認できたとして、
[[日光節約時]]の終了を[TIME[6月7日][1977-06-07]]から
[TIME[9月21日24時0分][1977-09-22T00:00]]に延期しました。  [SRC[>>132]]

[116] 
この延長は根拠法 ([[法律]]第91号) では授権されていませんでしたが、
[TIME[1973年][year:1973]][[憲法]]下の[[大統領]]権限で実施されました [SRC[>>117]]。

[208] 
本[[夏時刻]]実施により燃料8百万ドルが節約できた [SRC[>>200]]
と報告されました。

[REFS[

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[128] [CITE@en-US[Proclamation No. 1629, s. 1977 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] ([TIME[2018-02-15 02:28:13 +09:00]]) <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1977/03/25/proclamation-no-1629-s-1977/>
]FIGCAPTION]

>
[B[Proclamation No. 1629, s. 1977]]
>Signed on March 25, 1977
>
[BOX(center)[
MALACAÑANG

MANILA

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES

PROCLAMATION NO. 1629
]BOX]
>
ESTABLISHING A DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME DURING THE PERIOD FROM MARCH 28 UP TO JUNE 7, 1977.
>
WHEREAS, Commonwealth Act No. 91 fixes the standard time and authorizes the President of the Philippines to establish by proclamation a daylight saving time within the periods from March to June and from November to January, all inclusive; and
>
WHEREAS, in order to conserve power and energy during summer when day-time is longer than night-time, it is necessary to take advantage of the daylight by advancing by one hour the standard time fixed under said Act;
>
NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by Commonwealth Act No. 91, do hereby proclaim a daylight saving time effective twelve o’clock midnight, March 27, 1977, to continue up to twelve o’clock midnight, June 27, 1977, and direct that the standard time fixed under Commonwealth Act No. 91 be advanced by one hour.
>
During said period the daylight saving time herein established shall govern the movement of all common carriers. In all statutes, orders, rules and regulations relating to the time of performance of an act by any officer or department of the government of the Philippines, or relating to the time within which any right shall accrue or determine, or within which any act shall or shall not be performed by any person in the Philippines, it shall be understood that the time shall be the daylight saving time herein established.
>
The public in general is hereby enjoined to give effect to the purpose and intent of this Proclamation. For purposes of astronomy and meteorology, however, the mean astrological time at one hundred and twenty degrees east longitude, Greenwich Meridian, may be used as heretofore.
>
The Energy Conservation Movement of the Philippines shall monitor the results of daylight saving time and recommend to the President such other measures as may be appropriate to generate maximum conservation in power and energy consumption.
>
All agencies and instrumentalities of the government including government owned and controlled corporations shall assist the Energy Conservation Movement in assessing and monitoring the results of this program.
>
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Republic of the Philippines to be affixed.
>
Done in the City of Manila, this 25th day of March, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and seventy-seven.
>
[BOX(right)[
(SGD.) FERDINAND E. MARCOS

President of the Philippines
]BOX]
>
[BOX[
By the President:

(SGD.) JUAN C. TUVERA

Presidential Assistant
]BOX]

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[204] [CITE[NewspaperSG - Digitised Search]]
([TIME[2018-10-06 20:08:31 +09:00]])
<http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Search?ST=1&AT=search&k=saving%20time%20threw%20the%20country%20into%20utter%20confusion%20today%20despite%20anno%20un%20c%20c%20ments%20last%20week%20and%20on%20the%20radio%20yesterday%20that%20the%20clocks%20would%20go%20forward%20one%20hour%20today.>
]FIGCAPTION]

> The Straits Times 29 March 1977 Reuter  Microfilm Reel NL8996
> Start of daylight saving time confuses Filipinos MANILA. Monday fHE start of day--1 light saving time threw the country into utter confusion today despite announcements last week and on the radio yesterday that the clocks would go forward one hour today. conferences. Including a seminar on

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[132] [CITE@en-US[Proclamation No. 1641, s. 1977 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] ([TIME[2018-02-15 15:26:05 +09:00]]) <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1977/05/26/proclamation-no-1641-s-1977/>
]FIGCAPTION]

>
[B[Proclamation No. 1641, s. 1977]]
>Signed on May 26, 1977
>
[BOX(center)[
MALACAÑANG

Manila

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES

PROCLAMATION NO. 1641
]BOX]
>
EXTENDING THE DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME JUNE 7, 1977 TO SEPTEMBER 21, 1977.
>
WHEREAS, in order to take advantage of longer daylight hours during the summer period the daylight saving time (DST) was proclaimed effective March 28, 1977 to June 7, 1977;
>
WHEREAS, during the period of its implementation the daylight saving time (DTS) was found beneficial for it enabled the nation to substantially conserve energy;
>
WHEREAS, the extension of the daylight saving time (DST) will further generate savings of elective power and fuel consumption consistent with the nationwide drive for energy conservation;
>
NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Republic of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby proclaim an extension of the daylight saving time (DST) from June 7, 1977 up to 12:00 o’clock midnight of September 21, 1977.
>
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Republic of the Philippines to be affixed.
>
Done in the City of Manila, Philippines this 26th day of May, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and seventy-seven.
>
[BOX(right)[
(SGD.) FERDINAND E. MARCOS

President of the Philippines
]BOX]
>
[BOX[
By the President:

(SGD.) JUAN C. TUVERA

Presidential Assistant
]BOX]

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[200] [CITE[Newspaper Article - Saving fuel on time, New Nation, 13 October 1977, Page 9]]
([TIME[2018-10-06 17:31:34 +09:00]])
<http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/newnation19771013-1.2.67>
]FIGCAPTION]

>
It's a case of time is money.  By turning the clock one hour ahead to conform with daylight saving time ordered by the martial law regime last March 11, the Phi-
lippines was able to save $8 million worth of fuel.
]FIG]

