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* 仕様書
[REFS[
- [30] [CITE@en[WebDriver]] ([TIME[2016-04-26 08:11:40 +09:00]] 版) <https://w3c.github.io/webdriver/webdriver-spec.html>
]REFS]
* WebDriver の実装
[35] [[サーバー]]側:
[FIG(short list)[
- [[Selenium]]
- [[ChromeDriver]]
- [[GeckoDriver]]
-- [[Marionette]]
]FIG]
[36] [[クライアント]]は、世間では [[Selenium]] と[[言語]]依存の専用の[[クライアントライブラリー]]を使うことが多いですが、
[[WebDriver]] は単なる [[Web API]] なので、普通の [[HTTP]]
用[[ライブラリー]]があれば利用できます。
;; [37] しかし定型処理がわずらわしくなりますから、素の [[HTTP]] のまま操作するよりは、
ある程度[[抽象化]]された[[クライアントライブラリー]]は欲しいですね。
* 非互換性
[38] 色々な [[WebDriver]] の実装は、似て非なる[[プロトコル]]を使っています。
[39] [[Selenium]] のサーバーでは[[パス]]の先頭に [CODE[/wd/hub]] が付きます。
[[ChromeDriver]] や [[GeckoDriver]] では[[パス]]全体が [[WebDriver]]
仕様のものと解釈されます。
[40] [[WebDriver]] 仕様上は [[HTTP状態符号]]で正常かエラーかを表しますが、
[[ChromeDriver]] は基本的に [CODE[200]] を使います。
[[応答本体]]の [[JSON]] の [CODE[status]] が [N[0]] なら成功、
それ以外なら何らかのエラーです。
[CODE[value]] が [[JSONオブジェクト]]となり、その [CODE[message]]
に[[人間]]向けのエラーメッセージが入ります。
[TIME[2016-08-12T11:10:35.000Z]]
[43] [[WebDriver]] 仕様では[[スクリプト]]の実行は [CODE[/session/{session_id}/execute/sync]]
となっていますが、 [[ChromeDriver]] では [CODE[/session/{session_id}/execute]] です。
[42] [[ChromeDriver]] では [CODE[/status]] を [CODE[GET]] すると[[ビルド環境]]の情報が得られます。
[103] 各[[エンドポイント]]の項も参照。
* 用途
[FIG(list)[ [70] [[WebDriver]] を使った [[Webブラウザー]]操作の利用例
- [71] [[Webアプリケーション]]の[[テスト]]
- [75] [[Webブラウザー]]の[[テスト]]
- [72] [[スクレイピング]]
- [76] [[Webアプリケーション]]の定型操作
- [73] [[Webページ]]の[[スクリーンショット]]撮影
- [74] [[画像処理]]や [[3D]] や[[音声]]の汎用処理ツールとしての [[Webブラウザー]]の流用
]FIG]
* 歴史
[1] [CITE[JsonWireProtocol - selenium - A description of the protocol used by WebDriver to communicate with remote instances - Browser automation framework - Google Project Hosting]]
( ([TIME[2011-12-10 10:05:47 +09:00]] 版))
<http://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol>
[33] [CITE[JsonWireProtocol - selenium - A description of the protocol used by WebDriver to communicate with remote instances - Browser automation framework - Google Project Hosting]] ([TIME[2016-08-07 23:39:48 +09:00]]) <https://web.archive.org/web/20160205035909/https://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol>
[2] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
( ([TIME[2012-07-09 22:55:39 +09:00]] 版))
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-webdriver-20120710/>
[3] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
( ([TIME[2013-01-16 16:15:31 +09:00]] 版))
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-webdriver-20130117/>
[4] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
( ([TIME[2013-03-07 22:44:44 +09:00]] 版))
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-webdriver-20130312/>
[5] [CITE[JsonWireProtocol - selenium - A description of the protocol used by WebDriver to communicate with remote instances - Browser automation framework - Google Project Hosting]]
( ([TIME[2013-10-22 02:13:24 +09:00]] 版))
<https://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol>
[6] [CITE[JsonWireProtocol - selenium - A description of the protocol used by WebDriver to communicate with remote instances - Browser automation framework - Google Project Hosting]]
( ([TIME[2014-10-30 06:27:12 +09:00]] 版))
<https://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol#Capabilities_JSON_Object>
[7] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
( ([TIME[2014-11-07 11:04:46 +09:00]] 版))
<https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/webdriver/raw-file/default/webdriver-spec.html>
[8] [CITE[Selenium WebDriver — Selenium Documentation]]
( ([TIME[2015-01-13 13:08:11 +09:00]] 版))
<http://docs.seleniumhq.org/docs/03_webdriver.jsp>
[9] [CITE@en[The Architecture of Open Source Applications: Selenium WebDriver]]
( ([TIME[2013-02-05 12:26:15 +09:00]] 版))
<http://www.aosabook.org/en/selenium.html>
[10] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2015-08-03 16:17:27 +09:00]] 版)
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-webdriver-20150803/>
[11] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2015-08-04 08:21:14 +09:00]] 版)
<https://w3c.github.io/webdriver/webdriver-spec.html>
[12] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2015-08-04 09:40:50 +09:00]] 版)
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-webdriver-20150804/>
[13] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2015-08-05 09:53:35 +09:00]] 版)
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-webdriver-20150805/>
[14] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2015-08-08 18:42:00 +09:00]] 版)
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-webdriver-20150808/>
[15] [CITE[WebDriver now a living standard]]
([TIME[2015-08-05 00:12:26 +09:00]] 版)
<https://sny.no/2015/08/living>
[16] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2015-08-28 06:56:57 +09:00]] 版)
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-webdriver-20150827/>
[17] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2015-09-02 19:16:24 +09:00]] 版)
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-webdriver-20150902/>
[18] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2015-09-09 21:28:34 +09:00]] 版)
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-webdriver-20150909/>
[19] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2015-09-15 23:41:36 +09:00]] 版)
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-webdriver-20150915/>
[20] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2015-09-18 19:01:06 +09:00]] 版)
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-webdriver-20150918/>
[21] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2015-09-21 19:57:39 +09:00]] 版)
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-webdriver-20150921/>
