task059_ropes_story_generation.json

{
    "Contributors": [
        "Swaroop Mishra",
        "Daniel Khashabi"
    ],
    "Source": [
        "ropes"
    ],
    "Categories": [
        "Long Text Generation"
    ],
    "Definition": "You are given a background paragraph that describes one or more causal or physical relationships, such as a relationship in economics, scientific law or nature. You need to come up with a fictional story that makes use of the concepts or the relationship described in the provided paragraph.\nThings to avoid: Make sure that your story does not repeat the relation in the given paragraph (e.g., by avoiding verbatim copies of the given paragraph). \nEmphasis & Caution: 1. Start by reading the background paragraph, and determine what relationship(s) are in the paragraph. 2. Write a story that involves the relationship(s) that you determined are in the background paragraph. Try to use your own words as much as possible and not repeat the background paragraph. Feel free to make up places and events as long as they tie back to the background paragraph in a way that you can ask a question about. ",
    "Positive Examples": [
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A rise in price of a good or service almost always decreases the quantity demanded of that good or service. Conversely, a fall in price will increase the quantity demanded. When the price of a gallon of gasoline increases, for example, people look for ways to reduce their consumption by combining several errands, commuting by carpool or mass transit, or taking weekend or vacation trips closer to home. Economists call this inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded the law of demand. The law of demand assumes that all other variables that affect demand (which we explain in the next module) are held constant.",
            "output": "The AAA auto club does a weekly report on the prices of gas and diesel in various cities. Historically, the prices have be fairly stagnant, but this week their report garnered widespread attention as the prices of gas and diesel plunged from last week in Seattle by $0.40 each. However, just across the border in Vancouver, the cost of gas went up dramatically by $0.50.",
            "explanation": "This is a good story as it incorporates various relations (e.g., \"price of a good or service vs demand\") present in the background paragraph."
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The lesson is not that society is likely to make an extreme choice like devoting no resources to education at point A or no resources to health at point F. Instead, the lesson is that the gains from committing additional marginal resources to education depend on how much is already being spent. If on the one hand, very few resources are currently committed to education, then an increase in resources used can bring relatively large gains. On the other hand, if a large number of resources are already committed to education, then committing additional resources will bring relatively smaller gains.",
            "output": "The state is deciding where to spend the rest of their budget for education. In an analysis of how districts in the state are spending their annual budgets, auditors found that in district A, most of the money was already being spent on schools. However, in district B, the money was not spent on school, but mostly on transportation.",
            "explanation": "This is a good story as it incorporates various relations (e.g., \"resource investment vs gain\") present in the background paragraph."
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Alpine lakes are classified as lakes or reservoirs at high altitudes, usually starting around 5,000 feet (1524 metres) in elevation above sea level[1] or above the tree line.[2] Alpine lakes are usually clearer than lakes at lower elevations due to the colder water which decreases the speed and amount of algae and moss growth in the water. Often these lakes are surrounded by varieties of pine trees, aspens, and other high altitude trees.",
            "output": "Michael is planning a retreat for the team members at his company and also a weekend trip with his family. After discussion with his coworkers, he decided that they were going to plan a trip to the outdoors. Lake Schmitz is high up in elevation and Lake Smith is much lower in elevation. His coworkers like to go to places with a lot of trees to relax in the shade and his family likes to go swimming in clear lakes.",
            "explanation": "This is a good story as it incorporates various relations (e.g., \"elevation vs clear lake and trees\") present in the background paragraph."
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Acidity is an important factor for living things. For example, many plants grow best in soil that has a pH between 6 and 7. Fish may also need a pH between 6 and 7. Certain air pollutants form acids when dissolved in water droplets in the air. This results in acid fog and acid rain, which may have a pH of 4 or even lower. The pH chart in the Figure above and the Figure below reveal some of the adverse effects of acid fog and rain. Acid rain not only kills trees. It also lowers the pH of surface waters such as ponds and lakes. As a result, the water may become too acidic for fish and other water organisms to survive.",
            "output": "Seattle recently had a power plant malfunction, resulting in increased pollutants emitted. Pittsburgh, on the other hand, has been cleaning up its factories, removing most of the air pollutants from the surrounding area.",
            "explanation": "This is a good story as it incorporates various relations present in the background paragraph (e.g., effect of pollution on rain acidity and animals)."
        }
    ],
    "Negative Examples": [
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A rise in price of a good or service almost always decreases the quantity demanded of that good or service. Conversely, a fall in price will increase the quantity demanded. When the price of a gallon of gasoline increases, for example, people look for ways to reduce their consumption by combining several errands, commuting by carpool or mass transit, or taking weekend or vacation trips closer to home. Economists call this inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded the law of demand. The law of demand assumes that all other variables that affect demand (which we explain in the next module) are held constant.",
            "output": "A rise in price of a good or service almost always decreases the quantity demanded of that good or service.",
            "explanation": "This is not a good story since it is a verbatim copy of the given paragraph. As mentioned, your generated story use the relationships of the given paragraph, however, it should not contain the same details. Try to form a story using entities like city names, person names etc. leveraging the relationship mentioned in the background paragraph."
        }
    ],
    "Instances": [
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Passive transport occurs when a substance passes through the cell membrane without needing any energy to pass through. This happens when a substance moves from an area where it is more concentrated to an area where it is less concentrated. Concentration is the number of particles of a substance in a given volume. Let's say you dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a cup of water. Then you dissolve two teaspoons of salt in another cup of water. The second solution will have a higher concentration of salt.",
            "output": [
                "A man put two cups, cup A and cup B, filled with equal amounts of water on to a table and walked away to go check his mail. His son came along and saw the two cups and decided to put some sugar in them to make a tasty drink. The child poured two spoonfuls of sugar into cup A and three spoonfuls of sugar into cup B."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The epidermis also contains melanocytes, which are cells that produce melanin. Melanin is the brownish pigment that gives skin much of its color. Everyone has about the same number of melanocytes, but the melanocytes of people with darker skin produce more melanin. The amount of melanin produced is determined by heredity and exposure to UV light, which increases melanin output. Exposure to UV light also stimulates the skin to produce vitamin D. Because melanin blocks UV light from penetrating the skin, people with darker skin may be at greater risk of vitamin D deficiency.",
            "output": [
                "Jacob has lived in a city in Sweden for most of his life. His favorite hobbies are reading and playing videogames so he rarely goes outside. Even as a kid, he almost never played outside and instead was in his house most of the time. Martin lives in the middle of the Sahara desert in a small town. The sun almost never stops beating down on Martin during the day and it's hard to find shade where he lives."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The ionization energies of the representative elements generally decrease from top to bottom within a group. This trend is explained by the increase in size of the atoms within a group. The valence electron that is being removed is further from the nucleus in the case of a larger atom. The attractive force between the valence electron and the nucleus weakens as the distance between them increases and as the shielding effect increases, resulting in a lower ionization energy for the larger atoms within a group. Although the nuclear charge is increased for larger atoms, the shielding effect also increases due to the presence of a larger number of inner electrons. This is particularly easy to see in the alkali metals, where the single valence electron is shielded by all of the inner core electrons.",
            "output": [
                "Joel has just started his first day working as a scientist in a laboratory. The first task he was given is to look at two atoms and to jot down as much information about the two as he can. First, he needs to come up with an identification for these atoms. Since he is new, he decides to keep it professional and simply call the larger of the two atoms \"atom L\" and the smaller one \"atom S\". Now that he's taken care of that he can get down to work."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: At the end of the Proterozoic, the supercontinent Pannotia had broken apart into the smaller continents Laurentia, Baltica, Siberia and Gondwana. During periods when continents move apart, more oceanic crust is formed by volcanic activity. Because young volcanic crust is relatively hotter and less dense than old oceanic crust, the ocean floors rise during such periods. This causes the sea level to rise. Therefore, in the first half of the Paleozoic, large areas of the continents were below sea level.Early Paleozoic climates were warmer than today, but the end of the Ordovician saw a short ice age during which glaciers covered the south pole, where the huge continent Gondwana was situated. Traces of glaciation from this period are only found on former Gondwana. During the Late Ordovician ice age, a few mass extinctions took place, in which many brachiopods, trilobites, Bryozoa and corals disappeared. These marine species could probably not contend with the decreasing temperature of the sea water.The continents Laurentia and Baltica collided between 450 and 400 Ma, during the Caledonian Orogeny, to form Laurussia (also known as Euramerica). Traces of the mountain belt this collision caused can be found in Scandinavia, Scotland, and the northern Appalachians. In the Devonian period (416\u2013359 Ma) Gondwana and Siberia began to move towards Laurussia. The collision of Siberia with Laurussia caused the Uralian Orogeny, the collision of Gondwana with Laurussia is called the Variscan or Hercynian Orogeny in Europe or the Alleghenian Orogeny in North America. The latter phase took place during the Carboniferous period (359\u2013299 Ma) and resulted in the formation of the last supercontinent, Pangaea.By 180 Ma, Pangaea broke up into Laurasia and Gondwana.",
            "output": [
                "Two space explorers are flying around through an unknown galaxy when they discover two new planets. Given that these planets have no names, the explorers decide to name them after themselves. The planet of Sarahn is currently going through a large geographic shift. Many of the continents on the planet are currently breaking apart and moving. Timon, however, has been a stable planet with no continental moving for quite awhile now."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Chlamydia may cause a burning feeling during urination. It may also cause a discharge (leaking of fluids) from the vagina or penis. But in many cases it causes no symptoms. As a result, people do not know they are infected, so they don\u2019t go to the doctor for help. If chlamydia goes untreated, it may cause more serious problems in females. It may cause infections of the uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries. These infections may leave a woman unable to have children.",
            "output": [
                "At a doctor's office, two people come in to get STD tests. John comes in and reports the only symptom he has is a rash on his thighs. Patty says she has seen something leaking out of her vagina, and she's not sure what it is. The doctor takes a urine sample from each and will give them the results in a day or two.",
                "Two women are at an STD clinic getting tested because they feel they may have caught something from recent sexual partners they had. After getting a blood sample taken, Beth is told that she has genital herpes. The doctor tells her what to expect and how to manage the symptoms. The doctor then goes into the waiting room that Sarah is in and informs her that she has tested positive for chlamydia. Sarah is not surprised, and she begins asking questions about what she should do to help control the disease."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A vapor light also produces visible light by electroluminescence The bulb contains a small amount of solid sodium or mercury as well as a mixture of neon and argon gases. When an electric current passes through the gases, it causes the solid sodium or mercury to change to a gas and emit visible light. Sodium vapor lights, like the streetlight pictured in the Figure below , produce yellowish light. Mercury vapor lights produce bluish light. In addition to lighting city streets, vapor lights are used to light highways and stadiums. The bulbs are very bright and long lasting so they are a good choice for these places.",
            "output": [
                "Joe walks into his house to see that his son has replaced the light bulbs in both the kitchen and the bathroom. The kitchen is now glowing blue because of the light bulb, and the bathroom has a yellow tint to it. Joe decides he needs to find his son to figure out what type of light bulbs these are and why he chose them.",
                "Joey just purchased two new vapor light bulbs for his apartment and is excited to install them since they glow neat colors. He is going to install a different bulb in each room to give different colored glows to the rooms and to make his apartment seem more dynamic. In his bedroom he has decided to install a bulb that gives off a blue glow. He also picked up a bulb that glows yellow and will be putting that in his closet. However, after screwing the bulbs in, only the one in his closet glows, and Joey is not sure why."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A catalyst works by providing a lower energy pathway from reactants to products. The use of a catalyst involves intermediate reactions which have lower activation complexes than the original reaction. On a simplified reaction energy diagram, this can be thought of as lowering the activation energy for a given transformation. If the activation energy of a reaction is decreased, more collisions will have enough energy to overcome this lower barrier, so the reactant-to-product transformation will occur more frequently. As a result, the overall reaction rate will be higher than for an identical reaction with a larger activation energy barrier.",
            "output": [
                "A chemist is working in the lab with two beakers, beaker R and beaker T, filled with identical solutions. In her experiment, she is going to pour one liquid into beaker R and the same amount of a different liquid into beaker T. After pouring the liquid into beaker R, there is no noticeable change. Pouring the liquid into beaker T, she observes a change in the liquid."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Human populations are on the rise. The human population passed the 7 billion mark in October of 2011, and will pass 8 and 9 billion probably before the middle of the century. All these people will need resources such as places to live, food to eat, and water to drink, and they will use energy and create waste. Essentially, human population growth can effect all other causes of extinction. For example, more people on the Earth means more people contributing to global warming and pollution. More people also means more clearing of land for agriculture and development. Recall that development by humans often causes habitats to be destroyed. This destruction can force species to go extinct, or move somewhere else.",
            "output": [
                "There are two identical neighboring planets, Krypton and Gotham, inhabited by the same species of creature. Both civilizations utilize the same technology and have the same city structures. However, the creatures on Krypton use substantially more energy than the people on Gotham. Furthermore, the inhabitants of Krypton have started clearing more land than Gotham."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: As the atoms first begin to interact, the attractive force is stronger than the repulsive force and so the potential energy of the system decreases, as seen in the diagram. Remember that the lower potential energy increases the stability of the system. As the two hydrogen atoms move closer and closer together, the potential energy continues to decrease. Eventually, a position is reached where the potential energy is at its lowest possible point. If the hydrogen atoms move any closer together, a third interaction begins to dominate and that is the repulsive force between the two positively-charged nuclei. This repulsive force is very strong as can be seen by the sharp rise in energy at the far left of the diagram.",
            "output": [
                "Ken is a scientist who studies atomic systems. He is currently responsible for studying two systems that they are referring to as Omega and Alpha. These two systems are essential to the research that is being done to potentially allow humans to travel to Mars in a reasonable amount of time. Little is known about these systems currently, but scientists have observed that Omega has been steadily gaining more potential energy. Alpha has been rapidly losing potential energy. Ken is hoping to discern why this is happening and try to utilize his findings to further space exploration."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Serpentine soils (media with low concentrations of nutrients and high concentrations of heavy metals) can be a source of abiotic stress. Initially, the absorption of toxic metal ions is limited by cell membrane exclusion. Ions that are absorbed into tissues are sequestered in cell vacuoles. This sequestration mechanism is facilitated by proteins on the vacuole membrane.Chemical priming has been proposed to increase tolerance to abiotic stresses in crop plants. In this method, which is analogous to vaccination, stress-inducing chemical agents are introduced to the plant in brief doses so that the plant begins preparing defense mechanisms. Thus, when the abiotic stress occurs, the plant has already prepared defense mechanisms that can be activated faster and increase tolerance.",
            "output": [
                "In a greenhouse, a botanist has just finished planting two of the same kind of plant. Plant A was placed in a pot of standard soil, and plant B was planted in some serpentine soil. The botanist is planning on taking care of both plants equally so he can see which type of soil is better for growing a plant."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Soil piping is a particular form of soil erosion that occurs below the soil surface. It causes levee and dam failure, as well as sink hole formation. Turbulent flow removes soil starting at the mouth of the seep flow and the subsoil erosion advances up-gradient. The term sand boil is used to describe the appearance of the discharging end of an active soil pipe.Soil salination is the accumulation of free salts to such an extent that it leads to degradation of the agricultural value of soils and vegetation. Consequences include corrosion damage, reduced plant growth, erosion due to loss of plant cover and soil structure, and water quality problems due to sedimentation. Salination occurs due to a combination of natural and human-caused processes. Arid conditions favour salt accumulation. This is especially apparent when soil parent material is saline. Irrigation of arid lands is especially problematic. All irrigation water has some level of salinity. Irrigation, especially when it involves leakage from canals and overirrigation in the field, often raises the underlying water table. Rapid salination occurs when the land surface is within the capillary fringe of saline groundwater. Soil salinity control involves watertable control and flushing with higher levels of applied water in combination with tile drainage or another form of subsurface drainage.",
            "output": [
                "Sarah and Lydia are two sisters that have been learning how to farm since they were kids. After graduating college, they both started their own farms and have been working on their own for several years now. At a family get together, Sarah mentions that her farm is experiencing soil salination. Lydia finishes swallowing her bite of cake and remarks that her farm has never experienced that before.",
                "The city of Lampo is currently experiencing some soil piping in the ground. The government officials of Lampo are currently looking to start a casino to bring in extra revenue to the town. They are currently consulting with a company that is located in Himpton, a city that is not experiencing soil piping. The company is a well respected leader in the casino industry and is eager to work with Lampo.",
                "The city of Reslie is known for its grilled cheese sandwiches. People come from all over the world to taste their sandwiches. The mayor of Reslie, while having a meeting about how to spend the excess funds from tourism this year, was told that the city is experiencing soil piping. The neighboring city, Tichago, consumes many of Reslie's grilled cheese sandwiches. The mayor of Tichago has just received a phone call from the mayor of Reslie asking if Tichago is also having soil piping. Tichago's mayor replies that no, they are not."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: When rock units are placed under horizontal compression, they shorten and become thicker. Because rock units, other than muds, do not significantly change in volume, this is accomplished in two primary ways: through faulting and folding. In the shallow crust, where brittle deformation can occur, thrust faults form, which causes deeper rock to move on top of shallower rock. Because deeper rock is often older, as noted by the principle of superposition, this can result in older rocks moving on top of younger ones. Movement along faults can result in folding, either because the faults are not planar or because rock layers are dragged along, forming drag folds as slip occurs along the fault. Deeper in the Earth, rocks behave plastically and fold instead of faulting. These folds can either be those where the material in the center of the fold buckles upwards, creating \"antiforms\", or where it buckles downwards, creating \"synforms\". If the tops of the rock units within the folds remain pointing upwards, they are called anticlines and synclines, respectively. If some of the units in the fold are facing downward, the structure is called an overturned anticline or syncline, and if all of the rock units are overturned or the correct up-direction is unknown, they are simply called by the most general terms, antiforms and synforms.",
            "output": [
                "Martha is currently walking around the forest when she notices two rocks that catch her attention. She quickly picks them up, stows them in her backpack and runs to the local geologist. She shows them to Linda, the geologist, and asks what she can tell her about the rocks. Linda informs her that the yellow rock has been subject to horizontal compression, but the blue rock has not been horizontally compressed. She promises Martha she will look into the rocks in more detail to answer more questions for her."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: During mid-summer (July in the northern hemisphere), the westward-moving trade winds south of the northward-moving subtropical ridge expand northwestward from the Caribbean into southeastern North America. When dust from the Sahara moving around the southern periphery of the ridge within the belt of trade winds moves over land, rainfall is suppressed and the sky changes from a blue to a white appearance, which leads to an increase in red sunsets. Its presence negatively impacts air quality by adding to the count of airborne particulates. Over 50% of the African dust that reaches the United States affects Florida. Since 1970, dust outbreaks have worsened because of periods of drought in Africa. There is a large variability in the dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year. Dust events have been linked to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida, primarily since the 1970s. Similar dust plumes originate in the Gobi Desert, which combined with pollutants, spread large distances downwind, or eastward, into North America.There are local names for winds associated with sand and dust storms. The Calima carries dust on southeast winds into the Canary islands. The Harmattan carries dust during the winter into the Gulf of Guinea. The Sirocco brings dust from north Africa into southern Europe because of the movement of extratropical cyclones through the Mediterranean. Spring storm systems moving across the eastern Mediterranean Sea cause dust to carry across Egypt and the Arabian peninsula, which are locally known as Khamsin. The Shamal is caused by cold fronts lifting dust into the atmosphere for days at a time across the Persian Gulf states.",
            "output": [
                "Jennifer is looking to move to a new city. She has always wanted to live in a coastal town, and she has narrowed her options down to two. She is looking to live in either Malarn or Trainlan. Malarn is known for its peppersteaks and its active nightlife. Malarn also regularly gets a large amount of dust in the air from a desert located across the ocean. Trainlan has a very famous art museum in its city, and being an art fanatic, that greatly appeals to Jennifer. She is planning to take a trip to both cities sometime in the near future to see them in person before making her decision."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen is approximately 10,000 times slower in water than in air. When soils are flooded, they quickly lose oxygen, becoming hypoxic (an environment with O2 concentration below 2 mg/liter) and eventually completely anoxic where anaerobic bacteria thrive among the roots. Water also influences the intensity and spectral composition of light as it reflects off the water surface and submerged particles. Aquatic plants exhibit a wide variety of morphological and physiological adaptations that allow them to survive, compete, and diversify in these environments. For example, their roots and stems contain large air spaces (aerenchyma) that regulate the efficient transportation of gases (for example, CO2 and O2) used in respiration and photosynthesis. Salt water plants (halophytes) have additional specialized adaptations, such as the development of special organs for shedding salt and osmoregulating their internal salt (NaCl) concentrations, to live in estuarine, brackish, or oceanic environments. Anaerobic soil microorganisms in aquatic environments use nitrate, manganese ions, ferric ions, sulfate, carbon dioxide, and some organic compounds; other microorganisms are facultative anaerobes and use oxygen during respiration when the soil becomes drier. The activity of soil microorganisms and the chemistry of the water reduces the oxidation-reduction potentials of the water. Carbon dioxide, for example, is reduced to methane (CH4) by methanogenic bacteria. The physiology of fish is also specially adapted to compensate for environmental salt levels through osmoregulation. Their gills form electrochemical gradients that mediate salt excretion in salt water and uptake in fresh water.",
            "output": [
                "Bobby and Ned are two neighbors who both have medium sized gardens in their backyards. They regularly talk to each other about what they are growing and share gardening tips. Bobby is out working in his garden when Ned comes over to chat. Ned mentions that the garden at his house is currently flooded, but he's not sure why since it didn't rain. He asks Bobby if his garden experienced the same thing. Bobby replies that his garden is not currently flooded. He does mention that he did see Ned's daughter walking around near Ned's garden carrying a hose turned on to full power.",
                "Bobby and Ned are two neighbors who both have medium sized gardens in their backyards. They regularly talk to each other about what they are growing and share gardening tips. Bobby is out working in his garden when Ned comes over to chat. Ned mentions that the garden at his house is currently flooded, but he's not sure why since it didn't rain. He asks him if Bobby's garden experienced the same thing. Bobby replies that his garden is not currently flooded. He does mention that he did see Ned's daughter walking around near Ned's garden carrying a hose turned on to full power."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: There is a large area of low ozone concentration or \"ozone hole\" over Antarctica. This hole covers almost the whole continent and was at its largest in September 2008, when the longest lasting hole on record remained until the end of December. The hole was detected by scientists in 1985 and has tended to increase over the years of observation. The ozone hole is attributed to the emission of chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs into the atmosphere, which decompose the ozone into other gases.Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). Ozone absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion over Antarctica can cause a cooling of around 6 \u00b0C in the local stratosphere. This cooling has the effect of intensifying the westerly winds which flow around the continent (the polar vortex) and thus prevents outflow of the cold air near the South Pole. As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting. Models also suggest that the ozone depletion/enhanced polar vortex effect also accounts for the recent increase in sea ice just offshore of the continent.",
            "output": [
                "Blimpton and Jarmel are two neighboring planets in the Harshlan galaxy. Aliens are currently studying the two planets to see if either of them are suitable for habitation. While studying the planets, they discover that both planets have the same type of atmosphere. However, there is one key difference. The difference is that the current species of animals on Blimpton emit much more chlorofluorocarbons than Jarmel's animals do. The aliens take note of this so they can report back to their bosses on what they have found."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The axial tilt of the Earth is approximately 23.439281\u00b0 with the axis of its orbit plane, always pointing towards the Celestial Poles. Due to Earth's axial tilt, the amount of sunlight reaching any given point on the surface varies over the course of the year. This causes the seasonal change in climate, with summer in the Northern Hemisphere occurring when the Tropic of Cancer is facing the Sun, and winter taking place when the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere faces the Sun. During the summer, the day lasts longer, and the Sun climbs higher in the sky. In winter, the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter. In northern temperate latitudes, the Sun rises north of true east during the summer solstice, and sets north of true west, reversing in the winter. The Sun rises south of true east in the summer for the southern temperate zone and sets south of true west.",
            "output": [
                "In school, Jeremy's class has been assigned pen pals on the other side of the planet to write to. Jeremy lives in the United States and has been assigned to a girl named Marge who lives in Australia. Jeremy was told by his teacher that although Jeremy's town is in the winter season, Marge's country is currently experiencing summer. This idea intrigues Jeremy so in his first letter he is going to ask Marge many questions about this subject."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Above the troposphere, the atmosphere is usually divided into the stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height. Beyond these, the exosphere thins out into the magnetosphere, where the geomagnetic fields interact with the solar wind. Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer, a component that partially shields the surface from ultraviolet light and thus is important for life on Earth. The K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line, defined as 100 km above Earth's surface, is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and outer space.Thermal energy causes some of the molecules at the outer edge of the atmosphere to increase their velocity to the point where they can escape from Earth's gravity. This causes a slow but steady loss of the atmosphere into space. Because unfixed hydrogen has a low molecular mass, it can achieve escape velocity more readily, and it leaks into outer space at a greater rate than other gases. The leakage of hydrogen into space contributes to the shifting of Earth's atmosphere and surface from an initially reducing state to its current oxidizing one. Photosynthesis provided a source of free oxygen, but the loss of reducing agents such as hydrogen is thought to have been a necessary precondition for the widespread accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere. Hence the ability of hydrogen to escape from the atmosphere may have influenced the nature of life that developed on Earth. In the current, oxygen-rich atmosphere most hydrogen is converted into water before it has an opportunity to escape. Instead, most of the hydrogen loss comes from the destruction of methane in the upper atmosphere.",
            "output": [
                "Two politicians are proposing ideas they have about how to better serve the planet. Greg remarks that for too long the ozone layer has been a hindrance to progress and that scientists need to work to eliminate it. Mark scoffs at his opponent and says that the only real way to make progress is to make the ozone layer even stronger, not hurt it."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Adiabatic cooling occurs when one or more of three possible lifting agents \u2013 cyclonic/frontal, convective, or orographic \u2013 causes a parcel of air containing invisible water vapor to rise and cool to its dew point, the temperature at which the air becomes saturated. The main mechanism behind this process is adiabatic cooling. As the air is cooled to its dew point and becomes saturated, water vapor normally condenses to form cloud drops. This condensation normally occurs on cloud condensation nuclei such as salt or dust particles that are small enough to be held aloft by normal circulation of the air.Frontal and cyclonic lift occur when stable air is forced aloft at weather fronts and around centers of low pressure by a process called convergence. Warm fronts associated with extratropical cyclones tend to generate mostly cirriform and stratiform clouds over a wide area unless the approaching warm airmass is unstable, in which case cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus clouds will usually be embedded in the main precipitating cloud layer. Cold fronts are usually faster moving and generate a narrower line of clouds which are mostly stratocumuliform, cumuliform, or cumulonimbiform depending on the stability of the warm air mass just ahead of the front.",
            "output": [
                "A meteorologist is analyzing the weather patterns of two different countries. She notices that all signs indicate that Milshen is experiencing adiabatic cooling. She doesn't see any indications of adiabatic cooling in Limlen, though. This is important information to relay in her broadcast later tonight to the citizens of both countries and she is glad she noticed it."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients. Elevated CO2 levels cause increased growth reflected in the harvestable yield of crops, with wheat, rice and soybean all showing increases in yield of 12\u201314% under elevated CO2 in FACE experiments.Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations result in fewer stomata developing on plants which leads to reduced water usage and increased water-use efficiency. Studies using FACE have shown that CO2 enrichment leads to decreased concentrations of micronutrients in crop plants. This may have knock-on effects on other parts of ecosystems as herbivores will need to eat more food to gain the same amount of protein.The concentration of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids.",
            "output": [
                "Jerry and Gary each live in separate cities, but both run equally sized farms that grow the same produce. The cities they live in have very similar environments with the only difference being that the CO2 levels in Jerry's town are elevated, and in Gary's they are not. Jerry and Gary regularly talk on the phone and compare notes with each other since their farms are so similar."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: In coastal regions, sea breezes and land breezes can be important factors in a location's prevailing winds. The sea is warmed by the sun more slowly because of water's greater specific heat compared to land. As the temperature of the surface of the land rises, the land heats the air above it by conduction. The warm air is less dense than the surrounding environment and so it rises. This causes a pressure gradient of about 2 millibars from the ocean to the land. The cooler air above the sea, now with higher sea level pressure, flows inland into the lower pressure, creating a cooler breeze near the coast. When large-scale winds are calm, the strength of the sea breeze is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the land mass and the sea. If an offshore wind of 8 knots (15 km/h) exists, the sea breeze is not likely to develop.",
            "output": [
                "Jackie and Mark are two friends who are spending a day at the beach. Jackie wants to go out on the boat to spend some time on the ocean, but Mark wants to lay out on the beach and relax. Since they can't agree, Jackie goes out on the boat alone while Mark stays behind on the beach."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Before iodized salt was developed, some people experienced a number of developmental difficulties, including problems with thyroid gland function and mental retardation. In the 1920s, we learned that these conditions could usually be treated easily with the addition of iodide anion to the diet. One easy way to increase iodide intake was to add the anion to table salt. This simple step greatly enhanced health and development. Large amounts of iodide ion are also found in seaweed such as kelp (see picture above) and saltwater fish.",
            "output": [
                "People from two villages ate lots of salt. People from Salt village used regular salt, while people from Sand village people used iodized salt in their diets, after talking to specialists.",
                "People in the coastal area naturally get more iodide from food items because the soil has more iodized salt. But farther we go inland, the soil lacks necessary iodine. As a result, inland population do not get enough iodine naturally."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Circles of latitude are often called parallels because they are parallel to each other; that is, any two circles are always the same distance apart. A location's position along a circle of latitude is given by its longitude. Circles of latitude are unlike circles of longitude, which are all great circles with the centre of Earth in the middle, as the circles of latitude get smaller as the distance from the Equator increases. Their length can be calculated by a common sine or cosine function. The 60th parallel north or south is half as long as the Equator (disregarding Earth's minor flattening by 0.3%). A circle of latitude is perpendicular to all meridians.",
            "output": [
                "The city of Riga is situated at 56 degrees N, and its sister city Kobe, Japan is situated at 34 degrees N, on a different circle of latitude."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Another example of negative feedback has to do with blood glucose levels. When glucose (sugar) levels in the blood are too high, the pancreas secretes insulin to stimulate the absorption of glucose and the conversion of glucose into glycogen, which is stored in the liver. As blood glucose levels decrease, less insulin is produced. When glucose levels are too low, another hormone called glucagon is produced, which causes the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose.",
            "output": [
                "A doctor named Phil is researching how sugar affects the body. He noted when his participants ate a lot of sugar their livers would produce a lot more insulin than usual. The insulin would convert the sugar into glycogen. When they had a normal amount of sugar the amount of insulin was stable. He then had a person not eat at all and he found another hormone called glucagon was being produced. This hormone was converting the glycogen back into glucose, also known as sugar.",
