nlsocket.py

'''
Base netlink socket and marshal
===============================

All the netlink providers are derived from the socket
class, so they provide normal socket API, including
`getsockopt()`, `setsockopt()`, they can be used in
poll/select I/O loops etc.

asynchronous I/O
----------------

To run async reader thread, one should call
`NetlinkSocket.bind(async=True)`. In that case a
background thread will be launched. The thread will
automatically collect all the messages and store
into a userspace buffer.

.. note::
    There is no need to turn on async I/O, if you
    don't plan to receive broadcast messages.

ENOBUF and async I/O
--------------------

When Netlink messages arrive faster than a program
reads then from the socket, the messages overflow
the socket buffer and one gets ENOBUF on `recv()`::

    ... self.recv(bufsize)
    error: [Errno 105] No buffer space available

One way to avoid ENOBUF, is to use async I/O. Then the
library not only reads and buffers all the messages, but
also re-prioritizes threads. Suppressing the parser
activity, the library increases the response delay, but
spares CPU to read and enqueue arriving messages as
fast, as it is possible.

With logging level DEBUG you can notice messages, that
the library started to calm down the parser thread::

    DEBUG:root:Packet burst: the reader thread priority
        is increased, beware of delays on netlink calls
        Counters: delta=25 qsize=25 delay=0.1

This state requires no immediate action, but just some
more attention. When the delay between messages on the
parser thread exceeds 1 second, DEBUG messages become
WARNING ones::

    WARNING:root:Packet burst: the reader thread priority
        is increased, beware of delays on netlink calls
        Counters: delta=2525 qsize=213536 delay=3

This state means, that almost all the CPU resources are
dedicated to the reader thread. It doesn't mean, that
the reader thread consumes 100% CPU -- it means, that the
CPU is reserved for the case of more intensive bursts. The
library will return to the normal state only when the
broadcast storm will be over, and then the CPU will be
100% loaded with the parser for some time, when it will
process all the messages queued so far.

when async I/O doesn't help
---------------------------

Sometimes, even turning async I/O doesn't fix ENOBUF.
Mostly it means, that in this particular case the Python
performance is not enough even to read and store the raw
data from the socket. There is no workaround for such
cases, except of using something *not* Python-based.

One can still play around with SO_RCVBUF socket option,
but it doesn't help much. So keep it in mind, and if you
expect massive broadcast Netlink storms, perform stress
testing prior to deploy a solution in the production.

classes
-------
'''

import os
import sys
import time
import select
import struct
import logging
import traceback
import threading

from socket import AF_NETLINK
from socket import SOCK_DGRAM
from socket import MSG_PEEK
from socket import SOL_SOCKET
from socket import SO_RCVBUF
from socket import SO_SNDBUF

from pyroute2 import config
from pyroute2.common import AddrPool
from pyroute2.common import DEFAULT_RCVBUF
from pyroute2.netlink import nlmsg
from pyroute2.netlink import mtypes
from pyroute2.netlink import NLMSG_ERROR
from pyroute2.netlink import NLMSG_DONE
from pyroute2.netlink import NETLINK_GENERIC
from pyroute2.netlink import NETLINK_LISTEN_ALL_NSID
from pyroute2.netlink import NLM_F_DUMP
from pyroute2.netlink import NLM_F_MULTI
from pyroute2.netlink import NLM_F_REQUEST
from pyroute2.netlink import SOL_NETLINK
from pyroute2.netlink.exceptions import NetlinkError
from pyroute2.netlink.exceptions import NetlinkDecodeError
from pyroute2.netlink.exceptions import NetlinkHeaderDecodeError

try:
    from Queue import Queue
except ImportError:
    from queue import Queue

log = logging.getLogger(__name__)


class Marshal(object):
    '''
    Generic marshalling class
    '''

    msg_map = {}
    type_offset = 4
    type_format = 'H'
    debug = False

    def __init__(self):
        self.lock = threading.Lock()
        # one marshal instance can be used to parse one
        # message at once
        self.msg_map = self.msg_map or {}
        self.defragmentation = {}

    def parse(self, data, seq=None, callback=None):
        '''
        Parse string data.