]REFS]

-*-*-

[209] 
[TIME[1978年3月27日][1978-03-27]]、
[[フィリピン]]で[[夏時刻]]が開始される予定でしたが、
労働者への周知が進まず、延期となりました [SRC[>>199]]。

[210] 
その後実施されたとの情報は見当たりません。結局中止されたのでしょうか。

[HISTORY[
[14] 
[[Shanks]] の [[PHILIPPINES]] は、
[TIME[1978年3月22日0時0分][1978-03-22T00:00]]から [TZ[+09:00]]、
[TIME[1978年9月21日0時0分][1978-09-21T00:00]]から [TZ[+08:00]]
としていました [SRC[>>95]]。

[148] [[tzdata]] の [CODE[Asia/Manila]] は、 
[TIME[1978年3月22日0時0分][1978-03-22T00:00]]に [TZ[+09:00]] に移行、
[TIME[1978年9月21日0時0分][1978-09-21T00:00]]に [TZ[+08:00]] に復帰としています [SRC[>>7]]。

[121] [[Wikipedia]] も同じように [SRC[>>25]] [TIME[1978年][year:1978]]に[[夏時刻]]が実施された
[SRC[>>6]] と説明しています。
[[Wikipedia]] の出典は [[tzdata]] や [[timeanddate.com]] [SRC[>>149]]
のようです。

[150] その他 [[Web]] 上には [[Wikipedia]] や [[tzdata]] 
を[[コピペ]]したとみられる[TIME[1978年][year:1978]]実施説が多々あります。

[151] これら[TIME[1978年][year:1978]]実施説のいずれも、明確な根拠を示したものはありません。
[[フィリピン]]政府が [[Webサイト]]で提供する[[官報]]に[TIME[1978年][year:1978]]の実施を示したものは見当たらず、
逆にこれら[TIME[1978年][year:1978]]実施説は[TIME[1977年][year:1977]]の実施に言及していないことから、
誤った情報と考えられます。
]HISTORY]

[REFS[

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[199] [CITE[NewspaperSG - Digitised Search]]
([TIME[2018-10-06 17:06:44 +09:00]])
<http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Search?ST=1&AT=search&k=The%20Philippines%20has%20postponed%20adoption%20of%20daylight%20saving%20time%20from%20today%20to%20a%20later%20date%20because%20many%20Filipino%20workers%20had%20not%20been%20advised%20of%20It.%20an%20official%20announcement%20said.%20Adoption%20today%20of%20the%20daylight%20saving%20time>
]FIGCAPTION]

> The Straits Times 28 March 1978 Reuter  Microfilm Reel NL9594
> Day saving time put off MaNILa, Mon. The Philippines has postponed adoption of daylight saving time from today to a later date because many Filipino workers had not been advised of It. an official announcement said. adoption today of The daylight saving time In which clocks would go forward 30

]FIG]

- [1256] [[Time Changes]] (1982)
- [149] [CITE@en[Daylight saving time dates for Philippines – Manila between 2010 and 2019]] ([TIME[2018-02-15 18:00:14 +09:00]]) <https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/philippines/manila>
]REFS]


-*-*-

[HISTORY[

[87] [[Wikipedia]] [SRC[>>6]] は、[[フィリピン標準時]]は
Batas Pambansa Blg. 8 [SRC[>>46]] によって[TIME[1978年12月2日][1978-12-02]]に制定され、
[TIME[1983年1月1日][1983-01-01]]に実施されたとしています。
しかし同法は[[時間]]を含む[[単位系]]の管理を [[PAGASA]] の業務として定めている
[SRC[>>44, >>86]] のみで、
[[フィリピン標準時]]自体を制定するものでは無いようにみえます。
また、標準時管理業務も実際にはそれ以前から行われているようです [SRC[>>81]]。

]HISTORY]

[164] [TIME[1988年][year:1988]]、
[[Time Service Division]] は改組により、
[[PAGASA]] の [[Time Service Unit]] ([[TSU]]) となりました。 [SRC[>>81]]


** 1990年夏時刻

[70] [[フィリピン共和国]]政府の
[TIME[1990年5月2日][1990-05-02]][RUBYB[国家非常事態覚書指令第17号]@en[National Emergency Memorandum Order No. 17]]
[CITE[PROVIDING ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES AND DIRECTING THE OFFICE OF ENERGY AFFAIRS TO ISSUE THE IMPLEMENTING GUIDELINES]] 
は、
資源不足対策を定めたもので、
[RUBYB[第1章]@en[SECTION 1]]で
[TIME[1990年5月21日][1990-05-21]]から[[夏時刻]]を実施するとしました [SRC[>>134, >>69]]。
具体的な終了[[日時]]は示していませんでした。

[196] 
開始の[[時刻]]も明記されていませんでしたが、
[TIME[21日][1990-05-21]][[発効]]とあるのをそのまま解釈すれば
0時に1時間進めて1時になったということになります。

[72] 
指令第4章は、 [[Office of Energy Affairs]] に関係機関と調整の上本指令の実施指針をただちに公布するよう指示していました
[SRC[>>134]]。
[CITE[Guidelines Implementing National Emergency Memorandum Order No. 17]]
がその指針と思われ、
ここで[[夏時刻]]が
[TIME[8月31日][1990-08-31]]まで有効とされていたようです [SRC[>>135, >>59]]。

[71] 
[[フィリピン共和国]]政府の
[TIME[1990年7月20日][1990-07-20]][RUBYB[大統領令第415号]@en[EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 415]]
[CITE[LIFTING THE DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME (DST) PROGRAM INSTITUTED UNDER THE NATIONAL EMERGENCY MEMORANDUM ORDER NO. 17, SERIES OF 1990, EFFECTIVE MIDNIGHT OF JULY 28, 1990]]
は、従来の終了予定を改め、
[TIME[1990年7月28日24時][1990-07-29T00:00+09:00]]に1時間戻して
[TIME[23時][1990-07-28T23:00+08:00]]とすることとしました [SRC[>>135, >>59]]。