                "Rob is studying medicine in a prestigious university. Today, his professor is teaching about blood glucose levels. He gave example of two patients, patient A and patient B. Patient A had high blood glucose level, but patient B had low blood glucose level. Rob was amazed to find how body keeps its balance.",
                "Tim and Fred were two students. Tim studied about negative feedback and the pancreas, while Fred studied about the stomach and the jejunum."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Since AM fungi are biotrophic, they are dependent on plants for the growth of their hyphal networks. Growing a cover crop extends the time for AM growth into the autumn, winter, and spring. Promotion of hyphal growth creates a more extensive hyphal network. The mycorrhizal colonization increase found in cover crops systems may be largely attributed to an increase in the extraradical hyphal network that can colonize the roots of the new crop (Boswell et al. 1998). The extraradical mycelia are able to survive the winter, providing rapid spring colonization and early season symbiosis (McGonigle and Miller 1999). This early symbiosis allows plants to tap into the well-established hyphal network and be supplied with adequate phosphorus nutrition during early growth, which greatly improves the crop yield.",
            "output": [
                "Bubba and Dean are two farmers which realized the benefits of having AM fungi in their soil. Dean, however, took active steps in helping the growth of AM fungi so he grew cover crops on his lands.",
                "Ted had two farmlands. Hill land had good mycorrhizal colonization because ted used cover crops, while Meadow land had fewer AM fungi present in the soil.",
                "Ted had two farmlands. Hill land had good mycorrhizal colonizationbecause ted used cover crops, while Meadow land had fewer AM fungi present in the soil.",
                "Two farms used AM fungi for the plants. Brown farm also decided to grow cover crops on those parcels of land to help mycorrhizal growth. Orange farm didn't grow cover crops.",
                "Two farms were testing new methods to increase production. Timber farm used AM fungi, while Pine farm used other conventional agricultural methods."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: There was no additional air in the tire the second time Lawrence checked the air pressure, but something did change between the two measurements. The tires had rolled over 10 miles of road on the trip to school. Any time one surface moves over another, it causes friction. Friction is a force that opposes the motion of two surfaces that are touching, and friction between two surfaces always generates heat. Quickly rub your hands together and you\u2019ll feel the heat generated by the friction between them. As the tires moved over the road, friction between the tires and road generated heat. In short, the tires got warmer and so did the air inside them.",
            "output": [
                "There was a carnival game at the fair that allowed you to win a basketball if you could correctly guess which of the two balls had spun around a circular track more times. Each ball would be dropped into identical circular tracks and then a curtain would cover them. Ball A would then spin around the track a certain amount of times, and Ball B would spin around a certain amount of times. After they were done spinning, you had to guess which ball completed more revolutions. A boy came up and had no idea how to figure out the answer, but when he picked them up he noticed that Ball A was slightly warmer than Ball B."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Carbon monoxide is used in modified atmosphere packaging systems in the US, mainly with fresh meat products such as beef, pork, and fish to keep them looking fresh. The carbon monoxide combines with myoglobin to form carboxymyoglobin, a bright-cherry-red pigment. Carboxymyoglobin is more stable than the oxygenated form of myoglobin, oxymyoglobin, which can become oxidized to the brown pigment metmyoglobin. This stable red color can persist much longer than in normally packaged meat. Typical levels of carbon monoxide used in the facilities that use this process are between 0.4% to 0.5%.",
            "output": [
                "Anna is going grocery shopping today. She gets to the meat section and decides to buy some ground beef. While looking at the cases she notices 2 brands of meat, Brand A and brand B. Bother were packaged the same day but package B's meat is noticeably more brown in color.",
                "Mike went to his local grocery store. He noticed that meats had two different packaging, product A and product B. When he looked closely, he found that in product A packaging carbon monoxide was used, but in product B carbon monoxide was not used. He asked the store clerk what difference it made."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Type 2 diabetes is much more common than type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes occurs when body cells no longer respond normally to insulin. The pancreas still makes insulin, but the cells of the body can\u2019t use it. Being overweight and having high blood pressure increase the chances of developing type 2 diabetes. This type of diabetes usually develops in adulthood. However, it is becoming more common in teens and children because more young people are overweight now than ever before.",
            "output": [
                "John is very health conscious. He works out regularly, and maintains balanced diet. But his friend Keith doesn't care much about health. He indulges in fast foods, and never exercises. As a result, Keith has type 2 diabetes, but John is free from diabetes.",
                "Justin and his sister Samantha recently had a visit with their doctors to see how their health was doing. Justin was told that he weighs too much and his blood pressure is higher than normal. Samantha was told she is at an appropriate weight and her blood pressure is normal.",
                "Mark and his sister Elaine recently had a visit with their doctors to see how their health was doing. Mark has not been able to manage his weight for the last several years, and the doctor told him he now officially has type 2 diabetes. Elaine has paid close attention to her health, and the doctor told her she does not have type 2 diabetes and her health is normal.",
                "The Jones family and the Bell family both entered a medical study for diabetes.The members of Jones family had mostly type 1 diabetes, while Bell family members had type 2 diabetes because they ate junk-food.",
                "The Jones family and the Bell family both entered a medical study for diabetes.The members of Jones family had mostly type 1 diabetes, while Bell family members had type 2 diabetes."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Any unused energy in food\u2014whether it comes from carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids\u2014is stored in the body as fat. An extra 3,500 Calories of energy results in the storage of almost half a kilogram (1 pound) of stored body fat. People who consistently consume more food energy then they need may become obese. Obesity occurs when the body mass index is 30.0 kg/m 2 or greater. Body mass index (BMI) is an estimate of the fat content of the body. It is calculated by dividing a person\u2019s weight (in kilograms) by the square of the person\u2019s height (in meters). Obesity increases the risk of health problems such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension.",
            "output": [
                "Greg wants to go on a diet. He decided it's time to make a change. He cut down on how much he eats every day and monitors his calorie intake, making sure that he is burning more calories that he is taking in.",
                "Roger and Samantha are brother and sister. Both of them perform roughly the same amount of physical activity on a day-to-day basis. Roger, however, eats a lot more food relative to the amount he needs given his activity levels. Samantha, on the other hand, eats the appropriate amount of food given her level of activity.",
                "Two brothers had very different diets. Vick would constantly eat foods high in fat and would frequently overeat. Zack on the other hand, had a higher metabolic rate, a faster metabolism, and he would eat the correct amount of calories.",
                "Two groups of adults were a part of a diet experiment. Group Brown ate 3500 extra calories a day for 3 months, while group Yellow, had a normal diet. Group Brown gained a lot of weight.",
                "Two groups of people were part of a nutrition study that lasted 2 years. Group A had a normal diet, while group B consumed an extra 1000 calories a day for 2 years. Group B gained lots of weight."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Regions on the Earth's surface (or in its atmosphere) that are high above mean sea level are referred to as high altitude. High altitude is sometimes defined to begin at 2,400 meters (8,000 ft) above sea level.[5][6][7]\n\nAt high altitude, atmospheric pressure is lower than that at sea level. This is due to two competing physical effects: gravity, which causes the air to be as close as possible to the ground; and the heat content of the air, which causes the molecules to bounce off each other and expand.[8].",
            "output": [
                "Ken is an avid mountain climber. This year he reached the summits of two mountains, mountain A and mountain B. Mountain A is only 5000 ft tall while mountain B is \n15000 ft tall. He has also learned a fun fact that water boils faster and at lower temperature at low atmospheric pressure.",
                "Riley has just been diagnosed with a disease that requires him to be in an area that has low atmospheric pressure to help his breathing. He has two cities he can choose to live in based on his current budget. Denver with an elevation of 10,000 ft, and Miami, which is around sea level.",
                "There was a competition for who can get the blue drone the highest into the air. Team A got it 2,500 ft. Team B got it 3,500 ft. Team C go it 4,500 ft. Team D got it 5,500 ft. Team E got it 10,500 ft. Team F got it 13,500 ft. Team G got it 14,500 ft. Team G won the contest and got a gold trophy as the prize.",
                "There was a competition for who can get the drone highest into the air. Team A got it 2,000 ft. Team B got it 3,000 ft. Team C go it 4,000 ft. Team D got it 5,000 ft. Team E got it 10,000 ft. Team F got it 13,000 ft. Team G got it 14,000 ft. Team 7 won the contest and got a gold trophy as the prize.",
                "There was a competition for who can get the kite highest into the air. Team A got it 2,000 ft. Team B got it 3,000 ft. Team C go it 6,000 ft. Team D got it 9,000 ft. Team E got it 10,000 ft.  Team F got it 11,000 ft. Team G got it 12,000 ft. Team G won the contest and got a gold trophy as the prize.",
                "There was a competition for who can get the model plane highest into the air. Team 1 got it 1,000 ft. Team 2 got it 2,000 ft. Team 3 go it 4,000 ft. Team 4 got it 9,000 ft. Team 5 got it 10,000 ft. Team 6 got it 12,000 ft. Team 7 got it 13000 ft. Team 7 won the contest and got a gold trophy as the prize.",
                "There was a competition for who can get their 10 lb drone the highest into the air. Team 30 got it 3,335 ft. Team 31 got it 4,446 ft. Team 32 go it 5,557 ft. Team 33 got it 6,668 ft. Team 34 got it 11,113 ft. Team 35 got it 12,224 ft. Team 36 got it 13,334 ft.",
                "There was a competition for who can get their 15 lb drone the highest into the air. Team 40 got it 3,336 ft. Team 41 got it 4,447 ft. Team 42 go it 5,558 ft. Team 43 got it 6,669 ft. Team 44 got it 11,114 ft. Team 45 got it 12,225 ft. Team 46 got it 13,335 ft.",
                "There was a competition for who can get their 20 lb drone the highest into the air. Team 50 got it 3,337 ft. Team 51 got it 4,448 ft. Team 52 go it 5,559 ft. Team 53 got it 6,660 ft. Team 54 got it 11,115 ft. Team 55 got it 12,226 ft. Team 56 got it 13,336 ft.",
                "There was a competition for who can get their 25 lb drone the highest into the air. Team 60 got it 3,338 ft. Team 61 got it 4,449 ft. Team 62 go it 5,550 ft. Team 63 got it 6,661 ft. Team 64 got it 11,116 ft. Team 65 got it 12,227 ft. Team 66 got it 13,337 ft.",
                "There was a competition for who can get their 30 lb drone the highest into the air. Team 70 got it 3,348 ft. Team 71 got it 4,459 ft. Team 72 go it 5,560 ft. Team 73 got it 6,671 ft. Team 74 got it 11,126 ft. Team 75 got it 12,237 ft. Team 76 got it 13,347 ft.",
                "There was a competition for who can get their black drone the highest into the air. Team 10 got it 3,333 ft. Team 11 got it 4,444 ft. Team 12 go it 5,555 ft. Team 13 got it 6,666 ft. Team 14 got it 11,111 ft. Team 15 got it 12,222 ft. Team 16 got it 13,333 ft.",
                "There was a competition for who can get their gray drone the highest into the air. Team 20 got it 3,334 ft. Team 21 got it 4,445 ft. Team 22 go it 5,556 ft. Team 23 got it 6,667 ft. Team 24 got it 11,112 ft. Team 25 got it 12,223 ft. Team 26 got it 13,333 ft.",
                "There was a competition for who can get their orange drone the highest into the air. Team H got it 2,555 ft. Team I got it 3,555 ft. Team J go it 4,545 ft. Team K got it 5,535 ft. Team L got it 10,525 ft. Team M got it 13,575 ft. Team N got it 14,585 ft.",
                "There was a competition for who can get their purple drone the highest into the air. Team A got it 2,511 ft. Team B got it 3,511 ft. Team C go it 4,511 ft. Team D got it 5,511 ft. Team E got it 10,511 ft. Team F got it 13,511 ft. Team G got it 14,511 ft. Team G won the contest and got a gold trophy as the prize.",
                "There was a competition for who can get their red drone the highest into the air. Team A got it 2,501 ft. Team B got it 3,501 ft. Team C go it 4,501 ft. Team D got it 5,501 ft. Team E got it 10,501 ft. Team F got it 13,501 ft. Team G got it 14,501 ft. Team G won the contest and got a gold trophy as the prize.",
                "There was a competition for who can get their red kite the highest into the air. Team O got it 3,555 ft. Team P got it 4,555 ft. Team Q go it 5,545 ft. Team R got it 6,535 ft. Team S got it 11,525 ft. Team T got it 14,575 ft. Team U got it 15,585 ft.",
                "There was a competition for who can get their yellow drone the highest into the air. Team 7 got it 3,335 ft. Team 8 got it 4,445 ft. Team 9 go it 5,565 ft. Team 10 got it 6,645 ft. Team 11 got it 11,635 ft. Team 12 got it 14,875 ft. Team 13 got it 15,895 ft.",
                "There was a competition for who can get their yellow drone the highest into the air. Team A got it 2,551 ft. Team B got it 3,551 ft. Team C go it 4,541 ft. Team D got it 5,531 ft. Team E got it 10,521 ft. Team F got it 13,571 ft. Team G got it 14,581 ft. Team G won the contest and got a big gold trophy as the prize.",
                "There was a competition for who can get their yellow kite the highest into the air. Team V got it 3,355 ft. Team W got it 4,455 ft. Team X go it 5,555 ft. Team Y got it 6,635 ft. Team Z got it 11,625 ft. Team A got it 14,775 ft. Team B got it 15,885 ft.",
                "There were Two villages Berg village situated at 3000 ft, at the base of the mountain, and Steep village, situated at 8500 feet. People visiting the area always stop in Berg village and feel great, but they feel bad and winded once they get to Steep village.",
                "There were two villages: Berg village situated at 3000 ft, at the base of the mountain, and Steep village, situated at 8500 feet. People visiting the area always stop in Berg village and feel great, but they feel bad and winded once they get to Steep village."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Some Chinese martial arts instructors focus more on their qinna techniques than others. This is one of the many reasons why the qinna of one school may differ from that of another.[2] All martial arts contain qinna techniques in some degree. The southern Chinese martial arts have more developed qinna techniques than northern Chinese martial systems. The southern martial arts have much more prevalent reliance on hand techniques which causes the practitioner to be in closer range to their opponent. There are over 700 qinna traditional techniques found in all martial arts. In the Non-Temple White Crane style there are 150-200 qinna techniques alone. Along with Fujian White Crane, styles such as Northern Eagle Claw (Ying Jow Pai) and Tiger Claw (Fu Jow Pai) have qinna as their martial focus and tend to rely on these advanced techniques.",
            "output": [
                "There is a long history of martial arts competition in Fujian Province of China. Interestingly, one can also place bets on competitors. David is a martial arts enthusiast, watching every martial arts movie he can find. This year David and his friend John is visiting the Fujian Province to see the martial arts competition. There are two rounds of competition, round A and round B. Round A competitors would display southern Chinese martial arts while round B competitors would display northern Chinese martial arts."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The Hawaiian Islands ( Figure above ) are in the central Pacific Ocean. The islands are volcanoes that increase in age from southeast to northwest. The youngest island is the Big Island of Hawaii at the southeast end of the chain. The volcanoes get older through Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau Islands through the northwest. The Kilauea volcano on Hawaii has been erupting almost continuously since 1983. There are also eruptions at an underwater volcano called Loihi seamount. Loihi is the youngest volcano. Hawaii is a fantastic place to see volcanic eruptions and features.",
            "output": [
                "Grant and Fox were talking about flying to Hawaii for a tour of the islands. Grant was born on the Big Island, while Fox never visited Hawaii.",
                "Two old friends Mary and Ann  lived thousands of miles away. Mary lived on the Big Island of Hawaii, while Ann lived in Boston. Mary visited Boston, while Ann has never been to Hawaii."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Biodiversity is determined by many things, and one of them is abiotic stress. If an environment is highly stressful, biodiversity tends to be low. If abiotic stress does not have a strong presence in an area, the biodiversity will be much higher.This idea leads into the understanding of how abiotic stress and endangered species are related. It has been observed through a variety of environments that as the level of abiotic stress increases, the number of species decreases. This means that species are more likely to become population threatened, endangered, and even extinct, when and where abiotic stress is especially harsh.",
            "output": [
                "Henry is currently writing a research paper for his biology class. The subject of the paper is abiotic stress. For his paper, he is analyzing two different forests of differing stress levels and writing about the differences seen in the environments. For the area with a low level of stress Henry chose the Narshe Forest, located near the mountains of Harkal. The area of high stress that Henry will be looking at is the Midgar forest. After choosing the two areas, Henry feels he deserves a break from his paper and goes to watch a baseball game.",
                "Italy had two distinct regions. Northern region where the animals are exposed to a lot of abiotic stress, and the southern region, where the animals experience almost no abiotic stress.",
                "Two neighboring regions were exposed to different levels of abiotic stress. Eastern region was exposed to high levels of abiotic stress, while Western region was almost stress-free."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A lake (from Latin lacus) is a terrain feature (or physical feature), a body of liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the bottom of basin (another type of landform or terrain feature; that is, it is not global) and moves slowly if it moves at all. On Earth, a body of water is considered a lake when it is inland, not part of the ocean, is larger and deeper than a pond, and is fed by a river. The only world other than Earth known to harbor lakes is Titan, Saturn's largest moon, which has lakes of ethane, most likely mixed with methane. It is not known if Titan's lakes are fed by rivers, though Titan's surface is carved by numerous river beds. Natural lakes on Earth are generally found in mountainous areas, rift zones, and areas with ongoing or recent glaciation. Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers. In some parts of the world, there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age. All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales, as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them.",
            "output": [
                "John wanted to know what makes a lake different from a pond. To that end, he first visited a lake. He labeled that part of the study as case A. Then he visited a pond. He labeled that part of the study as case B. John realized that though both of them were water-bodies, they were very different."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: As new changes in the DNA sequence are constantly being generated in a population's gene pool (changing the population's allele frequencies), some of these changes will be beneficial and result in traits that allow adaptation and survival. Natural selection causes evolution of a species as these beneficial traits become more common within a population. Evolution can occur within a species without completely resulting in a new species. Therefore, evolution and speciation are not the same.",
            "output": [
                "Over time a species of bird has changed a lot. Originally the climate the bird lived in changed so they adapted and more of them were seen to have heavy down feathers for warmth. Later down the line it got warmer, some of the birds stayed in the warmer area and adapted to it growing thinner feathers. Some of the others decided to migrate to colder areas instead. More time passed and the birds in the warmer area eventually evolved into a very dangerous creature with sharp talons to defend itself from predators. The birds that moved to the colder environment had less predators so they remained basically harmless.."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Most chemical reactions within organisms would be impossible under the normal conditions within cell. For example, the body temperature of most organisms is too low for reactions to occur quickly enough to carry out life processes. Reactants may also be present in such low concentrations that it is unlikely they will meet and collide. Therefore, the rate of most biochemical reactions must be increased by a catalyst. A catalyst is a chemical that speeds up chemical reactions. In organisms, catalysts are called enzymes .",
            "output": [
                "Mike is a biochemist, working for a science lab. Today, he has two organisms to investigate, organism A and organism B. He notices that organism A has enzymes, but organism B lacks enzymes. He needs to figure out how these conditions would affect the organisms."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Further heating then adds energy to the liquid particles, increasing their speed, kinetic energy, and temperature. This is the second slope on the curve. Once the particles are energetic enough to completely break free of each other, they start to enter the gas phase. Boiling occurs at the second plateau of this curve, and the temperature at this point is referred to as the boiling point . Again, the added heat is being used to break up the interactions between particles instead of increasing their kinetic energy, so no temperature increase is observed until all particles are in the gas phase. Finally, adding even more energy will further speed up the gas particles, increasing the kinetic energy and temperature of the substance.",
            "output": [
                "A study was done on a species of flightless bird in the Amazon. Over recent years some of these birds have begun to learn to fly when previously this was impossible. Scientists later discover that a mutation has allowed some of these birds to be able to fly, allowing them extra safety from predators.",
                "James is going camping and decides to really live the experience. He brings only his tent and essentials and sets out into the woods. After pitching camp he remembers he needs to secure water. Luckily there is a stream nearby so he fill s a pot with water and brings it back to his camp. He starts a fire, placing the pot on top of it so the water can boil.",
                "Robbie is heating up two pots of water in his kitchen because he is preparing to make some shrimp. The first pot of water, pot A, has been heating for a long time. The second pot of water, pot B, has only been heating for a short period of time.",
                "Will is doing some testing with heat. He freezes some water in a cup then takes the ice cube and puts it into a pot. He places a thermometer on the ice cube and takes readings. To his surprise, the temperature on the thermometer is stable the entire time it's on the ice cube, Then the ice cube completely melts."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: We all enjoy a cool dip in a swimming pool on a hot day, but we may not realize the work needed to keep that water safe and healthy. The ideal pH for a swimming pool is around 7.2. The pH will change as a result of many factors. Adjustment can be accomplished with different chemicals depending on the tested pH. High pH can be lowered with liquid HCl (unsafe material) or sodium bisulfate. The bisulfate anion is a weak acid and can dissociate partially in solution. To increase pH, use sodium carbonate. The carbonate anion forms an equilibrium with protons that results in some formation of carbon dioxide.",
            "output": [
                "Tom and John are both pool owners. Tom prefers to use sodium bisulfate in his pool because he enjoys the smell. John, however, prefers using sodium carbonate in his pool because he believes it helps keep pests away."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Of the 94 naturally occurring elements, those with atomic numbers 1 through 82 each have at least one stable isotope (except for technetium, element 43 and promethium, element 61, which have no stable isotopes). Isotopes considered stable are those for which no radioactive decay has yet been observed. Elements with atomic numbers 83 through 94 are unstable to the point that radioactive decay of all isotopes can be detected. Some of these elements, notably bismuth (atomic number 83), thorium (atomic number 90), and uranium (atomic number 92), have one or more isotopes with half-lives long enough to survive as remnants of the explosive stellar nucleosynthesis that produced the heavy metals before the formation of our Solar System. At over 1.9\u00d71019 years, over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe, bismuth-209 (atomic number 83) has the longest known alpha decay half-life of any naturally occurring element, and is almost always considered on par with the 80 stable elements. The very heaviest elements (those beyond plutonium, element 94) undergo radioactive decay with half-lives so short that they are not found in nature and must be synthesized.",
            "output": [
                "David was studying for his chemistry exam. To understand the elements of the periodic table better he categorized them into three groups, cat A, cat B, and cat C. In cat A he placed all the elements with atomic numbers lower than 83. In cat B he put the elements with atomic numbers from 83 to 94. Finally, in cat C he placed the elements with atomic numbers over 94. He found it easier to see their differences after he categorized them."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: One of the main advantages of adopting a strong foreign currency as sole legal tender is to reduce the transaction costs of trade among countries using the same currency.[13] There are at least two ways to infer this impact from data. The first is the significantly negative effect of exchange rate volatility on trade in most cases, and the second is an association between transaction costs and the need to operate with multiple currencies.[14] Economic integration with the rest of the world becomes easier as a result of lowered transaction costs and stabler prices.[2] Rose (2000) applied the gravity model of trade and provided empirical evidence that countries sharing a common currency engage in significantly increased trade among them, and that the benefits of currency substitution for trade may be large.[15].",
            "output": [
                "Two countries are considering adopting the same currency. Country A will begin to use the currency of Country B if they agree to make this change. Currently there is a 2 to 1 exchange rate on currency from country A to country B but this changes over time. Also in order to exchange the currency you have to pay a 5% fee on whatever the amount is you would like to exchange. Under the new system there will be no exchange rate and there will no longer be a reason to pay the transaction fee as everyone will have the same currency."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Nearsightedness, or myopia, is the condition in which nearby objects are seen clearly, but distant objects appear blurry. The Figure below shows how it occurs. The eyeball is longer (from front to back) than normal. This causes images to be focused in front of the retina instead of on the retina. Myopia can be corrected with concave lenses. The lenses focus images farther back in the eye, so they fall on the retina instead of in front of it.",
            "output": [
                "John and Keith are two friends. They went to see an ophthalmologist for an eye cheek up. The doctor found that John had myopia, but Keith had normal eyes. He advised them according to his findings.",
                "Two siblings went to the eye doctor, they needed eyeglasses. As it turned out, Ann had myopia, and Jane had farsightedness. They both bought eyeglasses."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: During the 1670s, the Dutch tradesman Antony van Leeuwenhoek, shown in Figure below , used microscopes to observe many microbes and body cells. Leeuwenhoek developed an interest in microscopy and ground his own lenses to make simple microscopes. Leeuwenhoek was so good at making lenses that his simple microscopes were able to magnify much more clearly than the compound microscopes of his day. His microscope's increased ability to magnify over 200x is comparable to a modern compound light microscope. Compound microscopes , which are microscopes that use more than one lens, had been invented around 1595 by Zacharias Jansen, a Dutch spectacle-maker. Several people, including Robert Hooke, had built compound microscopes and were making important discoveries with them during Leeuwenhoek\u2019s time.",
            "output": [
                "John is interested in the history of science. He went to a science museum to learn more about microscopes. First he saw a Leeuwenhoek microscope, which was labeled as item A, then he saw a compound microscope of Leeuwenhoek's time, which was labeled as item B. At the very end of his museum tour he saw a modern compound light microscope, which was labeled as item C."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Old age begins in the mid-60s and lasts until the end of life. Many people over 65 have retired from work, freeing up their time for hobbies, grandchildren, and other interests. Stamina, strength, reflex time, and the senses all decline during old age, and the number of brain cells decreases as well. The immune system becomes less efficient, increasing the risk of serious illnesses such as cancer and pneumonia. Diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease that cause loss of mental function also become more common.",
            "output": [
                "Dr. Smith studied a group of people under 65 called group I, and a group of people over 65 called group II. Old age signs were more obvious after the age of 65.",
                "John has just started working at a new company. Although he has been in the workforce for many years, this is a new position for him, and he is excited for it. Two weeks after starting, John's branch of the company is hosting a retirement party for one of the longest tenured employees at the office, Brad. Although Brad has enjoyed his time at the company, he says he is excited to be able to take time to himself and relax each day instead of coming into the office.",
                "Mark has just graduated high school and is going to visit his grandpa, Tom, over the summer for a couple days. Since Tom is retired, he often has plenty of time to go fishing, and he even has a small cabin by the lake. The two men are planning to spend several days at the cabin cooking, fishing, chopping firewood to make fires and just general outdoor activities.",
                "Mary and Ann met after a long time. Mary was 70 and she was Ann's aunt. She had a number of health problems. Ann was 52 and quite healthy.",
                "Megan, a sophomore in college, is visiting her grandparents who live out of town. There is a party going on at her grandparents' house because her grandma, Emily, has just retired. There is cake and ice cream and people are talking about their jobs, and Emily is talking about all the good and bad memories she has from her work.",
                "The department of geriatrics conducted a study on two groups of people, group V composed of people above 65 years old, and group W which had people under 65 and many under 60 years old. They were studying the effects on aging on the human body."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Figure B above shows an important relationship between the wavelength and frequency of a wave. The top wave clearly has a shorter wavelength than the second wave. However, if you picture yourself at a stationary point watching these waves pass by, more waves of the first kind would pass by in a given amount of time. Thus the frequency of the first waves is greater than that of the second waves. Wavelength and frequency are therefore inversely related. As the wavelength of a wave increases, its frequency decreases. The equation that relates the two is.",
            "output": [
                "Bill is working in a sound studio recording sound effects for a short film that he is working on. Some of the sounds he captured have a very high frequency and others are very low frequency. When he is done he begins to edit the sound with a computer program.",
                "Bill is working in a sound studio recording sound effects for a short film that he is working on. Some of the sounds he captured have a very high frequency and others are very low frequency. When he is done he begins to edit the sound with a computer program.              \n                                                  Patrick is measuring voltages with an oscilloscope. As he is testing various objects, he notices a number of frequency changes on the display.",
                "Jenna is studying waves and their related characteristics. Today, is she analyzing two different waves, wave D and wave M. Wave D has a very long wavelength, and wave M has a short wavelength. In order to verify her findings though, she is going to stand still and have both waves pass over her for the same amount of time and record the number of waves of each type that passed her.",
                "Jenna is studying waves and their related characteristics. Today, is she analyzing two different waves, wave D and wave M. Wave D has a very long wavelength, and wave M has a short wavelength. Jenna is making note of this so she can perhaps use this information in future studies.",
                "Robert is generating waves using an oscilloscope in his high school physics class. As part of the experiment, Robert first has to create waves with a long wavelength, waves that we will call long waves. Afterwards, Robert has to create waves with a short wavelength, waves that we will call short waves."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The dangers of global warming are being increasingly studied by a wide global consortium of scientists. These scientists are increasingly concerned about the potential long-term effects of global warming on our natural environment and on the planet. Of particular concern is how climate change and global warming caused by anthropogenic, or human-made releases of greenhouse gases, most notably carbon dioxide, can act interactively, and have adverse effects upon the planet, its natural environment and humans' existence. It is clear the planet is warming, and warming rapidly. This is due to the greenhouse effect, which is caused by greenhouse gases, which trap heat inside the Earth's atmosphere because of their more complex molecular structure which allows them to vibrate and in turn trap heat and release it back towards the Earth. This warming is also responsible for the extinction of natural habitats, which in turn leads to a reduction in wildlife population.The most recent report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (the group of the leading climate scientists in the world) concluded that the earth will warm anywhere from 2.7 to almost 11 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 to 6 degrees Celsius) between 1990 and 2100.",
            "output": [
                "Jessica and Milly are two politicians currently in the running for governor of their city. They are in the process of having a debate that is being broadcast on local television. Mike, an avid environmentalist who is trying to decide who to vote for, has been watching the entire debate. He feels the most important issue when voting is saving the planet and the animals on it. The question that was just asked by the moderator was \"what do you think should be done with the Earth's atmosphere?\" Jessica responds that she thinks we should emit more anthropogenic gases. She believes that will lead to the best outcome for the world. Milly states that we need to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere.",
                "Pam is an astronaut who has been given a mission to find a new planet for humans to live on. She is exploring the outer rims of the galaxy when she discovers two new planets that may be suitable. The atmospheric makeup of these planets is very similar to Pam's current home. After running a quick diagnostic, the only difference that Pam sees is that planet B has more carbon dioxide in its atmosphere than planet A.",
                "Rob was evaluating two research studies on climate change, study A and study B. Study A explained how increased greenhouse gases would affect the climate. On the other hand, study B showed how decreased greenhouse gases would affect the climate. Rob found the studies very interesting.",
                "Spain and Italy participated in a global warming global forum this year. it turns out that Spain uses lots of fossil fuel and natural gas for their economy, while Italy relies on ecological alternatives.",
                "Two earth-like planets orbited the same star.  The inhabitants of Earth I released greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Earth II ,however, was much more conscious about the environment and protected it from anthropogenic changes.",
                "Two earth-like planets orbited the same star. The inhabitants of Earth I released greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Earth II, however, was much more conscious about the environment and protected it from anthropogenic changes.",
                "Two identical planets, Norlon and Bothar, have been discovered in a neighboring galaxy of ours. These two planets have the same type of atmosphere as Earth and are extremely similar to Earth in terms of topography and even species of animals that live on them. The main difference is that Norlon is inhabited by a species very similar to humans that emit a lot of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Bothar, however, has no such species on its planet."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Using longitudinal data from over 100 countries, Diener and his colleagues showed that rich countries are in general happier than poor countries (Diener, Tay, & Oishi, 2013).[17] Also, life satisfaction for most countries goes up as they become wealthier over time. Diener identified three factors that influence the relationship between income and SWB. Namely, rising income most likely results in higher SWB when it leads to greater optimism, financial satisfaction and household material prosperity among citizens. Furthermore, Diener and his colleagues investigated the relationship between income and different elements of SWB. They illustrated that income has stronger influence on people\u2019s evaluation of their lives than the positive or negative emotions they experience over time (Diener, Kahneman, Tov, & Arora, 2010).[18] The study points to the necessity to evaluate different elements of SWB separately instead of treating happiness as a single entity.",
            "output": [
                "Over the years, the town of Euphoria has grown more successful and wealthier than anyone ever thought. As the wealth has increased and people have acquired more material possessions, their outlook on life has become more positive and it has been noted that the citizens have a lower incidence of depression. The town of Zenphora, on the other hand, has taken a downward financial turn over the past 50 years. The citizens have had to sell their worldly goods just to make ends meet and many do not have a good feeling about what their future holds.",
                "Two lands applied different economical measures over the last decade. Greenland increased productivity so they became wealthy and prosperous. Iceland chose to increase taxation and expand its government, they had little money to invest.",
                "Two neighboring countries implemented different sets of economic reforms. The reforms took over a decade to implement, but the effects were not similar at all. Redvania was more prosperous and it became much richer, while Blueland stagflated and the inhabitants were not pleased with the outcome."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Gasoline-powered vehicles emit a lot of harmful materials. Nitrogen oxides are formed when atmospheric nitrogen reacts with oxygen at the high temperatures found in a car engine. Carbon monoxide is a by-product of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. Evaporated and unused fuel releases volatile hydrocarbons into the atmosphere to help form smog. The presence of a catalytic converter in the exhaust system of the car causes these materials to react and be changed into less harmful products.",
