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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta name="author" content="Swarnim Arun"><meta property="article:author" content="Swarnim Arun"><meta name="description" content="a guide to learning rust borrowing and ownership semantics with lots of code examples"><meta property="og:description" content="a guide to learning rust borrowing and ownership semantics with lots of code examples"><meta name="keywords" content="rust,programming,beginner,intermediate,code,examples"><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,height=device-height,initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><style>@media screen{body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=next] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] 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/*!
* Marp default theme.
*
* @theme default
* @author Yuki Hattori
*
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* @size 16:9 1280px 720px
* @size 4:3 960px 720px
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nowrap;font-size:29px;height:720px;justify-content:center;padding:78.5px;width:1280px}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section{--marpit-root-font-size:29px}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section:where(.invert){--h1-color:#cee7ff;--header-footer-color:hsla(0,0%,60%,.75);--heading-strong-color:#7bf;--paginate-color:#999}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section>:last-child,div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-footer]>:nth-last-child(2){margin-bottom:0}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section>:first-child,div#p>svg>foreignObject>section>header:first-child+*{margin-top:0}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section:after{bottom:21px;color:var(--paginate-color);font-size:24px;padding:0;position:absolute;right:30px}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section:after{--marpit-root-font-size:24px}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h1,marp-h1),div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h2,marp-h2),div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h3,marp-h3),div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h4,marp-h4),div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h5,marp-h5),div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h6,marp-h6){color:currentcolor}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]{columns:initial!important;display:block!important;padding:0!important}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]:after,div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]:before,div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=content]:after,div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=content]:before{display:none!important}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{all:initial;display:flex;flex-direction:row;height:100%;overflow:hidden;width:100%}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container][data-marpit-advanced-background-direction=vertical]{flex-direction:column}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background][data-marpit-advanced-background-split]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{width:var(--marpit-advanced-background-split,50%)}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background][data-marpit-advanced-background-split=right]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{margin-left:calc(100% 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<h1>learning Rust</h1>
<blockquote>
<p>A <code>borrow</code> at a time</p>
</blockquote>
<p><></p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-html"><span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">me</span>></span>
<span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">name</span>></span> Swarnim Arun <span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">name</span>></span>
<span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">desg</span>></span> Rust Engineer @ DeepSource <span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">desg</span>></span>
<span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">me</span>></span>
</code></pre>
</section>
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<h3>> whoami</h3>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-scala">-> <span class="hljs-type">Swarnim</span> <span class="hljs-type">Arun</span> (<span class="hljs-number">22</span>yo as of <span class="hljs-number">2023</span>)
</code></pre>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-ruby">-> <span class="hljs-title class_">Rust</span>, <span class="hljs-title class_">Functional</span> & <span class="hljs-title class_">Open</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Source</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Evangelist</span>
</code></pre>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-ruby">-> <span class="hljs-title class_">System</span>, <span class="hljs-title class_">Graphics</span>, <span class="hljs-title class_">Games</span> & <span class="hljs-title class_">Language</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Programming</span>
</code></pre>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-ruby">-> <span class="hljs-title class_">Rust</span> > <span class="hljs-title class_">Zig</span> > <span class="hljs-title class_">Typescript</span> > <span class="hljs-title class_">CPlusPlus</span> > <span class="hljs-title class_">Swift</span> > <span class="hljs-title class_">Dart</span>
</code></pre>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-ruby">-> <span class="hljs-title class_">And</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Bits</span> <span class="hljs-string">`Fsharp`</span> & <span class="hljs-string">`Haskell`</span>
</code></pre>
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<h1>(()==())</h1>
<p><img src="https://swarnimarun.github.io/learning-rust/presentation/rustcode.png" alt="some rust code" /></p>
</section>
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<h1>what's a borrow?</h1>
<blockquote>
<p><code>&</code></p>
</blockquote>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span>() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">x</span> = <span class="hljs-number">10</span>;
<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">foo</span>(x); <span class="hljs-comment">// copy / move</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">foo</span>(&x); <span class="hljs-comment">// borrow - immutable (n-borrow)</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">foo</span>(&<span class="hljs-keyword">mut</span> x); <span class="hljs-comment">// borrow - mutable (1-borrow)</span>
}
</code></pre>
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<h1><code>deref</code> & ownership?</h1>
<blockquote>
<p><code>*</code></p>
</blockquote>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">trait</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Deref</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Target</span>: ?<span class="hljs-built_in">Sized</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">deref</span>(&<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>) <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> &<span class="hljs-keyword">Self</span>::Target;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">trait</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">DerefMut</span>: Deref {