[197]
この変更は、
[[雨季]]の到来のためや夜暗くなるのが早いために想定ほど昼間を長く生かせないとして、
[[Energy Conservation Inter-Agency Committee]]
が[[夏時刻]]の早期終了を勧告したため [SRC[>>135]]
とされました。

[175] 
[[夏時刻]]は国民に不評だった [SRC[>>192]] ようで、
それが本当の終了理由なのでしょう。

[206]
実施初日に[[首都]]の[[マニラ]]の[[交通]]が調整に失敗し多くの労働者が遅刻するなど混乱があったようです 
[SRC[>>203]]。

[174] この頃の[[フィリピン]]は[[クーデター]]や[[内乱]]により政治と経済が不安定化し、
資源不足が深刻化していたようです。更には[[地震]]や[[湾岸戦争]]による原油価格高騰にも見舞われました。
[SEE[ [[第三次石油危機]] ]]


[73] [[timeanddate.com]] は、
[TIME[標準時1990年5月21日0時][1990-05-21T00:00+08:00]]に1時間進め、
[TIME[夏時刻1990年7月29日0時][1990-07-29T00:00+09:00]]に1時間戻したとしています [SRC[>>58]]。

[HISTORY[
[15] [[tzdata]] は、90年代に[[夏時刻]]が実施されたとの情報があるが詳細不明としています
[SRC[>>7]]。 
[[Web]] 上にも混乱した情報がいくつかあります。
いずれもこの[TIME[1990年][year:1990]]のものを指していると思われます。

[155] 他の実施は挙げつつ、この回を挙げないものや、
実施されていないと主張する者 [SRC[>>153]] まであるようです。
[[法令]]として明確に残されており、同時代の記録もあるため、
実施されたことは間違いないと思われます。
他よりも最近の実施であるにも関わらず情報が少ないのは不審ですが、
政情不安下で実施されたため正確な情報があまり残されていないのでしょうか。
]HISTORY]


[REFS[

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[134] [CITE@en-US[National Emergency Memorandum Order No. 17, s. 1990 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] ([TIME[2018-02-15 15:33:12 +09:00]]) <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/05/02/national-emergency-memorandum-order-no-17-s-1990/>
]FIGCAPTION]

>
[BOX[
[BOX(center)[
MALACAÑANG

MANILA
]BOX]

[BOX(center)[
NATIONAL EMERGENCY
MEMORANDUM ORDER NO. 17
]BOX]

[B[PROVIDING ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES AND DIRECTING THE OFFICE OF ENERGY AFFAIRS TO ISSUE THE IMPLEMENTING GUIDELINES]]

WHEREAS, to assure continuous power supply in the coming months, there is a need to adopt energy conservation measures to complement the supply side actions being undertaken by the Joint Government and Private Sector Initiatives Task Force under the Four-Day Work Week Program;

WHEREAS, until such time that the power supply situation has normalized and as continuing efforts to generate more effectively energy conservation awareness among energy users, these energy conservation measures have to be adopted for long range benefit to the country’s economy and people;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, CORAZON C. AQUINO, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution and Republic Act No. 6826, do hereby order:

SECTION 1. A Daylight Saving Time (DST) shall, effective May 21, 1990, be adopted by advancing the official clock by one hour in both the public and private sectors.

[SNIP[]]

SECTION 4. The Office of Energy Affairs, in coordination with the Joint Government and Private Sector Initiatives Task Force, National Power Corporation and the Manila Electric Corporation, shall promulgate immediately the implementing guidelines for the accomplishment of the objectives of this Memorandum Order.

[SNIP[]]

SECTION 6. This urgent Memorandum Order shall take effect two (2) days after publication in two (2) national newspapers of general circulation.

DONE in the City of Manila, this 2nd day of May, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and ninety.

[SNIP[]]

]BOX]

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[69] [CITE@en-us[National Emergency Memorandum Order No. 17]]
( ([TIME[2016-02-27 21:57:00 +09:00]]))
<http://www.abernales.com/nemo17.htm>
]FIGCAPTION]

> National Emergency Memorandum Order No. 17
> WHEREAS, to assure continuous power supply in the coming months, there is a need to adopt energy conservation measures to complement the supply side actions undertaken by the Joint Government and Private Sector Initiatives Task Force under the Four-Day Work Week Program;
>WHEREAS, until such time that the power supply situation has normalized and as continuing efforts to generate more effectively energy conservation awareness among energy users, these energy conservation measures have to be adopted for long range benefit to the country’s economy and people;
> NOW, THEREFORE, I, CORAZON C. AQUINO, President of the Republic of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution and Republic Act No. 6826, do hereby order:

> SECTION 1.  A Daylight Saving Time (DST) shall, effective May 21, 1990, be adopted by advancing the official clock by one hour in both the public and private sectors.

> Done in the City of Manila this 2nd day of May, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and ninety.

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[64] [CITE[Philippines to Adopt Daylight Saving Time to Save Electricity]]
(May. 3, 1990 1:24 PM ET ([TIME[2016-06-22 01:54:35 +09:00]]))
<http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1990/Philippines-to-Adopt-Daylight-Saving-Time-to-Save-Electricity/id-6272cbc1160104917d74628051a70453>
]FIGCAPTION]

> The conservation moves are intended to deal with an energy crisis that has led to severe power outages.
> Mrs. Aquino ordered the nation to move its clocks ahead one hour on May 21 for an indefinite period of time. She also ordered strict implementation of a law limiting the use of electricity for advertising billboards.