[22] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2015-10-26 09:00:16 +09:00]] 版)
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-webdriver-20151025/>
[23] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2015-10-28 14:55:19 +09:00]] 版)
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-webdriver-20151028/>
[24] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2015-10-29 10:40:59 +09:00]] 版)
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-webdriver-20151029/>
[FIG(quote)[
[FIGCAPTION[
[25] [CITE@ja[Microsoft Edge 用 WebDriver (Windows)]]
([TIME[2015-11-07 22:14:26 +09:00]] 版)
<https://msdn.microsoft.com/ja-jp/library/mt188085(v=vs.85).aspx>
]FIGCAPTION]
> Microsoft Edge の WebDriver 実装では既存のテストとの下位互換のために、W3C WebDriver 実装と JSON Wire Protocol の両方をサポートします。
]FIG]
[26] [CITE@en-US[Bringing automated testing to Microsoft Edge through WebDriver | Microsoft Edge Dev Blog]]
([TIME[2015-11-07 22:11:03 +09:00]] 版)
<https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2015/07/23/bringing-automated-testing-to-microsoft-edge-through-webdriver/>
[27] [CITE@en-US[Developer Resources : Microsoft Edge Dev]]
([TIME[2015-11-07 22:15:51 +09:00]] 版)
<https://dev.windows.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/platform/status/webdriver/details/>
[28] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2015-11-09 21:41:50 +09:00]] 版)
<http://www.w3.org/TR/2015/WD-webdriver-20151109/>
[29] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2016-01-20 09:39:43 +09:00]] 版)
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-webdriver-20160120/>
[31] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2016-04-27 01:21:39 +09:00]] 版)
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-webdriver-20160426/>
[32] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
( ([TIME[2016-05-23 21:42:38 +09:00]]))
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-webdriver-20160523/>
[34] [CITE@en-US[WebDriver Status - Mozilla | MDN]]
( ([TIME[2016-08-04 17:24:28 +09:00]]))
<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/QA/Marionette/WebDriver/status>
[44] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2016-08-30 23:27:25 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-webdriver-20160830/>
[45] [CITE[WebDriver Support in Safari 10 | WebKit]]
([TIME[2016-09-06 00:16:18 +09:00]])
<https://webkit.org/blog/6900/webdriver-support-in-safari-10/>
[46] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2016-10-13 22:37:03 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-webdriver-20161013/>
[47] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2016-10-20 06:00:23 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-webdriver-20161019/>
[48] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2016-10-22 08:51:18 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-webdriver-20161021/>
[49] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2016-10-26 00:27:09 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-webdriver-20161025/>
[50] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2016-11-01 06:48:14 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-webdriver-20161031/>
[51] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2016-11-15 19:44:51 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-webdriver-20161115/>
[52] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2016-11-16 23:46:53 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-webdriver-20161116/>
[53] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2016-11-30 05:42:32 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/WD-webdriver-20161129/>
[54] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-01-05 23:45:24 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170105/>
[55] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-01-11 00:28:23 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170110/>
[56] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-01-12 01:39:38 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170111/>
[57] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-01-12 23:39:44 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170112/>
[58] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-01-13 19:37:18 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170113/>
[59] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-01-17 05:10:11 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170116/>
[60] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-01-18 07:58:54 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170117/>
[61] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-01-19 05:54:35 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170118/>
[62] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-01-20 07:35:46 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170119/>
[63] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-01-21 07:23:59 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170120/>
[64] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-01-21 20:01:26 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170121/>
[65] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-01-24 00:52:41 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170123/>
[66] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-01-25 03:16:26 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170124/>
[67] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-01-25 22:19:39 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170125/>
[68] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-01-26 18:17:50 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170126/>
[69] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-01-28 02:57:57 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170127/>