<span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">deref_mut</span>(&<span class="hljs-keyword">mut</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>) <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> &<span class="hljs-keyword">mut</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">Self</span>::Target;
}
</code></pre>
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<h1>note the "borrow"</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-meta">#[derive(Debug)]</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Idx</span>(<span class="hljs-type">usize</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">impl</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Idx</span> {
<span class="hljs-meta">#[must_use]</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">inc</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>) <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> <span class="hljs-keyword">Self</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">Self</span>(idx) = <span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>;
<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">Self</span>(idx + <span class="hljs-number">1</span>)
}
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span>() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">mut </span><span class="hljs-variable">id</span> = <span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">Idx</span>(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">r</span> = &<span class="hljs-keyword">mut</span> id;
_ = (*r).<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">inc</span>(); <span class="hljs-comment">// error!</span>
}
</code></pre>
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<h1>the error!</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust">error[E0507]: cannot <span class="hljs-keyword">move</span> out of `*r` which is behind a mutable reference
-<span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> src/lib.rs:<span class="hljs-number">14</span>:<span class="hljs-number">9</span>
|
<span class="hljs-number">14</span> | _ = (*r).<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">inc</span>(); <span class="hljs-comment">// error!</span>
| ^^^^ ----- `*r` moved due to this method call
| |
| <span class="hljs-keyword">move</span> occurs because `*r` has <span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> `Idx`, which does not implement the `<span class="hljs-built_in">Copy</span>` <span class="hljs-keyword">trait</span>
|
note: this function takes ownership of the receiver `<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>`, which moves `*r`
-<span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> src/lib.rs:<span class="hljs-number">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number">12</span>
|
<span class="hljs-number">5</span> | <span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">inc</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>) <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> <span class="hljs-keyword">Self</span> {
| ^^^^
</code></pre>
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<h1>the fix!</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-meta">#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Idx</span>(<span class="hljs-type">usize</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">impl</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Idx</span> {
<span class="hljs-meta">#[must_use]</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">inc</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>) <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> <span class="hljs-keyword">Self</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">Self</span>(idx) = <span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>;
<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">Self</span>(idx + <span class="hljs-number">1</span>)
}
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span>() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">mut </span><span class="hljs-variable">id</span> = <span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">Idx</span>(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">r</span> = &<span class="hljs-keyword">mut</span> id;
_ = (*r).<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">inc</span>(); <span class="hljs-comment">// no error?</span>
}
</code></pre>
</section>
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<h1>let's try something real!</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-comment">// rust + cat = rat!</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">use</span> anyhow; <span class="hljs-comment">// make it easy</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MainResult</span> = anyhow::<span class="hljs-type">Result</span><()>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span>() <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> MainResult {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">path</span> = std::env::<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">args</span>()
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">nth</span>(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">as_ref</span>()
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">map</span>(<span class="hljs-type">String</span>::as_str)
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">unwrap_or</span>(<span class="hljs-string">""</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// args[1]</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">src</span> = std::fs::<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">read_to_string</span>(path)?;
<span class="hljs-built_in">println!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"{src}"</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// output</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">Ok</span>(())
}
</code></pre>
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<h1>why does it "not" compile?</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust">error[E0716]: temporary value dropped <span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> borrowed
-<span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> src/main.rs:<span class="hljs-number">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number">16</span>
|
<span class="hljs-number">5</span> | <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">path</span> = std::env::<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">args</span>()
| ________________^
<span class="hljs-number">6</span> | | .<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">nth</span>(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)
| |_______________^ creates a temporary value which is freed <span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> still <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">use</span>
...