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[202] [CITE[NewspaperSG - Digitised Search]]
([TIME[2018-10-06 19:18:37 +09:00]])
<http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Search?ST=1&AT=search&k=saving%20time%20in%20Manila%20MANILA%20City%20Hall%20clock%20was%20moved%20ahead%20by%20one%20hour%20yesterday%20as%20President%20Corazon%20Aquino%20ordered%20the%20government%20and%20private%20offices%20to%20adjust%20to%20the%20nationwide%20daylightsaving%20time%20to%20cope%20with%20a%20severe%20power%20shortage.%20The%20emergency%20measure%20moves%20the%20Philippines%20from%20eight%20hours%20GMT%20to>
]FIGCAPTION]

> The Business Times 22 May 1990  Microfilm Reel NL17018
> saving time in Manila Manila City Hall clock was moved ahead by one hour yesterday as President Corazon aquino ordered the government and private offices to adjust to the nationwide daylightsaving time to cope with a severe power shortage. the emergency measure moves the Philippines from eight hours GMT to

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[203] [CITE[NewspaperSG - Digitised Search]]
([TIME[2018-10-06 19:54:40 +09:00]])
<http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Search?ST=1&AT=search&k=daylight%20saving%20time%20throws%20Manila%20into%20chaos%20MANILA%20Many%20Filipinos%20turned%20up%20late%20for%20work%20yesterday%20as%20the%20capital%27s%20public%20ransportation%20system%20failed%20to%20adjust%20to%20the%20first%20day%20of%20daylight%20saving%20time>
]FIGCAPTION]

> The Straits Times 22 May 1990  Microfilm Reel NL17015
> daylight saving time throws Manila into chaos Manila Many Filipinos turned up late for work yesterday as the capital's public ransportation system failed to adjust to the first day of daylight saving time, an aide rn President Cora/on Aquino said. the government received complaints early in the momtag that the

]FIG]

- [137] [CITE[EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 415]]
([TIME[2014-01-31 18:01:21 +09:00]]) <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/1990/07jul/19900720-EO-0415-CCA.pdf>
- [135] [CITE@en-US[Executive Order No. 415, s. 1990 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] ([TIME[2018-02-15 15:33:49 +09:00]]) <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/07/20/executive-order-no-415-s-1990/>

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[59] [CITE[E.O. No. 415]]
( ([TIME[2010-07-06 06:40:12 +09:00]]))
<http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1990/eo_415_1990.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 415	July 20, 1990
> LIFTING THE DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME (DST) PROGRAM INSTITUTED UNDER THE NATIONAL EMERGENCY MEMORANDUM ORDER NO. 17, SERIES OF 1990, EFFECTIVE MIDNIGHT OF JULY 28, 1990
> WHEREAS, under the Guidelines Implementing National Emergency Memorandum Order No. 17, the Daily Saving Time (DST) Program shall be effective until August 31, 1990;
> WHEREAS, in view of the onset of the rainy season and the early nighttime darkness which both cut short the longer daylight hours expected during this time of the year, the Energy Conservation Inter-Agency Committee has recommended the early termination of the Daily Saving Time (DST) Program;
> NOW, THEREFORE, I, CORAZON, C. AQUINO, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by law, do hereby order:
> Sec. 1.	The Daylight Saving Time (DST) Program instituted under National Emergency Memorandum Order No. 17, Series of 1990, is hereby lifted effective midnight of July 28, 1990, Saturday, by adjusting the official clock one hour earlier, i.e., 12:00 midnight to 11:00 p.m. in both the public and private sectors.
> Sec. 2.	This Executive order shall be published for two (2) days in two national newspapers of general circulation.
> DONE in the City of Manila, this 20th day of July, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and ninety. 

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[63] [CITE[E.O. No. 418]]
( ([TIME[2010-07-06 06:39:28 +09:00]]))
<http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1990/eo_418_1990.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> DIRECTING THE IMMEDIATE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM

> Sec. 5.	The Energy Conservation Inter-Agency Committee established under Executive Order No. 412 dated July 13, 1990 shall continue to implement energy conservation measures provided under National Emergency Memorandum Order No. 17, S. of 1990, except for the Daylight Saving Time,

> Sec. 12.	This Executive Order shall take effect immediately.
> DONE in the City of Manila, this 13th day of August, nineteen hundred and ninety.

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[192] [CITE[湾岸戦争とアキノ政権]]
([TIME[2018-09-22 20:49:54 +09:00]])
<file:///C:/Users/a/Downloads/10100325.pdf>
]FIGCAPTION]

> 90年5月2日付け国家非常事態覚書第17号のエネルギー節約指示があった。[SNIP[]] これによる夏時間制の実施が5月21日から実施された (しかしながら夏時間制は国民に不評で7月28日に廃止された)。

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[111] [CITE[再び経済・政治危機の淵に : 1990年のフィリピン]]
(福島光丘 [TIME[2018-09-22 18:23:03 +09:00]])
<https://ir.ide.go.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=38959&file_id=26&file_no=1>
]FIGCAPTION]

> 5月[SNIP[]]3日[SNIP[]]5月21日から8月末まで1時間早める夏時間を実施。
> [SNIP[]]
> 7月[SNIP[]]20日 28日深夜に夏時間廃止――EO 第415号

]FIG]

- [95] [[Shanks]] (2003)

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[58] [CITE@en[Time changes in year 1990 for Philippines – Manila]]
( ([TIME[2016-06-22 01:43:45 +09:00]]))
<http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/philippines/manila?year=1990>
]FIGCAPTION]

> When local standard time was about to reach
> Monday, 21 May 1990, 00:00:00 clocks were turned forward 1 hour to 
> Monday, 21 May 1990, 01:00:00 local daylight time instead
> When local daylight time was about to reach
> Sunday, 29 July 1990, 00:00:00 clocks were turned backward 1 hour to 
> Saturday, 28 July 1990, 23:00:00 local standard time instead

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[50] [CITE[Philippine Experiments With Daylight Saving Time | Life So Mundane]]
( ([TIME[2016-06-21 19:31:40 +09:00]]))
<http://www.lifesomundane.net/2011/10/philippine-experiments-with-daylight.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> If I am not so sure about DST being implemented during the Marcos era, I am dead certain that it was during the Cory Aquino era. 