[77] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-01 06:34:38 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170131/>
[78] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-01 21:39:55 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170201/>
[79] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-03 02:38:22 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170202/>
[80] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-04 07:17:53 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170203/>
[81] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-07 05:59:53 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170206/>
[82] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-07 22:27:06 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170207/>
[83] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-10 07:23:29 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170209/>
[84] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-11 01:03:00 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170210/>
[85] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-14 06:43:06 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170213/>
[86] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-15 05:22:14 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170214/>
[87] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-15 21:04:04 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170215/>
[88] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-17 22:47:44 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170217/>
[89] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-19 02:10:37 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170218/>
[90] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-20 01:00:44 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170219/>
[91] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-20 23:52:02 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170220/>
[92] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-22 02:15:14 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170221/>
[93] [CITE@en[Toggle spec to CR status]]
([[sideshowbarker]]著, [TIME[2017-02-21 14:26:38 +09:00]])
<https://github.com/w3c/webdriver/commit/6273b09685132df5715ba707d2d57e53bf508ac6>
[94] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-23 01:08:03 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170222/>
[95] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-23 23:37:59 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170223/>
[96] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-25 07:42:23 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170224/>
[97] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-02-28 22:13:28 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170228/>
[98] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-03-01 21:46:19 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170301/>
[99] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-03-02 17:58:50 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170302/>
[100] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-03-06 20:21:38 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170306/>
[101] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-03-07 19:07:50 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170307/>
[102] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-03-09 00:20:18 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170308/>
[41] [CITE@en[Transition Request: WebDriver to Candidate Recommendation]]
([[Michael'''['''tm''']''' Smith]]著, [TIME[2017-03-09 20:47:40 +09:00]])
<https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-archive/2017Mar/0000.html>
[104] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-03-12 16:32:29 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170312/>
[105] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-03-16 21:27:42 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170316/>
[106] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-03-21 05:26:59 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170320/>
[107] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-03-23 01:58:09 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170322/>
[108] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-03-25 02:21:55 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170324/>
[109] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-03-29 23:17:52 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/WD-webdriver-20170329/>
[110] [CITE@en[WebDriver]]
([TIME[2017-03-30 17:16:33 +09:00]])
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/CR-webdriver-20170330/>
[111] [CITE@ja[WebDriver について私が知っていること (2017 年版) - ひだまりソケットは壊れない]]
([TIME[2017-05-09 11:08:20 +09:00]])
<http://vividcode.hatenablog.com/entry/web-driver-introduction-2017>
[112] [CITE@en[webdriverio/webdriverio: A Node.js bindings implementation for the W3C WebDriver protocol]]
([TIME[2017-05-09 23:42:12 +09:00]])
<https://github.com/webdriverio/webdriverio>
[113] [CITE@ja[WebDriver によるスクリプト実行の現状 (geckodriver と ChromeDriver) - ひだまりソケットは壊れない]]
([TIME[2017-05-11 12:29:12 +09:00]])
<http://vividcode.hatenablog.com/entry/web-driver/how-to-execute-script>
[114] [CITE@en[interface: mark navigator.webdriver as unforgeable]]
([[andreastt]]著, [TIME[2017-05-13 08:36:13 +09:00]])
<https://github.com/w3c/webdriver/commit/b50038af851ca2d11edfe0a70f568332f50d0ac4>
[115] [CITE@en[Rephrase description of navigator.webdriver]]
([[shekyan]]著, [TIME[2017-05-19 08:50:02 +09:00]])
<https://github.com/w3c/webdriver/commit/48e8c855facbcbc8682d734c0922ce69d71ce248>