<span class="hljs-number">9</span> | .<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">unwrap_or</span>(<span class="hljs-string">""</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// args[1]</span>
| - temporary value is freed at the end of this statement
<span class="hljs-number">10</span> | <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">src</span> = std::fs::<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">read_to_string</span>(path)?;
| ---- borrow later used here
|
help: consider using a `<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span>` binding to create a longer lived value
|
<span class="hljs-number">5</span> ~ <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">binding</span> = std::env::<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">args</span>()
<span class="hljs-number">6</span> + .<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">nth</span>(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>);
<span class="hljs-number">7</span> ~ <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">path</span> = binding
|
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="11" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>makin' it work!</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">use</span> anyhow; <span class="hljs-comment">// make it easy</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MainResult</span> = anyhow::<span class="hljs-type">Result</span><()>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span>() <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> MainResult {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">src</span> = std::fs::<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">read_to_string</span>(
std::env::<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">args</span>()
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">nth</span>(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">as_ref</span>()
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">map</span>(<span class="hljs-type">String</span>::as_str)
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">unwrap_or</span>(<span class="hljs-string">""</span>),
)?;
<span class="hljs-built_in">println!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"{src}"</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// output</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">Ok</span>(())
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="12" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>isn't it still temporary? how does it work then?</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code>> The drop scope of the temporary is usually the end of the enclosing statement.
</code></pre>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-comment">// that is</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">src</span> = std::fs::<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">read_to_string</span>(
std::env::<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">args</span>()
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">nth</span>(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">as_ref</span>()
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">map</span>(<span class="hljs-type">String</span>::as_str)
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">unwrap_or</span>(<span class="hljs-string">""</span>),
)?;
<span class="hljs-comment">// the variables is borked after statement ends,</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// but what if the variable was used before the statement end?</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// and not accessible outside? (no aliasing outside of statement)</span>
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="13" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>makin' it work, again!?</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">use</span> anyhow; <span class="hljs-comment">// make it easy</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MainResult</span> = anyhow::<span class="hljs-type">Result</span><()>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span>() <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> MainResult {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">path</span> = std::env::<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">args</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">nth</span>(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">path</span> = path.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">as_ref</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">map</span>(<span class="hljs-type">String</span>::as_str).<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">unwrap_or</span>(<span class="hljs-string">""</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">src</span> = std::fs::<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">read_to_string</span>(path)?;
<span class="hljs-built_in">println!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"{src}"</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// output</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">Ok</span>(())
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="14" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<p><img src="https://media.tenor.com/vS4bczRX7swAAAAd/cat.gif" alt="catpurised" /></p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="15" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>another look</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">use</span> anyhow; <span class="hljs-comment">// make it easy</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MainResult</span> = anyhow::<span class="hljs-type">Result</span><()>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span>() <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> MainResult {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">path</span> = std::env::<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">args</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">nth</span>(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">path</span> = path.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">as_ref</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">map</span>(<span class="hljs-type">String</span>::as_str).<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">unwrap_or</span>(<span class="hljs-string">""</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// HOW THE HELL DOES THIS WORK ?????</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">src</span> = std::fs::<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">read_to_string</span>(path)?;
<span class="hljs-built_in">println!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"{src}"</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// output</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">Ok</span>(())
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="16" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>The Reason</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code>> Shadowing is about name-lookup, and doesn't directly affect lifetimes.
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="17" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>more code...</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span>() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">mut </span><span class="hljs-variable">flags</span> = <span class="hljs-built_in">vec!</span>[];
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">mut </span><span class="hljs-variable">flag_key</span>: <span class="hljs-type">Option</span><<span class="hljs-type">String</span>> = <span class="hljs-literal">None</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-variable">arg</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> std::env::<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">args</span>() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">Some</span>(k) = flag_key {
flags.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">push</span>((k, arg));
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">Some</span>((k, v)) = arg.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">split_once</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'='</span>) {
flags.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">push</span>((k.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">to_string</span>(), v.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">to_string</span>()));
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
flag_key = <span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">Some</span>(arg);
}
}
}
<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">for</span> (k, v) <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> flags {
<span class="hljs-built_in">println!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"{k} {v}"</span>);
}
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="18" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>following the error.</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust">error[E0382]: <span class="hljs-keyword">use</span> of moved value
-<span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> src/main.rs:<span class="hljs-number">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number">21</span>
|
<span class="hljs-number">5</span> | <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">Some</span>(k) = flag_key {
| ^ value moved here, <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> previous iteration of <span class="hljs-keyword">loop</span>
...