        At this moment all transport, except of the native
        Netlink is deprecated in this library, so we should
        not support any defragmentation on that level
        '''
        offset = 0
        result = []
        # there must be at least one header in the buffer,
        # 'IHHII' == 16 bytes
        while offset <= len(data) - 16:
            # pick type and length
            length, = struct.unpack_from('I', data, offset)
            if length == 0:
                break
            error = None
            msg_type, = struct.unpack_from(self.type_format,
                                           data,
                                           offset + self.type_offset)
            if msg_type == NLMSG_ERROR:
                code = abs(struct.unpack_from('i', data, offset+16)[0])
                if code > 0:
                    error = NetlinkError(code)

            msg_class = self.msg_map.get(msg_type, nlmsg)
            msg = msg_class(data, offset=offset)

            try:
                msg.decode()
                msg['header']['error'] = error
                # try to decode encapsulated error message
                if error is not None:
                    enc_type = struct.unpack_from('H', data, offset+24)[0]
                    enc_class = self.msg_map.get(enc_type, nlmsg)
                    enc = enc_class(data, offset=offset+20)
                    enc.decode()
                    msg['header']['errmsg'] = enc
                if callback and seq == msg['header']['sequence_number']:
                    if callback(msg):
                        offset += msg.length
                        continue
            except NetlinkHeaderDecodeError as e:
                # in the case of header decoding error,
                # create an empty message
                msg = nlmsg()
                msg['header']['error'] = e
            except NetlinkDecodeError as e:
                msg['header']['error'] = e

            mtype = msg['header'].get('type', None)
            if mtype in (1, 2, 3, 4):
                msg['event'] = mtypes.get(mtype, 'none')
            self.fix_message(msg)
            offset += msg.length
            result.append(msg)

        return result

    def fix_message(self, msg):
        pass


# 8<-----------------------------------------------------------
# Singleton, containing possible modifiers to the NetlinkSocket
# bind() call.
#
# Normally, you can open only one netlink connection for one
# process, but there is a hack. Current PID_MAX_LIMIT is 2^22,
# so we can use the rest to modify the pid field.
#
# See also libnl library, lib/socket.c:generate_local_port()
sockets = AddrPool(minaddr=0x0,
                   maxaddr=0x3ff,
                   reverse=True)
# 8<-----------------------------------------------------------


class LockProxy(object):

    def __init__(self, factory, key):
        self.factory = factory
        self.refcount = 0
        self.key = key
        self.internal = threading.Lock()
        self.lock = factory.klass()

    def acquire(self, *argv, **kwarg):
        with self.internal:
            self.refcount += 1
            return self.lock.acquire()

    def release(self):
        with self.internal:
            self.refcount -= 1
            if (self.refcount == 0) and (self.key != 0):
                try:
                    del self.factory.locks[self.key]
                except KeyError:
                    pass
            return self.lock.release()

    def __enter__(self):
        self.acquire()

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        self.release()


class LockFactory(object):

    def __init__(self, klass=threading.RLock):
        self.klass = klass
        self.locks = {0: LockProxy(self, 0)}

    def __enter__(self):
        self.locks[0].acquire()

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        self.locks[0].release()

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        if key is None:
            key = 0
        if key not in self.locks:
            self.locks[key] = LockProxy(self, key)
        return self.locks[key]

    def __delitem__(self, key):
        del self.locks[key]


class NetlinkMixin(object):
    '''
    Generic netlink socket
    '''

    def __init__(self,
                 family=NETLINK_GENERIC,
                 port=None,
                 pid=None,
                 fileno=None,
                 all_ns=False):
        #
        # That's a trick. Python 2 is not able to construct
        # sockets from an open FD.
        #
        # So raise an exception, if the major version is < 3
        # and fileno is not None.
        #
        # Do NOT use fileno in a core pyroute2 functionality,
        # since the core should be both Python 2 and 3
        # compatible.
        #
        super(NetlinkMixin, self).__init__()
        if fileno is not None and sys.version_info[0] < 3:
            raise NotImplementedError('fileno parameter is not supported '
                                      'on Python < 3.2')