            "output": [
                "After decades of debate, Brunei decided to adopt electrical vehicles and use them extensively, ultimately phasing out gasoline powered vehicles. Their neighbor Nepal decided to continue using gasoline-powered vehicles extensively.",
                "Bend village was located 20 miles away from Mound village. People in Bend village used gasoline powered vehicles, while Mound village used only electrical vehicles.",
                "Berg city used only gas powered vehicles while Hill city used electrical vehicles. The two cities had a similar population and vehicle numbers.",
                "Blue island and Red island were two big sister islands situated 100 miles from each other. People on Blue island used gas powered vehicles, while people on Red island used electrical vehicles. The people on Blue island presented more respiratory problems.",
                "Due to economic sanctions and trade embargoes, Cuban citizens primarily use cars designed in the late 1940s and early 1950s. These cars contain engines that were designed before the introduction of the catalytic converter. Meanwhile trade relations between nearby Panama and Japan have enabled the citizens of Panama to drive cars with the most up to date catalytic converter technology possible.",
                "Hill town was full of gasoline powered vehicles, while Valley town 50 miles away, banned all gas powered vehicles and allows only electrical vehicles or horse-and-buggies."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The major zones in river ecosystems are determined by the river bed's gradient or by the velocity of the current. Faster moving turbulent water typically contains greater concentrations of dissolved oxygen, which supports greater biodiversity than the slow moving water of pools. These distinctions form the basis for the division of rivers into upland and lowland rivers. The food base of streams within riparian forests is mostly derived from the trees, but wider streams and those that lack a canopy derive the majority of their food base from algae. Anadromous fish are also an important source of nutrients. Environmental threats to rivers include loss of water, dams, chemical pollution and introduced species. A dam produces negative effects that continue down the watershed. The most important negative effects are the reduction of spring flooding, which damages wetlands, and the retention of sediment, which leads to loss of deltaic wetlands.",
            "output": [
                "Jill lives out in a peaceful quiet area with hardly any other people around. Next to her home is a calm peaceful river. The river doesn't have an official name that she is aware of, but her family has always called it River Treetop due to the large tree next to it. Also next to her house, there is a roaring river that runs for miles. The river is so loud that it can be hard to hear yourself think sometimes if you are sitting next to it. For this reason, Jill has always referred to the river as River Chaos.",
                "Two rivers spring from the same mountain. Olt was a fast moving river, while Mures river was slow moving and deep. Both rivers are very important for the local economies."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Because the gravitational field created by the Moon weakens with distance from the Moon, it exerts a slightly stronger than average force on the side of the Earth facing the Moon, and a slightly weaker force on the opposite side. The Moon thus tends to \"stretch\" the Earth slightly along the line connecting the two bodies. The solid Earth deforms a bit, but ocean water, being fluid, is free to move much more in response to the tidal force, particularly horizontally.  As the Earth rotates, the magnitude and direction of the tidal force at any particular point on the Earth's surface change constantly; although the ocean never reaches equilibrium\u2014there is never time for the fluid to \"catch up\" to the state it would eventually reach if the tidal force were constant\u2014the changing tidal force nonetheless causes rhythmic changes in sea surface height.",
            "output": [
                "Mike was reading about an instrument that could measure gravity, gravimeter. He then found how gravimeter was used to measure the gravitational field of the Moon. He read about two distinct cases where the Moon's gravitational field was measured on earth, side A and side B. In side A the Moon's gravity was measured from the side where the Earth was facing the Moon. And in side B the Moon's gravitational field was measured from the opposite side of the Earth. He found these two locations showed very different consequences of Moon's gravitational field."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Gene activation leads to other effects, since the protein products of many of the responding genes include enzymes and factors that increase gene expression. Gene expression factors produced as a result of a cascade can turn on even more genes. Therefore one stimulus can trigger the expression of many genes, and this in turn can lead to the activation of many complex events. In a multicellular organism these events include the increased uptake of glucose from the blood stream (stimulated by insulin), and the movement of neutrophils to sites of infection (stimulated by bacterial products). The set of genes and the order in which they are activated in response to stimuli are often called a genetic program.",
            "output": [
                "Tony decided to cook a large amount of pasta for dinner, a meal that contains a high amount of glucose and will stimulate the release of insulin. Tony eats his meal on the couch, while sitting next to his sister Justine. Justine is not eating a meal, and is just quietly watching television."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Cholesterol can't dissolve in the blood. It has to be transported to and from the cells by carriers called lipoproteins. Low-density lipoprotein, or LDL, is known as \"bad\" cholesterol. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is known as good cholesterol. When too much LDL cholesterol circulates in the blood, it can slowly build up in the inner walls of the arteries that feed the heart and brain. Together with other substances, it can form plaque, and lead to atherosclerosis. If a clot forms and blocks a narrowed artery, a heart attack or stroke can result. Cholesterol comes from the food you eat as well as being made by the body. To lower bad cholesterol, a diet low in saturated fat and dietary cholesterol should be followed. Regular aerobic exercise also lowers LDL cholesterol and increases HDL cholesterol.",
            "output": [
                "John is a doctor with the local hospital. Earlier today, he was seeing two patients, patient A and patient B. John found out that patient A had more LDL, but patient B had more HDL. He now needs to determine correct treatment for them.",
                "Manny and Joe checked their cholesterol levels. Joe found out that his cholesterol levels were within normal parameters, while Manny had very high cholesterol levels and was recommended some lifestyle changes.",
                "Mary and Ben went in for a blood test. Ben had high cholesterol, so the Doctor recommended him to lower it. Mary had normal cholesterol levels.",
                "Mary and Beth both went to see their blood test results. The Doc told Mary she has high cholesterol and she had to change her diet and lifestyle. Beth had a normal cholesterol level.",
                "Michael and Robert are two patients at a cardiology clinic. Both just received their blood test results and were told that they need to improve their cholesterol levels. They were each recommended to begin exercising regularly. Michael took this advice to heart, and began regular aerobic exercise every week. Robert, on the other hand, only performs aerobic exercise every couple of weeks.",
                "Michael and Robert are two patients at a cardiology clinic. Both just received their blood test results and were told that they need to improve their cholesterol levels. They were each recommended to make changes to their diets. Michael took this advice to heart, and reduced the levels of saturated fat and dietary cholesterol he consumed. Robert, on the other hand, continued to consume high levels of saturated fat and dietary cholesterol."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: When the temperature of reactants is higher, the rate of the reaction is faster. At higher temperatures, particles of reactants have more energy, so they move faster. As a result, they are more likely to bump into one another and to collide with greater force. For example, food spoils because of chemical reactions, and these reactions occur faster at higher temperatures (see the bread on the left in the Figure below ). This is why we store foods in the refrigerator or freezer (like the bread on the right in the Figure below ). The lower temperature slows the rate of spoilage.",
            "output": [
                "A scientist is observing two chemicals react. The reaction is very slow and he wants to find a way to speed up the reaction. One day the labs air conditioner breaks and he notices the reaction is happening significantly faster than usual.",
                "A scientist is observing two chemicals react. The reaction is very slow and he wants to find a way to speed up the reaction. One day the labs air conditioner breaks, increasing the heat, in the lab and he notices the reaction is happening significantly faster than usual.",
                "John was pondering about what makes a chemical reaction faster or slower. To find the answer he did two tests, test A and test B. In test A he warmed up the reactants, but in test B he cooled down the reactants. To see a practical example of these tests he conducted two more tests, test C and test D. In test C he kept a food item in the refrigerator, but in test D he kept the same food item on the table top.",
                "Justin and Thomas are two college students conducting an experiment in their chemistry laboratory course.  They are mixing together acids and bases to produce sodium based compounds. Justin conducts his reactions at a high temperature, while Thomas conducts his reactions at a lower temperature.",
                "Rob is a chemist with a pharmaceutical company. He is trying to devise a technique that would  be able to control chemical reactions. For that, he conducted two tests. In the first test, he used warmer reactants. He called it reactant A. In the second test, he used cooler reactants. He called it reactant B.",
                "Sam and Jim are two bakers who both just finished baking a batch of muffins. They both baked more muffins than they needed, so they decided to store some of them for later. Sam decided to store his extra muffins in the refrigerator, where the temperature is relatively high. Jim instead decided to store his extra muffins in the freezer, where the temperature is relatively low.",
                "Two identical chemical compounds are both in beakers on top of burners in a laboratory. Beaker A is sitting on top of a burner that is set to a low temperature, and Beaker X is on a burner with a high temperature. Ken, the scientist studying these compounds, is closely monitoring the chemicals to see what type of changes occur."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A red giant star is a star with a mass like the Sun that is in the last phase of its life, when Hydrogen fusion reactions in the core decrease due to the lack of fuel. With the gravitational collapse of the core, the fusion reactions now occur in a shell surrounding the core. The outer layer of the star expands enormously up to 1000 times the size of the Sun. When the Sun becomes a red giant, its volume will include the orbit of Mercury and Venus and maybe even Earth. The increased size increases the luminosity even though the outer layer cools to only 3000 K or so. The cooler outer layer causes it to be a red star. After a few more million years, the star evolves into a white dwarf-planetary nebula system.",
            "output": [
                "Two stars have just been discovered that are identical in terms of chemical composition. The scientist who discovered them was given the right to name them, and he chose the names Enterprise and Vader. As said before, these stars are very similar, but the main difference is that Vader is a red giant, and Enterprise is not. Scientists are very eager to study these two newly discovered stars and see if they can learn anything new from them."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Cancer is a disease that causes cells to divide out of control. Normally, the body has systems that prevent cells from dividing out of control. But in the case of cancer, these systems fail. Cancer is usually caused by mutations. Mutations are random errors in genes. Mutations that lead to cancer usually happen to genes that control the cell cycle. Because of the mutations, abnormal cells divide uncontrollably. This often leads to the development of a tumor. A tumor is a mass of abnormal tissue. As a tumor grows, it may harm normal tissues around it. Anything that can cause cancer is called a carcinogen . Carcinogens may be pathogens, chemicals, or radiation.",
            "output": [
                "A large amount of radioactive waste was found near the town of Arrester. An unusual number of people in Arrester have cancer. In a town 100 miles north of Arrester named Ajani very few people have cancer. There is no radioactive waste near the town of Ajani.",
                "A team of scientists studied two groups of mice. Group C was exposed to carcinogens, while group N was not.",
                "Jason recently learned that he has cancer. After hearing this news, he convinced his wife, Charlotte, to get checked out. After running several tests, the doctors determined Charlotte has no cancer, but she does have high blood pressure. Relieved at this news, Jason was now focused on battling his cancer and fighting as hard as he could to survive.",
                "Two sisters went to the doctor to get screened for cancer. Lisa had cancer, while her sister Beth didn't. Lisa was terrified, but her sister comforted her."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Iron is first oxidized to iron(II) ions by oxygen. In the second step, the iron(II) ions are further oxidized and combine with water and oxygen gas to produce a hydrated form of iron(III) oxide known as rust. Rusting is one of many example of corrosion. Corrosion is the deterioration of metals by redox processes. Corrosion causes enormous amounts of damage to buildings, bridges, ships, cars, and other objects. It has been estimated that corrosion costs the U.S. economy over 100 billion dollars each year. A great amount of time and effort is spent to try to limit or prevent corrosion.",
            "output": [
                "Aaron is doing a science experiment for school. He is trying to see what happens to different iron objects in different conditions. He has two samples that he is testing. Sample A he has placed in a dark dry room away from the elements. Sample B he has placed outside under no cover, so it will be rained on.",
                "Jordan is conducting an experiment to see how Iron rusts. He first takes Iron Bar A and puts it out on his porch on a rainy day. Then he puts Iron bar B in an airtight bag and removes all of the oxygen and air to vacuum seal it. After some time passes the bar he left outside is completely covered in rust. He removes the bar in the vacuum sealed bag and to his surprise it has no rust at all. Because there was no oxygen and water in the air tight bag, iron bar B has no rust at all. Iron bar A was exposed to a lot of water and oxygen and there for it rusted completely.",
                "Two neighboring cities had different climates. Dune city had very dry air and no rain, while Bay city had very high humidity, fog and lots of rain.",
                "Two sailors, Jim and Eric decide to buy boats. The boats they buy ave a decent amount of iron in the construction and will be exposed to water almost constantly. Jim decides to coat his boat in a protective seal that seals out water and air. Eric thinks this is unnecessary and does not buy the protective seal."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Hepatitis viruses can develop into a chronic viral infection that leads to liver cancer. Infection by human T-lymphotropic virus can lead to tropical spastic paraparesis and adult T-cell leukaemia. Human papillomaviruses are an established cause of cancers of cervix, skin, anus, and penis. Within the Herpesviridae, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus causes Kaposi's sarcoma and body-cavity lymphoma, and Epstein\u2013Barr virus causes Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, B lymphoproliferative disorder, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Merkel cell polyomavirus closely related to SV40 and mouse polyomaviruses that have been used as animal models for cancer viruses for over 50 years.",
            "output": [
                "The Jones family had a history of chronic viral infections. Jenny got human papillomavirus, while her brother Josh got infected with the Epstein\u2013Barr virus. They were both under treatment.",
                "Two brothers got sick and weren't feeling well. Strangely enough they found out they were infected with viruses. Tom was infected with human papillomavirus, while Chris was infected with hepatitis.",
                "Two cousins both have chronic viral infections. Tim has Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, while Nate has the Epstein\u2013Barr virus.",
                "Two medical students had to study about viruses that cause cancers in humans. Brady studied about hepatitis viruses, while Dean studied about human papillomaviruses and Herpesviridae.",
                "Two patients were hospitalized for different diseases.  Barry was diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, while Daniel was diagnosed with Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: When the subtropical ridge in the Northwest Pacific is stronger than normal, it leads to a wet monsoon season for Asia.[18] The subtropical ridge position is linked to how far northward monsoon moisture and thunderstorms extend into the United States. Typically, the subtropical ridge across North America migrates far enough northward to begin monsoon conditions across the Desert Southwest from July to September.[19] When the subtropical ridge is farther north than normal towards the Four Corners, monsoon thunderstorms can spread northward into Arizona. When suppressed to the south, the atmosphere dries out across the Desert Southwest, causing a break in the monsoon regime.[20].",
            "output": [
                "2018 was a very wet year for the Four Corners area,  because of the subtropical ridge, 2019, on the other hand was a dry year influenced by the same weather phenomenon that lacked strength in this year.",
                "In 2016, the subtropical ridge across North America migrated far enough northward to begin monsoon conditions across the Desert Southwest from July to September, but in 2017 the atmosphere dried out across the Desert Southwest, causing a break in the monsoon regime. Therefore a wet year was followed buy a dry one, and the fires started again."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Noble gases are also used to fill the glass tubes of lighted signs like the one in the Figure below . Although noble gases are chemically nonreactive, their electrons can be energized by sending an electric current through them. When this happens, the electrons jump to a higher energy level. When the electrons return to their original energy level, they give off energy as light. Different noble gases give off light of different colors. Neon gives off reddish-orange light, like the word \u201cOpen\u201d in the sign below. Krypton gives off violet light and xenon gives off blue light.",
            "output": [
                "A scientist named Kathy walks into her office to see two neon signs plugged into the wall and hanging above her desk. Confused, she looks around to see if there's any clue as to who put them there. Seeing nobody, she flips the light switch on and walks in. Upon flipping the light switch, only the large sign lights up. Even though they are clearly both plugged in, the small sign isn't turning on. Kathy leaves her office to find someone to ask who put these random signs up in her room.",
                "A scientist named Kathy walks into her office to see two signs filled with noble gasses plugged into the wall and hanging above her desk. There is a large sign filled with neon and a small sign filled with krypton. Confused, she looks around to see if there's any clue as to who put them there. Seeing nobody, she flips the light switch on and walks in. Upon flipping the light switch, only the large sign lights up. Even though they are clearly both plugged in, the small sign isn't turning on. Kathy leaves her office to find someone to ask who put these random signs up in her room.",
                "A scientist, John, has two containers of the same noble gas. John sends electricity through container A. Just as he is about to activate the electricity for container B, the power goes out, and he is unable to do so. Frustrated, John goes to find the circuit breaker to see if a fuse has blown.",
                "Bob owns a store that sells signs. He has a large selection of different signs that are for sale, and they come in all sorts of different colors. His closed sign is a reddish-orange. His open sign is a violet color, and his sale sign is blue.",
                "John wanted to make some lighted signs for his business. To that end, he chose noble gases, neon, krypton, and xenon. First, he kept the noble gases in containers. He called it step A. Then he passed electric current through them. He called it step B. In the process, he came up with three signs, sign A, sign B, and sign C. Sign A used neon. Sign B used krypton, and sign C used xenon.",
                "There are two signs in a bar that use noble gases to light them. Sign A and Sign B are both the same solid color and patrons always point them out as they are rather amusing signs. However, one customer has just come up to the owner and told him that Sign B has just turned off."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Some processes in the body are regulated by positive feedback. Positive feedback is when a response to an event increases the likelihood of the event to continue. An example of positive feedback is milk production in nursing mothers. As the baby drinks her mother's milk, the hormone prolactin, a chemical signal, is released. The more the baby suckles, the more prolactin is released, which causes more milk to be produced. Other examples of positive feedback include contractions during childbirth. When constrictions in the uterus push a baby into the birth canal, additional contractions occur.",
            "output": [
                "John is a doctor at the children's hospital. He had two different cases to investigate, case A and case B. In case case A, a baby continued to suckle mother's milk. But in case B, a baby stopped suckling mother's milk. He had to determine the different effects these two cases were causing."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Another major cause of extinction is global warming , which is also known as global climate change. During the past century, the Earth's average temperature has risen by almost 1\u00b0C (about 1.3\u00b0F). You may not think that is significant, but to organisms that live in the wild and are constantly adapting to their environments, any climate change can be hazardous. Recall that burning fossil fuels releases gasses into the atmosphere that warm the Earth. Our increased use of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, is changing the Earth\u2019s climate. Any long-term change in the climate can destroy the habitat of a species. Even a brief change in climate may be too stressful for an organism to survive. For example, if the seas increase in temperature, even briefly, it may be too warm for certain types of fish to reproduce.",
            "output": [
                "Douglas is an inventor who creates a miniature engine in his backyard that he uses to power his house. In order to fuel his engine, he has to burn a large amount of fossil fuels every day. His neighbor, Elijah, on the other hand powers his house through wind turbines, and in the process doesn't burn any fossil fuels at all.",
                "In Greenland there is a species of bird that thrives in cold climates. After years of burning fossil fuels the global average temperature has increased by 4 degrees F and during the mating season for this bird the temperature is on average 7 degrees higher.",
                "In Greenland there is a species of bird that thrives in cold climates. After years of burning fossil fuels the global average temperature has increased by 4 degrees F and during the mating season for this bird the temperature is on average 7 degrees higher. This is much warmer than the bird is used to and they begin to reproduce less.",
                "Keith was reading a book on climate. He found an interesting table that showed the climatic conditions of the earth in two different times, time A and time B. Time A showed earth's climatic condition in the previous century. And, time B showed earth's climatic condition in the present century. Keith was amazed to see how the world has changed in just a century.",
                "Ken and Stacy are two engineers discussing their plans about what source of energy they should use to generate electricity in a new city they are helping design. Ken feels that they should use coal since it's reliable, abundant and relatively cheap. Stacy argues that they should use solar power because there is an infinite supply of solar energy.",
                "There are two neighboring planets in another solar system. The people of Mandron use many fossil fuels to power things that require electricity. The people of Liptar have found a way to use water as a source of power and they barely use any fossil fuels at all.",
                "Two neighboring islands Grey island and Sand island both contributed to global warming by their actions. Grey island contributed way more because they were more careless.",
                "Two students studied for the biology exam. Ken studied about   global warming, while Hank studied about ice ages.",
                "Two students studied for the biology exam. Ken studied about global warming, while Hank studied about Earth's atmosphere.",
                "Two students studied for the biology exam. Ken studied about global warming, while Hank studied about Earth's oceans.",
                "Two students studied for the biology exam. Ken studied about global warming, while Hank studied about ice ages."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Earthquakes may take place every day near a volcano. But before an eruption, the number and size of earthquakes increases. This is the result of magma pushing upward into the magma chamber. This motion causes stresses on neighboring rock to build up. Eventually the ground shakes. A continuous string of earthquakes may indicate that a volcano is about to erupt. Scientists use seismographs to record the length and strength of each earthquake.",
            "output": [
                "Pam and Jane were two researchers. Pam studied sedimentary rocks while Jane studied volcanoes and related phenomena, such as earthquakes.",
                "Two neighboring cities are situated in a volcanic area with lots of earthquakes. Park city is situated near a very active volcano, while Hill city is situated 50 miles north.",
                "Two sister villages, both situated near volcanoes, experience daily earthquakes. Green village started recording an increased size and number of earthquakes one day. Blue village didn't experience a change in the number of earthquakes."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Besides anthropogenic productivity of the land, the biodiversity of degraded land also declines, as previously mentioned.[12] With less biodiversity, this ecosystem is less adaptable to when disasters strike it[11][8] It has a smaller available food supply, in terms of plants, for animals, who then may die out or more likely may relocate. Proof of this decline is that presently 15-20% of Tibetan Plateau species are now considered endangered; and now because of this animal and plant absence, the soil quality of these degraded lands is very poor.[1] It does not hold the necessary nutrients, such as water, nitrogen, and carbon, essential to either supporting life or inviting life back to that land.[6] As a result of such carbon and nitrogen loss in the Tibetan Plateau, $8,033/ha and $13,315/ha were respectively lost in economic terms. Soils are further weakened by dust storms whose frequency increases because of degradation.[11][4] Erosion of soil becomes a bigger problem, since no longer are there as many plants to anchor in the soil. In the northern Chinese province alone, 400 million are affected every year with an associated 54 billion yuan of annual economic loss due to grassland degradation.",
            "output": [
                "Both Nicaragua and Costa Rica had large tract of pristine forests. They had one of the largest concentration of tropical species. In the 1980s Nicaragua started clearing up some of these forests. Instead, they have now vast tract of sugarcane production in that land. One can still visit Costa Rica where they kept those pristine forests intact.",
                "The Gorge saw some negative effects due to deforestation. The Valley has a more fertile soil, it's not overgrazed, and the trees and bushes are abundant, and the productivity has increased several fold over the past decade. Biodiversity in the Valley is varied, and the soils are nutritious and retain more water, nitrogen and carbon.",
                "The extensive grazing in Tibet lead to carbon and nitrogen loss, subject to desertification, while Nepal adopted a different approach to food production, putting nature and biodiversity first.",
                "The southern province was exposed to intensive grazing for many years , and now soil quality is poor and dust storms are present. The northern province has more fertile soil, more trees.",
                "Xi province started sustainable agriculture and permaculture 40 years ago, while Huan province still uses conventional methods of cultivation.  Animals grazing the fields extensively lead to desertification, the loss of carbon and nitrogen in the soil, and other problems. Permaculture was beneficial in Xi province, they re-built 10 inches of top soil in 10 years which is 6 times faster than the natural rate, which lead to a more diverse ecosystem and more biodiversity."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Allergy symptoms can range from mild to severe. Mild symptoms might include itchy eyes, sneezing, and a runny nose. Severe symptoms can cause difficulty breathing, which may be life threatening. Keep in mind that it is the immune system and not the allergen that causes the allergy symptoms. Allergy symptoms can be treated with medications such as antihistamines. Severe allergic reactions may require an injection of the hormone epinephrine. These treatments lessen or counter the immune system\u2019s response.",
            "output": [
                "Bill and Chad both displayed allergic reactions. Bill had mild symptoms, while Chad displayed severe allergic reactions and was rushed to the hospital.",
                "Bill and Chad both displayed allergic reactions. Bill's were mild symptoms, while Chad's were more severe allergic reactions and was rushed to the hospital.",
                "It is currently spring time where Jonathan lives, and there is a high amount of pollen in the air. When Jonathan goes outside his eyes start to water and become itchy, and he can't stop sneezing. Jonathan's brother, Thomas, was recently invited to a seafood dinner.  Thomas decided to eat some shellfish, and a short while later he felt like his throat was closing up and it was becoming difficult to breathe.",
                "Robert studied two groups of patients. Group O had mild allergy symptoms, while group R displayed severe allergy symptoms.",
                "The doctors used used the newly discovered allergy medicine on two groups of people. As a result, group Alpha experienced mild allergy symptoms, while group Beta continued experiencing severe allergy symptoms and remained hospitalized requiring additional treatment.",
                "The doctors used used the newly discovered allergy medicine on two groups of people. As a result, group Alpha experienced mild allergy symptoms, while group Beta continued experiencing severe allergy symptoms and remained hospitalized.",
                "The doctors used used the newly discovered allergy medicine on two groups of people. As a result, group Alpha experienced only mild allergy symptoms, while group Beta started experiencing severe allergy symptoms and remained hospitalized requiring additional treatment.",
                "Two groups of  students went to the forest to explore nature and learn botany. Group D had some people experiencing mild allergy symptoms, and group C had a few folks with severe allergy symptoms, so they had to call the ambulance asap.",
                "Two groups of students went on a field trip. Group Scouts visited a bee farm, while group Bears went to a salmon hatchery. Group Scouts had children experiencing mild allergic reactions, while one student had severe allergic reactions to a bee sting.",
                "Two sisters both had allergies. Ann had mild allergies, while Jo had to be very careful because she experienced severe allergic reactions before."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Electromagnetic radiation is energy that travels in waves across space as well as through matter. Most of the electromagnetic radiation on Earth comes from the sun. Like other waves, electromagnetic waves are characterized by certain wavelengths and wave frequencies. Wavelength is the distance between two corresponding points on adjacent waves. Wave frequency is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time. Electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths have higher frequencies and more energy.",
            "output": [
                "Chris is working in a lab that handles radioactive materials. Today he is working with Element A and Element B. When measuring element A he notes that is has a shorter wavelength than element B.",
                "David is experimenting with electromagnetic waves. He has four different waves to study, wave A, wave B, wave C, and wave D. In wave A, distance between two corresponding points on adjacent waves is greater than that of wave B.\nIn wave C, the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given time is greater than that of wave D."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Electronegativities generally increase from left to right across a period. This is due to an increase in nuclear charge. Alkali metals have the lowest electronegativities, while halogens have the highest. Because most noble gases do not form compounds, they do not have electronegativities. Note that there is little variation among the transition metals. Electronegativities generally decrease from top to bottom within a group due to the larger atomic size.",
            "output": [
                "John was studying the periodic table. To make things easier for him he divided the table in different sections, section A, section B, section C, and section D. Section A elements are located at the left of the table, but section B elements are located at the right side of the table. Section C elements are located at the top, but section D elements are located at the bottom."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Sodium and potassium are two of the most important elements in living things. They are present mainly as positively charged ions dissolved in water. The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium ions (Na + ) out of the cell and potassium ions (K + ) into the cell. In both cases, the ions are moving from an area of lower to higher concentration. Energy in ATP is needed for this \"uphill\" process. Figure below shows how this pump works. Trace these steps from left to right in the figure.",
            "output": [
                "Ben and Andy studied minerals and micro-nutrients. Ben studied more about magnesium, zinc and molybdenum, while his buddy Andy studied about sodium and potassium."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: An anaerobic organism is any organism that does not need oxygen for growth and even dies in its presence. Obligate anaerobes will die when exposed to atmospheric levels of oxygen. Clostridium perfringens bacteria, which are commonly found in soil around the world, are obligate anaerobes. Infection of a wound by C. perfringens bacteria causes the disease gas gangrene. Obligate anaerobes use molecules other than oxygen as terminal electron acceptors.",
            "output": [
                "A new bacteria was found at an excavation site in Egypt. At first there was a great alarm at the finding and people were deathly afraid of getting infected so all of the worker were quarantined, Eventually they were all released as no one got sick and the bacteria was later identified as an obligate anaerobe.",
                "Microbiologist John is studying the anaerobic organism. He collected two samples of this organism, sample A and sample B. Sample A is an anaerobic organism, and sample B is specifically identified as the Clostridium perfringens obligate anaerobe. To compare these samples to other organisms he collected another microbe that is not an anaerobic organism. He labeled it as sample C."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in matter. In everyday usage, temperature indicates a measure of how hot or cold an object is. Temperature is an important parameter in chemistry. When a substance changes from solid to liquid, it is because there was an increase in the temperature of the material. Chemical reactions usually proceed faster if the temperature is increased. Many unstable materials (such as enzymes) will be viable longer at lower temperatures.",
            "output": [
                "Alexander is conducting reactions in his college chemistry class. In his first reaction, reaction A, he uses a high strength burner so the temperature of the reaction is high. In the second reaction, reaction B, he uses a weaker model of burner, so the temperature of the reaction is low.",
                "Greg is a scientist working in a lab with a specific metal. The metal is being kept in different storage containers. The containers are all different temperatures, and Greg has misplaced the exact temperature each container is set at unfortunately. All he can go by are his observations. The metal in the Red Box is in liquid form, and the metal in the Blue Box is in a solid form.",
                "John an Keith are coworkers in a chemistry lab. Yesterday, they conducted there tests, test A, test B, and test C. In test A, John kept a substance in solid state, but Keith changed the same substance from solid to liquid state. In test B, John conducted a chemical reaction in low temperature, but Keith conducted the same chemical reaction in high temperature. Finally, in test C, John kept an unstable material in room temperature, but Keith kept the same unstable material in a cool container.",
                "John is a scientist. Yesterday, he conducted several tests, test A, test B, test C, test D, test E, and test F. In test A he kept a substance in solid state. Then in test B he changed the same substance to liquid state. In test C he conducted a chemical reaction in room temperature. Then in test D he conducted the same chemical reaction in higher temperature. In test E he kept some enzymes in high temperature. Finally, in test F he kept the same enzymes in lower temperature.",
                "Susan went to the store to buy some bags of ice for a party she was having later in the day. When she got home she put one bag of ice in the sink and another in the freezer, but then was distracted by a phone call and forgot to put the other bag in the freezer. When she returned, the bag of ice had melted.",
                "Susan went to the store to buy some bags of ice for a party she was having later in the day. When she got home she put one bag of ice in the sink and another in the freezer, but then was distracted by a phone call and forgot to put the other bag in the freezer. When she returned, the bag of ice had melted.                                         \n                                                  Thomas is a research assistant and has taken samples of rat liver enzymes that need to be stored overnight. He places one in refrigerated storage, but forgot one and left it out on the counter top."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Chemical equilibrium was studied by French chemist Henri Le Ch\u00e2telier (1850-1936), and his description of how a system at equilibrium responds to a change in conditions has become known as Le Ch\u00e2telier\u2019s principle . This principle states that when a chemical system is at equilibrium and is disturbed by a stress, the system will respond by attempting to counteract that stress until a new equilibrium is established. Stresses to a chemical system include changes in the concentrations of reactants or products, changes in the temperature of the system, or changes in the pressure of the system. We will discuss each of these stresses separately. In each case, the change to the equilibrium position will cause either the forward or reverse reaction to be favored over the opposite process. When the forward reaction is favored, the concentrations of the products increase, and the concentrations of the reactants decrease. When the reverse reaction is favored, the concentrations of the products decrease, and the concentrations of the reactants increase.",
            "output": [
                "David was conducting experiments on chemical equilibrium in the chemistry lab. First, he took a chemical system that was at equilibrium. He labeled it as case E. Then he changed the temperature of the system. He labeled that experiment as case T. Finally, he observed two more experiments, case A and case B. In case A forward reaction was favored, and in case B reverse reaction was favored.",