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[55] [CITE@en-US[DST Philippines - Tagalog Po!]]
( ([TIME[2016-06-22 01:26:37 +09:00]]))
<http://tagalogpo.com/filipino-cultural-notes/daylight-savings-time-philippines/>
]FIGCAPTION]

> Currently the Philippines does not enforce daylight savings time; although in the years 1936-1937,1954, and 1990 daylight savings time was briefly implemented. 

]FIG]


]REFS]


]REFS]

-*-*-

[165] 
[TIME[1996年][year:1996]]、 [[PAGASA]] [[TSU]] は 
[[Luminous Digital Clock]] と [[Global Positioning System]] ([[GPS]])
を導入し、
[TIME[1997年][year:1997]]から[RUBYB[主たる参照時刻系]@en[primary reference timing system]]
として用いられるようになりました [SRC[>>81]]。

-*-*-

[166] 
[TIME[2003年][year:2003]]、
[[PAGASA]] [[TSU]] は
[[PAGASA]] Astronomical Observatory の
Transit Building に移転し、
Rubidium/Global Positioning System Common View (Rb/GPSCV) Time Transfer System
に移行しました。 [SRC[>>81]]

-*-*-

[157] 
[TIME[2006年4月][2006-04]]、
[[フィリピン]]の [[Department of Trade and Industry]] は、
原油価格高騰を受けて[[資源]]節約のため[[夏時刻]]の実施を提案しました [SRC[>>153]]
が、実施に至りませんでした。
[SEE[ [[第三次石油危機]] ]]

** 標準時励行

[156] 
[TIME[2007年][year:2007]]頃の [[Wikipedia]] には、
[[Davao City]] で[[フィリピン標準時]]より10分進んでいた ([TZ[+08:10]])、
あるいは15分進んでいた ([TZ[+08:15]]) という記述がありましたが、
出典不明として削除されました。 [SRC[>>153]]
実際にそのような制度が存在していたのか、
それとも[[標準時]]が十分に徹底されていなかっただけなのか不明です。
なお [[Davao City]] の[[経度]]は [LON[125.36.00E]] = [TZ[+08:22]] です。

-*-*-

[42] [TIME[2013年5月15日][2013-05-15]]公布の比律賓[RUBYB[共和国法第10535号]@en[Republic Act No. 10535]]
[CITE[The Philippine Standard Time (PST) Act of 2013]] は、
[[比律賓標準時]]の利用を国内各機関に求めています [SRC[>>40]]。
ここでは、[DFN[比律賓標準時]] ([DFN[PST]]) は政府観象当局
[[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]] ([[PAGASA]]) 
の Time Service Unit によって管理され、親組織
[[Department of Science and Technology]] ([[DOST]])
と協力して国内に[[配布][報時]]することが定められています [SRC[>>40]]。

;; [43] [[比律賓標準時]]自体の定義は含まれていませんが、
おそらくは1936年準州法 (>>57) が有効なのだと思われます。
[[施行規則]] [SRC[>>49]] には実施方法がより詳しく規定されており、 [[UTC]] 
に基づく補正などにも言及はあるのですが、 [[UTC]] との[[時差]]など [[PhST]]
自体の定義はやはり (準州法の参照すら) 見当たりません。

[102] その背景には、[[テレビ放送]]の[[時刻]]すら統一されていない実情がある
[SRC[>>27]] ようです。ちなみにこのような状況は[[タイの標準時]]でも起こっています。

-*-*-

[158]
[TIME[2014年8月][2014-08]]、
[[LPGMA Partylist Representative]] の [[Arnel Ty]] は、
[[Benigno Aquino III]] [[大統領]]に電力危機対策のため
[TIME[2014年11月][2014-11]]-[TIME[2015年1月][2015-01]]と
[TIME[2015年3月][2015-03]]-[TIME[6月][2015-06]]の[[日光節約時]]実施を提言しましたが、
実施に至りませんでした [SRC[>>153, >>51]]。


[REFS[

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[144] [CITE@en-US[DepEd urges schools to use Philippine Standard Time | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] ([TIME[2018-02-15 16:50:51 +09:00]]) <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/11/11/luistro-urges-schools-to-use-philippine-standard-time/>
]FIGCAPTION]

>[B[A November 11, 2011 press release from the Department of Education]]
>
The Department of Education issued DepEd Order Number 86, series of 2011, “Synchronizing with the Philippine Standard Time,” directing all school officials nationwide to synchronize with the Philippine Standard Time (PST) so that all school-based activities are conducted simultaneously.
]FIG]

- [7] [CITE@en[tz/asia at master · eggert/tz]] ([TIME[2017-10-23 23:55:46 +09:00]]) <https://github.com/eggert/tz/blob/master/asia#L2717>
- [6] [CITE@en[Philippine Standard Time - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia]]
([TIME[2015-10-20 21:19:23 +09:00]] 版)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Standard_Time>
-- [153] [CITE@en[Talk:Philippine Standard Time - Wikipedia]] ([TIME[2018-02-01 17:54:24 +09:00]]) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Philippine_Standard_Time>
- [25] [CITE@en[Daylight saving time in the Philippines - Wikipedia]] ([TIME[2018-02-11 10:44:42 +09:00]]) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_the_Philippines>
- [16] [CITE@en-US[Republic Act No. 10535 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] ([TIME[2016-04-01 22:34:36 +09:00]] 版) <http://www.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/>
- [143] [CITE@en-US[Republic Act No. 10535 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] ([TIME[2018-02-15 16:48:34 +09:00]]) <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/>