        # 8<-----------------------------------------
        self.addr_pool = AddrPool(minaddr=0x000000ff, maxaddr=0x0000ffff)
        self.epid = None
        self.port = 0
        self.fixed = True
        self.family = family
        self._fileno = fileno
        self.backlog = {0: []}
        self.callbacks = []     # [(predicate, callback, args), ...]
        self.pthread = None
        self.closed = False
        self.capabilities = {'create_bridge': config.kernel > [3, 2, 0],
                             'create_bond': config.kernel > [3, 2, 0],
                             'create_dummy': True,
                             'provide_master': config.kernel[0] > 2}
        self.backlog_lock = threading.Lock()
        self.read_lock = threading.Lock()
        self.change_master = threading.Event()
        self.lock = LockFactory()
        self._sock = None
        self._ctrl_read, self._ctrl_write = os.pipe()
        self.buffer_queue = Queue()
        self.qsize = 0
        self.log = []
        self.get_timeout = 30
        self.get_timeout_exception = None
        self.all_ns = all_ns
        if pid is None:
            self.pid = os.getpid() & 0x3fffff
            self.port = port
            self.fixed = self.port is not None
        elif pid == 0:
            self.pid = os.getpid()
        else:
            self.pid = pid
        # 8<-----------------------------------------
        self.groups = 0
        self.marshal = Marshal()
        # 8<-----------------------------------------
        # Set defaults
        self.post_init()

    def clone(self):
        return type(self)(family=self.family)

    def close(self):
        try:
            os.close(self._ctrl_write)
            os.close(self._ctrl_read)
        except OSError:
            # ignore the case when it is closed already
            pass

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        self.close()

    def release(self):
        log.warning("The `release()` call is deprecated")
        log.warning("Use `close()` instead")
        self.close()

    def register_callback(self, callback,
                          predicate=lambda x: True, args=None):
        '''
        Register a callback to run on a message arrival.

        Callback is the function that will be called with the
        message as the first argument. Predicate is the optional
        callable object, that returns True or False. Upon True,
        the callback will be called. Upon False it will not.
        Args is a list or tuple of arguments.

        Simplest example, assume ipr is the IPRoute() instance::

            # create a simplest callback that will print messages
            def cb(msg):
                print(msg)

            # register callback for any message:
            ipr.register_callback(cb)

        More complex example, with filtering::

            # Set object's attribute after the message key
            def cb(msg, obj):
                obj.some_attr = msg["some key"]

            # Register the callback only for the loopback device, index 1:
            ipr.register_callback(cb,
                                  lambda x: x.get('index', None) == 1,
                                  (self, ))

        Please note: you do **not** need to register the default 0 queue
        to invoke callbacks on broadcast messages. Callbacks are
        iterated **before** messages get enqueued.
        '''
        if args is None:
            args = []
        self.callbacks.append((predicate, callback, args))

    def unregister_callback(self, callback):
        '''
        Remove the first reference to the function from the callback
        register
        '''
        cb = tuple(self.callbacks)
        for cr in cb:
            if cr[1] == callback:
                self.callbacks.pop(cb.index(cr))
                return

    def register_policy(self, policy, msg_class=None):
        '''
        Register netlink encoding/decoding policy. Can
        be specified in two ways:
        `nlsocket.register_policy(MSG_ID, msg_class)`
        to register one particular rule, or
        `nlsocket.register_policy({MSG_ID1: msg_class})`
        to register several rules at once.
        E.g.::

            policy = {RTM_NEWLINK: ifinfmsg,
                      RTM_DELLINK: ifinfmsg,
                      RTM_NEWADDR: ifaddrmsg,
                      RTM_DELADDR: ifaddrmsg}
            nlsocket.register_policy(policy)