                "John was trying to reenact Le Chatelier's principle. To that end, he conducted four tests, test A, test B, test C, and test D. In test A, he didn't input any stress to a chemical system in equilibrium. But In test B, he put some stress to the same system. In test C, he observed a forward reaction, but in test D, he observed a reverse reaction."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Beginning in September 2012, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration will require larger, more prominent cigarette health warnings on all cigarette packaging and advertisements in the United States. These warnings are a significant advancement in communicating the dangers of smoking. These new cigarette health warnings contains nine different warnings that will increase awareness of the specific health risks associated with smoking, such as death, addiction, lung disease, cancer, stroke and heart disease. These warnings include:.",
            "output": [
                "Dahlia has smoked cigarettes every day for many years. Dahlia's daughter, Samantha, has never smoked a cigarette in her life. Besides this difference, Dahlia and Samantha have similar activity levels and eat a similar diet.",
                "David collects cigarette packs of different years. He found that two of his packs, pack A and pack B, are very different. Pack A is from before September 2012, and pack B is from after September 2012. He started searching on the internet to find out why the packs were different.",
                "Marcy and Nancy are coworkers at the local library. They get along well and have similar interests. One of the few things they don't have in common though is that Nancy loves to smoke cigarettes, but Marcy can't stand smoking and never does it. Nancy is courteous though and tries not to smoke when she is around Marcy since she knows it bothers her."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The Figure below shows a graph of plotted against pressure for 1 mol of a gas at three different temperatures - 200 K, 500 K, and 1000 K. An ideal gas would have a value of 1 for that ratio at all temperatures and pressures and the graph would simply be a horizontal line. As can be seen, deviations from an ideal gas occur. As the pressure begins to rise, the attractive forces cause the volume of the gas to be less than expected and the value of drops under 1. Continued pressure increase results in the volume of the particles to become significant and the value of rises to greater than 1. Notice, that the magnitude of the deviations from ideality is greatest for the gas at 200 K and least for the gas at 1000 K.",
            "output": [
                "Marcus is working with a sealed container of oxygen. He is trying see how temperature effects its deviations from ideality.  He slowly increases the temperature of the oxygen and continues to measures its deviations.",
                "Tony is heating up a container of leftovers in his microwave for dinner tonight. When he puts the container in the microwave he leaves the lid on so it is still sealed. About two minutes into heating the food he hears a loud \"pop\" noise and looks to see the lid has completes blown off the container."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The above example shows how science generally advances. New evidence is usually used to improve earlier ideas rather than entirely replace them. In this way, scientists gradually refine their ideas and increase our understanding of the world. On the other hand, sometimes science advances in big leaps. This has happened when a scientist came up with a completely new way of looking at things. For example, Albert Einstein came up with a new view of gravity. He said it was really just a dent in the fabric of space and time.",
            "output": [
                "This year scientist found concrete evidence of existence of black holes by taking photograph of one. Unfortunately, the originator of black hole theory, Stephen Hawking, was never awarded a Nobel prize despite letting science advance in big leap because his theory could not be verified during his lifetime. On the other hand, scientist B has received Nobel prize because he has based his theory on the earlier theory of scientist A."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Middle adulthood lasts from the mid-30s to the mid-60s. During this stage of life, many people raise a family and strive to attain career goals. They start showing physical signs of aging, such as wrinkles and gray hair. Typically, vision, strength and reaction time start declining. Diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular or heart disease, and cancer are often diagnosed during this stage of life. These diseases are also the chief causes of death in middle adulthood.",
            "output": [
                "Adam and his older brother Chris were born almost 15 years apart from each other. Adam is 27 now which means Chris is 41.  Lately Chris has started noticing grey hairs come in. When Adam and him play games together Chris also seems to lose more often now even though historically he has always been better.",
                "David works for the government as a statistician. He had to produce a report for the coming annual meeting. This year he is thinking about a report with some lifestyle suggestions for middle adulthood population. To make it easier to understand the needs of middle adulthood population he would compare it with a group who are in their twenties. He labeled the first group as group A; and the latter group as group B.",
                "Margaret is a mother currently in the middle adulthood stage of her life.  Margaret's daughter, Vanessa, hasn't reached middle adulthood yet, and is still a teenager. Both of them enjoy reading beauty and fashion magazines so they can find age-appropriate tips on how to improve their look.",
                "Pat and Tammy are mother and sister. They like to take long walks together. Pat is 60, while Tammy is 32 years-old."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Although some lipids in the diet are essential, excess dietary lipids can be harmful. Because lipids are very high in energy, eating too many may lead to unhealthy weight gain. A high-fat diet may also increase lipid levels in the blood. This, in turn, can increase the risk for health problems such as cardiovascular disease. The dietary lipids of most concern are saturated fatty acids, trans fats, and cholesterol. For example, cholesterol is the lipid mainly responsible for narrowing arteries and causing the disease atherosclerosis.",
            "output": [
                "Angela just bent through a really bad breakup and is feeling very depressed. To make herself feel better she tends to binge on foods that happen to be very high in lipids.",
                "Ben and Jerry were two friends with very different dietary habits. Jerry ate healthy food, and was always on top of his caloric consumption, while Ben overate because he loved fatty foods such as butter, bacon et al.",
                "Greg is a doctor with the city hospital. Today, he is seeing two patients, patient A and patient B. Patient A maintains a high-fat diet, but patient B does not maintain a high fat diet. Greg is advising the patients how lifestyle change can improve their health.",
                "Jesse wants to lose weight. She decides to do research on the types of food she's been eating and finds out they are excessively high in dietary lipids. She decides to cut back to a lower than normal amount of lipid consumption for a while.",
                "Ronaldo and Jeff are two college roommates that have similar body structure and similar physical activity levels. Ronaldo is a nutrition enthusiast and eats a diet with appropriately low amounts of fat and cholesterol. Jeff, on the other hand, doesn't really care about nutrition at all. He eats whatever he wants, whenever he wants, and as a result he consumes a diet with an inappropriately high amount of fat and cholesterol.",
                "Two groups of people followed different diets. Group A was comprised of vegans, while group B had a regular diet, with the mention they ate a lots of fatty foods and fast-food.",
                "Two groups of people were part of a science study. Group A ate lots of fats(lipids), while Group B  had a more balanced diet with few fats. Group A gained a lot of weight over the course of the 6 month study."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Because the Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane, sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year. In June the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, so at any given Northern Hemisphere latitude sunlight falls more directly on that spot than in December (see Effect of sun angle on climate). This effect causes seasons. Over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years, changes in Earth's orbital parameters affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth and influence long-term climate. (See Milankovitch cycles).The uneven solar heating (the formation of zones of temperature and moisture gradients, or frontogenesis) can also be due to the weather itself in the form of cloudiness and precipitation.  Higher altitudes are typically cooler than lower altitudes, which the result of higher surface temperature and radiational heating, which produces the adiabatic lapse rate. In some situations, the temperature actually increases with height. This phenomenon is known as an inversion and can cause mountaintops to be warmer than the valleys below. Inversions can lead to the formation of fog and often act as a cap that suppresses thunderstorm development. On local scales, temperature differences can occur because different surfaces (such as oceans, forests, ice sheets, or man-made objects) have differing physical characteristics such as reflectivity, roughness, or moisture content.",
            "output": [
                "Dee and Ann were two cousins. Ann lived in a mountain village at 8000 ft altitude, while Dee lived in a coastal town at sea level."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Capital flight, in economics, occurs when assets or money rapidly flow out of a country, due to an event of economic consequence. Such events could be an increase in taxes on capital or capital holders or the government of the country defaulting on its debt that disturbs investors and causes them to lower their valuation of the assets in that country, or otherwise to lose confidence in its economic strength.\n\nThis leads to a disappearance of wealth, and is usually accompanied by a sharp drop in the exchange rate of the affected country\u2014depreciation in a variable exchange rate regime, or a forced devaluation in a fixed exchange rate regime.\n\nThis fall is particularly damaging when the capital belongs to the people of the affected country, because not only are the citizens now burdened by the loss in the economy and devaluation of their currency, but probably also, their assets have lost much of their nominal value. This leads to dramatic decreases in the purchasing power of the country's assets and makes it increasingly expensive to import goods and acquire any form of foreign facilities, e.g. medical facilities.",
            "output": [
                "As an economist Dan is interested in economies of South America. He has extensively studied two countries, Venezuela and Bolivia. His conclusion is Venezuela's \neconomic policy had lead to capital flight. But Bolivia is a completely different story. Their economic policy did not lead to capital flight.",
                "Nirvania continued to develop and became a first world country by 2025. Its economic strength and the accumulation of capital, led to prosperity and citizen happiness. On the other side of the river, Borania, however, decided to return to dictatorship and it's citizens and investors started to lose hope and move their capital to foreign accounts and investments."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: In nature, when the population size is small, there is usually plenty of food and other resources for each individual. When there is plenty of food and other resources, organisms can easily reproduce, so the birth rate is high. As the population increases, the food supply, or the supply of another necessary resource, may decrease. When necessary resources, such as food, decrease, some individuals will die. Overall, the population cannot reproduce at the same rate, so the birth rates drop. This will cause the population growth rate to decrease.",
            "output": [
                "A team of biologists has been monitoring the deer population in the state of Wisconsin. They use past data and current conditions to predict how the population will grow or shrink and recommend how many hunting licenses the state should issue during hunting season to keep the population stable.",
                "A team of biologists has been monitoring the deer population in the state of Wisconsin. They use past data and current conditions to predict if the population will grow quickly or slowly and recommend how many hunting licenses the state should issue during hunting season to keep the population stable.",
                "Bill studied two herds of deer for a year. He was in love with nature. He observed the large herd named Alpha inhabited an area with fewer resources. Herd Beta was a smaller one, and they grazed on an abundance of plants.",
                "John is studying a species in two similar countries, country A and country B. Country A has large population, but country B has small population of that species. John is pondering about how this species would fare in the future in these two countries.",
                "Two Islands were discovered by settlers, A small group of people moved to South island, but most of them moved to North island. People on North island had frequent food shortages.",
                "Two neighboring countries of similar size and wealth of resources had different sized population. Deerland had a small population, while Bearland had a large population. Both peoples lived mostly off the land.",
                "Two neighboring islands had different sized populations. Green island had a small population. Red island had a large population and environmental problems. Researchers studied these islands over a span of 5 decades.",
                "two countries of similar natural resources had different populations. Italy had a small population, while Spain had a very large population."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Reptiles are a class of animals comprising turtles, tuataras, lizards, snakes and crocodiles. They are tetrapods, but the snakes and a few species of lizard either have no limbs or their limbs are much reduced in size. Their bones are better ossified and their skeletons stronger than those of amphibians. The teeth are conical and mostly uniform in size. The surface cells of the epidermis are modified into horny scales which create a waterproof layer. Reptiles are unable to use their skin for respiration as do amphibians and have a more efficient respiratory system drawing air into their lungs by expanding their chest walls. The heart resembles that of the amphibian but there is a septum which more completely separates the oxygenated and deoxygenated bloodstreams. The reproductive system has evolved for internal fertilization, with a copulatory organ present in most species. The eggs are surrounded by amniotic membranes which prevents them from drying out and are laid on land, or develop internally in some species. The bladder is small as nitrogenous waste is excreted as uric acid.Turtles are notable for their protective shells. They have an inflexible trunk encased in a horny carapace above and a plastron below. These are formed from bony plates embedded in the dermis which are overlain by horny ones and are partially fused with the ribs and spine. The neck is long and flexible and the head and the legs can be drawn back inside the shell. Turtles are vegetarians and the typical reptile teeth have been replaced by sharp, horny plates. In aquatic species, the front legs are modified into flippers.Tuataras superficially resemble lizards but the lineages diverged in the Triassic period. There is one living species, Sphenodon punctatus. The skull has two openings (fenestrae) on either side and the jaw is rigidly attached to the skull. There is one row of teeth in the lower jaw and this fits between the two rows in the upper jaw when the animal chews. The teeth are merely projections of bony material from the jaw and eventually wear down. The brain and heart are more primitive than those of other reptiles, and the lungs have a single chamber and lack bronchi. The tuatara has a well-developed parietal eye on its forehead.Lizards have skulls with only one fenestra on each side, the lower bar of bone below the second fenestra having been lost. This results in the jaws being less rigidly attached which allows the mouth to open wider. Lizards are mostly quadrupeds, with the trunk held off the ground by short, sideways-facing legs, but a few species have no limbs and resemble snakes. Lizards have moveable eyelids, eardrums are present and some species have a central parietal eye.Snakes are closely related to lizards, having branched off from a common ancestral lineage during the Cretaceous period, and they share many of the same features. The skeleton consists of a skull, a hyoid bone, spine and ribs though a few species retain a vestige of the pelvis and rear limbs in the form of pelvic spurs. The bar under the second fenestra has also been lost and the jaws have extreme flexibility allowing the snake to swallow its prey whole. Snakes lack moveable eyelids, the eyes being covered by transparent \"spectacle\" scales. They do not have eardrums but can detect ground vibrations through the bones of their skull. Their forked tongues are used as organs of taste and smell and some species have sensory pits on their heads enabling them to locate warm-blooded prey.Crocodilians are large, low-slung aquatic reptiles with long snouts and large numbers of teeth. The head and trunk are dorso-ventrally flattened and the tail is laterally compressed. It undulates from side to side to force the animal through the water when swimming. The tough keratinized scales provide body armour and some are fused to the skull. The nostrils, eyes and ears are elevated above the top of the flat head enabling them to remain above the surface of the water when the animal is floating. Valves seal the nostrils and ears when it is submerged. Unlike other reptiles, crocodilians have hearts with four chambers allowing complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.",
            "output": [
                "An archipelago in the Indian ocean included two very different islands. Snake island was a reptile paradise, inhabited by many species of reptiles. Bird island had few reptiles on it, but had various birds inhabiting it.",
                "Greg and Lucy are two elementary school students in the same class. They don't know each other well, but have started talking a bit today. During their conversation, they discover that they each have a rather unique pet. Greg owns a pet turtle, named Chompy, and Lucy owns a pet frog, an amphibian. They decide they need to meet outside of school sometime so they can share pets since they both like playing with different animals.",
                "Mike is studying for his zoology class. Today, he is studying about reptiles and amphibians. He found it easy to understand their differences by categorizing them. For that, he classified reptiles as class A and amphibians as class B.",
                "Team A and Team B were two teams of students studying zoology. Team A learned about reptiles, while Team B studied more about amphibians.",
                "Two animal collectors met online to talk about trading animals. Greg was a reptile collector and owned most reptile species. Danny collected rare birds but was thinking about buying some reptiles.",
                "Two continents were known for the strange discrepancies in animal populations. Asia was mostly populated by reptiles of all species, while Africa was mostly populated by birds and very few reptiles.",
                "Two large islands from the same archipelago were visited by explorers. Green island was home to most species of reptiles, while Blue island was favored by numerous species of birds and hardly any reptiles."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Artworks are sold at affordable prices [6] ranging from \u00a35 to \u00a31500. For many of the works, the price goes up as the edition sells out. The edition runs range from 30 to 10,000 editions. Each work comes with a digital certificate that is \u201csigned, numbered and authenticated by the artist\u201d [7][8] Once an edition is sold out, collectors can resell their works in the online marketplace.",
            "output": [
                "A big art store had limited edition artworks for sale last week. They all had 200 pieces at the beginning of the week. By the end of the week, they started to sell out. There were only 190 The Sleeping Gypsy, 180 The Gleaners, 150 Primavera, 100 Olympia, 50 View of Toledo, 25 Bacchus And Ariadne, and 5 The Sleepers left.",
                "A new art store had limited edition artworks for sale last week. They all had 300 pieces at the beginning of the week. By the end of the week, they started to sell out. There were only 5 Impression Sunrise, 20 Las Meninas, 50 The Creation Of Adam, 100 Luncheon Of The Boating Party, 100 The Grand Odalisque, 200 The Swing, and 250 The Liberty Leading The People left.",
                "A respected art store had limited edition artworks for sale last week. They all had 400 pieces at the beginning of the week. By the end of the week, they started to sell out. There were only 3 The Grand Odalisque, 25 The Swing, 70 The Liberty Leading The People, 150 The Birth Of Venus, 200 Napoleon Crossing The Alps, 250 Musicians, and 270 American Gothic left.",
                "An art store had many limited edition artworks for a week. There was an edition by Picasso that started at 100 but dropped to 5 left. There was one by Frost that started at 100 but dropped to 95 left. There was one by O'Keeffe that started at 100 but dropped to none left. An edition by Owen started at 100 but dropped to 2 left. An edition by Brady started at 100 but dropped to 99 left. An edition by Hanks started at 100 but dropped to 94 left. An edition by Romo started at 100 but dropped to 3 left. The sale ended last Sunday.",
                "An art store had many limited edition artworks for sale. There was an edition by Picasso that started at 100 but dropped to 5 left. There was one by Frost that started at 100 but dropped to 95 left. There was one by O'Keeffe that started at 100 but dropped to none left. An edition by Owen started at 100 but dropped to 2 left.",
                "An art store had many limited edition artworks for sale. There was an edition by Picasso that started at 100 but dropped to 5 left. There was one by Frost that started at 100 but dropped to 95 left. There was one by O'Keeffe that started at 100 but dropped to none left. An edition by Owen started at 100 but dropped to 2 left. An edition by Brady started at 100 and dropped to 99 left.",
                "An art store had many limited edition artworks for sale. There was an edition by Picasso that started at 100 but dropped to 5 left. There was one by Frost that started at 100 but dropped to 95 left. There was one by O'Keeffe that started at 100 but dropped to none left. An edition by Owen started at 100 but dropped to 2 left. An edition by Brady started at 100 but dropped to 99 left. An edition by Hanks started at 100 but dropped to 94 left.",
                "An old art store had limited edition artworks for sale last week. They all had the same amount for each edition at the beginning of the week. The Gross Clinic nearly sold out. The Ninth Wave had half of the editions sold. The Last Supper only sold a few.",
                "Bill is an art aficionado. He is searching for some particular pieces to complete his collection. The Stillman edition he wants is still being sold on a normal marketplace, while the Grossman edition of pieces has sold out, and is only available  by private seller.",
                "The local art store had limited edition artworks for sale last week. They all had 200 pieces at the beginning of the week. By the end of the week, they started to sell out. There were only 2 of the Mona Lisa, 10 of The Starry Night, 20 of The Scream, 50 of The Night Watch, 120 of The Kiss, 150 of The Arnolfini Portrait, and 190 of The Girl With A Pearl Earring left.",
                "The prices of John's paintings started to rise immediately after the edition sold out. they used to cost $10 but now they sell for at least $200. john had 45 paintings in this edition. The prices of Mike's paintings are at $8 a piece, because his edition hasn't sold out yet. Mike's edition run was 250 editions."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: As the thermal expansion is the key factor to the sea level variability, decreased heat content should result in a reduction in global mean sea levelon a decadal time scale.[2] However, Grinsted [2007] argued that a significant sea level rise is the first direct response to the volcanic eruption, and after that sea level becomes to drop. One possible explanation for this phenomenon is the imbalance of ocean mass fluxes. After the volcano eruption, evaporation over ocean becomes lower, because it is largely determined by the ocean skin temperature change. The quick response of evaporation to the surface cooling and the delayed response of river runoff to the associated lower precipitation lead to an increased sea level. About 1~2 years later, river discharge becomes less due to the reduced precipitation and less sea ice melting, which cause sea level to drop.[9].",
            "output": [
                "In the beginning of year 1000 mount Etna had a huge volcanic eruption. To test the effect of volcanic eruption on sea level scientists measured geological data through carbon dating. They measured the data for four different time point - for year 998, year 1000, year 1002, and year 1010. Scientists now need to compare and analyze these data."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: When the temperature of reactants is higher, the rate of the reaction is faster. At higher temperatures, particles of reactants have more energy, so they move faster. They are more likely to bump into one another and to collide with greater force. For example, when you fry an egg, turning up the heat causes the egg to cook faster. The same principle explains why storing food in a cold refrigerator reduces the rate at which food spoils (see Figure below ). Both food frying and food spoiling are chemical reactions that happen faster at higher temperatures.",
            "output": [
                "A chef is currently cooking two sausages on different skillets on different burners. These burners are affectionately referred to as Burno and Bako by the staff of the restaurant. These burners do not have temperature readouts though, and instead the chefs rely on chemical analysis to determine things such as heat levels. The chef notices that the sausage cooking on Burno currently has particles moving very quickly, but the one on Bako has particles that are barely moving at all.",
                "A chef was recently taking inventory of his food when he noticed that identical potatoes were looking different. The chef had purchased them at the same time and they were the same type of potato, but had been stored differently and one of them had spoiled already. Potato A had spots of mold on it, but potato B seemed fresh and ready to cook. The chef was confused.",
                "Jennifer stores her bread in the cupboard when she gets home from the grocery store since she thinks it tastes better that way. Martha grew up in a household that always kept their bread in the freezer so that's what she does with her bread.",
                "John just opened a coffee shop. He offers two types of coffee, coffee A and coffee B. In coffee A he mixes ingredients in hot water, but in coffee B he mixes ingredients in cold water. He also notices that his shop gets very busy in the morning, but during evening he doesn't have many customers.",
                "Ned learned about reactions at a higher temperature for his physics class, while Paul had to learn about reactions at lower temperatures."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The mechanical advantage of a machine is the factor by which it changes the force applied to the machine. Many machines increase the force applied to them, and this is how they make work easier. Compound machines tend to have a greater mechanical advantage than simple machines. That\u2019s because the mechanical advantage of a compound machine equals the product of the mechanical advantages of all its component simple machines. The greater the number of simple machines it contains, the greater its mechanical advantage tends to be.",
            "output": [
                "David was studying the processes involved in a machine. He collected a simple machine. He tagged it as case A. To compare it with compound machines, he collected two compound machines, case B and case C. Case B is a compound machine with few simple machines. And, case C is a compound machine with many simple machines.",
                "Jeremiah and Alexander are students in a work shop class at their local community college. For their final project, they have to construct a compound machine to carry bricks across a room. Jeremiah's compound machine consists of many simple machines. Alexander's compound machine only consists of a few simple machines."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The Gaia hypothesis states that the biosphere is its own living organism. The hypothesis suggests that the Earth is self-regulating and tends to achieve a stable state, known as homeostasis . For example the composition of our atmosphere stays fairly consistent, providing the ideal conditions for life. When carbon dioxide levels increase in the atmosphere, plants grow more quickly. As their growth continues, they remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In this way, the amount of carbon dioxide stays fairly constant without human intervention.",
            "output": [
                "A scientist with an interesting idea for an experiment begins building a dome. This dome will be completely cut off from the rest of the world. It will produce all of its own resources, breathable air, anything needed to sustain life, putting it into a state of homeostasis.",
                "Two boys read about the Earth, Evolutionism and the Gaia hypothesis. Brad liked Evolutionism more, while Stan preferred the Gaia theory, and agreed with it.",
                "Two friends had a discussion about the Earth and what this reality might be. Tim believed in  the Gaia hypothesis, while Olly  believed in the Panspermia theory.",
                "Two friends had a sleepover. They spent most of the time online looking up stuff and talking about it. Bill looked up the Gaia hypothesis, while Frank read about the Flat Earth theory.",
                "Two neighbors Paul and Dean studied toghether often. this week they got together and Paul started studying about the Gaia hypothesis, while Dean studied Einstein's Theory of Relativity."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: When you go to the dentist to get a tooth pulled, you really don\u2019t want to feel any pain. The dentist injects an anesthetic into your gum and it eventually becomes numb. One theory as to why anesthetics work deals with the movement of ions across the cell membrane. The anesthetic gets into the membrane structure and causes shifts in how ions move across the membrane. If ion movement is disrupted, nerve impulses will not be transmitted and you will not sense pain \u2013 at least not until the anesthetic wears off.",
            "output": [
                "In a doctor's office, two siblings both are having a small operation performed on their fingers in order to correct an identical injury. The movement of Joe's ions has been disrupted completely, but Emily's ions are still able to move normally.",
                "Jake and his brother Jordan both have to go to the dentist to get a tooth pulled. Jake is allergic to the anesthetic unfortunately, so he has to have the procedure done without it. Jordan isn't allergic, so he is able to get his tooth pulled after an anesthetic is injected.",
                "Two men in the Vietnam War needed to have their arms amputated. Unfortunately, the men were not able to be knocked unconscious for the operation. The doctor asked each patient if they wanted anesthetic injected into their arm or not. Marco replied that he wanted some, and Luke declined any anesthetic.",
                "Two men, Sam and Frodo, go into the doctor's office to have the exact same procedure done to one of their arms. They won't need to be knocked out for this, but they will be given anesthetic to help with the pain. After the nurse administers the anesthetic to both men, the ions in Sam's arm continue moving across the membrane, but the ions in Frodo's arm stop moving. The doctor then comes in to begin the procedure."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: There is a zone of the atmosphere in which ozone absorbs some 98% of non-ionizing but dangerous UV-C and UV-B. This so-called ozone layer starts at about 20 miles (32 km) and extends upward. Some of the ultraviolet spectrum that does reach the ground (the part that begins above energies of 3.1 eV, a wavelength less than 400 nm) is non-ionizing, but is still biologically hazardous due to the ability of single photons of this energy to cause electronic excitation in biological molecules, and thus damage them by means of unwanted reactions. An example is the formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA, which begins at wavelengths below 365 nm (3.4 eV), which is well below ionization energy. This property gives the ultraviolet spectrum some of the dangers of ionizing radiation in biological systems without actual ionization occurring. In contrast, visible light and longer-wavelength electromagnetic radiation, such as infrared, microwaves, and radio waves, consists of photons with too little energy to cause damaging molecular excitation, and thus this radiation is far less hazardous per unit of energy.",
            "output": [
                "John was interested in the Sun's radiations that Earth receives. One of the radiations was in the ultraviolet spectrum. He categorized it as spec A. The other radiation was the visible light. He categorized it as spec B. He then searched online to find the pros and cons of each of them."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Apex predators affect prey species' population dynamics and populations of other predators, both in aquatic and in terrestrial ecosystems. Non-native predatory fish, for instance, have sometimes devastated formerly dominant predators. A lake manipulation study found that when the non-native smallmouth bass was removed, lake trout, the suppressed native apex predator, diversified its prey selection and increased its trophic level. As a terrestrial example, the badger, an apex predator, predates on and also competes with the hedgehog, a mesopredator, for food such as insects, small mammals, reptiles, amphibians and ground-nesting bird's eggs. Removal of badgers (in a trial investigating bovine tuberculosis) caused hedgehog densities to more than double. Predators that exert a top-down control on organisms in their community are often considered keystone species. Humans are not considered apex predators because their diets are typically diverse, although human trophic levels increase with consumption of meat.",
            "output": [
                "Rob is a biologist who is interested in native species conservation. To that end, he conducted two studies, case A and case B. In case A, a non native apex predator C was introduced in formerly apex predator D's habitat. In case B, same non native apex predator C was removed from formerly apex predator D's habitat. He now needs to analyze the results of these studies."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: It mutates DNA. The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on April 26, 1986. It is considered the worst nuclear power plant accident in history. A Russian publication concludes that 985,000 excess cancers occurred between 1986 and 2004 as a result of radioactive contamination. The 2011 report of the European Committee on Radiation Risk calculates a total of 1.4 million excess cancers occurred as a result of this contamination.",
            "output": [
                "A Power plant meltdown near the town of Jeskai causes a large amount of radiation to leak into the surrounding area. While some evacuated many people just assumed the power plant should be far enough away to not really affect them. .",
                "In Arizona, there are two cities approximately 300 miles apart. Both of them have nuclear power plants in their town. Blinkton had a catastrophic meltdown at their nuclear power plant approximately 15 years ago. The city, Frafton, has a nearly identical nuclear power plant but has never experienced a nuclear accident before."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: There are many examples in the chemical world of changes in entropy. Phase transitions are one obvious example. When a substance makes a transition from the liquid state to the gaseous state, the particles have many more possible arrangements, because they are no longer confined to a specified volume in which they are close to each other; gas particles can move freely throughout their container. Vaporization represents an increase in entropy. In the opposite direction, a liquid loses entropy when it freezes to a solid. Because solids have very ordered structures, there are fewer possible arrangements of particles that would result in the properties associated with a solid.",
            "output": [
                "A boy is sitting at the side of the lake catching some fish when his dad begins to explain to him that the water he is fishing in is actually continuously evaporating into the air and turning into a gas. The water he is fishing in will eventually turn into the clouds that he sees in the sky.",
                "Elaine is getting ready for a dinner party she is having later. She needs to make some pasta as well as freeze some water. She will be using a red bowl and a blue bowl for these tasks. In order to make the pasta, she first needs to bring the blue bowl of water to a boil. While she is waiting for that water to boil she pours some water into the red bowl and places it into the freezer. She then grabs a newspaper and waits until she can continue her preparations.",
                "George is going camping and forgot to bring water with him. He decides to collect water from a nearby stream and boil it to make it safe for drinking.",
                "Jack is making breakfast and decides he wants a bowl of cereal and a glass of orange juice with ice. He first pours milk into a bowl and then goes over to the freezer and puts one ice cube into a glass. Before he can finish assembling the rest of his breakfast, he gets an important phone call he has to take.",
                "Rob was in his chemistry lab, experimenting with different states of matter. He had a liquid substance that he labeled as state A. He then transformed half of the liquid substance to gaseous state. He labeled it as state B. Finally, he froze the remaining half of the liquid to solid state. He labeled it as state C."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: From the data he collected and documented, Aristotle inferred quite a number of rules relating the life-history features of the live-bearing tetrapods (terrestrial placental mammals) that he studied. Among these correct predictions are the following. Brood size decreases with (adult) body mass, so that an elephant has fewer young (usually just one) per brood than a mouse. Lifespan increases with gestation period, and also with body mass, so that elephants live longer than mice, have a longer period of gestation, and are heavier. As a final example, fecundity decreases with lifespan, so long-lived kinds like elephants have fewer young in total than short-lived kinds like mice.",
            "output": [
                "Albert is a scientist who travels the planet looking for new species to discover and analyze. While on a safari in Australia, Albert discovered two new species of live-bearing tetrapods. In the first species, species A, the adult individuals had high body mass on average. In the second species, species B, the adult individuals had low body mass on average.",
                "Albert is a scientist who travels the planet looking for new species to discover and analyze. While on a safari in Australia, Albert discovered two new species of live-bearing tetrapods. In the first species, species C, the females had long gestational periods. In the second species, species D, the females had short gestational periods.",
                "John wanted to revisit Aristotle's theory of tetrapods. To that end, he chose two tetrapods, tetA and tetB. An adult tetA was heavier than an adult tetB. Moreover, a tetA had longer gestation period than tetB. He needed to figure out how their characteristics fit Aristotle's theory."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: One of the most common chromosome abnormalities is Down syndrome , due to nondisjunction of chromosome 21 resulting in an extra complete chromosome 21, or part of chromosome 21 ( Figure below ). Down syndrome is the only autosomal trisomy where an affected individual may survive to adulthood. Individuals with Down syndrome often have some degree of mental retardation, some impairment of physical growth, and a specific facial appearance. With proper assistance, individuals with Down syndrome can become successful, contributing members of society. The incidence of Down syndrome increases with maternal age. The risk of having a child with Down syndrome is significantly higher among women age 35 and older.",
            "output": [
                "Mary had two children. Her firs born was named Bill and was normal, and her second child was named Sam and had Down syndrome.",