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[40] [CITE@en-US[Republic Act No. 10535 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]
( ([TIME[2016-06-15 00:52:58 +09:00]]))
<http://www.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/>
]FIGCAPTION]

> AN ACT TO SET THE PHILIPPINE STANDARD TIME (PST) IN ALL OFFICIAL SOURCES THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY, TO PROVIDE FUNDS FOR THE INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SYNCHRONIZED TIME DEVICES TO BE DISPLAYED IN KEY PUBLIC PLACES AND TO DECLARE THE FIRST WEEK OF EVERY YEAR AS NATIONAL TIME CONSCIOUSNESS WEEK

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[41] [CITE@en-US[DepEd urges schools to use Philippine Standard Time | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]
( ([TIME[2016-06-15 00:53:52 +09:00]]))
<http://www.gov.ph/2011/11/11/luistro-urges-schools-to-use-philippine-standard-time/>
]FIGCAPTION]

> The Department of Education issued DepEd Order Number 86, series of 2011, “Synchronizing with the Philippine Standard Time,” directing all school officials nationwide to synchronize with the Philippine Standard Time (PST) so that all school-based activities are conducted simultaneously.

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[86] [CITE@en[Juan Time to sync time pieces with PST]]
Published: 30 September 2011
([[Framelia V. Anonas, S&T Media Service, DOST-STII]]著, [TIME[2016-09-08 00:00:57 +09:00]])
<http://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/news/36-2011-news/253-juan-time-to-sync-time-pieces-with-pst>
]FIGCAPTION]

> To sync all time pieces in the country’s more than 7,100 islands, the Department of Science and Technology with several partners will unveil at 7:00 PM tonight a clock prototype that displays the Philippine Standard Time. Dubbed “Juan Time”, DOST’s campaign aims to promote the nationwide use of the PST (hence “Juan Time”, a word play on “One Time” and “Juan” being the common name for Filipinos) and sync timepieces with the PST.
> “Time is a resource that is very important but often overlooked,” said DOST Secretary Mario G. Montejo. “Other than its social and economic value, time is something that can unite us as Filipinos.”
> “Juan Time reminds Filipinos that keeping to the PST avoids the difficulties of having confusing, unsynchronized time,” Montejo added.
> Established decades ago, the PST is set by DOST’s Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), the country’s official timekeeper since 1978 as mandated by Section 6 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 8.
> The PST is set via DOST-PAGASA’s timing system that consists of rubidium atomic clock, Global Positioning System receiver, time interval counter, distribution amplifier, and a computer. The system automatically calculates its time difference with every satellite within its antenna’s field of view. The PST is available online at the DOST-PAGASA website (http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph).

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[44] [CITE@en[Philippine Standard Time]]
([[Eljhay]]著, [TIME[2016-06-21 23:56:52 +09:00]])
<http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/astronomy/philippine-standard-time>
]FIGCAPTION]

> The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) is mandated by law, as the government agency which is tasked to keep and disseminate the Philippine Standard Time (PhST). Section 6 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 8, defining the metric system in the country, states that: "PAGASA shall be responsible in the establishment, maintenance and operation of the National Standard for the second of time".
> Another law is Presidential Decree 1149, assigning PAGASA as the official agency that will handle the dissemination of the Philippine Standard Time (PST). Recently, the Philippine Standard Time Act was created.  Later, its Implementing Rules and Regulations was also created.

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[46] [CITE@en[PHILIPPINE LAWS, STATUTES AND CODES - CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY]]
( ([[Joselito Guianan Chan, Managing Partner, Chan Robles and Associates Law Firm]]著, [TIME[2013-07-18 04:31:30 +09:00]]))
<http://www.chanrobles.com/bataspambansabilang8.htm#.V2lWWPmLTIW>
]FIGCAPTION]

> Sec.  6.  National standards for metric units. — (a)  For the purpose of deriving the value of the base units, the National Institute of Science and Technology shall establish and maintain national standards of these units with the concurrence of the Board for certification by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, when necessary. chanrobles virtual law library . chanrobles virtual law library
> (b)  For the purpose of deriving the value of the second the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration shall establish and maintain the national standard for the second, with the concurrence of the board. chan

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[47] [CITE[P.D. No. 1149]]
( ([TIME[2010-05-28 09:02:40 +09:00]]))
<http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1977/pd_1149_1977.html>
]FIGCAPTION]

> PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1149
> AMENDING CERTAIN SECTIONS OF PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 78 OTHERWISE KNOWN AS "THE ATMOSPHERIC, GEOPHYSICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL SCIENCE ACT OF 1972"
> WHEREAS, under Letter of Instruction No. 41, dated December 11, 1975 the Typhoon Moderation Research and Development Council (TMRDC) created pursuant to Republic Act No. 6613 was transferred from the Office of the President and merged with the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), Department of National Defense;
> (c) The National Geophysical and Astronomical OFFICE shall undertake activities or observations and studies of Geophysical and Astronomical phenomena essential for the safety and welfare of the people and also for the economy of the country. The OFFICE shall issue bulletins and/or technical advise to the public in case of significant geophysical events like severe earthquakes and tsunami, and shall also serve as the official time service agency of the Philippines.