        One can call `register_policy()` as many times,
        as one want to -- it will just extend the current
        policy scheme, not replace it.
        '''
        if isinstance(policy, int) and msg_class is not None:
            policy = {policy: msg_class}

        assert isinstance(policy, dict)
        for key in policy:
            self.marshal.msg_map[key] = policy[key]

        return self.marshal.msg_map

    def unregister_policy(self, policy):
        '''
        Unregister policy. Policy can be:

            - int -- then it will just remove one policy
            - list or tuple of ints -- remove all given
            - dict -- remove policies by keys from dict

        In the last case the routine will ignore dict values,
        it is implemented so just to make it compatible with
        `get_policy_map()` return value.
        '''
        if isinstance(policy, int):
            policy = [policy]
        elif isinstance(policy, dict):
            policy = list(policy)

        assert isinstance(policy, (tuple, list, set))

        for key in policy:
            del self.marshal.msg_map[key]

        return self.marshal.msg_map

    def get_policy_map(self, policy=None):
        '''
        Return policy for a given message type or for all
        message types. Policy parameter can be either int,
        or a list of ints. Always return dictionary.
        '''
        if policy is None:
            return self.marshal.msg_map

        if isinstance(policy, int):
            policy = [policy]

        assert isinstance(policy, (list, tuple, set))

        ret = {}
        for key in policy:
            ret[key] = self.marshal.msg_map[key]

        return ret

    def sendto(self, *argv, **kwarg):
        return self._sendto(*argv, **kwarg)

    def recv(self, *argv, **kwarg):
        return self._recv(*argv, **kwarg)

    def recv_into(self, *argv, **kwarg):
        return self._recv_into(*argv, **kwarg)

    def recv_ft(self, size=None):
        return self._recv(size)

    def async_recv(self):
        poll = select.poll()
        poll.register(self._sock, select.POLLIN | select.POLLPRI)
        poll.register(self._ctrl_read, select.POLLIN | select.POLLPRI)
        sockfd = self._sock.fileno()
        while True:
            events = poll.poll()
            for (fd, event) in events:
                if fd == sockfd:
                    try:
                        data = bytearray(64000)
                        self._sock.recv_into(data, 64000)
                        self.buffer_queue.put(data)
                    except Exception as e:
                        self.buffer_queue.put(e)
                else:
                    return

    def put(self, msg, msg_type,
            msg_flags=NLM_F_REQUEST,
            addr=(0, 0),
            msg_seq=0,
            msg_pid=None):
        '''
        Construct a message from a dictionary and send it to
        the socket. Parameters:

            - msg -- the message in the dictionary format
            - msg_type -- the message type
            - msg_flags -- the message flags to use in the request
            - addr -- `sendto()` addr, default `(0, 0)`
            - msg_seq -- sequence number to use
            - msg_pid -- pid to use, if `None` -- use os.getpid()

        Example::

            s = IPRSocket()
            s.bind()
            s.put({'index': 1}, RTM_GETLINK)
            s.get()
            s.close()

        Please notice, that the return value of `s.get()` can be
        not the result of `s.put()`, but any broadcast message.
        To fix that, use `msg_seq` -- the response must contain the
        same `msg['header']['sequence_number']` value.
        '''
        if msg_seq != 0:
            self.lock[msg_seq].acquire()
        try:
            if msg_seq not in self.backlog:
                self.backlog[msg_seq] = []
            if not isinstance(msg, nlmsg):
                msg_class = self.marshal.msg_map[msg_type]
                msg = msg_class(msg)
            if msg_pid is None:
                msg_pid = self.epid or os.getpid()
            msg['header']['type'] = msg_type
            msg['header']['flags'] = msg_flags
            msg['header']['sequence_number'] = msg_seq
            msg['header']['pid'] = msg_pid
            self.sendto_gate(msg, addr)
        except:
            raise
        finally:
            if msg_seq != 0:
                self.lock[msg_seq].release()

    def sendto_gate(self, msg, addr):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def get(self, bufsize=DEFAULT_RCVBUF,
            msg_seq=0,
            terminate=None,
            callback=None):
        '''
        Get parsed messages list. If `msg_seq` is given, return
        only messages with that `msg['header']['sequence_number']`,
        saving all other messages into `self.backlog`.