<span class="hljs-number">11</span> | flag_key = <span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">Some</span>(arg);
| -------- this reinitialization might get skipped
|
= note: <span class="hljs-keyword">move</span> occurs because value has <span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> `<span class="hljs-type">String</span>`, which does not implement the `<span class="hljs-built_in">Copy</span>` <span class="hljs-keyword">trait</span>
<span class="hljs-title class_">help</span>: borrow this binding <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> the pattern to avoid moving the value
|
<span class="hljs-number">5</span> | <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">Some</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">ref</span> k) = flag_key {
| +++
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="19" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>well, hmm...</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span>() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">mut </span><span class="hljs-variable">flags</span> = <span class="hljs-built_in">vec!</span>[];
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">mut </span><span class="hljs-variable">flag_key</span>: <span class="hljs-type">Option</span><<span class="hljs-type">String</span>> = <span class="hljs-literal">None</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-variable">arg</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> std::env::<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">args</span>() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">Some</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">ref</span> k) = flag_key {
<span class="hljs-comment">// ^^^^^</span>
flags.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">push</span>((k, arg));
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">Some</span>((k, v)) = arg.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">split_once</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'='</span>) {
flags.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">push</span>((k.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">to_string</span>(), v.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">to_string</span>()));
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
flag_key = <span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">Some</span>(arg);
}
}
}
<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">for</span> (k, v) <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> flags {
<span class="hljs-built_in">println!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"{k} {v}"</span>);
}
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="20" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>the error hole!</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust">error[E0308]: mismatched types
-<span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> src/main.rs:<span class="hljs-number">9</span>:<span class="hljs-number">29</span>
|
<span class="hljs-number">9</span> | flags.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">push</span>((k.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">to_string</span>(), v.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">to_string</span>()));
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
| |
| expected `&<span class="hljs-type">String</span>`, found <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> `<span class="hljs-type">String</span>`
| help: consider borrowing here: `&k.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">to_string</span>()`
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="21" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>we keep digging!</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span>() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">mut </span><span class="hljs-variable">flags</span> = <span class="hljs-built_in">vec!</span>[];
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">mut </span><span class="hljs-variable">flag_key</span>: <span class="hljs-type">Option</span><<span class="hljs-type">String</span>> = <span class="hljs-literal">None</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-variable">arg</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> std::env::<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">args</span>() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">Some</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">ref</span> k) = flag_key {
flags.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">push</span>((k, arg));
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">Some</span>((k, v)) = arg.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">split_once</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'='</span>) {
flags.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">push</span>((&k.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">to_string</span>(), v.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">to_string</span>()));
<span class="hljs-comment">// ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^</span>
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
flag_key = <span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">Some</span>(arg);
}
}
}
<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">for</span> (k, v) <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> flags {
<span class="hljs-built_in">println!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"{k} {v}"</span>);
}
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="22" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>down the the error hole!</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust">error[E0716]: temporary value dropped <span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> borrowed
-<span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> src/main.rs:<span class="hljs-number">9</span>:<span class="hljs-number">30</span>
|
<span class="hljs-number">6</span> | flags.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">push</span>((k, arg));
| -------------------- borrow later used here
...
<span class="hljs-number">9</span> | flags.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">push</span>((&k.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">to_string</span>(), v.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">to_string</span>()));
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ - temporary value is freed at the end of this statement
| |
| creates a temporary value which is freed <span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> still <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">use</span>
|
= note: consider using a `<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span>` binding to create a longer lived value
error[E0506]: cannot assign to `flag_key` because it is borrowed
-<span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> src/main.rs:<span class="hljs-number">11</span>:<span class="hljs-number">17</span>
|
<span class="hljs-number">5</span> | <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">Some</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">ref</span> k) = flag_key {
| ----- borrow of `flag_key` occurs here
<span class="hljs-number">6</span> | flags.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">push</span>((k, arg));
| -------------------- borrow later used here
...