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[82] [CITE@en-US[PAGASA urges schools to follow PHL Standard Time | News | GMA News Online]]
(Published January 6, 2014 7:34pm [TIME[2016-07-28 12:55:47 +09:00]])
<http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/342658/news/nation/pagasa-urges-schools-to-follow-phl-standard-time>
]FIGCAPTION]

> Mario Raymundo, chief of the PAGASA's Time Service Unit, appealed to all school administrators to display clocks on their respective campuses displaying the PST, in line with National Time Consciousness Week observed from January 1 to 7.

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[48] [CITE@en[Implementing Rules and Regulations]]
( ([TIME[2016-06-22 00:07:07 +09:00]]))
<http://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/2014-04-27-01-59-53/implementing-rules-and-regulations>
]FIGCAPTION]

> IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT N0.10535, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE PHILIPPINE STANDARD TlME ACT OF 2013 HOTDownload
> AN ACT TO SET THE PHILIPPINE STANDARD TIME (PST) IN ALL OFFICIAL SOURCES THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY, TO PROVIDE FUNDS FOR THE INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SYNCHRONIZED TIME DEVICES TO BE DISPLAYED IN KEY PUBLIC PLACES AND TO DECLARE THE FIRST WEEK OF EVERY YEAR AS NATIONAL TIME CONSCIOUSNESS WEEK
> Information
> Created 2014-10-01 Changed 2016-05-05

]FIG]


[49] [CITE[Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No. 10535 "Philippine Standard Time (PhST) Act of 2013"]]
( ([TIME[2014-01-20 15:50:28 +09:00]]))
<http://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/2014-04-27-01-59-53/implementing-rules-and-regulations/send/48-irr/249-ra-10535-irr-ao-013-s2013-12032013>

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[27] [CITE@ja[フィリピンで やっと フィリピン標準時間が定着か? 2013年6月から : バギオの北ルソン日本人会 JANL]]
([[janlbaguio]] 著, [TIME[2016-04-01 23:27:56 +09:00]] 版)
<http://janl.exblog.jp/17878030>
]FIGCAPTION]

> この記事によりますと、テレビやラジオの事業者がフィリピン標準時をきちんと守らない場合には ペナルティーが科せられることになったとあります。
> この大元の時間管理は PAGASA、日本の気象庁に相当する機関が責任を持つともあります。
> 従来は、テレビなどを見ていても 正確な時刻が分らず、NHKのテレビで時計を合わせていましたが、 今後はテレビやラジオで正確な時刻が知らせられることで、フィリピンの人たちの時計が 同じ時刻を示してくれることを期待したいと思います。

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[77] [CITE@ja[テイクオフ:パーティーで定刻前に来… - NNA ASIA]]
([TIME[2016-07-25 11:29:31 +09:00]])
<http://www.nna.jp/articles/show/20140116php001A>
]FIGCAPTION]

> フィリピン人と待ち合わせる時は、約束の時間を1時間早めに設定しておいた方がいいともいわれる。昨年5月には、国民の時間厳守を奨励するフィリピン標準時法(共和国法第10535号)が成立しているのだが、認知度は低いようだ。

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[51] [CITE[PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time | Headlines, News, The Philippine Star | philstar.com]]
( ([TIME[2016-06-22 01:11:14 +09:00]]))
<http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time>
]FIGCAPTION]

> MANILA, Philippines - A House leader has called on Malacañang to declare the use of daylight-saving time (DST) starting November this year to January 2015, and then from March to June next year, to prepare the country for a looming power crisis.
> In House Resolution 1334, Deputy Minority Leader and LPG-MA Rep. Arnel Ty urged the Aquino administration to proclaim the observance of DST over the seven-month period “in order to significantly conserve energy."
> He said a 1936 law, Commonwealth Act No. 91', authorizes the President of the Philippines to proclaim the resort to DST, “when the public interest so requires,” for a cumulative period not exceeding seven months each year.
> DST was last proclaimed during the Ramos administration, when the country was reeling from a crippling power crisis.

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[53] [CITE@en-US[DOE: Daylight saving time no solution to power crisis | Money | GMA News Online]] (August 8, 2014 11:30pm, [TIME[2016-06-22 01:21:52 +09:00]]) <http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/374059/money/economy/doe-daylight-saving-time-no-solution-to-power-crisis>
]FIGCAPTION]

>The Department of Energy has dismissed Congress' suggestion to use daylight saving time to help address a looming power crisis next year, a report on GMA's “State of the Nation” program said Friday.
>
The suggestion was made by LPG Marketers' Association party-list Representative Arnel Ty who said adapting the system could help the country conserve energy.
]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[76] [CITE@en-US[DOST encourages public to sync clocks to Philippine Standard Time | SciTech | GMA News Online]]
(Published January 4, 2016 8:25pm [TIME[2016-07-07 20:47:03 +09:00]])
<http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/549972/scitech/science/dost-encourages-public-to-sync-clocks-to-philippine-standard-time>
]FIGCAPTION]

> There's a running theory that we'd all be on time if traffic in Metro Manila weren't so bad, but while concerned government agencies are trying to solve that problem, the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) wants the public to at least be synchronized.
> The DOST is once again leading the observance of the National Time Consciousness Week (NTCW), which starts on January 4th and ends on the 8th.
> NTCW was initiated last year and in the spirit of the campaign to instill more discipline, the public is enjoined to synchronize their watches with the official Philippine Standard Time (PhST).
> PhST is provided by the PAG-ASA and via Republic Act 10535 or The Philippine Standard Time Act of 2013, local government offices as well as broadcasting companies are required to follow "Juan Time."
> - See more at: http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/549972/scitech/science/dost-encourages-public-to-sync-clocks-to-philippine-standard-time#sthash.z3a2IMJI.dpuf

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[52] [CITE@en[For First Time Ever, Philippines Will Observe Daylight Saving Time |]]
( ([TIME[2016-06-22 01:15:44 +09:00]]))
<https://adobochronicles.com/2016/03/12/for-first-time-ever-philippines-will-observe-daylight-saving-time/>
]FIGCAPTION]

> MANILA, Philippines (The Adobo Chronicles, Manila Bureau) – Starting at 2 o’clock a.m. Sunday (Monday, Philippine time), Americans, except those in Arizona and Hawaii,  will set their clocks forward by one hour as part of Daylight Saving Time (DST).  In the Philippines, Filipinos will advance their clocks by two hours.
> For the first time in the history of the Philippines, this tropical country in Asia is implementing DST, but unlike its U.S. counterpart, it is a two-hour adjustment.