                "Norm and Ian were two brothers. Norm was a totally normal individual, while Ian had Down syndrome. Their parents loved them both equally."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A car\u2019s gas pedal, like the one in Figure below , is sometimes called the accelerator. That\u2019s because it controls the acceleration of the car. Pressing down on the gas pedal gives the car more gas and causes the car to speed up. Letting up on the gas pedal gives the car less gas and causes the car to slow down. Whenever an object speeds up, slows down, or changes direction, it accelerates. Acceleration is a measure of the change in velocity of a moving object. Acceleration occurs whenever an object is acted upon by an unbalanced force.",
            "output": [
                "Eric is driving on a highway. His exit is coming up soon so he let's up on the gas a little and makes a left turn onto the exit. After a short way he pulls into a parking lot reaching his destination.",
                "Jordan and Alejandro are drivers currently in an intense car race. Some dust blows into Jordan's car, causing him to sneeze and take his foot off of the gas pedal. At the same time, Alejandro gets a burst of adrenaline and presses down \nvery hard on the gas pedal in his car."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: During May, June, and July, the Northern Hemisphere is exposed to more direct sunlight because the hemisphere faces the Sun. The same is true of the Southern Hemisphere in November, December, and January. It is Earth's axial tilt that causes the Sun to be higher in the sky during the summer months, which increases the solar flux. However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere.",
            "output": [
                "Bill has a friend that lives in New Zealand and he always gets confused about the weather and the seasons when they chat, because Australia has different seasons than people from the Northern Hemisphere.",
                "Bill has a friend that lives in New Zealand and he always gets confused about the weather and the seasons when they chat, because the Southern Hemisphere has different seasons than people from the Northern Hemisphere.",
                "Bill is planning some trips for his business and his family. His coworkers have informed him that they would like to travel in the summer months of June, July, and August, and prefer the temperature to be at its warmest. Bill is also planning to travel with his family and they would prefer to also go when it is the warmest part of the year, but can only travel in December, January, or February.  The options for travel are in the Chile which is in the Southern Hemisphere, and Arizona in the Northern Hemisphere.",
                "Bob is planning a couple of trips for himself. He wants to do some traveling in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. He decided he wants to go to Arizona and Peru at some point in the year, but only wants to go when it is warmest as he hates cold weather.  He is free for his travel in July and August, and again in December and January, and needs to figure out the best months for each of his trips.",
                "Ian traveled to the Southern Hemishpere last May and stayed there for 7 months. His mom Ash called him every day form the US, an they would chat about the weather the seasonal differences between the two hemispheres.",
                "In the year 1630 during the month of January Captain Cook began his voyage from the port of Calais in Europe, which is in the Northern Hemisphere. His intention was \nto find the mythical land in the Southern Hemisphere. After about eleven months of sailing, in December 1630, he reached Australia, which is indeed in the Southern Hemisphere. Thinking he finally reached the mythical \nland, he commenced his return voyage to Europe on June, \n1631, He reached Europe in the middle of the following year on July, 1632.",
                "Stan moved from the US to Australia, and he still gets confused because of the seasons in the southern hemisphere and the fact that they use the same calendar as the rest of the world.",
                "Tim and Allen were two pen pals, Tim lived in Canada, while Allen lived in Australia. they were chatting about the weather and the fact that the two countries are situated in two hemispheres.",
                "Tim and Allen were two pen pals, Tim lived in Canada, while Allen lived in Australia. they were chatting about the weather and the fact that their two countries are situated in two different hemispheres.",
                "Two twin brothers live far away from each other. Dan lives in the Norther Hemisphere, in North America, and Bill lives in Tasmania, in the Southern Hemisphere.They often talk about the weather, the seasons, and how it affects them."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: East Antarctica is colder than its western counterpart because of its higher elevation. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent, leaving the centre cold and dry. Despite the lack of precipitation over the central portion of the continent, ice there lasts for extended periods. Heavy snowfalls are common on the coastal portion of the continent, where snowfalls of up to 1.22 metres (48 in) in 48 hours have been recorded.",
            "output": [
                "Joe lived in East Antarctica while his buddy Jim lived in West Antarctica. They were both into collecting rare specimens of plants and wildlife.  They would often complain about the weather.",
                "Two scientists went to Antarctica for research. Tim was assigned to East Antarctica, while John was assigned to West Antarctica. They spent 6 months there.",
                "Two teams of scientists were in Antarctica to study the weather. Camp Alpha was located in East Antarctica, while camp Omega was situated in West Antarctica.",
                "UK and France had scientific bases in Antarctica. UK had a base and studied the climate in East Antarctica, while France observed the climate in West Antarctica."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Increases in erosion due to farming and other operations will be reflected by changes in sediment composition and increases in deposition rates elsewhere. In land areas with a depositional regime, engineered structures will tend to be buried and preserved, along with litter and debris. Litter and debris thrown from boats or carried by rivers and creeks will accumulate in the marine environment, particularly in coastal areas. Such manmade artifacts preserved in stratigraphy are known as \"technofossils.\"Changes in biodiversity will also be reflected in the fossil record, as will species introductions. An example cited is the domestic chicken, originally the red junglefowl Gallus gallus, native to south-east Asia but has since become the world's most common bird through human breeding and consumption, with over 60 billion consumed a year and whose bones would become fossilized in landfill sites. Hence, landfills are important resources to find \"technofossils\".",
            "output": [
                "Mike is an an archeologist. He was pondering about how human legacy would be viewed in the future. For that, he was very interested in technofossils. He located a site with ample evidence of technofossils. He noted that site as site A. To compare site A with a site with no technofossils he located another site. He noted that site as site B."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi vary across many environmental gradients. Their tolerance to freezing and drying is known to shift between AM fungal taxa. AM fungi become less prevalent and diverse at higher soil nutrient and moisture concentrations, presumably because both plants allocate less carbon to AM fungi and AM fungi reallocate their resources to intraradical hyphae in these environmental conditions. Over the long term, these environmental conditions can even create local adaptation between plant hosts, AM fungi and the local soil nutrient concentrations.",
            "output": [
                "Carrie bought two parcels of farmland. The Northern one had soil with lots of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, while the Southern parcel  had almost no traces of AM fungi.",
                "Greg and Paul were two neighbors. They were both into mycology. Greg researched AM fungi, while Paul studied other types of mycorrhizal fungi.",
                "Hill town had two large forests nearby. Lake forest had trees that were in a symbiotic relationship with a large variety of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. These fungi were less prevalent  in Brook forest."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: No doubt you already have a good idea of what temperature is. You might say that it\u2019s how warm or cool something feels. In physics, temperature is defined as the average kinetic energy of the particles of matter. When particles of matter move more quickly, they have more kinetic energy, so their temperature is higher. With a higher temperature, matter feels warmer. When particles move more slowly, they have less kinetic energy on average, so their temperature is lower. With a lower temperature, matter feels cooler.",
            "output": [
                "David is a physicist. He teaches school children how matters and energy work. One day he was teaching them about two particles of matter, particle A and particle B. Particle A moves faster, but particle B moves slower. He was showing the children about different characteristics of moving particles.",
                "David is trying to understand temperature and the science behind it. He took two objects, object A and object B, to his physics professor. Object A had higher temperature, but object B had lower temperature. His physics professor explained him why one object's temperature was higher while other object's temperature was lower.",
                "Matt is reheating some leftover pizza in the microwave for his stepchildren, Lauren and Emily. Lauren likes her pizza at a high temperature when reheated so Matt cooks it for a long time. Emily likes her pizza at a lower temperature so Matt only puts hers in the microwave for a couple seconds.",
                "Noah is currently making dinner in his kitchen. He has been boiling some soup on the stove for a while, so the temperature of the soup is currently high. Noah's brother, Justin, is sitting on the couch in the living room. Justin is eating ice cream, which has a low temperature.",
                "Sarah just finished reheating two leftover chicken sandwiches in the microwave that she had made the previous night. She takes them out and leaves them on the kitchen counter while she pours herself a glass of wine. Her roommate, Carla, comes out and decides to take a more scientific approach toward the chicken sandwiches. Carla sees that the average kinetic energy in sandwich A is higher than the average kinetic energy in sandwich B. Carla then takes a big bite out of both sandwiches and returns to her room as if nothing happened.",
                "Two physicists studied the influence of kinetic energy on the environment. Will studied high temperature environments, while his pal Don studied cooler environments."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Fish reproduce sexually. They lay eggs that can be fertilized either inside or outside of the body. In most fish, the eggs develop outside of the mother's body. In the majority of these species, fertilization also takes place outside the mother's body. The male and female fish release their gametes into the surrounding water, where fertilization occurs. Female fish release very high numbers of eggs to increase the chances of fertilization.",
            "output": [
                "All marine creatures are not fish. There are some mammals, for example, whales, also live in the water. Rob wants to know more about differences between fish and other non fish creatures in the water. He divided them into two groups, group A and group B. Group A consists of fish, and group B consists of non fish creatures in the water. He started to see the differences between these two groups.",
                "Dan and Fred were friends. they studied Biology at the same University. Fred studied bird reproduction this semester, while Dan studied fish reproduction.",
                "Tammy and Moe were two school mates. Moe learned about mammalian reproduction in school. Tammy learned about fish reproduction.",
                "Tim and Dan both studied reproduction in college. Dan studied plant reproduction while Tim studied fish reproduction.",
                "Two brothers learned about animal reproduction, Tim learned about fish reproduction, while Bill learned about mammal reproduction. They both received grade A.",
                "Two different rivers were stocked with adult fish. Red river had a lower fish population because the fish had hardly reproduced naturally. Black river had doubled it's fish population in two years because they reproduced naturally.",
                "Two neighboring ponds were stocked with adult fish last year. Hill pond had a very nice winter and the fish started reproducing normally, while Mound pond had no fish reproducing this spring.",
                "Two students read about reproduction for biology class. Vic read more about reptile reproduction, while Fox read more about fish reproduction."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Rural development is the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people living in rural areas, often relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas.[1]\n\nRural development has traditionally centered on the exploitation of land-intensive natural resources such as agriculture and forestry. However, changes in global production networks and increased urbanization have changed the character of rural areas. Increasingly tourism, niche manufacturers, and recreation have replaced resource extraction and agriculture as dominant economic drivers.[2] The need for rural communities to approach development from a wider perspective has created more focus on a broad range of development goals rather than merely creating incentive for agricultural or resource based businesses. Education, entrepreneurship, physical infrastructure, and social infrastructure all play an important role in developing rural regions.[3] Rural development is also characterized by its emphasis on locally produced economic development strategies.[4] In contrast to urban regions, which have many similarities, rural areas are highly distinctive from one another. For this reason there are a large variety of rural development approaches used globally.[5]\n\nRural development is a comprehensive term. It essentially focuses on action for the development of areas outside the mainstream urban economic system. we should think of what type of rural development is needed because modernization of village leads to urbanization and village environment disappears.",
            "output": [
                "Two rural communities from Jones county took different approaches on rural development as a means of adapting to increasing urbanization. Kent village remained  traditionally centered on the exploitation of land-intensive natural resources such as agriculture and forestry. Long Grove on the other hand took a wider perspective and created more focus on a broad range of development goals rather than merely creating incentive for agricultural or resource based businesses. Education, entrepreneurship, physical infrastructure, and social infrastructure all played an important role in developing Long Grove village.",
                "Two rural communities from Jones county took different approaches on rural development as a means of adapting to increasing urbanization. Kent village remained  traditionally centered on the exploitation of land-intensive natural resources such as agriculture and forestry. The villagers of Long Grove on the other hand took a wider perspective and created more focus on a broad range of development goals rather than merely creating incentive for agricultural or resource based businesses. Education, entrepreneurship, physical infrastructure, and social infrastructure all played an important role in developing Long Grove village."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by reducing the amount of activation energy needed for reactants to start reacting. One way this can happen is modeled in the Figure below . Enzymes aren\u2019t changed or used up in the reactions they catalyze, so they can be used to speed up the same reaction over and over again. Each enzyme is highly specific for the particular reaction is catalyzes, so enzymes are very effective. A reaction that would take many years to occur without its enzyme might occur in a split second with the enzyme. Enzymes are also very efficient, so waste products rarely form.",
            "output": [
                "A scientist is testing chemical reactions. At first he tries mixing two chemicals together at a temperature of 85 degrees Celsius and labels it Trial A. He records the time for the reaction to complete at 2 minutes. Knowing that this isn't the temperature users at home will be combining the chemicals at he tries the reaction again at a more modest 65 degrees Celsius and labels this trial B. Noting this temperature the reaction takes almost 4 times as long which is completely unacceptable, He then gets an idea to add and enzyme designed specifically for these two chemicals and then tries the reaction at the modest 65 degrees Celsius again calling this one trial C.",
                "David is a chemist, working for a large pharmaceutical company. He was contemplating on a project that would help perform chemical reactions more efficiently. For that, he conducted two chemical reaction tests, test A and test B. In test A he used enzymes, but in test B he didn't use any enzymes. He now needs to evaluate the  pros and cons of each of the tests.",
                "Keith is a physician with the city hospital. He noticed that reactions inside human body happen in different rates. He specifically noticed two cases, case A and case B. In case A enzymes were present, but in case B enzymes were not present.",
                "Two scientists, Cathy and Mark, are working on a  new project. They want to make a new polymer using two chemicals. Mark mixes the two chemicals together calling it batch A. After a week of waiting he has managed to create a new polymer. While he is happy about the result but he feels a week is way to long. Cathy has an idea. She decides to try adding an enzyme to the chemical mixture, calling this batch B, The mixture only takes seconds to form the new polymer and the enzyme she used is in tact floating on top of the now completed polymer. She decides to test even further and uses the left over enzyme on another batch of chemicals. The reaction occurs in seconds again and the same amount of enzyme is left floating on top of the polymer for her to use again in the next batch.",
                "Two scientists, Cathy and Mark, are working on a  new project. They want to make a new polymer using two chemicals. Mark mixes the two chemicals together on the first day and after a week of waiting he has managed to create a new polymer. While he is happy about the result he feels a week is way to long. Cathy has an idea. She decides to try adding an enzyme to the chemical mixture, The mixture only takes seconds to form the new polymer and the enzyme she used is in tact floating on top of the now completed polymer. She decides to test even further and uses the left over enzyme on another batch of chemicals. The reaction occurs in seconds again and the same amount of enzyme is left floating on top of the polymer for her to use again in the next batch."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Among the tropical oceans, the western Indian Ocean hosts one of the largest concentration of phytoplankton blooms in summer, due to the strong monsoon winds. The monsoonal wind forcing leads to a strong coastal and open ocean upwelling, which introduces nutrients into the upper zones where sufficient light is available for photosynthesis and phytoplankton production. These phytoplankton blooms support the marine ecosystem, as the base of the marine food web, and eventually the larger fish species. The Indian Ocean accounts for the second largest share of the most economically valuable tuna catch. Its fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly for shrimp and tuna.Research indicates that increasing ocean temperatures are taking a toll on the marine ecosystem. A study on the phytoplankton changes in the Indian Ocean indicates a decline of up to 20% in the marine phytoplankton in the Indian Ocean, during the past six decades. The tuna catch rates have also declined abruptly during the past half century, mostly due to increased industrial fisheries, with the ocean warming adding further stress to the fish species.Endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and whales.An Indian Ocean garbage patch was discovered in 2010 covering at least 5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles). Riding the southern Indian Ocean Gyre, this vortex of plastic garbage constantly circulates the ocean from Australia to Africa, down the Mozambique Channel, and back to Australia in a period of six years, except for debris that get indefinitely stuck in the centre of the gyre.The garbage patch in the Indian Ocean will, according to a 2012 study, decrease in size after several decades to vanish completely over centuries.  Over several millennia, however, the global system of garbage patches will accumulate in the North Pacific.In 2016 six new animal species were identified at hydrothermal vents in the Southwest Indian Ridge: a \"Hoff\" crab, a \"giant peltospirid\" snail, a whelk-like snail, a limpet, a scaleworm and a polychaete worm.",
            "output": [
                "Two of Earth's oceans provide vast quantities of fish for human consumption. The Indian ocean hosts a large concentration of phytoplankton blooms in summer. The Pacific ocean has less phytoplankton and nutrients for marine life."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: For most substances, when the temperature of the solid is raised high enough, the substance changes to a liquid, and when the temperature of the liquid is raised high enough, the substance changes to a gas. We typically visualize a solid as tiny particles in constant motion held together by attractive forces. As we add heat to the solid, the motion, or the kinetic energy, of the particles increases. At some temperature, the motion of the particles becomes great enough to overcome the attractive forces. The thermal energy that was added to the solid up to this point was absorbed by the solid as kinetic energy, increasing the speed of the molecules. The lowest temperature at which the particles are able to exist in the liquid form is called the melting point .",
            "output": [
                "As a science experiment for his school homework, Kendra is putting two ice cubes on separate pans and then putting those pans on burners set to different temperatures. Ice cube A is set on top of a burner set to a low temperature, and ice cube B is placed on a burner set quite a bite higher. One minute later, Kendra begins writing down what she sees happening to the ice cubes."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Cavitation is, in many cases, an undesirable occurrence. In devices such as propellers and pumps, cavitation causes a great deal of noise, damage to components, vibrations, and a loss of efficiency. Cavitation has also become a concern in the renewable energy sector as it may occur on the blade surface of tidal stream turbines.When the cavitation bubbles collapse, they force energetic liquid into very small volumes, thereby creating spots of high temperature and emitting shock waves, the latter of which are a source of noise. The noise created by cavitation is a particular problem for military submarines, as it increases the chances of being detected by passive sonar.",
            "output": [
                "Stephanie and Barb are two friends that belong to a sailing club. They are having a lunch at the cafe in the club and discussing their latest boat purchases. Stephanie mentions that her latest boat she has been using has cavitation. Barb takes a bite of her sandwich and remarks that the boat she is currently using doesn't have any cavitation."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The body's second line of defense against pathogens includes the inflammatory response. If bacteria enter the skin through a scrape, the area may become red, warm, and painful. These are signs of inflammation. Inflammation is one way the body reacts to infections or injuries. Inflammation is caused by chemicals that are released when skin or other tissues are damaged. The chemicals cause nearby blood vessels to dilate, or expand. This increases blood flow to the damaged area, which makes the area red and slightly warm. The chemicals also attract white blood cells called neutrophils to the wound and cause them to leak out of blood vessels into the damaged tissue.",
            "output": [
                "A team of researchers named Alpha did some research on the inflammatory response in humans for a science contest. A competing team called Omega did research on the human genome. Team Omega lost.",
                "Adam was playing tag football when one of his friends tagged him a bit too hard and caused him to tumble and fall. He noticed when he fell, he got a pretty bad cut in his knee. He decided to ignore the injury for now and keep playing. Later when he got home he realized the area of the cut was warm and swollen.",
                "After working out in the yard for the day doing various chores, Karen comes back inside to prepare for a shower. While waiting for the shower to heat up, she notices she got one cut on each of her arms. The cut on her left arm is hardly even noticeable, but the one on her right arm is red and easy to see. Karen gets some cream from her cabinet to use on her cuts after she gets done showering.",
                "John and Keith were playing football - the game was rough to say the least. They both got hurt. After the game they went to see the sports physician for a check up. The physician found that John had inflammation, but Keith didn't have any inflammation.",
                "Ryan is carrying groceries from his car back to his apartment when he trips and falls landing on his knees. Embarrassed, he gets back up, picks up his groceries and carries them into his apartment with his head down. After putting his groceries away, he notices that although both of his knees are scraped, only his left knee is warm to the touch. His right knee feels cool when he puts his hand on it.",
                "Two medical school students named Dan and Bob learned about the human immune system. Dan studied more about the subject, and became very interested to pursue it more in the future.",
                "Two medical students learned about the human body's defense against pathogens. Niles learned about the body's first line of defense, while Bill  learned more about the inflammatory response."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Quicksand forms in saturated loose sand when the sand is suddenly agitated. When water in the sand cannot escape, it creates a liquefied soil that loses strength and cannot support weight. Quicksand can form in standing water or in upwards flowing water (as from an artesian spring). In the case of upwards flowing water, forces oppose the force of gravity and suspend the soil particles.\n\nThe saturated sediment may appear quite solid until a sudden change in pressure or shock initiates liquefaction. This causes the sand to form a suspension and lose strength. The cushioning of water gives quicksand, and other liquefied sediments, a spongy, fluid-like texture. Objects in liquefied sand sink to the level at which the weight of the object is equal to the weight of the displaced soil/water mix and the submerged object floats due to its buoyancy.",
            "output": [
                "Rob is competing in a cross country race. After running about a mile he reached a place with two signs, sign A and sign B. Sign A says that it's a quicksand. But sign B says that it's not a quicksand. He has to decide which way to go."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Antifreeze could also be called \u201cantiboil\u201d because it also raises the boiling point of the water in a car radiator. Hot weather combined with a hot engine can easily raise the temperature of the water in the radiator above 100 \u00b0C, which is the boiling point of pure water. If the water boils, it could cause the engine to overheat and become seriously damaged. However, if antifreeze has been added to the water, the boiling point is much higher. For example a 50 percent antifreeze solution has a boiling point of 129 \u00b0C. Unless the water gets hotter than this, it won\u2019t boil and ruin the engine.",
            "output": [
                "Alex and Bob both took their cars to a mechanic because they were having engine troubles. The mechanic decided that both need the water in their radiator replaced. The mechanic added a large amount of antifreeze to the water he put into Alex's radiator. Because he wanted to save money, the mechanic only added a small amount of antifreeze to the water he placed into Bob's radiator.",
                "John was driving through the Mohave desert. He first \nadded antifreeze to the water in his radiator. He noted that in his journal as case A. Unfortunately, after some time he ran out of antifreeze, and couldn't add antifreeze any more. He noted that as case B.",
                "Rob is an auto mechanic. He was checking the radiators of his car and truck. He put antifreeze into the car radiator, but didn't put any antifreeze into the truck radiator. He was wondering how the vehicles would fare in coming hot weather."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. A hot surface warms the air above it causing it to expand and lower the density and the resulting surface air pressure. The resulting horizontal pressure gradient moves the air from higher to lower pressure regions, creating a wind, and the Earth's rotation then causes deflection of this air flow due to the Coriolis effect. The simple systems thus formed can then display emergent behaviour to produce more complex systems and thus other weather phenomena.  Large scale examples include the Hadley cell while a smaller scale example would be coastal breezes.",
            "output": [
                "In Steve's kitchen, there are two burners. Burner A is currently not turned on, and burner B is set to \"medium.\" Steve was planning on cooking some fried eggs for lunch, but is currently distracted by an article in the newspaper that was deliver to his door.",
                "Mark was visiting southern Africa as an exchange student. He was amazed by the beauty of Namib Desert, which is located mostly in Namibia. He kind of enjoyed the hot surface of the desert. Next to Namib desert is the grasslands of  Botswana. He noticed that the surface temperature was much lower there."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction.  A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. The presence of a catalyst is one of several factors that influence the rate of chemical reactions. (Other factors include the temperature, concentration, and surface area of reactants.) A catalyst isn\u2019t a reactant in the chemical reaction it speeds up. As a result, it isn\u2019t changed or used up in the reaction, so it can go on to catalyze many more reactions.",
            "output": [
                "Henry and Tiffany are performing chemical reactions in their high school chemistry class. Henry performs his reactions with the use of a catalyst. Tiffany performs the same reaction with no catalyst present."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Making these healthy lifestyle choices can also help prevent some types of cancer. In addition, you can lower the risk of cancer by avoiding carcinogens , which are substances that cause cancer. For example, you can reduce your risk of lung cancer by not smoking. You can reduce your risk of skin cancer by using sunscreen. How to choose a sunscreen that offers the most protection is explained below ( Figure below ). Some people think that tanning beds are a safe way to get a tan. This is a myth. Tanning beds expose the skin to UV radiation. Any exposure to UV radiation increases the risk of skin cancer. It doesn\u2019t matter whether the radiation comes from tanning lamps or the sun.",
            "output": [
                "Benny and Jerry were two Irish twins. They went to the doctor for their yearly exam. Benny found out he could get cancer because of his lifestyle so he decided to make healthy lifestyle choices from then on. Jerry continued smoking, spending lots of time in the sun, and eating junk-food.",
                "Bob and Bill studied at the same university. While Bob got into studying nutrition, Bill ended up studying about cancer and how to prevent it.",
                "Danny and Bill both read about lifestyle choices and how these influence the risk of getting cancer. Danny made drastic healthier lifestyle choices, while Bill moved on and continued with his fast-food died , tanning saloons and smoking tobacco.",
                "Jason and Barbara went out swimming at the beach while on vacation. Before heading outside, Barbara put sunscreen on her body and then handed the bottle to Jason. Jason decided that it wasn't sunny enough out to warrant sunscreen and didn't put any on.",
                "Justin and Robert are brothers who both work in construction in the summers. Due to their work, they both often spend a lot of time outside with the sun shining down on them for several hours a day for a few months at a time. Justin always makes sure to apply sunscreen frequently when he works, while Robert never applies sunscreen.",
                "Justin and Robert are brothers who recently went to the doctor for their yearly physical. They wanted to know if they had any future health risks. The doctor asked them about their health habits. Justin told the doctor that he has smoked regularly for a long time, while Robert mentioned that he has never smoked.",
                "Keith is a doctor at the city hospital. Today, he is seeing six patients, patient A, patient B, patient C, patient D, patient E, and patient F. Patient A is a smoker, but patient B is not a smoker. Patient C uses sunscreen, but patient D does not use any sunscreen. Patient E tans with tanning lamps, but patient F tans in the sun.",
                "Michael and David are two bodybuilders currently getting ready for a competition. A key part of a bodybuilding competition is having darker skin so your muscles will stand out more. To achieve this look, Michael decides to use a tanning bed for several weeks just before the competition. David, on the other hand, decides to avoid tanning beds entirely and rubs lotion on his skin to achieve the same look instead.",
                "Paul started a healthy lifestyle because he wanted to avoid getting cancer. His cousin Pete laughed at him, and continued eating fast-foods, smoking and disregarding his health completely.",
                "Steve and Bill are really good friends with each other. The other day they were talking about some habits they have. Steve likes to work out and stay in shape, eats healthy and does not smoke. Bill said he wants to be more like Steve. Bill currently smokes, and loves to go out tanning in the sun without out sunscreen.",
                "Steve and Bill are really good friends with each other. The other day they were talking about some habits they have. Steve likes to work out and stay in shape, eats healthy and does not smoke. Bill said he wants to be more like Steve. Bill currently smokes, and loves to go out tanning in the sun without sunscreen.",
                "Two friends found out more about cancer. Bill got scared and started making healthy lifestyle choices, while Dan carried on with his life as if nothing happened.",
                "Two friends had different lifestyles. Tom adopted a healthy lifestyle choice to prevent cancer, but Bill didn't. Bill was diagnosed with cancer a year later.",
                "Two high school buddies, Dan and Bob, had very different lifestyles 30 years later. Dan made only healthy lifestyle choices, was vegan. Bob ate meat, cheese and didn't care about his health and didn't protect himself.",
                "Two smoker friends found out more about cancer. Bill got scared and started making healthy lifestyle choices, while Dan carried on with his life as if nothing happened.",
                "Two smoker friends had different lifestyles. Tom adopted a healthy lifestyle choice to prevent cancer, but Bill didn't. Bill was diagnosed with cancer a year later."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: It is often easy to think of the change in energy as a mountain or an inverted cone, depending on the situation. Imagine a positive point charge, with the corresponding electric field around it. If you are moving another positive point charge, the situation is like a mountain, with the original point charge at the peak. As the second charge moves towards the first, it must go up the mountain. This requires work, and increases the potential energy of the system. If, however, the second charge is a negative point charge, the two charges attract each other and the situation is like a cone the second charge easily falls towards the first, decreasing the potential energy. It would then require work to get the second charge up and out of the cone, away from the first charge.",
            "output": [
                "Adam is playing with some magnets which have a positive and negative pole. He tries to push them together but cant seem to do it. when he flips one of the magnets around that actually snap together very quickly."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: It would be very unadvisable to place a can of soup over a campfire without venting the can. As the can heats up, it may explode. The kinetic-molecular theory explains why. The air inside the rigid can of soup is given more kinetic energy by the heat coming from the campfire. The kinetic energy causes the air molecules to move faster and they impact the container walls more frequently and with more force. The increase in pressure inside may eventually exceed the strength of the can and it will explode. An additional factor is that the soup may begin boiling which will then aid even more gas and more pressure to the inside of the can.",
            "output": [
                "A team of hikers split into two groups. Group Jones hiked north and camped there  overnight. Group George went east. Both groups made campfires and heated cans of soups. Group Jones didn't make holes in the cans, so the cans exploded. The others heated their soup cans the right way, by venting them first.",
                "Adam is out camping and is ready to eat. He gets a can of baked beans and puts it over his campfire. He however did not puncture the can before doing so.",
                "Two campers were in the woods over the week-end. They both had canned soup with them. Pete heated the can without venting it and it exploded, while Dan opened his can and heated it over the fire with no additional problems.",
                "When studying the kinetic-molecular theory, two teams of students did and experiment. Team A heated a can of soup over the fire without venting it first, team B heated a can of soup, but vented it first."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions by reducing the amount of activation energy needed for reactants to start reacting. Enzymes are synthesized in the cells that need them, based on instructions encoded in the cell\u2019s DNA. Enzymes aren\u2019t changed or used up in the reactions they catalyze, so they can be used to speed up the same reaction over and over again. Enzymes are highly specific for certain chemical reactions, so they are very effective. A reaction that would take years to occur without its enzyme might occur in a split second with the enzyme. Enzymes are also very efficient, so waste products rarely form.",
            "output": [
                "Students in a high school chemistry class are conducting an experiment where they perform an acid-base reaction with various conditions. Half the students, called the non-enzyme half, perform the reaction by simply mixing the chemicals together and waiting. The other half of the students, called the enzyme-half, mix the chemicals together, then add an enzyme specialized for this specific reaction."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Magnetism is the ability of a material to be attracted by a magnet and to act as a magnet. Magnetism is due to the movement of electrons within atoms of matter. When electrons spin around the nucleus of an atom, it causes the atom to become a tiny magnet, with north and south poles and a magnetic field. In most materials, the north and south poles of atoms point in all different directions, so overall the material is not magnetic. Examples of nonmagnetic materials include wood, glass, plastic, paper, copper, and aluminum. These materials are not attracted to magnets and cannot become magnets.",
            "output": [
                "Rob got a compass as a present for his birthday. The magnet in the compass made him very interested in how magnets work. To understand magnets better he categorized objects in two groups, group A and group B. In group A all objects were magnetic, but in group B none of the objects was magnetic."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: When wind waves approach to coast area from deep water, the waves change their heights and lengths. The wave height becomes higher and the wavelength becomes shorter as the wave velocity is slowed when ocean waves approach to the shore. If the water depth is sufficiently shallow, the wave crest become steeper and the trough gets broader and shallower; finally, the ocean waves break at the shore. The motions of wave breaking are different with along to the steepness of shores and waves, and can be categorized by below three types.[11][12].",
            "output": [
                "The tourist village had two beaches: Coral beach with nice sand and deeper water was preferred by families, and Surfer beach which  had shallow water was a surfer's heaven."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Matter, dark matter, and dark energy are distributed homogeneously throughout the Universe over length scales longer than 300 million light-years or so. However, over shorter length-scales, matter tends to clump hierarchically; many atoms are condensed into stars, most stars into galaxies, most galaxies into clusters, superclusters and, finally, large-scale galactic filaments. The observable Universe contains approximately 300 sextillion (3\u00d71023) stars and more than 100 billion (1011) galaxies. Typical galaxies range from dwarfs with as few as ten million (107) stars up to giants with one trillion (1012) stars. Between the larger structures are voids, which are typically 10\u2013150 Mpc (33 million\u2013490 million ly) in diameter. The Milky Way is in the Local Group of galaxies, which in turn is in the Laniakea Supercluster. This supercluster spans over 500 million light-years, while the Local Group spans over 10 million light-years. The Universe also has vast regions of relative emptiness; the largest known void measures 1.8 billion ly (550 Mpc) across.",