<span class="hljs-number">11</span> | flag_key = <span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">Some</span>(arg);
| ^^^^^^^^ assignment to borrowed `flag_key` occurs here
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="23" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>actual fix?</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span>() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">mut </span><span class="hljs-variable">flags</span> = <span class="hljs-built_in">vec!</span>[];
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">mut </span><span class="hljs-variable">flag_key</span>: <span class="hljs-type">Option</span><<span class="hljs-type">String</span>> = <span class="hljs-literal">None</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-variable">arg</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> std::env::<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">args</span>() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">Some</span>(k) = flag_key {
flags.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">push</span>((k, arg));
flag_key = <span class="hljs-literal">None</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^</span>
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">Some</span>((k, v)) = arg.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">split_once</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'='</span>) {
flags.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">push</span>((k.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">to_string</span>(), v.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">to_string</span>()));
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
flag_key = <span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">Some</span>(arg);
}
}
}
<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">for</span> (k, v) <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> flags {
<span class="hljs-built_in">println!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"{k} {v}"</span>);
}
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="24" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>getting a bit advanced?!</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">get_str</span>(src: <span class="hljs-keyword">impl</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AsRef</span><<span class="hljs-type">str</span>>) <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> &<span class="hljs-type">str</span> {
src.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">as_ref</span>()
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="25" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>back with a error...</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust">error[E0106]: missing lifetime specifier
-<span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> src/main.rs:<span class="hljs-number">1</span>:<span class="hljs-number">37</span>
|
<span class="hljs-number">1</span> | <span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">get_str</span>(src: <span class="hljs-keyword">impl</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AsRef</span><<span class="hljs-type">str</span>>) <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> &<span class="hljs-type">str</span> {
| ^ expected named lifetime parameter
|
= help: this function<span class="hljs-symbol">'s</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">contains</span> a borrowed value,
but there is no value <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">it</span> to be borrowed from
help: consider using the `<span class="hljs-symbol">'static</span>` lifetime
|
<span class="hljs-number">1</span> | <span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">get_str</span>(src: <span class="hljs-keyword">impl</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AsRef</span><<span class="hljs-type">str</span>>) <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> &<span class="hljs-symbol">'static</span> <span class="hljs-type">str</span> {
| +++++++
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="26" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>more code, more errors</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">get_str</span>(src: <span class="hljs-keyword">impl</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AsRef</span><<span class="hljs-type">str</span>>) <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> &<span class="hljs-symbol">'static</span> <span class="hljs-type">str</span> {
src.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">as_ref</span>()
}
</code></pre>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust">error[E0310]: the parameter <span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> `<span class="hljs-keyword">impl</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AsRef</span><<span class="hljs-type">str</span>>` may not live long enough
-<span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> src/main.rs:<span class="hljs-number">2</span>:<span class="hljs-number">5</span>
|
<span class="hljs-number">2</span> | src.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">as_ref</span>()
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ...so that the <span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> `<span class="hljs-keyword">impl</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AsRef</span><<span class="hljs-type">str</span>>` will meet its required lifetime bounds
|
help: consider adding an explicit lifetime bound...