> However, Philippine DST has nothing to do with energy-saving.  It is a national scheme to encourage and ensure that Filipinos arrive at their appointments, school or work ON TIME — in fact two hours early.
> You see, the Philippines is known for “Filipino time,” a standard in which people arriving late for appointments is expected, much less tolerated.  Even their country’s flag carrier, Philippine Air Lines, or PAL, is often referred to as “Plane Always Late.”
> With the new Philippine DST, many employers will be very pleased that at last, their workers will arrive on time — assuming the LRT and MRT (light railway) trains run on schedule.
> “By the time DST is set back to regular or standard time in the fall, Filipinos will already have been used to being on time or early,” President NoyNoy Aquino told reporters today.

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[54] [CITE@en[About Us |]]
( ([TIME[2016-06-22 01:25:16 +09:00]]))
<https://adobochronicles.com/about/>
]FIGCAPTION]

> THE ADOBO CHRONICLES  is your source of up-to-date, unbelievable news. Everything you read on this site is based on fact, except for the lies.

]FIG]

[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[81] [CITE@en-US[PAGASA Time Service - Tagalog Po!]]
([TIME[2016-07-28 12:53:09 +09:00]])
<http://tagalogpo.com/filipino-cultural-notes/pagasa-time-service/>
]FIGCAPTION]

> The Time Service Division was established as one of the major units in the then Weather Bureau sometime in 1949. Its master clock was a U. Nardin Marine Chronometer, with pendulum regulator, which was utilized as a dispatch clock. A short synchrome ensemble replaced the marine chronometer in 1951 and a quartz crystal clock improved the system in 1965.
> Since then, there was no major improvement that had been done with the system, except for the acquisition of a Digitizing Oscilloscope.  In 1988, the Time Service Division was downgraded to the Time Service Unit (TSU), together with the reorganization of the PAGASA.  In 1996, the TSU acquired a Luminous Digital Clock and a Global Positioning System (GPS), which were installed in 1997, as its primary reference timing system.
> In 2003, TSU was transferred to the newly renovated Transit Building of the PAGASA Astronomical Observatory, equipped with the new timing equipment, known as the Rubidium/Global Positioning System Common View (Rb/GPSCV) Time Transfer System.  The detailed characteristics, components and utilization of the Rb/GPSCV are given in a succeeding section.

]FIG]

]REFS]

* 新南群島

[78] [[フィリピン]]は[[新南群島]]の領有権を主張し、一部を[[実効支配]]しています。
[[新南群島]]の時刻については、[[東南アジアの標準時]]を参照。

* 北ボルネオ

[79] [[フィリピン]]は[[北ボルネオ]]の領有権を主張していたことがあります。
[[北ボルネオ]]の時刻については、[[マレーシアの標準時]]を参照。

* 関連

[65] 現在の[[フィリピンの標準時]] [TZ[+08:00]] は、
[[中国大陸の標準時]]、[[マレーシアの標準時]]・[[シンガポールの標準時]]、
[[台湾の標準時]]、[[インドネシアの標準時]]の1つなどと同じものです。

[80] かつて[[フィリピン]]と同じく[[スペイン領東インド]]に属していた各地域については、
[[南洋群島の標準時]]・[[グアムの標準時]]、[[台湾の標準時]]、
[[インドネシアの標準時]]を参照。

[167] [[Juan Time]] は慢性的に[[時間]]に遅れることを自虐的に、
あるいは軽蔑的に指す言葉としても[[フィリピン]]で用いられています。

;; [[地方時間]]を参照。

* メモ






[168] [CITE@en[Remove unused letters from Rule lines]]
([[eggert]]著, [TIME[2018-01-31 02:15:49 +09:00]])
<https://github.com/eggert/tz/commit/ed991472a575483e35d21b2b8d7bad84d2923d54>





[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[211] [CITE@en-US[Official Month in Review: March 1977 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]
([TIME[2018-10-10 18:10:19 +09:00]])
<http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1977/04/25/official-month-in-review-march-1977/>
]FIGCAPTION]

> March 25—
> [SNIP[]]
> The President ordered the observance of a daylight saving time program throughout the country starting March 28. In an executive order, the President directed that local time will be advanced one hour starting midnight of March 27 and will continue until midnight of June 7, 1977. The President enjoined all offices, business establishments, commercial houses and stores, factories and all enterprises, both public and private, to cooperate with the program. He said the Energy Conservation Movement of the Philippines will monitor results of the measures to generate maximum conservation in power and energy consumption.

]FIG]


[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[212] [CITE@en-US[Official Week in Review: May 22 – May 31, 1977 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]
([TIME[2018-10-10 18:11:05 +09:00]])
<https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1977/05/30/official-week-in-review-may-22-may-31-1977/>
]FIGCAPTION]

> May 25—
> THE PRESIDENT signed Proclamation No. 1641 extending to midnight of September 21, 1977, the effectivity of the Daylight Saving Time (DST). DST, which was first proclaimed on March 27 to take Advantage of longer daylight hours during the summer period, was to expire on midnight of June 7. The President said the extention of DST will further generate savings of electric power and fuel consumption consistent with the country’s energy conservation drive.

]FIG]