            "output": [
                "Rob is an amateur astronomer. He was looking at the sky with his telescope. First he took a longer length observation. He noted his observation as case A. Then he took a shorter length observation. He noted that observation as case B. He found that it's beneficial to take both observations to get a fuller view of the observable universe."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: While the Grants were on the Gal\u00e1pagos, a drought occurred. As a result, fewer seeds were available for finches to eat. Birds with smaller beaks could crack open and eat only the smaller seeds. Birds with bigger beaks could crack and eat seeds of all sizes. As a result, many of the small-beaked birds died in the drought. Birds with bigger beaks survived and reproduced (see Figure below ). Within 2 years, the average beak size in the finch population increased. Evolution by natural selection had occurred.",
            "output": [
                "The explorers visited Galapagos 1 and Galapagos 2, both islands part of the same archipelago. Island 1 had experienced a drought in recent years. Both islands had populations of birds living there.",
                "Two islands inhabited by many species of finches went through some climatic changes during the past several years. While Park island hat wetter than average years, Boat island experienced years of drought, so many birds died.",
                "Two neighboring islands inhabited by thousands of birds each were hit by extreme weather. While Port island experienced wet weather over the past 3 summers, Bank island experienced severe drought, therefore the food supply on the island diminished."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Circadian rhythms are regular changes in biology or behavior that occur in a 24-hour cycle. In humans, for example, blood pressure and body temperature change in a regular way throughout each 24-hour day. Animals may eat and drink at certain times of day as well. Humans have daily cycles of behavior, too. Most people start to get sleepy after dark and have a hard time sleeping when it is light outside. In many species, including humans, circadian rhythms are controlled by a tiny structure called the biological clock . This structure is located in a gland at the base of the brain. The biological clock sends signals to the body. The signals cause regular changes in behavior and body processes. The amount of light entering the eyes helps control the biological clock. The clock causes changes that repeat every 24 hours.",
            "output": [
                "Jason is an average guy who goes to work each day, lives in an apartment, exercises sometimes, goes out and drinks some weekends and just generally enjoys life. Brad, however, has chosen to live in a dark cave that has no windows. He lives in a cave that has almost no light except for some candles he lights from time to time. If he needs food or supplies, he pays someone to go get them, and they slide them through a hole that can open in the steel door at the entrance of the cave.",
                "Marcus has a long day ahead of him. He woke up early, around 7 AM to start his day. For a research study he takes his blood pressure around 9 AM and continues on through his day. Around noon he takes his blood pressure again noting that it has increased a little. He takes his blood pressure one more time before going to bed around 10PM."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Consider the antlers of the Irish elk, (often supposed to be far too large; in deer antler size has an allometric relationship to body size). Obviously, antlers serve positively for defence against predators, and to score victories in the annual rut. But they are costly in terms of resource. Their size during the last glacial period presumably depended on the relative gain and loss of reproductive capacity in the population of elks during that time. As another example, camouflage to avoid detection is destroyed when vivid coloration is displayed at mating time. Here the risk to life is counterbalanced by the necessity for reproduction.Stream-dwelling salamanders, such as Caucasian salamander or Gold-striped salamander have very slender, long bodies, perfectly adapted to life at the banks of fast small rivers and mountain brooks. Elongated body protects their larvae from being washed out by current. However, elongated body increases risk of desiccation and decreases dispersal ability of the salamanders; it also negatively affects their fecundity. As a result, fire salamander, less perfectly adapted to the mountain brook habitats, is in general more successful, have a higher fecundity and broader geographic range.",
            "output": [
                "John is a biologist. Last summer, he was studying the evolution of two different salamander species, species A and species B. Species A salamander was Gold-striped salamander while species B salamander was fire salamander. He found it interesting that they took different approaches to adapt to different habitats."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry area of land becomes a desert, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife.[2] It is caused by a variety of factors, such as through climate change (particularly the current global warming)[3] and through the overexploitation of soil through human activity.[4] When deserts appear automatically over the natural course of a planet's life cycle, then it can be called a natural phenomenon; however, when deserts emerge due to the rampant and unchecked depletion of nutrients in soil that are essential for it to remain arable, then a virtual \"soil death\" can be spoken of,[5] which traces its cause back to human overexploitation. Desertification is a significant global ecological and environmental problem with far reaching consequences on socio-economic and political conditions.[6].",
            "output": [
                "People in Iran used extensive grazing, fell most of their trees so they have lots of problems with desertification. Iraq took a more mindful approach to land use, they preserved native species, planted trees and didn't overgraze the land."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Declines in population size can result in a loss of genetic diversity, and owing to genetic variation's role in the evolutionary potential of a species, this could in turn result in an observable Allee effect. As a species' population becomes smaller, its gene pool will be reduced in size as well. One possible outcome from this genetic bottleneck is a reduction in fitness of the species through the process of genetic drift, as well as inbreeding depression. This overall fitness decrease of a species is caused by an accumulation of deleterious mutations throughout the population. Genetic variation within a species could range from beneficial to detrimental. Nevertheless, in a smaller sized gene pool, there is a higher chance of a stochastic event in which deleterious alleles become fixed (genetic drift). While evolutionary theory states that expressed deleterious alleles should be purged through natural selection, purging would be most efficient only at eliminating alleles that are highly detrimental or harmful. Mildly deleterious alleles such as those that act later in life would be less likely to be removed by natural selection, and conversely, newly acquired beneficial mutations are more likely to be lost by random chance in smaller genetic pools than larger ones.Although the long-term population persistence of several species with low genetic variation has recently prompted debate on the generality of inbreeding depression, there are various empirical evidences for genetic Allee effects. One such case was observed in the endangered Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi). The Florida panther experienced a genetic bottleneck in the early 1990s where the population was reduced to \u224825 adult individuals. This reduction in genetic diversity was correlated with defects that include lower sperm quality, abnormal testosterone levels, cowlicks, and kinked tails. In response, a genetic rescue plan was put in motion and several female pumas from Texas were introduced into the Florida population. This action quickly led to the reduction in the prevalence of the defects previously associated with inbreeding depression. Although the timescale for this inbreeding depression is larger than of those more immediate Allee effects, it has significant implications on the long-term persistence of a species.",
            "output": [
                "Bobby and Will were two friends attending a genetics course.  Bobby studied a small, isolated group of mammals. Will studied a large, healthy population of the same species.",
                "Dan is a geneticist and studied two villages from 2,000 years ago. Village A displayed traces of a large population that grew larger over the years, while village B had a small and declining population and was more isolated geographically.",
                "Molly and Brian are two friends who moved away from one another after becoming close in college. They still talk on the phone regularly and see each other a couple times a year. During a recent conversation, the subject of population comes up. Molly's town is currently increasing a steady decrease in population, and Brian's town has been seeing an increase in population."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: What does popping bubble wrap have to do with science? Actually, it demonstrates an important scientific law, called Boyle\u2019s law. Like other laws in science, this law describes what always happens under certain conditions. Boyle\u2019s law is one of three well-known gas laws, which state the relationships among temperature, volume, and pressure of gases. (The other two gas laws are Charles\u2019 law and Amontons\u2019 law.) According to Boyle\u2019s law , if the temperature of a gas is held constant, then decreasing the volume of the gas increases its pressure\u2014and vice versa. That\u2019s what happens when you squeeze the bubbles of bubble wrap. You decrease the bubbles' volume, so the air pressure inside the bubbles increases until they pop.",
            "output": [
                "Cindy is throwing a party. One of the games she decides to have is a balloon popping competition. In which people will try to pop as many balloons as they can and will win a prize. Her friend George pops the balloons by picking them up and squeezing. Her friend Meredith quickly grabs a balloon and throws her entire weight on it to quickly pop it.",
                "Except for their color, there are two identical inflatable chairs in a grade school classroom that the children can use during free time. Today, Patrick and Mark, who weighs much more than Patrick, are allowed to use the chairs. Patrick chooses to sit on the red chair, and Mark sits on the green chair. The boys have fun reading books while they sit on their comfortable inflatable chairs.",
                "Robert owns a propane store where he keeps containers of propane in various sizes. All the containers of propane in the store are the same temperature.  On the shelf next to him Robert has two containers, both containing the same amount of propane. One of the containers has a small volume, while the other container has a large volume."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Any unused energy in food, whether it comes from carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids, is stored in the body as fat. An extra 3,500 Calories of energy results in the storage of almost half a kilogram (1 pound) of stored body fat. People who consistently consume more food energy then they need may become obese. Obesity occurs when the body mass index is 30.0 kg/m 2 or greater. Body mass index (BMI) is an estimate of the fat content of the body. It is calculated by dividing a person\u2019s weight (in kilograms) by the square of the person\u2019s height (in meters). Obesity increases the risk of health problems such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension.",
            "output": [
                "Jerry and George are two roommates who have lived together since college. They have always gotten along well, have similar hobbies and even are the same height. They both enjoy watching sports and playing videogames, but Jerry also rides his bike several miles each week. George can't stand exercising. Instead, he prefers to lay around relaxing and driving his car if he needs to go somewhere.",
                "John is a physician in the local hospital. Today, he is seeing two patients, patient A and patient B. John determines that patient A is obese, and patient B is not obese. He needs to prescribe medicine according to his findings.",
                "Two friends met after 20 years and compared diets. Paul ate junk food daily and weighed 300 lbs and was 5'8'' in height. Mike was vegan and stayed healthy and thin.",
                "Two groups of people were part of a nutrition study. Group O was made up of individuals that consumed an extra 2000 calories per day, while group B had a normal daily caloric consumption.",
                "Two men go into the doctor's office for a checkup. Stepping on the scale, the doctor weighs each of them. Tom has an average and healthy weight. However, Joe has a weight that indicates he is obese.",
                "Two neighboring villages were living mostly off the land. Boar village was full of fat people, because they would overeat lots of animal products. Leap village was inhabited by vegetarians and vegans.Their food consumption was moderate."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Another possible benefit of aggregation is to protect against predation by group anti-predator behavior. Many species exhibit higher rates of predator vigilance behavior per individual at lower density. This increased vigilance might result in less time and energy spent on foraging, thus reducing the fitness of an individual living in smaller groups. One striking example of such shared vigilance is exhibited by meerkats. Meanwhile, other species move in synchrony to confuse and avoid predators such as schools of sardines and flocks of starlings. The confusion effect that this herding behavior would have on predators will be more effective when more individuals are present.Cooperative feeding.",
            "output": [
                "In the sub-Saharan African country of Nigeria, there are two main species that tend to travel in groups. The antelope tend to travel in groups in high numbers, and thus exhibit a high density. Meanwhile, the bison tend to travel in groups of small numbers, and therefore exhibit low density. Both the antelope and the bison have natural predators that exist in Nigeria.",
                "Two different types of animals live in the same habitat but have vastly different behaviors. Animals A and B are both the same size which is relatively small. Animal A lives in small groups of 4 or 5. Animal B however lives in very large groups and when they move around they all move at the same time. Both groups are also hunted by the same predator."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: On Earth, the common weather phenomena include wind, cloud, rain, snow, fog and dust storms. Less common events include natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, typhoons and ice storms. Almost all familiar weather phenomena occur in the troposphere (the lower part of the atmosphere).  Weather does occur in the stratosphere and can affect weather lower down in the troposphere, but the exact mechanisms are poorly understood.Weather occurs primarily due to  air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place to another.  These differences can occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot, which varies by latitude from the tropics. In other words, the farther from the tropics one lies, the lower the sun angle is, which causes those locations to be cooler due the spread of the sunlight over a greater surface.   The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the large scale atmospheric circulation cells and the jet stream.  Weather systems in the mid-latitudes, such as extratropical cyclones, are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow (see baroclinity).  Weather systems in the tropics, such as monsoons or organized thunderstorm systems, are caused by different processes.",
            "output": [
                "Two continents were separated by a large ocean. Oceania had milder weather and experienced common weather phenomena, while Lemuria experienced natural disasters."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: In the natural world, ants of some species (initially) wander randomly, and upon finding food return to their colony while laying down pheromone trails. If other ants find such a path, they are likely not to keep travelling at random, but instead to follow the trail, returning and reinforcing it if they eventually find food (see Ant communication).\n\nOver time, however, the pheromone trail starts to evaporate, thus reducing its attractive strength. The more time it takes for an ant to travel down the path and back again, the more time the pheromones have to evaporate. A short path, by comparison, gets marched over more frequently, and thus the pheromone density becomes higher on shorter paths than longer ones. Pheromone evaporation also has the advantage of avoiding the convergence to a locally optimal solution. If there were no evaporation at all, the paths chosen by the first ants would tend to be excessively attractive to the following ones. In that case, the exploration of the solution space would be constrained. The influence of pheromone evaporation in real ant systems is unclear, but it is very important in artificial systems.[8].",
            "output": [
                "Ricky, an entomologist, is observing an ant colony in his back yard. After some observation, he discovers that all the ants travel down one of two distinct paths in order to find food to bring back to the colony. After taking some measurements, Ricky sees that path A is approximately 100 meters in length, and path B is approximately 150 meters in length. Ricky is now trying to make some scientific conclusions based on these observations."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: As a star begins to run low on hydrogen, since the initial quantity has been fused into the denser helium gas, the core will contract due to gravity. The collapsing core increases temperature to the point that the star can begin to fuse helium into carbon. When that happens, the outer portion of the star expands greatly due to the higher temperature. The star can expand to 1000 times the diameter of the sun. At this point, the star is called a red giant . If our sun became a red giant, its surface would expand out past the orbit of Mars. Red giants are red because the surface of the star is cooler than white or blue stars, but remain highly visible because of their gigantic size.",
            "output": [
                "A star names Andromeda has been being observed for years. Over time, it has been seen that the star remains visible but has been turning more and more red.",
                "John is an amateur astronomer. He recently found two stars, star A and star B. Upon observation, he figured out that star A is a blue star, but star B is a red giant. He had to do some research to find out the differences between them."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Almost all earthquakes occur at plate boundaries. All types of plate boundaries have earthquakes. Convection within the Earth causes the plates to move. As the plates move, stresses build. When the stresses build too much, the rocks break. The break releases the energy that was stored in the rocks. The sudden release of energy creates an earthquake. During an earthquake the rocks usually move several centimeters or rarely as much as a few meters. Elastic rebound theory describes how earthquakes occur ( Figure below ).",
            "output": [
                "Two brothers loved geology. Bob studied sedimentary rocks while Dan studied about earthquakes and their location.",
                "Two islands were located in the Pacific Ocean. Woo island was frequently shaken by earthquakes, but Mud island had no such problems.",
                "Two sister cities were both situated on plate boundaries, close to volcanoes, on different continents. Red city was 10 miles from a volcano, while Tree city was 60 miles away. Red city experienced many earthquakes, Tree city few and far between."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Reactions are favorable when they result in a decrease in enthalpy and an increase in entropy of the system. When both of these conditions are met, the reaction occurs naturally. A spontaneous reaction is a reaction that favors the formation of products at the conditions under which the reaction is occurring. A roaring bonfire is an example of a spontaneous reaction, since it is exothermic (there is a decrease in the energy of the system as energy is released to the surroundings as heat). The products of a fire are composed partly of gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor. The entropy of the system increases during a combustion reaction. The combination of energy decrease and entropy increase dictates that combustion reactions are spontaneous reactions.",
            "output": [
                "Mike and his family are going on a camping trip. Mike being the outdoors-man he is decides to bring an axe along so they can make an authentic campfire. When they get to the site he chops some wood, piles it up and lights it creating a nice strong flame."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: There is worldwide concern about the relationship between climate change and the use of fossil fuels. Many scientists believe that increased use of these fuels (in vehicles and other gas-powered equipment) has the potential to irreversibly damage our environment. In addition to the environmental concerns, supplies of fossil fuels are finite, and because they are non-renewable energy sources, we will eventually need alternatives. New developments in batteries and other energy storage devices are being explored to help deal with these issues. Electrochemical processes are at the heart of these new technologies.",
            "output": [
                "Two countries used different fuels as power sources for their activities. Alsacia used fossil fuels, while Lorena devised more advanced energy storage devices, therefore relying on electricity."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Old age begins in the mid-60s and lasts until the end of life. Most people over 65 have retired from work, freeing up their time for hobbies, grandchildren, and other interests. Stamina, strength, reflex time, and the senses all decline during old age, and the number of brain cells decreases as well. The immune system becomes less efficient, increasing the risk of serious illnesses such as cancer and pneumonia. Diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease that cause loss of mental function also become more common.",
            "output": [
                "Doctor Brown examined two groups of patients: Group O, with members over 65, and group P, with members under 65 years of age. The study was about the effects on aging on the human body.",
                "Doctors studied two groups of individuals: group O with people over 65, and group S with people under 65 years old. They published the results in a magazine.",
                "Joe studied the lives of humans. He studied 2 groups of people. Group G had people over 65 in it, and group Y had people under 65 years old in it.",
                "Ted had 2 uncles. Uncle Jerry was getting up there in age, he was 78 years-old. Uncle Tom was younger, he was in his early 50's and still very active and productive.",
                "Two friends named Jill and Jane met after many years and had a chat over a cup of tea. Jane was 70 years-old, while Jill was 55. They shared many stories.",
                "Two groups of people participated in a geriatrics study. Group D had people over 65 years old, while group Y had people in their 40's in its composition.",
                "Two groups of people participated in a geriatrics study. group D had people over 65 years old, while group Y had people in their 40's in its composition.",
                "Two neighboring towns had different demographics. Hill town had younger inhabitants, most of them in their 30's and 40's. Lake town was inhabited by elderly people, most of them above 65 years of age.",
                "two buildings had different tenants. Building Y had many seniors over 65 years of age, and building X had individuals under 65 years old."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Sugaring is a food preservation method similar to pickling. Sugaring is the process of desiccating a food by first dehydrating it, then packing it with pure sugar. This sugar can be crystalline in the form of table or raw sugar, or it can be a high sugar density liquid such as honey, syrup or molasses.\n\nThe purpose of sugaring is to create an environment hostile to microbial life and prevent food spoilage. Sugaring is commonly used to preserve fruits as well as vegetables such as ginger. From time to time sugaring has also been used for non-food preservations. For example, honey was used as part of the mummification process in some ancient Egyptian rites.\n\nA risk in sugaring is that sugar itself attracts moisture. Once a sufficient moisture level is reached, native yeast in the environment will come out of dormancy and begin to ferment the sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide. This leads to the process of fermentation. Although fermentation can be used as a food preservation method, it must be intentionally controlled, or the results will tend to be unpleasant.",
            "output": [
                "Ann decided to candy half of the fruit he received as a gift. She kept the other half to eat fresh and do juicing. She candied ginger, plums pears, and she didn't candy apples, oranges apricots and bananas.",
                "Dan and Joey bot got into sugaring fruit and veggies, as they are vegan. Dan candied apples, pears, plums and quince. Joey candied ginger, peaches, pineapple and oranges but had some humidity in the room the fruit didn't turn out right.",
                "Farmers Dan and Joey bot got into sugaring fruit and veggies, as they are vegan. Dan candied apples, pears, plums and quince. Joey candied ginger, peaches, pineapple and oranges but had some humidity in the room the fruit didn't turn out right.",
                "Greg has decided he would like to store some foods for the winter. He has decided to use two different methods to preserve his food. First, he decides to use a process called sugaring, the next he just stores the food in a jar.",
                "John has to live in the tundra for six months. He is preparing for the harsh arctic winter. He bought three bags of foods, bag A, bag B, and bag C. He kept bag A on his table top. Just out of curiosity, he applied the sugaring method he learned from the internet on bag B and bag C foods. Afterwards, he kept the bag B foods in a place with no moisture, and the bag C foods in a place with high moisture.",
                "Peter decided to sugar mangoes, ginger, pineapples, peaches to preserve them for next spring. He also bought blueberries and raspberries to eat fresh."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A) In a straight-chain molecule, all the carbon atoms are lined up in a row like cars of a train. The carbon atoms form the \u201cbackbone\u201d of the molecule. B) In a branched-chain molecule, at least one of the carbon atoms branches off from the backbone. C) In a cyclic molecule, the chain of carbon atoms is joined at the two ends to form a ring. Each ring usually contains just five or six carbon atoms, but rings can join together to form larger molecules. A cyclic molecule generally has higher boiling and melting points than straight-chain and branched-chain molecules.",
            "output": [
                "Mark works as a scientist for a molecular research institute. Today, he has three samples of molecule in front of him, sample A, sample B, and sample C. Sample A is a straight-chain molecule; sample B is a branched-chain molecule; and sample C is a cyclic molecule. Mark's job is to determine the characteristics of each sample."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: In practice, the diameter of the aperture is chosen based on the focal length of the lens, the diameter and quality of the input beam, and its wavelength (longer wavelengths require larger apertures). If the hole is too small, the beam quality is greatly improved but the power is greatly reduced. If the hole is too large, the beam quality may not be improved as much as desired.\n\nThe size of aperture that can be used also depends on the size and quality of the optics. To use a very small pinhole, one must use a focusing lens with a low f-number, and ideally the lens should not add significant aberrations to the beam. The design of such a lens becomes increasingly more difficult as the f-number decreases.",
            "output": [
                "David needs to purchase a camera for his photography class. He went to the local consumer electronics store to find himself a good camera. Two cameras caught his eye, camera A and camera B. Camera A had a very small pinhole, but camera B had larger aperture. David needs to decide which camera should he buy."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Some individuals have a specific mutation in the primary sequence of their hemoglobin molecules that causes them to aggregate, resulting in a deformation of their red blood cells. This abnormality is genetic in nature. A person may inherit the gene from one parent and have sickle cell trait (only some of the hemoglobin is hemoglobin S), which is usually not life-threatening. Inheriting the gene from both parents will result in sickle cell disease, which is a very serious condition.",
            "output": [
                "Barb and Ann were friends. The used to play together outside in the yard till one day Barb's parents found out that she had sickle cell anemia. They haven't played together since.",
                "Dan studied two groups of individuals. Group S that had sickle cell anemia, and group B which had normal hemoglobin. He was fascinated by the results.",
                "Doctors studied two groups of patients. Group W which had people with sickle cell disease, and group A which had normal people in it.",
                "Pete and Mike were two brothers. Pete had no health problems, while Mike inherited the sickle cell trait. Mike had adjacent health problems.",
                "Two sisters went to the hospital. The medics ran some blood tests and found out that Sue had sickle cell trait, while Mary had normal blood cells. Sue received treatment."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Similar to the results of a negatively charged rod, if a positively charged rod is brought near the knob of a neutral electroscope, it will attract some electrons up from the leaves onto the knob. That process causes both of the leaves to be positively charged (excess protons), and the leaves will diverge. If the positively charged rob is actually touched to the knob, the rob will remove some electrons and then when the rob is removed, the electroscope will remain positively charged. This is a permanent positive charge.",
            "output": [
                "Jim's dad is a scientist. While his dad is out working he goes to the lab in the basement and find an electroscope. The electroscope is currently in a neutral state. He then grabs a nearby rod that is positively charged and moves it near the knob of the electroscope. Fascinated he sees the leaves of the electroscope move apart from each other."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Through a thickness of 10 meters (33 ft) or more, however, the intrinsic color of water (or ice) is visibly turquoise (greenish blue), as its absorption spectrum has a sharp minimum at the corresponding color of light (1/227 m\u22121 at 418 nm). The color becomes increasingly stronger and darker with increasing thickness. (Practically no sunlight reaches the parts of the oceans below 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) of depth.) Infrared and ultraviolet light, on the other hand, is strongly absorbed by water.",
            "output": [
                "David was interested in the coloration of ocean's water. To understand the phenomenon he first observed the color of water at forty feet depth. He noted his observation as point A. Then he observed the color at hundred feet depth. He noted his observation as point B. Then he observed the color at four thousand feet depth. He noted that observation as point C. He now have some ideas how the color of water changes according to its depth."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: In grassland, much of the organic matter added to the soil is from the deep, fibrous, grass root systems. By contrast, tree leaves falling on the forest floor are the principal source of soil organic matter in the forest. Another difference is the frequent occurrence in the grasslands of fires that destroy large amounts of aboveground material but stimulate even greater contributions from roots. Also, the much greater acidity under any forests inhibits the action of certain soil organisms that otherwise would mix much of the surface litter into the mineral soil. As a result, the soils under grasslands generally develop a thicker A horizon with a deeper distribution of organic matter than in comparable soils under forests, which characteristically store most of their organic matter in the forest floor (O horizon) and thin A horizon.",
            "output": [
                "In the Kenya-Tanzania border Kenyan grassland gradually merges into Tanzanian forest. Though they had similar soil to start with millions of years ago, today they are two different habitats. At present, Kenya has one of the largest contiguous grassland in Africa. On the other hand, Tanzania boasts one of the largest forest cover in Africa.",
                "Kim and Jane inherited some land. Kim inherited some grassland, while Jane inherited a forest. They both took good care of their properties.",
                "Two pedologists studied different types of soil. Yun studied forest soils, while Jian studied grassland soil. They were both very surprised with they findings."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Some mutations have a positive effect on the organism in which they occur. They are called beneficial mutations . They lead to new versions of proteins that help organisms adapt to changes in their environment. Beneficial mutations are essential for evolution to occur. They increase an organism\u2019s changes of surviving or reproducing, so they are likely to become more common over time. There are several well-known examples of beneficial mutations. Here are just two:.",
            "output": [
                "A sudden climate change hits Alaska and it starts to become warmer. As a result many species of mammals have started to adapt to the warmer climate and now grow less fur.",
                "Organisms are constantly exposed to different kinds of radiations. Keith was studying the effect of radiations on a organism in two different locations, place A and place B. He noticed that in place A the the organism had beneficial mutation due to the radiation. On the other hand, in place B, the organism didn't have beneficial mutation."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The increase in electrons across the periodic table explains why elements go from metals to metalloids and then to nonmetals from left to right across the table. Look at period 2 in Figure below as an example. Lithium (Li) is a metal, boron (B) a metalloid, and fluorine (F) and neon (Ne) are nonmetals. The inner energy level is full for all four elements. This level has just one orbital and can hold a maximum of two electrons. The outer energy level is a different story. This level has four orbitals and can hold a maximum of eight electrons. Lithium has just one electron in this level, boron has three, fluorine has seven, and neon has eight.",
            "output": [
                "James is memorizing the periodic table and some of the features of the elements on it. He is currently working on the fourth row which starts with Potassium (K) on the far left and ends with Krypton (Kr) to the far right."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The stronger of two acids will have a higher Ka than the weaker acid; the ratio of hydrogen ions to acid will be higher for the stronger acid as the stronger acid has a greater tendency to lose its proton. Because the range of possible values for Ka spans many orders of magnitude, a more manageable constant, pKa is more frequently used, where pKa = \u2212log10 Ka. Stronger acids have a smaller pKa than weaker acids. Experimentally determined pKa at 25 \u00b0C in aqueous solution are often quoted in textbooks and reference material.",
            "output": [
                "Jacob and Thomas were conducting an experiment in a chemistry class. The goal of the experiment was to identify the strength of unknown acids by examining the products formed in a chemical reaction. After they completed the experiment, Jacob concluded that he was given a strong acid, while Thomas concluded that he was given a weak acid."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Another obvious change that occurs during puberty is rapid growth. This is called the adolescent growth spurt. In boys, it is controlled by testosterone. The rate of growth usually starts to increase relatively early in puberty. At its peak rate, growth in height is about 10 centimeters (almost 4 inches) per year in the average male. Growth generally remains rapid for several years. Growth and development of muscles occur toward the end of the growth spurt in height. Muscles may continue to develop and gain strength after growth in height is finished.",
            "output": [
                "Jeff and Jeremy were neighbors and best friends since kindergarten. They always enjoyed the same hobbies and did everything together. When puberty hit, Jeff was growing much taller than Jeremy. Jeremy's parents were worried about him because he was not growing and was the shortest boy in their class so they took him to the doctor to have his hormones tested. The boys wanted to play a team sport together and had to choose between basketball and soccer.",
                "Jimothy and Dwight are two brothers living in the same house. Jimothy is a freshman in high school and Dwight is a junior in high school. Their mother takes them to see a doctor and to have their testosterone tested. The tests reveal that Dwight has significantly more testosterone than Jimothy, but that is to be expected given their age difference."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: With shade applications, crops are purposely raised under tree canopies within the shady environment. The understory crops are shade tolerant or the overstory trees have fairly open canopies. A conspicuous example is shade-grown coffee. This practice reduces weeding costs and improves coffee quality and taste. The shade does not necessarily translate into lost or reduced yields. This is because the rate of photosynthesis hardly increases once the light intensity is over about one tenth that of direct overhead sunlight and declines with increasing light intensity. This means that shaded plants can grow well. Planting more than one level of vegetation can increase total photosynthesis and overall yields.",
            "output": [
                "Two coffee farms used different methods to grow coffee. Hill farm grown coffee conventionally, while Valley farm is into shade-grown coffee production."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: In the U.S., the majority of electricity is produced by burning coal or other fossil fuels. This causes air pollution, acid rain, and global warming. Fossil fuels are also limited and may eventually run out. Like fossil fuels, radioactive elements are limited. In fact, they are relatively rare, so they could run out sooner rather than later. On the other hand, nuclear fission does not release air pollution or cause the other environmental problems associated with burning fossil fuels. This is the major advantage of using nuclear fission as a source of energy.",
            "output": [
                "An alien passing by Earth in a UFO to write a report on two random cities so that his government can better understand what the people of Earth are like. He first flies over Nillmar, a city in France, which uses burns coal as its main production of electricity. After observing Nillmar, the alien flies over to Springfield, a city in the United States, that decided to use nuclear power to fuel itself. After taking his notes, the alien leaves and is eager to report back to his superiors about what he discovered.",
                "In the town of Hawkings they get all of their power from a Nuclear power plant. Across the country another town called Gideon relies solely on the burning of fossil fuels. Gideon intents to switch to nuclear power soon.",
                "Iran an Iraq are 2 neighbors. Iraq produces its electricity by burning fossil fuels, while Iran uses nuclear fission as its energy source.",
                "Jennifer is currently looking for a new city to move to since she is looking to change her life and just do something different. Jennifer is a strong environmentalist and doesn't want to move to a city that contributes a lot to climate change since she feels it's every person's duty to take care of the Earth. She looks online and finds out about two cities in Minnesota that are several hundred miles apart. Jamestown has a very famous water park and uses coal to generate the city's electricity. Dapperton, the other city she is considering, has a neat hobby shop that Jennifer likes and the city uses nuclear power for its electricity needs.",
                "Marion county used coal and oil to produce electricity, while James county used nuclear energy for its electricity production. Both counties had a flourishing economy.",