        The routine is thread-safe.

        The `bufsize` parameter can be:

            - -1: bufsize will be calculated from the first 4 bytes of
                the network data
            - 0: bufsize will be calculated from SO_RCVBUF sockopt
            - int >= 0: just a bufsize
        '''
        ctime = time.time()

        with self.lock[msg_seq]:
            if bufsize == -1:
                # get bufsize from the network data
                bufsize = struct.unpack("I", self.recv(4, MSG_PEEK))[0]
            elif bufsize == 0:
                # get bufsize from SO_RCVBUF
                bufsize = self.getsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF) // 2

            ret = []
            enough = False
            while not enough:
                # 8<-----------------------------------------------------------
                #
                # This stage changes the backlog, so use mutex to
                # prevent side changes
                self.backlog_lock.acquire()
                ##
                # Stage 1. BEGIN
                #
                # 8<-----------------------------------------------------------
                #
                # Check backlog and return already collected
                # messages.
                #
                if msg_seq == 0 and self.backlog[0]:
                    # Zero queue.
                    #
                    # Load the backlog, if there is valid
                    # content in it
                    ret.extend(self.backlog[0])
                    self.backlog[0] = []
                    # And just exit
                    self.backlog_lock.release()
                    break
                elif self.backlog.get(msg_seq, None):
                    # Any other msg_seq.
                    #
                    # Collect messages up to the terminator.
                    # Terminator conditions:
                    #  * NLMSG_ERROR != 0
                    #  * NLMSG_DONE
                    #  * terminate() function (if defined)
                    #  * not NLM_F_MULTI
                    #
                    # Please note, that if terminator not occured,
                    # more `recv()` rounds CAN be required.
                    for msg in tuple(self.backlog[msg_seq]):

                        # Drop the message from the backlog, if any
                        self.backlog[msg_seq].remove(msg)

                        # If there is an error, raise exception
                        if msg['header'].get('error', None) is not None:
                            self.backlog[0].extend(self.backlog[msg_seq])
                            del self.backlog[msg_seq]
                            # The loop is done
                            self.backlog_lock.release()
                            raise msg['header']['error']

                        # If it is the terminator message, say "enough"
                        # and requeue all the rest into Zero queue
                        if (msg['header']['type'] == NLMSG_DONE) or \
                                (terminate is not None and terminate(msg)):
                            # The loop is done
                            enough = True

                        # If it is just a normal message, append it to
                        # the response
                        if not enough:
                            ret.append(msg)
                            # But finish the loop on single messages
                            if not msg['header']['flags'] & NLM_F_MULTI:
                                # but not multi -- so end the loop
                                enough = True

                        # Enough is enough, requeue the rest and delete
                        # our backlog
                        if enough:
                            self.backlog[0].extend(self.backlog[msg_seq])
                            del self.backlog[msg_seq]
                            break