|
<span class="hljs-number">1</span> | <span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">get_str</span>(src: <span class="hljs-keyword">impl</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AsRef</span><<span class="hljs-type">str</span>> + <span class="hljs-symbol">'static</span>) <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> &<span class="hljs-symbol">'static</span> <span class="hljs-type">str</span> {
| +++++++++
error[E0515]: cannot <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> reference to function parameter `src`
-<span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> src/main.rs:<span class="hljs-number">2</span>:<span class="hljs-number">5</span>
|
<span class="hljs-number">2</span> | src.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">as_ref</span>()
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^ returns a reference to data owned by the current function
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="27" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>cleaning it up!</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">get_str</span>(src: <span class="hljs-keyword">impl</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AsRef</span><<span class="hljs-type">str</span>> + <span class="hljs-symbol">'static</span>) <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> &<span class="hljs-symbol">'static</span> <span class="hljs-type">str</span> {
src.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">as_ref</span>()
}
</code></pre>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust">error[E0515]: cannot <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> reference to function parameter `src`
-<span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> src/main.rs:<span class="hljs-number">2</span>:<span class="hljs-number">5</span>
|
<span class="hljs-number">2</span> | src.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">as_ref</span>()
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^ returns a reference to data owned by the current function
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="28" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<blockquote>
<h1>a reference to data owned by a function</h1>
</blockquote>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">get_vec_of_strings</span>() <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> <span class="hljs-type">Vec</span><<span class="hljs-type">String</span>> {
[<span class="hljs-string">"hello, "</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"world! "</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"from "</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"Jon"</span>]
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">into_iter</span>()
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">map</span>(<span class="hljs-type">String</span>::from)
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">collect</span>()
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span>() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">lines</span> = <span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">get_vec_of_strings</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">characters</span> = lines
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">into_iter</span>()
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">map</span>(|s| s.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">as_str</span>()) <span class="hljs-comment">// error: taking a reference doesn't work!</span>
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">flat_map</span>(<span class="hljs-type">str</span>::chars);
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-variable">c</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> characters {
<span class="hljs-built_in">print!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"{c}"</span>);
}
<span class="hljs-built_in">println!</span>();
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="29" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>alright let's try a fix!</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">get_vec_of_strings</span>() <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> <span class="hljs-type">Vec</span><<span class="hljs-type">String</span>> {
[<span class="hljs-string">"hello, "</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"world! "</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"from "</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"Jon"</span>]
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">into_iter</span>()
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">map</span>(<span class="hljs-type">String</span>::from)
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">collect</span>()
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span>() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">lines</span> = <span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">get_vec_of_strings</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">characters</span> = lines
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">into_iter</span>()
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">flat_map</span>(|s| s.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">as_str</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">chars</span>());
<span class="hljs-comment">// again can't take a reference out of data owned by function</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-variable">c</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> characters {
<span class="hljs-built_in">print!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"{c}"</span>);
}
<span class="hljs-built_in">println!</span>();
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="30" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>the sad fix :(</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">get_vec_of_strings</span>() <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> <span class="hljs-type">Vec</span><<span class="hljs-type">String</span>> {
[<span class="hljs-string">"hello, "</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"world! "</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"from "</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"Jon"</span>]
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">into_iter</span>()
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">map</span>(<span class="hljs-type">String</span>::from)
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">collect</span>()
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span>() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">lines</span> = <span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">get_vec_of_strings</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">characters</span> = lines
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">into_iter</span>()
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">flat_map</span>(|s| s.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">as_str</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">chars</span>().collect::<<span class="hljs-type">Vec</span><_>>());
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-variable">c</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> characters {
<span class="hljs-built_in">print!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"{c}"</span>);
}
<span class="hljs-built_in">println!</span>();
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="31" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>a better fix!</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">get_vec_of_strings</span>() <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> <span class="hljs-type">Vec</span><<span class="hljs-type">String</span>> {
[<span class="hljs-string">"hello, "</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"world! "</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"from "</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"Jon"</span>]
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">into_iter</span>()