                "Panama and Ecuador are two neighboring countries. Ecuador uses nuclear fusion to produce its electricity, while Panama uses fossil fuels.",
                "Park city used fossil fuels to produce their electricity. They were less conscious about the environment than their neighbors from Lake city. People from Lake city used nuclear fission as an energy source.",
                "Seattle produces a large amount of their electricity by burning fossil fuels due to the large presence of natural coal in the state. Jacksonville, on the other hand, has decreased their usage of fossil fuels used to produce electricity to low levels due to recent policy changes enacted by their state's government.",
                "Seattle produces a large amount of their electricity by burning fossil fuels due to the large presence of natural coal in the state. Montreal, on the other hand, produces a large percentage of their electricity through the use of nuclear fission thanks to the large number of nuclear power pants in that state.",
                "Two countries used different methods to produce their energy. Albania used fossil fuels, while Croatia used Nuclear fission.",
                "Two sister cities used different methods to produce electricity. London used fossil fuels, while Edmonton use entirely hydro power to generate energy.",
                "Us and Canada are two friendly countries. Canada uses alternative methods to produce electricity while the US use more coal and oil. Both countries recently participated in a Global Warming Council."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Plants called epiphytes grow on other plants. They obtain moisture from the air and make food by photosynthesis. Most epiphytes are ferns or orchids that live in tropical or temperate rainforests (see Figure below ). Host trees provide support, allowing epiphyte plants to obtain air and sunlight high above the forest floor. Being elevated above the ground lets epiphytes get out of the shadows on the forest floor so they can get enough sunlight for photosynthesis. Being elevated may also reduce the risk of being eaten by herbivores and increase the chance of pollination by wind.",
            "output": [
                "Emily's father is very sick, After doing some research she finds that a rare medicinal herb can help her father and is located in a nearby forest. The only information she is able to uncover about the herb other than it's effect is that it is an epiphyte. She decides to spend a day looking for the herb.",
                "Hawk and Brunt were two colleagues studying about plants. Later on, Hawk got specialized in normal plants, while Brunt decided to learn more about epiphytes.",
                "While hiking Bob likes to collect plant specimens. Yesterday, he was hiking along a creek, and was specifically looking for epiphytes. Eventually, he found one, and tagged the specimen as specimen A. To compare specimen A with another plant he collected another plant specimen that was not an epiphyte. He tagged that specimen as specimen B."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Solar radiation (or sunlight) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun. Earth also emits radiation back into space, but at longer wavelengths that we cannot see. Part of the incoming and emitted radiation is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere. In May 2017, glints of light, seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away, were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere.",
            "output": [
                "Mark was studying the effect of Sun's radiations on Earth. To that end, he studied Sun's radiations, which he labeled as rad A. Then he studied Earth's radiations, which he labeled as rad B. He also learned that longer wavelength radiations would produce heat."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Two important devices depend on electromagnetic induction: electric generators and electric transformers. Both devices play critical roles in producing and regulating the electric current we depend on in our daily lives. Electric generators use electromagnetic induction to change kinetic energy to electrical energy. They produce electricity in power plants. Electric transformers use electromagnetic induction to change the voltage of electric current. Some transformers increase voltage and other decrease voltage.",
            "output": [
                "Bob works for the local electric power company. Part of is job involves checking the generators and transformers. His work schedule allows him to work on the generator tagged as gen A only on Mondays, and the transformer tagged as tran B only on Tuesdays."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: An apex predator, also known as an alpha predator or top predator, is a predator at the top of a food chain, with no natural predators.Apex predators are usually defined in terms of trophic dynamics, meaning that they occupy the highest trophic levels. Food chains are often far shorter on land, usually limited to being secondary consumers \u2013 for example, wolves prey mostly upon large herbivores (primary consumers), which eat plants (primary producers). The apex predator concept is applied in wildlife management, conservation and ecotourism.",
            "output": [
                "Two cousins were fascinated about food chains in nature. Liam started reading about apex predators, while Fox read about grazers and large herbivores."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The primary advantage held by a player in late position is that he will have more information with which to make better decisions than players in early position, who will have to act first, without the benefit of this extra information. This advantage has led to many players in heads-up play raising on the button with an extremely wide range of hands because of this positional advantage.[3] Also, as earlier opponents fold, the probability of a hand being the best goes up as the number of opponents goes down.",
            "output": [
                "Bill is in a poker tournament this week, and is very much wants to win. He has been placed randomly in certain positions for each day he is playing. On Monday and Tuesday he will be in an early position at the table. On Thursday and Friday he has been placed in a late position.",
                "Steve and Bill are two friends who have decided to enter a poker tournament. They have randomly been selected positions at the table. Steve has been selected second position, while Bill is last position. They both really want to win, and have been avid poker players for years.",
                "Steve is in a poker tournament in the coming week. The tournament is broken up into two rounds. In the first round, Steve drew an early position at the table which will be on Saturday, and in the second round he drew a late position which will take place on Sunday. Steve hopes to win as the pot for winning is rather large."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: However, the addition of a metal catalyst, such as platinum, provides a lower energy pathway. The energy requirements for breaking the H-H bond are offset somewhat if each hydrogen atom can form a new bond with the metal surface. Then, collisions between the alkene and the metal-hydrogen complex result in the formation of a product. The metal surface is regenerated after the hydrogen atoms are removed, so it is not used up by the reaction, but it increases the rate by stabilizing the high energy hydrogen atoms.",
            "output": [
                "Michael and Robert are both performing a chemistry experiment. The reaction they are performing uses alkenes and hydrogen as reactants. Michael performs the experiment without any additional materials, while Robert performs the experiment while using a platinum catalyst."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: When a solid substance is involved in a chemical reaction, only the matter at the surface of the solid is exposed to other reactants. If a solid has more surface area, more of it is exposed and able to react. Therefore, increasing the surface area of solid reactants increases the reaction rate. Look at the hammer and nails pictured in the Figure below . Both are made of iron and will rust when the iron combines with oxygen in the air. However, the nails have a greater surface area, so they will rust faster.",
            "output": [
                "Andy is participating in this years science fair. He is testing how fast metal takes to rust. He rakes 3 pieces of iron one is a cube, and the other is a sheet both weighing the same. It takes the cube almost a week to fully rust but the sheet only takes 2 days. The only difference between the two is that the sheet has more surface area. He tries this again with a cylinder so the surface area is larger than the cube but smaller than the sheet and it takes about 4 days to fully rust.",
                "John is trying to figure out how the shape of an object affects how it reacts with other elements. For that, he chose two objects, both made of the same element - object A and object B. Object A has a larger surface area, but object B has smaller surface area. He let these objects to react with other reactants to see how the processes work."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Distance decay is a geographical term which describes the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions. The distance decay effect states that the interaction between two locales declines as the distance between them increases. Once the distance is outside of the two locales' activity space, their interactions begin to decrease.\n\nWith the advent of faster travel, distance has less effect than it did in the past, except where places previously connected by now-abandoned railways, for example, have fallen off the beaten path. Advances in communications technology, such as telegraphs, telephones, broadcasting, and internet, have further decreased the effects of distance.[1].",
            "output": [
                "Chad invested massively in railways and highways over the past decade. They also funded many IT projects and telecom infrastructure. On the other hand, Bahrain invested less, and didn't do much to improve communication pathways and technologies between different villages.",
                "Two neighboring countries with similar economies, followed different political and economical agendas. Niger developed its infrastructure and communications technology, while Nigeria didn't.",
                "Wade county was situated to the east of Gray county. Due to a favorable landscape, Wade county built more roads and railways.",
                "Wade county was situated to the east of Gray county. Due to afavorable landscape, Wade county built more roads and railways."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A plant's first line of defense against abiotic stress is in its roots. If the soil holding the plant is healthy and biologically diverse, the plant will have a higher chance of surviving stressful conditions.The plant responses to stress are dependent on the tissue or organ affected by the stress. For example, transcriptional responses to stress are tissue or cell specific in roots and are quite different depending on the stress involved.One of the primary responses to abiotic stress such as high salinity is the disruption of the Na+/K+ ratio in the cytoplasm of the plant cell. High concentrations of Na+, for example, can decrease the capacity for the plant to take up water and also alter enzyme and transporter functions. Evolved adaptations to efficiently restore cellular ion homeostasis has led to a wide variety of stress tolerant plants.Facilitation, or the positive interactions between different species of plants, is an intricate web of association in a natural environment. It is how plants work together. In areas of high stress, the level of facilitation is especially high as well. This could possibly be because the plants need a stronger network to survive in a harsher environment, so their interactions between species, such as cross-pollination or mutualistic actions, become more common to cope with the severity of their habitat.Plants also adapt very differently from one another, even from a plant living in the same area. When a group of different plant species was prompted by a variety of different stress signals, such as drought or cold, each plant responded uniquely. Hardly any of the responses were similar, even though the plants had become accustomed to exactly the same home environment.Rice (Oryza sativa) is a classic example. Rice is a staple food throughout the world, especially in China and India. Rice plants experience different types of abiotic stresses, like drought and high salinity. These stress conditions have a negative impact on rice production. Genetic diversity has been studied among several rice varieties with different genotypes using molecular markers.",
            "output": [
                "Danny owned two parcels of land. parcel A had a soil with high salinity levels, while parcel B had a rich and healthy soil.",
                "Two farmers provide a neighboring city with plenty of produce every year. Brick farm has a lot of plant problems, their plants experience abiotic stress. Boulder farm had a good production because their plants presented almost no signs of abiotic stress."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Earth is a restless planet. Heat in the Earth\u2019s interior causes giant plates of crust to move around on the surface. The crashing and smashing of these plates leads to nearly all of the geological activity we see. Plate collisions bring us volcanoes and earthquakes, mountain ranges, and many resources. Seafloor forms as plates move apart. Some of Earth\u2019s most beautiful landscapes come from plate tectonics. The Grand Tetons in Wyoming rose up as the Farallon Plate sunk beneath the North American Plate during the Laramide orogeny.",
            "output": [
                "John was studying the plate tectonics of earth. He specifically selected two locations, location A and location B. He noticed that location A had lot of plate tectonics activities, but location B didn't have much of that. He wondered how that would make difference in those locations' characteristics."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: In Windows 2000 and later the threads in the System Idle Process are also used to implement CPU power saving. The exact power saving scheme depends on the operating system version and on the hardware and firmware capabilities of the system in question. For instance, on x86 processors under Windows 2000, the idle thread will run a loop of halt instructions, which causes the CPU to turn off many internal components until an interrupt request arrives. Later versions of Windows implement more complex CPU power saving methods. On these systems the idle thread will call routines in the Hardware Abstraction Layer to reduce CPU clock speed or to implement other power-saving mechanisms.",
            "output": [
                "Bob is building a new computer and wants it to be the most advanced version he can make. He has all of his parts, but is not deciding on a operating system. He sees that Windows 2000 is on sale, but also isn't sure if it will do what he wants, and has the choice to pay a higher price for Windows 10. His other goal is to make sure that his machine is efficient, and won't cost a lot in the way of power costs while running, since he leaves his machine idle most days.",
                "John spends most of his time on computers. While at work his work computer does not need modern \ncapabilities. So, he still uses Windows 2000 at his office computer. At home it's a complete different ball game. He plays so much computer games at home that he needs a better computer. In his home computer he \ninstalled the latest version of Windows. Now, there is no lag in his system."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The mechanism describing the formation of the ozone layer was described by British mathematician Sydney Chapman in 1930. Molecular oxygen absorbs high energy sunlight in the UV-C region, at wavelengths shorter than about 240 nm. Radicals produced from the homolytically split oxygen molecules combine with molecular oxygen to form ozone. Ozone in turn is photolysed much more rapidly than molecular oxygen as it has a stronger absorption that occurs at longer wavelengths, where the solar emission is more intense. Ozone (O3) photolysis produces O and O2. The oxygen atom product combines with atmospheric molecular oxygen to reform O3, releasing heat. The rapid photolysis and reformation of ozone heats the stratosphere resulting in a temperature inversion. This increase of temperature with altitude is characteristic of the stratosphere; its resistance to vertical mixing means that it is stratified. Within the stratosphere temperatures increase with  altitude (see temperature inversion); the top of the stratosphere has a temperature of about 270 K (\u22123\u00b0C or 26.6\u00b0F). This vertical stratification, with warmer layers above and cooler layers below, makes the stratosphere dynamically stable: there is no regular convection and associated turbulence in this part of the atmosphere. However, exceptionally energetic convection processes, such as volcanic eruption columns and overshooting tops in severe supercell thunderstorms, may carry convection into the stratosphere on a very local and temporary basis. Overall the attenuation of solar UV at wavelengths that damage DNA by the ozone layer allows life to exist on the surface of the planet outside of the ocean. All air entering the stratosphere must pass through the tropopause, the temperature minimum that divides the troposphere and stratosphere. The rising air is literally freeze dried; the stratosphere is a very dry place. The top of the stratosphere is called the stratopause, above which the temperature decreases with height.",
            "output": [
                "Barbara and Jane are two  students.  They both like meteorology. Barbara studies the formation of the ozone layer, while Jane studies about the stratosphere."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Medical research on the effects of excessive light on the human body suggests that a variety of adverse health effects may be caused by light pollution or excessive light exposure, and some lighting design textbooks[33] use human health as an explicit criterion for proper interior lighting. Health effects of over-illumination or improper spectral composition of light may include: increased headache incidence, worker fatigue, medically defined stress, decrease in sexual function and increase in anxiety.[34][35][36][37] Likewise, animal models have been studied demonstrating unavoidable light to produce adverse effect on mood and anxiety.[38] For those who need to be awake at night, light at night also has an acute effect on alertness and mood.[39].",
            "output": [
                "A couple met at a cafe to discuss their work weeks. Amy had to spend all day inside a brightly lit room to answer customer's complaints. Bob had to work inside a dimly lit cave to shovel coal. They both enjoyed their steak dinners.",
                "Two friends, John and Abe, worked at the same warehouse. John was exposed to very strong light all the time, while Abe worked in a  more normal environment. John started experiencing health problems after a while."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Changes of state from solid to liquid and from liquid to gas occur when matter gains energy. The energy allows individual molecules to separate and move apart from one another. It takes more energy to bring about these changes of state for polar molecules. Although hydrogen bonds are weak, they add to the energy needed for molecules to move apart from one another, so it takes higher temperatures for these changes of state to occur in polar compounds. This explains why polar compounds have relatively high melting and boiling points. The Table below compares melting and boiling points for some polar and nonpolar covalent compounds.",
            "output": [
                "Andrew is thirsty and wants some cold water. He puts a bottle in the freezer but leaves it in too long so it freezes. Being impatient he then takes the bottle and runs it under soe hot water for a few minutes.",
                "Mike was interested in the science behind polar compounds. To that end, he collected two compounds, compound A and compound B. Compound A was a polar compound, but compound B was a nonpolar compound. He then conducted two tests, case A and case B. In case A, he changed the state of a polar compound from solid to liquid. And, in case B, he changed the state of a nonpolar compound from solid to liquid.",
                "Students in a chemistry class are performing experiments using two different compounds. The first compound, compound A, has a high number of hydrogen bonds between molecules of the compound. The second compound, compound B, has a low number of hydrogen bonds between the molecules of the compound. Aside from this difference, the molecular structure between the two compounds is similar."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Prokaryotes have a different way to increase genetic variation. It\u2019s called genetic transfer or bacterial conjugation . It can occur in two ways. One way is when cells \u201cgrab\u201d stray pieces of DNA from their environment. The other way is when cells directly exchange DNA (usually plasmids) with other cells. For example, as shown in Figure below , the donor cell makes a structure called an F pilus , or sex pilus. The F pilus attaches one cell to another cell. The membranes of the two cells merge and genetic material, usually a plasmid , moves into the recipient cell. Genetic transfer makes bacteria very useful in biotechnology. It can be used to create bacterial cells that carry new genes.",
            "output": [
                "Two researches studied living organisms, Joe studied eukaryotes, while Bill studied prokaryotes. They were fascinated by genetic variation."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A screw is a simple machine that consists of an inclined plane wrapped around a central cylinder. No doubt you are familiar with screws like the wood screw in the left-hand side of the Figure below . The cap of the bottle pictured on the right is another example of a screw. Screws move objects to a greater depth (or higher elevation) by increasing the force applied to the screw. Many screws are used to hold things together, such as two pieces of wood or a screw cap and bottle. When you use a screw, you apply force to turn the inclined plane. The screw, in turn, applies greater force to the object, such as the wood or bottle top. You can watch an animation of a turning screw at the following URL.",
            "output": [
                "At a new years party Mary brought an expensive bottle of champagne for the host. Just before midnight she goes and finds a corkscrew to open the bottle. She places the corkscrew on the cork and begins twisting it, making the corkscrew push itself into the cork so she can open the bottle easier."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: One interesting thing that has been found in plants that are consistently exposed to drought, is their ability to form a sort of \"memory\". In a study by Tombesi et al., they found plants who had previously been exposed to drought were able to come up with a sort of strategy to minimize water loss and decrease water use. They found that plants who were exposed to drought conditions actually changed they way the regulated their stomates and what they called \"hydraulic safety margin\" so as to decrease the venerability of the plant. By changing the regulation of stomata and subsequently the transpiration, plants were able to function better in situations where the availability of water decreased.",
            "output": [
                "Austria had two distinct climactic regions. The eastern region was exposed to a wet climate and had thriving vegetation, while the western region was exposed to drought.",
                "Drought is major concern in the Midwest. To confront the problem scientists are trying to develop drought-resistant crops. To that end, they took a plant that was not exposed to drought. They labeled it as plant A. Then they took a similar plant, and repeatedly exposed it to drought. They labeled it as plant B. They wanted to find out what makes a plant drought-resistant.",
                "In a greenhouse, two new plants have just been planted. Flower D has come from a region of little rainfall. Flower E was taken from an area that sees rain nearly every day of the year."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Mantle melting can come about three ways: (1) when the temperature rises, (2) if the pressure lowers (which lowers the melting point), and (3) if water is added, which lowers the melting point. Two of these (1 and 3) might explain why there are volcanoes at convergent plate boundaries: the temperature of the subducting plate increases as it sinks into the hot mantle (1). Sediments lying on top of the subducting plate contain water. As the sediments subduct, the water rises into the overlying mantle material. This lowers the melting temperature of the mantle (3). When the mantle above the subducting plate melts, volcanoes form above it. This leads to volcanoes in an island arc or continental arc.",
            "output": [
                "Ben and Mike both studied earthquakes, while Mike was more interested specifically in mantle melting and related phenomena.",
                "Two researches studied the Earth's mantle. Clint studied mantle melting, and his pal Uri decided to study other mantle related phenomena."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Catalytic converters in cars increase the rates of several important reactions. Unburned hydrocarbons can more easily be converted to carbon dioxide and water in the presence of a catalyst. Additionally, carbon monoxide (a harmful gas produced by incomplete combustion of fuel) is further oxidized to carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide compounds (which contribute to smog and acid rain) are transformed back into nitrogen and oxygen gases. By passing car exhaust over these catalysts before their release into the air, the emissions from a combustion engine are made into much less harmful substances, resulting in a much cleaner atmosphere.",
            "output": [
                "Daniel drives a new car that uses catalytic converters. His best friend Kelvin however driving an older car. His car does not use any type of catalytic converter. They decide they want to go on a road trip together but dont know who's car they should take.",
                "John is an automotive enthusiast. He was visiting the auto show in his city. Two cars caught his attention, car A and car B. Car A was newer and it had catalytic converter. On the contrary, car B was older and didn't have catalytic converter. But he found the design of older car more attractive."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: When peer feedback is established it allows students to interact with their peers and creates high social skills while learning material more effectively. Interaction with other students allows students to have better social approaches when interacting. Learning by peer feedback gives students more of an opportunity to work as a unit instead of individuals working alone. Working in groups gives students more useful life skill that well help prepare them for the future. Peer feedback gives more control to the student, the student can decide if they want to use the criticism their peers are giving them or not. When given options more students are more likely to give and absorb more feedback. Peer feedback has confirmed an increase in affect; students that have increasing responsibilities have more drive towards their work and a spike in confidence.[6] Furthermore, Kristanto (2018) found that peer feedback is an essential element of peer assessment. In peer assessment, feedback from peers can provide suggestions or correction for students' future works as companion of the received grade.[7].",
            "output": [
                "Two college groups did a one year experiment on each other. One group called Group Alpha spend more time and worked together. Group Beta let it's members study on their own and be less dependent on the group. Group Alpha had better results.",
                "Two school districts adopted two different strategies in educating their students. Park's district made the students work in groups at all times, the students from Lake's district were instructed to work by themselves and in isolation."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The Mercator projection is best within 15 degrees north or south of the equator. Landmasses or countries outside that zone get stretched out of shape. The further the feature is from the equator, the more out of shape it is stretched. For example, if you look at Greenland on a globe, you see it is a relatively small country near the North Pole. Yet, on a Mercator projection, Greenland looks almost as big the United States. Because Greenland is closer to the pole, the continent's shape and size are greatly increased. The United States is closer to its true dimensions.",
            "output": [
                "Bob is looking at a map with Mercator projection to help him with his geography class. He noticed that Ecuador is within fifteen degrees north or south of the equator, but Norway is farther north of the equator. Bob starts to see how a country's location on a map affects how they look.",
                "Stef is a young girl interested in the geography of the world. For her birthday, she got two different representations of the Earth. Her grandparents gave her a map that uses the Mercator projection and her uncle gave her a globe. She is comparing how certain countries look differently on the two gifts and trying to figure out why that is. She is specifically looking at Norway, a country near the North Pole, and Mexico, a country close to the equator.",
                "Will is comparing a map that is based off a Mercator projection and a globe. One of the first things he decides to compare is Iceland. After that he takes a look at a small island in the pacific near the equator.",
                "Will is comparing a map that is based off a Mercator projection and a globe. One of the first things he decides to compare is Iceland. After that he takes a look at a small island in the pacific, named Vraska, near the equator."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Depleted soils can be protected from soil erosion by groundcover plants such as naturally growing grasses in agroforestry systems. These help to stabilise the soil as they increase cover compared to short-cycle cropping systems. Soil cover is a crucial factor in preventing erosion. Cleaner water through reduced nutrient and soil surface runoff can be a further advantage of agroforestry. The runoff can be reduced by decreasing its velocity and increasing infiltration into the soil. Compared to row-cropped fields nutrient uptake can be higher and reduce nutrient loss into streams.Further advantages concerning plant growth:.",
            "output": [
                "Dan, a renowned pedologist, visited two farms near his home town. Grape farm had depleted soils and a low crop production, while Fruit farm, having parcels with depleted soils in the past, established an agroforestry system starting a decade ago which helped stabilize soil and increase production.",
                "Gary and Joe are two farmers. Joe's  farm has a depleted soil, while Gary started agroforestry a few years back, and grows cover crops.",
                "Rob is an environmental scientist. He was doing a study on agroforestry. To test the sustainability of agroforestry he conducted two pilot projects, pilot A and pilot B. In pilot A, he used a land for agrofroestry. In pilot B, he used a land for usual row-cropping. He needed to find the pros and cons of both systems.",
                "Two neighboring farms both had depleted soils due to intensive agricultural practices for decades. Apple far decided to start an agroforestry system and other methods to protect their depleted soils, while Pear farm did nothing and had big losses the following years."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: When the Moon is at first quarter or third quarter, the Sun and Moon are separated by 90\u00b0 when viewed from the Earth, and the solar tidal force partially cancels the Moon's tidal force. At these points in the lunar cycle, the tide's range is at its minimum; this is called the neap tide, or neaps.  Neap is an Anglo-Saxon word meaning \"without the power\", as in for\u00f0ganges nip (forth-going without-the-power).Spring tides result in high waters that are higher than average, low waters that are lower than average, 'slack water' time that is shorter than average, and stronger tidal currents than average. Neaps result in less extreme tidal conditions. There is about a seven-day interval between springs and neaps.",
            "output": [
                "Rob was in the East Coast for a month. He had the good opportunity to see various tidal conditions. First he saw the spring tide, which he noted as case A. About a week later he saw the neap tide. He noted that as case B. Rob got curious about the science behind various tidal conditions."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Ionizing radiation has many practical uses in medicine, research and construction, but presents a health hazard if used improperly. Exposure to radiation causes damage to living tissue; high doses result in Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), with skin burns, hair loss, internal organ failure and death, while any dose may result in an increased chance of cancer and genetic damage; a particular form of cancer, thyroid cancer, often occurs when nuclear weapons and reactors are the radiation source because of the biological proclivities of the radioactive iodine fission product, iodine-131. However, calculating the exact risk and chance of cancer forming in cells caused by ionizing radiation is still not well understood and currently estimates are loosely determined by population based data from the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and from follow-up of reactor accidents, such as the Chernobyl disaster. The International Commission on Radiological Protection states that \"The Commission is aware of uncertainties and lack of precision of the models and parameter values\", \"Collective effective dose is not intended as a tool for epidemiological risk assessment, and it is inappropriate to use it in risk projections\" and \"in particular, the calculation of the number of cancer deaths based on collective effective doses from trivial individual doses should be avoided.\".",
            "output": [
                "Michael and Robert are scientists who work in a nuclear reactor facility. Michael was replacing a fuel rod in the nuclear reactor when a small explosion happened, causing Michael to be exposed to high doses of radiation in a short period of time.  Robert was in the adjacent room when the explosion happened, and as a result he only suffered low doses of radiation.",
                "Tom and Jerry are two friends who have always had competitions with one another throughout their whole lives. Yesterday, they just finished their most unique competition so far. Each man was given a room to sit in that had several highly radioactive objects in it. The challenge was to see who would stay in the chamber longer. Tom didn't stay in his room for very long, but Jerry felt determined to win and stayed in his chamber almost the entire day."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. When water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.",
            "output": [
                "The community around Lake Charles experienced a crazy weather week. On Saturday, 2 inches of Lake Charles evaporated. On Sunday, another inch of Lake Charles evaporated. On Monday, 3 more inches of Lake Charles evaporated. On Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, there was condensation all day.",
                "The community around Lake Huron experienced a crazy weather week. On Monday, 3 inches of Lake Charles evaporated. On Tuesday, 1 inch of Lake Charles evaporated. On Wednesday, 4 inches of Lake Charles evaporated. On Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday, there was condensation all day.",
                "The community around Lake Michigan experienced an insane weather week. On Sunday, 2 inches of Lake Charles evaporated. On Monday, another inch of Lake Charles evaporated. On Tuesday, 3 more inches of Lake Charles evaporated. On Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, there was condensation all day.",
                "The community around Lake Superior experienced a crazy weather week. On Sunday, 4 inches of Lake Superior evaporated. On Monday, 3 inches of Lake Superior evaporated. On Tuesday, 2 inches of Lake Superior evaporated. On Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, there was condensation all day.",
                "The weather was crazy this week. On Monday, the lake had a inch of it evaporate. On Tuesday, there was massive condensation in the town. On Wednesday, the lake evaporated another inch. On Thursday, condensation was all over the town again. On Friday, the lake evaporated another inch. On Saturday, the town had a ton of condensation. On Sunday, the lake evaporate two inches."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Habitat destruction has played a key role in extinctions, especially in relation to tropical forest destruction. Factors contributing to habitat loss include: overconsumption, overpopulation, land use change, deforestation, pollution (air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination) and global warming or climate change.Habitat size and numbers of species are systematically related. Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area. Conversion to \"trivial\" standardized ecosystems (e.g., monoculture following deforestation) effectively destroys habitat for the more diverse species that preceded the conversion. Even the simplest forms of agriculture affect diversity \u2013 through clearing/draining land, discouraging weeds and \"pests\", and encouraging just a limited set of domesticated plant and animal species. In some countries lack of property rights or lax law/regulatory enforcement necessarily leads to biodiversity loss (degradation costs having to be supported by the community).A 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent\u2014that diversity among species requires diversity within a species and vice versa. \"If any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down and the community becomes dominated by a single species.\".",
            "output": [
                "In recent years Indonesia has seen widespread habitat destruction. At the eastern part of Indonesian islands lies the country of Papua New Guinea. Fortunately, Papua New Guinea has avoided mass destruction of habitat.",
                "Two continents had different histories. Asia was inhabited by many humans which destroyed most natural habitats through their activities. America was protective towards its environment and therefore thrived."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: For autosomal dominant disorders, a person with the disorder has a 50% chance of passing on the gene to their offspring. For achondroplasia, this means there will be a 50% chance that each child will have achondroplasia. Since two copies are fatal, if two people with achondroplasia have a child, there is a 25% chance of the child dying shortly after birth, a 50% chance the child will have achondroplasia, and a 25% chance the child will have a normal phenotype. However, in 3 out of 4 cases, people with achondroplasia are born to parents who don't have the condition. This is the result of a new mutation. New achondroplasis mutations are associated with increasing paternal age (over 35 years). Studies have demonstrated that new gene mutations are exclusively inherited from the father and occur during spermatogenesis. More than 98% of achondroplasia is caused by a G to A point mutation at nucleotide 1138 of the FGFR3 gene, which causes a glycine to arginine substitution. This makes this particular nucleotide one of the most, if not the most, mutable base in the human genome.",
            "output": [
                "Erin was born with achondroplasia. When this was found out her parents got tested fur the mutation and neither of them had it, As of today she is very concerned because she would like to he children.",
                "Robert and Michael are both hoping to become fathers for the first time soon. Robert is young, while Michael is middle-aged."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Inhaling is an active movement that results from the contraction of a muscle called the diaphragm. The diaphragm is large, sheet-like muscle below the lungs (see Figure below ). When the diaphragm contracts, the ribcage expands and the contents of the abdomen move downward. This results in a larger chest volume, which decreases air pressure inside the lungs. With lower air pressure inside than outside the lungs, air rushes into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, the opposite events occur. The volume of the chest cavity decreases, air pressure inside the lungs increases, and air flows out of the lungs, like air rushing out of a balloon.",
            "output": [
                "Keith is a physician in a local hospital. He is treating a patient with respiratory problem. He looked at two different states of the patient's diaphragm, state A and state B. In state A the the diaphragm contracted, but in state B the diaphragm relaxed. He now needs to figure out other phenomena related to this."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Submarine volcanoes are common features of the ocean floor. In shallow water, active volcanoes disclose their presence by blasting steam and rocky debris high above the ocean's surface. In the ocean's deep, the tremendous weight of the water above prevents the explosive release of steam and gases; however, they can be detected by hydrophones and discoloration of water because of volcanic gases. Pillow lava is a common eruptive product of submarine volcanoes and is characterized by thick sequences of discontinuous pillow-shaped masses which form under water. Even large submarine eruptions may not disturb the ocean surface due to the rapid cooling effect and increased buoyancy of water (as compared to air) which often causes volcanic vents to form steep pillars on the ocean floor. Hydrothermal vents are common near these volcanoes, and some support peculiar ecosystems based on dissolved minerals. Over time, the formations created by submarine volcanoes may become so large that they break the ocean surface as new islands or floating pumice rafts.",