                    # Next iteration
                    self.backlog_lock.release()
                else:
                    # Stage 1. END
                    #
                    # 8<-------------------------------------------------------
                    #
                    # Stage 2. BEGIN
                    #
                    # 8<-------------------------------------------------------
                    #
                    # Receive the data from the socket and put the messages
                    # into the backlog
                    #
                    self.backlog_lock.release()
                    ##
                    #
                    # Control the timeout. We should not be within the
                    # function more than TIMEOUT seconds. All the locks
                    # MUST be released here.
                    #
                    if time.time() - ctime > self.get_timeout:
                        if self.get_timeout_exception:
                            raise self.get_timeout_exception()
                        else:
                            return ret
                    #
                    if self.read_lock.acquire(False):
                        self.change_master.clear()
                        # If the socket is free to read from, occupy
                        # it and wait for the data
                        #
                        # This is a time consuming process, so all the
                        # locks, except the read lock must be released
                        data = self.recv_ft(bufsize)
                        # Parse data
                        msgs = self.marshal.parse(data, msg_seq, callback)
                        # Reset ctime -- timeout should be measured
                        # for every turn separately
                        ctime = time.time()
                        #
                        current = self.buffer_queue.qsize()
                        delta = current - self.qsize
                        if delta > 10:
                            delay = min(3, max(0.01, float(current) / 60000))
                            message = ("Packet burst: "
                                       "delta=%s qsize=%s delay=%s"
                                       % (delta, current, delay))
                            if delay < 1:
                                log.debug(message)
                            else:
                                log.warning(message)
                            time.sleep(delay)
                        self.qsize = current

                        # We've got the data, lock the backlog again
                        self.backlog_lock.acquire()
                        for msg in msgs:
                            seq = msg['header']['sequence_number']
                            if seq not in self.backlog:
                                if msg['header']['type'] == NLMSG_ERROR:
                                    # Drop orphaned NLMSG_ERROR messages
                                    continue
                                seq = 0
                            # 8<-----------------------------------------------
                            # Callbacks section
                            for cr in self.callbacks:
                                try:
                                    if cr[0](msg):
                                        cr[1](msg, *cr[2])
                                except:
                                    log.warning("Callback fail: %s" % (cr))
                                    log.warning(traceback.format_exc())
                            # 8<-----------------------------------------------
                            self.backlog[seq].append(msg)
                        # We finished with the backlog, so release the lock
                        self.backlog_lock.release()

                        # Now wake up other threads
                        self.change_master.set()

                        # Finally, release the read lock: all data processed
                        self.read_lock.release()
                    else:
                        # If the socket is occupied and there is still no
                        # data for us, wait for the next master change or
                        # for a timeout
                        self.change_master.wait(1)
                    # 8<-------------------------------------------------------
                    #
                    # Stage 2. END
                    #
                    # 8<-------------------------------------------------------

            return ret

    def nlm_request(self, msg, msg_type,
                    msg_flags=NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_DUMP,
                    terminate=None,
                    callback=None,
                    exception_catch=Exception,
                    exception_handler=None):

        def do_try():
            msg_seq = self.addr_pool.alloc()
            with self.lock[msg_seq]:
                try:
                    self.put(msg, msg_type, msg_flags, msg_seq=msg_seq)
                    ret = self.get(msg_seq=msg_seq,
                                   terminate=terminate,
                                   callback=callback)
                    return ret
                except Exception:
                    raise
                finally:
                    # Ban this msg_seq for 0xff rounds
                    #
                    # It's a long story. Modern kernels for RTM_SET.*
                    # operations always return NLMSG_ERROR(0) == success,
                    # even not setting NLM_F_MULTY flag on other response
                    # messages and thus w/o any NLMSG_DONE. So, how to detect
                    # the response end? One can not rely on NLMSG_ERROR on
                    # old kernels, but we have to support them too. Ty, we
                    # just ban msg_seq for several rounds, and NLMSG_ERROR,
                    # being received, will become orphaned and just dropped.
                    #
                    # Hack, but true.
                    self.addr_pool.free(msg_seq, ban=0xff)

        while True:
            try:
                return do_try()
            except exception_catch as e:
                if exception_handler and not exception_handler(e):
                    continue
                raise
            except Exception:
                raise


class BatchAddrPool(object):

    def alloc(self, *argv, **kwarg):
        return 0

    def free(self, *argv, **kwarg):
        pass


class BatchBacklogQueue(list):

    def append(self, *argv, **kwarg):
        pass

    def pop(self, *argv, **kwarg):
        pass


class BatchBacklog(dict):

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        return BatchBacklogQueue()