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">map</span>(<span class="hljs-type">String</span>::from)
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">collect</span>()
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span>() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">lines</span> = <span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">get_vec_of_strings</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">characters</span> = lines.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">iter</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">flat_map</span>(|s| s.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">chars</span>());
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-variable">c</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> characters {
<span class="hljs-built_in">print!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"{c}"</span>);
}
<span class="hljs-built_in">println!</span>();
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="32" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>also "yes" for the FP'ers in the crowd!</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">get_vec_of_strings</span>() <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> <span class="hljs-type">Vec</span><<span class="hljs-type">String</span>> {
[<span class="hljs-string">"hello, "</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"world! "</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"from "</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"Jon"</span>]
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">into_iter</span>()
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">map</span>(<span class="hljs-type">String</span>::from)
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">collect</span>()
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">main</span>() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">lines</span> = <span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">get_vec_of_strings</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-variable">characters</span> = lines
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">iter</span>()
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">map</span>(<span class="hljs-type">String</span>::as_str)
.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">flat_map</span>(<span class="hljs-type">str</span>::chars); <span class="hljs-comment">// WORKS!</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-variable">c</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> characters {
<span class="hljs-built_in">print!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"{c}"</span>);
}
<span class="hljs-built_in">println!</span>();
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="33" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>alright now let's take a look at the og issue</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">get_str</span>(src: <span class="hljs-keyword">impl</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AsRef</span><<span class="hljs-type">str</span>> + <span class="hljs-symbol">'static</span>) <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> &<span class="hljs-symbol">'static</span> <span class="hljs-type">str</span> {
src.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">as_ref</span>()
}
</code></pre>
<h3>what is <code>AsRef<str></code> ?</h3>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">pub</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">trait</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AsRef</span><T>
<span class="hljs-keyword">where</span>
T: ?<span class="hljs-built_in">Sized</span>,
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">as_ref</span>(&<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>) <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> &T;
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="34" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h3>what is <code>impl</code> ?</h3>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">get_str</span><T: <span class="hljs-built_in">AsRef</span><<span class="hljs-type">str</span>> + <span class="hljs-symbol">'static</span>>(src: T) <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> &<span class="hljs-symbol">'static</span> <span class="hljs-type">str</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// it's not quite accurate but it should work for us </span>
</code></pre>
<h3>a reification of the above.</h3>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">get_str</span>(src: &<span class="hljs-symbol">'static</span> <span class="hljs-type">str</span>) <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> &<span class="hljs-symbol">'static</span> <span class="hljs-type">str</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// works!</span>
</code></pre>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-comment">// but,</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">get_str</span>(src: <span class="hljs-type">String</span>) <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> &<span class="hljs-symbol">'static</span> <span class="hljs-type">str</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// doesn't quite make sense now does it!</span>
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<h4>Hence we lack a way to make the above work in safe Rust code.</h4>
</blockquote>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="35" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1>Key take-aways</h1>
<ol>
<li>Lifetimes are nuanced.<br />
a. The drop scope of the temporary is usually the end of the enclosing statement.<br />
b. Shadowing is about name-lookup, and doesn't directly affect lifetimes.</li>
</ol>
<hr />
<ol start="2">
<li>Move is always better than borrow to enforce resource safety. That is, for any value moving allows for better safety guarantees and flexibility in usage than a borrow.</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>Don't fear the <code>move</code>.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr />
<ol start="3">
<li>If you don't accept a lifetime in input parameters, then you can't output a lifetime from function without the use of <code>unsafe</code>, unless in specific cases of <code>'static</code> lifetimes.</li>
</ol>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="36" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1><code>split_at</code> in Rust</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rust"><span class="hljs-keyword">pub</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Str</span><<span class="hljs-symbol">'a</span>> {
data: &<span class="hljs-symbol">'a</span> [<span class="hljs-type">u8</span>],
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">impl</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Str</span><<span class="hljs-symbol">'_</span>> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">pub</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">get</span>(&<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>, idx: <span class="hljs-type">usize</span>) <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> <span class="hljs-type">Option</span><<span class="hljs-type">u8</span>> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>.data.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">get</span>(idx).<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">copied</span>()
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">pub</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">split_at</span>(&<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>, idx: <span class="hljs-type">usize</span>) <span class="hljs-punctuation">-></span> <span class="hljs-type">Option</span><(&[<span class="hljs-type">u8</span>], &[<span class="hljs-type">u8</span>])> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>.data.<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">len</span>() > idx {
<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">Some</span>((&<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>.data[..idx], &<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>.data[idx..]))
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-literal">None</span>
}
}
}
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="37" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1><code>split_at</code> in modern C++</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-cpp"><span class="hljs-keyword">typedef</span> <span class="hljs-type">char</span> u8;
<span class="hljs-keyword">typedef</span> <span class="hljs-type">size_t</span> usize;
<span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Str</span> {
span<u8> data;
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">auto</span> <span class="hljs-title">get</span><span class="hljs-params">(usize idx)</span> -> optional<u8> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (idx < <span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>->data.<span class="hljs-built_in">size</span>()) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> {<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>->data[idx]};
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> {};
}
}
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">auto</span> <span class="hljs-title">split_at</span><span class="hljs-params">(usize idx)</span> -> optional<tuple<span<u8>, span<u8>>> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (idx < <span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>->data.<span class="hljs-built_in">size</span>()) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> {{
<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>->data.<span class="hljs-built_in">subspan</span>(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, idx),
<span class="hljs-keyword">this</span>->data.<span class="hljs-built_in">subspan</span>(idx),
}};
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> {};
}
}
};
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="38" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1><code>split_at</code> in Zig</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-rs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> Str = <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// null terminated string slice</span>
data: [:<span class="hljs-number">0</span>]<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> <span class="hljs-type">u8</span>,
<span class="hljs-keyword">pub</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">get</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>: Str, idx: <span class="hljs-type">usize</span>) ?<span class="hljs-type">u8</span> {
<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">if</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>.data.len > idx) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>.data[idx];
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> null; <span class="hljs-comment">// equivalent to None</span>
}
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">pub</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">split_at</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>: Str, idx: <span class="hljs-type">usize</span>) ?<span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> { []<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> <span class="hljs-type">u8</span>, []<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> <span class="hljs-type">u8</span> } {
<span class="hljs-title function_ invoke__">if</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>.data.len > idx) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> .{ <span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>.data[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>..idx], <span class="hljs-keyword">self</span>.data[idx..] };
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> null; <span class="hljs-comment">// equivalent to None</span>
}
}
};
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="39" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1><code>split_at</code> in go, away!? (sharing the pain!)</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Str <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
data []<span class="hljs-type">byte</span>
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> MyError <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
err <span class="hljs-type">string</span>
}
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> <span class="hljs-params">(s MyError)</span></span>Error() <span class="hljs-type">string</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> s.err
}
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> <span class="hljs-params">(s Str)</span></span> get(idx <span class="hljs-type">int</span>) (<span class="hljs-type">byte</span>, <span class="hljs-type">error</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> idx < <span class="hljs-built_in">len</span>(s.data) { <span class="hljs-comment">// Y THE F**K is len([]T) an int???????? </span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> s.data[idx], <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span>
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, MyError{err: <span class="hljs-string">"invalid index"</span>}
}
}
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> <span class="hljs-params">(s Str)</span></span> splitAt(idx <span class="hljs-type">int</span>) ([]<span class="hljs-type">byte</span>, []<span class="hljs-type">byte</span>, <span class="hljs-type">error</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> idx < <span class="hljs-built_in">len</span>(s.data) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> s.data[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>:idx], s.data[idx:], <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span>
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span>, <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span>, MyError{err: <span class="hljs-string">"invalid index"</span>}
}
} <span class="hljs-comment">// alright I am sure this is shit code but have patience or don't :P</span>
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="40" data-theme="default" style="--theme:default;">
<h1># Thank You</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-html"><span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">ul</span>></span>
<span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">a</span> <span class="hljs-attr">href</span>=<span class="hljs-string">"https://swarnimarun.com"</span>></span> @website <span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">a</span>></span>
<span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">a</span> <span class="hljs-attr">href</span>=<span class="hljs-string">"https://twitter.com/swarnimarun"</span>></span> @twitter <span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">a</span>></span>
<span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">a</span> <span class="hljs-attr">href</span>=<span class="hljs-string">"https://github.com/swarnimarun"</span>></span> @github <span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">a</span>></span>
<span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">a</span> <span class="hljs-attr">href</span>=<span class="hljs-string">"mailto:mail@swarnimarun.com"</span>></span> @me <span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">a</span>></span>
<span class="hljs-comment"><!-- also I am starting to stream on weekends on twitch & yt --></span>
<span class="hljs-comment"><!-- about programming oss stuff in rust, zig, c++, ts, or etc. --></span>
<span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">a</span> <span class="hljs-attr">href</span>=<span class="hljs-string">"https://www.twitch.tv/minraws"</span>></span> @twitch <span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">a</span>></span>
<span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">a</span> <span class="hljs-attr">href</span>=<span class="hljs-string">"https://www.youtube.com/@minraws"</span>></span> @youtube <span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">a</span>></span>
<span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">ul</span>></span>
</code></pre>
</section>
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