    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        pass

    def __delitem__(self, key):
        pass


class BatchSocket(NetlinkMixin):

    def post_init(self):

        self.backlog = BatchBacklog()
        self.addr_pool = BatchAddrPool()
        self._sock = None
        self.reset()

    def reset(self):
        self.batch = bytearray()

    def sendto_gate(self, msg, addr):
        msg.data = self.batch
        msg.offset = len(self.batch)
        msg.encode()

    def get(self, *argv, **kwarg):
        pass


class NetlinkSocket(NetlinkMixin):

    def post_init(self):
        # recreate the underlying socket
        with self.lock:
            if self._sock is not None:
                self._sock.close()
            self._sock = config.SocketBase(AF_NETLINK,
                                           SOCK_DGRAM,
                                           self.family,
                                           self._fileno)
            for name in ('getsockname', 'getsockopt', 'makefile',
                         'setsockopt', 'setblocking', 'settimeout',
                         'gettimeout', 'shutdown', 'recvfrom',
                         'recvfrom_into', 'fileno'):
                setattr(self, name, getattr(self._sock, name))

            self._sendto = getattr(self._sock, 'sendto')
            self._recv = getattr(self._sock, 'recv')
            self._recv_into = getattr(self._sock, 'recv_into')
            # setup fast-track
            self.recv_ft = getattr(self._sock, 'recv')
            self.sendto_gate = self._gate

            # monkey patch recv_into on Python 2.6
            if sys.version_info[0] == 2 and sys.version_info[1] < 7:
                # --> monkey patch the socket
                log.warning('patching socket.recv_into()')

                def patch(data, bsize):
                    data[0:] = self._sock.recv(bsize)
                self._sock.recv_into = patch
            self.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, 1024 * 1024)
            self.setsockopt(SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, 1024 * 1024)
            if self.all_ns:
                self.setsockopt(SOL_NETLINK, NETLINK_LISTEN_ALL_NSID, 1)

    def _gate(self, msg, addr):
        msg.reset()
        msg.encode()
        return self._sock.sendto(msg.data, addr)

    def bind(self, groups=0, pid=None, async=False):
        '''
        Bind the socket to given multicast groups, using
        given pid.

            - If pid is None, use automatic port allocation
            - If pid == 0, use process' pid
            - If pid == <int>, use the value instead of pid
        '''
        if pid is not None:
            self.port = 0
            self.fixed = True
            self.pid = pid or os.getpid()

        self.groups = groups
        # if we have pre-defined port, use it strictly
        if self.fixed:
            self.epid = self.pid + (self.port << 22)
            self._sock.bind((self.epid, self.groups))
        else:
            for port in range(1024):
                try:
                    self.port = port
                    self.epid = self.pid + (self.port << 22)
                    self._sock.bind((self.epid, self.groups))
                    break
                except Exception:
                    # create a new underlying socket -- on kernel 4
                    # one failed bind() makes the socket useless
                    self.post_init()
            else:
                raise KeyError('no free address available')
        # all is OK till now, so start async recv, if we need
        if async:
            def recv_plugin(*argv, **kwarg):
                data_in = self.buffer_queue.get()
                if isinstance(data_in, Exception):
                    raise data_in
                else:
                    return data_in

            def recv_into_plugin(data, *argv, **kwarg):
                data_in = self.buffer_queue.get()
                if isinstance(data_in, Exception):
                    raise data_in
                else:
                    data[:] = data_in
                    return len(data_in)
            self._recv = recv_plugin
            self._recv_into = recv_into_plugin
            self.recv_ft = recv_plugin
            self.pthread = threading.Thread(name="Netlink async cache",
                                            target=self.async_recv)
            self.pthread.setDaemon(True)
            self.pthread.start()

    def close(self):
        '''
        Correctly close the socket and free all resources.
        '''
        with self.lock:
            if self.closed:
                return
            self.closed = True

        if self.pthread:
            os.write(self._ctrl_write, b'exit')
            self.pthread.join()
        super(NetlinkSocket, self).close()

        # Common shutdown procedure
        self._sock.close()