            "output": [
                "Planet X had two large oceans. Ice ocean had few submarine volcanoes, while Tropical ocean had thousands of active volcanoes on the ocean floor."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The trade-off theory of capital structure is the idea that a company chooses how much debt finance and how much equity finance to use by balancing the costs and benefits. The classical version of the hypothesis goes back to Kraus and Litzenberger[1] who considered a balance between the dead-weight costs of bankruptcy and the tax saving benefits of debt. Often agency costs are also included in the balance. This theory is often set up as a competitor theory to the pecking order theory of capital structure. A review of the literature is provided by Frank and Goyal.[2]\n\nAn important purpose of the theory is to explain the fact that corporations usually are financed partly with debt and partly with equity. It states that there is an advantage to financing with debt, the tax benefits of debt and there is a cost of financing with debt, the costs of financial distress including bankruptcy costs of debt and non-bankruptcy costs (e.g. staff leaving, suppliers demanding disadvantageous payment terms, bondholder/stockholder infighting, etc.). The marginal benefit of further increases in debt declines as debt increases, while the marginal cost increases, so that a firm that is optimizing its overall value will focus on this trade-off when choosing how much debt and equity to use for financing.",
            "output": [
                "Bob is a financial analyst. He used to work for company A. Bob noticed that company A is mostly financed by debt. Recently, he changed job and now working as a financial analyst for another company, company B. Company B has completely different culture than company A. Company B is mostly financed by equity.",
                "Company X stopped taking on more debt, and decided to file for bankruptcy, while company Y, kept benefiting from the tax benefits of debt, having a lower debt level."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Most chemical reactions within organisms would be impossible under the conditions in cells. For example, the body temperature of most organisms is too low for reactions to occur quickly enough to carry out life processes. Reactants may also be present in such low concentrations that it is unlikely they will meet and collide. Therefore, the rate of most biochemical reactions must be increased by a catalyst. A catalyst is a chemical that speeds up chemical reactions. In organisms, catalysts are called enzymes . Essentially, enzymes are biological catalysts.",
            "output": [
                "Mark is a biologist. He is trying to see how to make chemical reactions within organism easier. To that end, he conducts two tests, test A an test B, on an organism. In test A he reduces catalysts from the organism, but in test B he induces catalysts in the organism. He needs to observe the outcomes of these tests.",
                "Scientists have recently discovered two organisms deep in a cave in the hills of Paris. One organism, Boncho, has many enzymes. The other organism, Hojo, has very few enzymes. Currently, scientists are in the process of analyzing these new organisms to learn more about them."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Clouds on Earth are made of water vapor. Venus's clouds are a lot less pleasant. They are made of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and large amounts of corrosive sulfuric acid! The atmosphere of Venus is so thick that the pressure on the surface of Venus is very high. In fact, it is 90 times greater than the pressure at Earth\u2019s surface! The thick atmosphere causes a strong greenhouse effect. As a result, Venus is the hottest planet. Even though it is farther from the Sun, Venus is much hotter even than Mercury. Temperatures at the surface reach 465\u00b0C (860\u00b0F). That\u2019s hot enough to melt lead!.",
            "output": [
                "Brad and Joe studied atmospheric conditions on different planets of our solar system. Joe studied about Earth, while Brad studied more about Venus.",
                "In year 2200, David is an astronaut and an avid galaxy hopper from a planet hundred light years away. He ended up in the solar system in search of water. He identified three planets, planet A, planet B and planet C. Little did he know that less than a hundred years ago people used to call planet A as Earth, planet B as Venus, and planet C as Mercury.",
                "John liked studying about the planets in our solar system. He recently studied and made comparisons between Earth's and Venus's atmosphere. He was amazed with what he found out.",
                "Some students studied Earth's atmosphere in class. They also started studying Venus' atmosphere. They were fascinated by the subject and learned a lot.",
                "Two friends studied different planets for their school project. Sean studied Earth's atmosphere, while Bill studied Venus's and Mercury's.",
                "Two groups of children studied about some of the planets from our Solar system and their atmospheres. Group E studied about Earth, while group V studied about the planet Venus.",
                "Two students studied the atmosphere of Earth and other planets from our solar system. Zack learned about Earth's atmosphere, while Ken learned about the atmospheric conditions on planet Venus.",
                "Two students were learning about atmospheres and planets. Dan learned about the atmosphere of Earth, while Nate learned about planet Venus and its atmosphere.",
                "Two teams of students studied Earth's atmosphere in class. They also started studying Venus' atmosphere. They were fascinated by the subject and learned a lot. Team A studied Earth, team B studied planet Venus."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Marine pollution is a generic term for the entry into the ocean of potentially hazardous chemicals or particles. The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agriculture fertilizer chemicals as well as livestock and human waste. The excess of oxygen-depleting chemicals leads to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone.Marine debris, which is also known as marine litter, describes human-created waste floating in a body of water. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of gyres and coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter.",
            "output": [
                "Bay city practiced organic farming and used almost no fertilizers. Gulf city practiced conventional farming for it inhabitants, and used vast quantities of fertilizers.",
                "Bird city had may economic ties with Pine city. Pine city was located in the mountains, and was inhabited by nature lovers and people that protected the environment. Bird city was situated on the banks of a large river flowing into the sea. They relied mostly on conventional agriculture and used fertilizer for their crops.",
                "Croatia and Italy were located on opposite shores of the same sea. Croatia based its economy on tourism and fishing, while Italy based its economy on conventional agriculture.",
                "Croatia and Italy were located on opposite shores of the same sea. Croatia based its economy on tourism and fishing, while Italy based its economy on conventional agriculture. Both countries had thriving economies, but they both polluted the sea in different ways.",
                "Croatia and Italy were two countries of similar size and population located on opposite shores of the same sea. Croatia based its economy on tourism and fishing, while Italy based its economy on conventional agriculture. Both countries had thriving economies, but they both polluted the sea in different ways.",
                "Guyana and Nigeria had thriving economies. Guyana's economy was based on conventional agriculture, while Nigeria attracted an enormous number of tourists to its splendid beaches each year.",
                "The Malegese Ocean is primarily connected to one river. This river is next to Hilda's farm that she has lived on for decades. Ever since she was a child, she was taught that it's important to dump excess fertilizer into the river. So, that's what she does whenever she has leftover fertilizer she isn't going to use. The Dundrin Ocean is connected to many rivers. However, these rivers are located primarily in uninhabited and natural areas of the world. There is one farm near the Dundrin, though, which is owned by Luke. Luke never disposes of any of his garbage in the ocean or rivers near his farm, and he chooses instead to store excess fertilizer for the future or properly dispose of his trash.",
                "Two cities situated on the shores of a large ocean polluted it in different ways.  Truck city had an economy that was based on tourism, while Farm city was based on agriculture.",
                "Two city situated on the shores of a large ocean polluted it in different ways.  Truck city had an economy that was based on tourism, while Farm city was based on agriculture.",
                "Two countries are situated on the shores of the same sea. Turkey is a nation of farmers, they use conventional agricultural methods to produce food, including lots of fertilizers. Greece's economy is mostly based on tourism.",
                "Two countries had big rivers discharging in the same ocean. Finland was very aware of environmental pollution and acted accordingly, while Russian practiced conventional agriculture and used fertilizers.",
                "Two farms were situated on opposite banks of a large river flowing into the ocean. Hill farm practiced conventional agriculture, while Dew farm practiced permaculture design within the context of organic farming.",
                "Two rivers, The Minninnippi and The Cedar, flow into the same ocean. The Minninnippi is surrounded almost entirely by farm lands due its location in a flat area of the country that sees regular rainfall. The majority of these farms will have runoff from their crop soil flow into the river. The Cedar is located mostly inside an unpopulated forest. Currently, not much industrialization or settling by humans has happened near The Cedar."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: One of the main causes of extinction is introduction of exotic species into an environment. These exotic and new species can also be called invasive species or non-native species . These non-native species, being new to an area, may not have natural predators in the new habitat, which allows their populations to easily adapt and grow. Invasive species out-compete the native species for resources. Sometimes invasive species are so successful at living in a certain habitat that the native species go extinct ( Figure below ).",
            "output": [
                "India decided to introduce several exotic species into their environment, while Singapore was very protective of its native species.",
                "India decided to introduce several exotic species into their environment, while Singapore was very protective of its native species. India encountered big problems with extinction during the following years."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Wildfire intensity increases during daytime hours. For example, burn rates of smoldering logs are up to five times greater during the day because of lower humidity, increased temperatures, and increased wind speeds. Sunlight warms the ground during the day and causes air currents to travel uphill, and downhill during the night as the land cools. Wildfires are fanned by these winds and often follow the air currents over hills and through valleys. United States wildfire operations revolve around a 24-hour fire day that begins at 10:00 a.m. because of the predictable increase in intensity resulting from the daytime warmth.",
            "output": [
                "Idaho and Utah had many wildfires. Idaho had more wildfires during the day, while Utah had wildfires occur at night.",
                "Robert was watching the local news when he saw a report about a wildfire. The report stated that there was a brush fire in the southwest part of Texas, where it was currently daytime. When he switched the channel, he saw another report about a different wildfire. This one was a forest fire in the northwest part of Seattle, where it was currently nighttime.",
                "There is currently a wildfire in the city of Milton and another one in the city of Parth. These two cities are on opposite sides of the planet, but both wildfires are nearly identical in terms of scope and intensity. So, when it's daytime in Milton, it's nighttime in Parth. New firefighters in Milton are currently arriving at the scene of the fire as the sun beats down directly above them. They are getting instructions from their boss about what they need to do today and preparing themselves for a long day."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A godet (/\u0261o\u028a\u02c8de\u026a/ or /\u0261o\u028a\u02c8d\u025bt/)[1] is an extra piece of fabric in the shape of a circular sector which is set into a garment, usually a dress or skirt.[2] The addition of a godet causes the article of clothing in question to flare, thus adding width and volume.[3] Adding a godet to a piece of clothing also gives the wearer a wider range of motion.[4].",
            "output": [
                "Dan is a dance instructor. In an upcoming dance competition he has to send two groups of students, group A and group B. He dressed group A students with godet. But he didn't dress group B students with godet. There are two categories of dance, category C and category D, in the dance competition. Category C requires lots of motion, but category D does not required much motion. Dan has to decide which of his student groups would compete in category C and which group to compete in category D."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Atmospheric convection is the result of a parcel-environment instability, or temperature difference layer in the atmosphere. Different lapse rates within dry and moist air masses lead to instability. Mixing of air during the day which expands the height of the planetary boundary layer leads to increased winds, cumulus cloud development, and decreased surface dew points. Moist convection leads to thunderstorm development, which is often responsible for severe weather throughout the world. Special threats from thunderstorms include hail, downbursts, and tornadoes.",
            "output": [
                "Boone county experienced severe weather last week as a result of atmospheric convection. White county to the east experienced some rain but was sheltered from this phenomenon because of the mountain range.",
                "Burr township is situated on the western side of the ridge, at a lower altitude, and is experiencing atmospheric convection every once in a while, while Jolt township, on the eastern side,  has a less windy, less cloudy environment and is situated at a higher altitude.",
                "Two neighboring counties, Brown and Green county, had different weather patterns occur last month. The weather in Brown county was quite stable, but green county experienced atmospheric convection and other related phenomena."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Air pollution is harmful to human beings and other living things. About 22 million people die from air pollution each year. Breathing polluted air increases the risk of developing lung diseases such as asthma and lung cancer. Breathing bad air also increases the chances of dying from other diseases. Children are most likely to be affected by air pollution. That\u2019s because their lungs are still developing and growing. Children also take in more air for their size than adults do. Some air pollutants damage the environment as well as the health of living things. The type of damage depends on the pollutant. Air pollution can also harm the environment.",
            "output": [
                "Daniel visited two countries. Switzerland and India. There was almost no air pollution at all in Switzerland, while the air in India was almost impossible to breathe it was so polluted.",
                "Manny visited 2 countries. First he visited Australia, a country which respected the environment and produced zero air pollution, and New Zealand, a country which based its economy on burning fossil fuels and generated a lot of air pollution.",
                "Michael and Thomas are brothers whose careers have taken them to different cities. Michael lives in Beijing, where the levels of air pollution are fairly high due to the extensive manufacturing industry. Thomas, on the other hand, lives in Seattle, which has low levels of air pollution thanks to government initiatives and culture attitudes in the region.",
                "Sarah and Sophie are sisters living in two different cities. Sarah lives in a very rural area with hardly any air pollution. Sophie lives in a heavily industrialized urban area with many factories and people driving cars to their destinations. This all leads to Sophie's city having a large amount of pollution going into the atmosphere.",
                "Tree city and Leaf city were the two biggest cities in Boulderland. Tree city burned lots of gas and other fossil fuels, while Leaf city was very protective towards its environment.",
                "Two sister cities had different environments. Shanghai had big problems with air pollution while Berna took very good care of the surrounding environment and air quality.",
                "Two sister cities were part of an air pollution study. While Prague had big air pollution problems, Belfast was eco-friendly and its inhabitants were healthy."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: You generally can\u2019t see, smell, taste, hear, or feel radiation. Fortunately, there are devices such as Geiger counters that can detect radiation. A Geiger counter, like the one pictured in the Figure below , contains atoms of a gas that is ionized if it encounters radiation. When this happens, the gas atoms change to ions that can carry an electric current. The current causes the Geiger counter to click. The faster the clicks occur, the higher the level of radiation. You can see a video about the Geiger counter and how it was invented at the URL below.",
            "output": [
                "Keith landed a job with the EPA. As part of his training he needed to learn how the Geiger counter works. To learn more about the counter he tested it in three different locations, location A, location B, and location C. Location A had very high radiation; location B had low radiation; and location C didn't have any radiation. Keith learned how the counter works in locations with varying degrees of radiation."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The two adrenal glands are located above the kidneys. Each gland has an inner and outer part. The outer part, called the cortex, secretes hormones such as cortisol, which helps the body deal with stress, and aldosterone, which helps regulate the balance of minerals in the body. The inner part of each adrenal gland, called the medulla, secretes fight-or-flight hormones such as adrenaline, which prepare the body to respond to emergencies. For example, adrenaline increases the amount of oxygen and glucose going to the muscles. You can see an animation of this response at the link below.",
            "output": [
                "John is a biologist, who studies animal species of tundra biome. He noticed that they behave in certain way when they secrete hormones from adrenal glands' cortex. On the other hand, they behave some other way when they secrete hormones from adrenal glands' medulla. He termed the first process as process A and latter process as process B."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Other pathogens spread when they get on objects or surfaces. A fungus may spread in this way. For example, you can pick up the fungus that causes athlete\u2019s foot by wearing shoes that an infected person has worn. You can also pick up this fungus from the floor of a public shower or other damp areas. After acne, athlete\u2019s foot is the most common skin disease in the United States. Therefore, the chance of coming in contact with the fungus in one of these ways is fairly high.",
            "output": [
                "Bart and Homer decide to go bowling to celebrate the start of the weekend. Upon arriving, Bart needs to rent a pair of bowling shoes from the alley since he doesn't own any. Homer brought his own pair of bowling shoes though and doesn't need to rent a pair. They bowl for several hours until their arms are tired and they can hardly stand.",
                "Two brothers worked out a few times per week at the same gym. Tim got athlete's food from the gym, but Dan didn't.",
                "Two people, Jim and John, are discussing their shower ritual for the morning. John takes his shower in his own apartment that he lives in by himself. Jim always takes his showers at the public gym after he finishes his workout."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Farsightedness, or hyperopia, is the condition in which distant objects are seen clearly, but nearby objects appear blurry. It occurs when the eyeball is shorter than normal (see Figure below ). This causes images to be focused in a spot that would fall behind the retina (if light could pass through the retina). Hyperopia can be corrected with convex lenses. The lenses focus images farther forward in the eye, so they fall on the retina instead of behind it.",
            "output": [
                "Ian is looking to buy a new pair of glasses. When he goes to the eye doctor he is told he is Farsighted. He is outside he can see things that are far away very clearly but when things are close to him they get blurry. With his new glasses he is now able to see things that are near him because they focus what he sees farther forward in his eyes,.",
                "John is a an ophthalmologist in a local hospital. Today, he has seen two patients, patient A and patient B. Patient A had hyperopia, but patient B didn't have any issues with eyes. John would now treat the patient that have eye problem.",
                "Kathy and Jacob are two coworkers out having a drink at a bar after a day at the office. They both wear glasses and Kathy comments that she hates that she is so farsighted and wishes there was a surgery to fix it. Jacob says that he finds it amusing she is farsighted because he himself is nearsighted. They both laugh at the opposite nature of their eye condition, and then both look at the menu on the other side of the room to decide what drinks to order next.",
                "Two people went to the eye doctor's office for an annual exam; James had farsightedness, while Bob had myopia.",
                "Two people went to the eye doctor's office for an annual exam; James had farsightedness, while Bob had perfect 20/20 vision.",
                "Two siblings Jane and Matt, needed eyeglasses. Matt was nearsighted, while Jane was farsighted. they bought themselves two nice pairs of eyeglasses."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Electronic ear protectors work differently. They identify high-amplitude sound waves and send sound waves through them in the opposite direction. This causes destructive interference with the waves, which reduces their amplitude to zero or nearly zero. This changes even the loudest sounds to just a soft hiss. Sounds that people need to hear, such as the voices of co-workers, are not interfered with in this way and may be amplified instead so they can be heard more clearly. This type of hearing protector is recommended for higher noise levels and situations where it\u2019s important to be able to hear lower-decibel sounds.",
            "output": [
                "Carson is a construction worker that operates a jack hammer on the construction site for a new building. The jack hammer is often incredibly loud and generates a high amount of noise. Carson wants to protect himself from this noise, but he also needs to be able to hear the orders given to him by his boss on the site.",
                "Ken and Jen are both attending an air show at a festival today. In each seat at the air show are a pair of electronic ear protectors. Ken puts his on prior to the show starting, but Jen forgets to wear hers and the show begins."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: As a young man, Bohr worked in Rutherford\u2019s lab in England. Because Rutherford\u2019s model was weak on the position of the electrons, Bohr focused on them. He hypothesized that electrons can move around the nucleus only at fixed distances from the nucleus based on the amount of energy they have. He called these fixed distances energy levels, or electron shells. He thought of them as concentric spheres, with the nucleus at the center of each sphere. In other words, the shells consisted of sphere within sphere within sphere. Furthermore, electrons with less energy would be found at lower energy levels, closer to the nucleus. Those with more energy would be found at higher energy levels, farther from the nucleus. Bohr also hypothesized that if an electron absorbed just the right amount of energy, it would jump to the next higher energy level. Conversely, if it lost the same amount of energy, it would jump back to its original energy level. However, an electron could never exist in between two energy levels. These ideas are illustrated in the Figure below .",
            "output": [
                "Greg was studying Bohr's model. He found it helpful to categorize different scenarios in the model. First, he labeled electron with higher energy as cat A, and electron with lower energy as cat B. Then he labeled electron that gained energy as cat C, and election that lost energy as cat D."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Another thing we can see in this animation is that particles are constantly colliding with one another. One assumption that we make when talking about collisions between gas particles is that they are completely elastic collisions. In an elastic collision , momentum is conserved, which means that none of the kinetic energy of the colliding particles is lost in some other form (such as the emission of light). This makes sense, because if energy were lost in collisions, the speeds of the particles would gradually decrease over time, and eventually everything would condense down into a solid form.",
            "output": [
                "Dan is in his physics lab. He is experimenting with colliding particles. He has two samples of particles, sample A and sample B. Sample A contains gas particles, but sample B does not contain gas particles."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Research has shown an inverse link between income inequality and social cohesion. In more equal societies, people are much more likely to trust each other, measures of social capital (the benefits of goodwill, fellowship, mutual sympathy and social connectedness among groups who make up a social units) suggest greater community involvement, and homicide rates are consistently lower.",
            "output": [
                "Ron, a sociologist, traveled to two very different societies, society A and society B, for several months each and wrote down his observations. Ron is now examining the data he gathered from the two societies in an attempt to draw scientific conclusions, and write up a paper. In society A, he found that there were high levels of income inequality, while society B had low levels of income inequality."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: In the study of thermochemical processes, things are viewed from the point of view of the system. A chemical reaction or physical change is endothermic if heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings. In the course of an endothermic process, the system gains heat from the surroundings and so the temperature of the surroundings decreases. The quantity of heat for a process is represented by the letter . The sign of for an endothermic process is positive because the system is gaining heat. A chemical reaction or physical change is exothermic if heat is released by the system into the surroundings. Because the surroundings is gaining heat from the system, the temperature of the surroundings increases. The sign of for an exothermic process is negative because the system is losing heat.",
            "output": [
                "Calving is sitting in his kitchen when he decides to play around with some ice and water. He takes an ice cube out of the freezer and puts it on a plate on his kitchen table. He then takes a glass of water and puts it into the freezer. He is curious to see if the ice cube will melt before the water freezes."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: During Amniocentesis a small amount of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal cells, is extracted from the amnion or amniotic sac surrounding a developing fetus, and the fetal DNA is examined for genetic abnormalities. Amniocentesis is not performed for every pregnancy, but is generally done when an increased risk of genetic defects in the fetus is indicated, by mother's age (over 35 years is common), family history of genetic defects, or other factors.",
            "output": [
                "David is a doctor with the city hospital. Today, he is seeing four patients, patient A, patient B, patient C, and patient D. All four patients are expectant mothers. Moreover, patient A is over thirty five years old, but patient B is under thirty five years old. Patient C has family history of genetic disorder, but patient D does not have any family history of genetic disorder. David needs to prescribe appropriate treatment according to each patient's condition."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: If a solution has a higher concentration of hydronium ions than pure water, it has a pH lower than 7. A solution with a pH lower than 7 is called an acid . As the hydronium ion concentration increases, the pH value decreases. Therefore, the more acidic a solution is, the lower its pH value is. Did you ever taste vinegar? Like other acids, it tastes sour. Stronger acids can be harmful to organisms. For example, stomach acid would eat through the stomach if it were not lined with a layer of mucus. Strong acids can also damage materials, even hard materials such as glass.",
            "output": [
                "Alexiev and Sabrina were enthusiastic chemistry students completing the first experiment of their new course. They both started the experiment with pure water, and had to perform different experimental protocols to make changes to the water. At the end of the experiment, both of them measured the concentration of hydronium ions present in their reaction mixtures. Alexiev had a high concentration of hydronium ions present, while Sabrina had a low concentration present in her mixture.",
                "In his chemistry lab David is learning about acids. He took three solutions to identify them correctly, sample A, sample B, and sample C. Sample A is a strong acid; sample B is a weak acid; and sample C is not an acid. David needs to identify the content of each sample by learning about their attributes.",
                "Mike is studying chemistry for his exam. Today, he is studying the properties of acids. He picks up an acid solution that he labels as solution A. To compare it with another solution he chooses a solution that is not an acid. He labels it as solution B."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: You generally can\u2019t see, smell, taste, hear, or feel radiation. Fortunately, there are devices such as Geiger counters that can detect radiation. A Geiger counter, like the one pictured in the Figure below , contains atoms of a gas that is ionized if it encounters radiation. When this happens, the gas atoms change to ions that can carry an electric current. The current causes the Geiger counter to click. The faster the clicks occur, the higher the level of radiation.",
            "output": [
                "Marie is walking through the garbage dump when she spots two old drums that are used to store waste materials. Curious about what these drums contain, Marie reads the stickers on the side of each one. Drum P says \"nuclear waste\" on the side, and drum X says \"sulfuric acid\" on the side.",
                "Steve is a geologist and is doing a study on the radioactivity of different rocks. He has gathered two distinctly different rocks for examination. The first rock is red in color, and the second is purple in color. He has brought along a Geiger counter to help him with his study. The red rock ends up making the Geiger counter click very rapidly, while the purple rock barely registers any clicks."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: If a nuclear chain reaction is uncontrolled, it produces a lot of energy all at once. This is what happens in an atomic bomb. If a nuclear chain reaction is controlled, it produces energy more slowly. This is what occurs in a nuclear power plant. The reaction may be controlled by inserting rods of material that do not undergo fission into the core of fissioning material (see Figure below ). The radiation from the controlled fission is used to heat water and turn it to steam. The steam is under pressure and causes a turbine to spin. The spinning turbine runs a generator, which produces electricity.",
            "output": [
                "A war has started. In this war, no side shows a clear side of winning and the casualties are already high. In a desperate attempt to end the war quickly country A decides it wants to try to drop an atomic bomb on country B. They succeed."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: In endurance sports such as cycling and running, hitting the wall or the bonk is a condition of sudden fatigue and loss of energy which is caused by the depletion of glycogen stores in the liver and muscles. Milder instances can be remedied by brief rest and the ingestion of food or drinks containing carbohydrates. The condition can usually be avoided by ensuring that glycogen levels are high when the exercise begins, maintaining glucose levels during exercise by eating or drinking carbohydrate-rich substances, or by reducing exercise intensity.",
            "output": [
                "Two groups of athletes were part of an experiment. Group One ran 10 miles without charging up their body with glycogen at the start of the exercise, and didn't eat or drink other supplements during the race. Group Two did everything by the book and had better overall results."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The sloping surface of the inclined plane supports part of the weight of the object as it moves up the slope. As a result, it takes less force to move the object uphill. The trade-off is that the object must be moved over a greater distance than if it were moved straight up to the higher elevation. On the other hand, the output force is greater than the input force because it is applied over a shorter distance. Like other simple machines, the ideal mechanical advantage of an inclined plane is given by.",
            "output": [
                "Adams needs to roll a piano into his new house. The piano is very heavy and unfortunately he isn't strong enough to lift it up his front steps.  A friend of his suggests he get a ramp since it will support part of the weight allowing him to push it into his house much easier. Adam gets the ramp and successfully pushes the piano in to his new house."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Astronomy is very sensitive to light pollution. The night sky viewed from a city bears no resemblance to what can be seen from dark skies.[78] Skyglow (the scattering of light in the atmosphere at night) reduces the contrast between stars and galaxies and the sky itself, making it much harder to see fainter objects. This is one factor that has caused newer telescopes to be built in increasingly remote areas.",
            "output": [
                "Diana is studying astronomy and in her spare time likes to stargaze. She has never been outside of her large city however. One weekend she got to go on a camping trip with her parents. When they arrived at the campsite, which is very far from the lights of the city she noticed the number of stars she could see in the sky greatly increased.",
                "Whenever Bill visited Tim's house, they couldn't see that many stars when stargazing . Tim lived in the city. The sky was much clearer at night at Bill's place, because he lived in a rural area."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Because of human activities, there is more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today than in the past hundreds of thousands of years. Burning fossil fuels and has released great quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Cutting forests and clearing land has also increased carbon dioxide into the atmosphere because these activities reduce the number of autotrophic organisms that use up carbon dioxide in photosynthesis. In addition, clearing often involves burning, which releases carbon dioxide that was previously stored in autotrophs.",
            "output": [
                "John has been hearing about climate change for last couple of years. He wants to understand the science behind climate change. For that, he picked up two eras in earth's history, era A and era B. Era A was hundred thousand years ago, and era B is in the present day. He now wants to compare these to eras to understand the change in climate better.",
                "Thanks to environmental initiatives, Quebec has grown a large number of forests recently that are densely populated with tall trees. At the same time, Ottawa has been cutting down large numbers of trees in their forests and clearing the land to make room for housing developments and new construction sites.",
                "There are two exact copies of planets, Necrulon and Krankor, including the animals and plants on each planet. Recently though, people on Krankor have been wanting to have more space for new buildings. In order to accommodate these new buildings, they have started to cut forests and clear land. The people on Necrulon, however, decided to keep their forests and land rather than further industrialize.",
                "There are two exact copies of planets, including the animals and plants on each planet. The only difference between these two planets, Necrulon and Krankor, is their choice of transportation. On Necrulon, they use fossil fuels to move their vehicles, and on Krankor they use water.",
                "Two cities had different energy source. Big city burned fossil fuels cut forests and cleared land, while Blue city used alternative sources of energy.",
                "Two cities had different energy source. Big city burned fossil fuels, while Blue city used alternative sources of energy.",
                "Two researchers looked at the human influence on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Tim studied a human settlement from 10000 years ago, while Bob studied a present day county.",
                "Two researchers looked at the human influence on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Tim studied a human settlement from 10000 years ago, while Bob studied a present day county. Today's economy in the county revolved around extensive agriculture.",
                "When comparing village A from ten thousand years ago to village B from today, we reached the conclusion that today's villagers release much more carbon into the atmosphere by their activities."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Gravity is a force that pulls objects down toward the ground. When objects fall to the ground, gravity causes them to accelerate. Acceleration is a change in velocity, and velocity, in turn, is a measure of the speed and direction of motion. Gravity causes an object to fall toward the ground at a faster and faster velocity the longer the object falls. In fact, its velocity increases by 9.8 m/s 2 , so by 1 second after an object starts falling, its velocity is 9.8 m/s. By 2 seconds after it starts falling, its velocity is 19.6 m/s (9.8 m/s + 9.8 m/s), and so on. The acceleration of a falling object due to gravity is illustrated in the Figure below . For a more detailed explanation of acceleration due to gravity, watch this video:.",
            "output": [
                "Adam is doing an experiment for his science fair. He takes a bowling ball and drops it onto a piece of foam, then records how big of a dent it makes. When he dropped the ball at 3 feet it left a very shallow dent. When he dropped the ball from 7 feet it broke strait through the foam and shattered it."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Air pollution can also indirectly cause other health issues and even deaths. Air pollutants can cause an increase in cancer including lung cancer, eye problems, and other conditions. For example, using certain chemicals on farms, such as the insecticide DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and toxic PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyl), can cause cancer. Indoors, pollutants such as radon or asbestos can also increase your cancer risk. Lastly, air pollution can lead to heart disease, including heart attack and stroke.",
            "output": [
                "Michael recently moved to Xin Jiang, where there is a large amount of air pollutants due to the chemical manufacturing industry there. Kevin, on the other hand, recently moved to Toronto which just finished a several month long tree planting initiative that has drastically lowered the amount of air pollutants in the city.",
                "The health inspectors reviewed data from two villages, Key and Auburn. Key village presented higher levels of both indoor and outdoor pollution.",
                "Tim and Robert are both farmers who eat the majority of their diet from the foods they produce themselves. Tim has been spraying his crops for the last several years with high amounts of DDT as he enjoys how much it keeps the insects away. Robert instead avoids all DDT use and hires workers to hand check every single crop to remove insects and other pests.",
                "Two neighboring towns had different methods of growing crops. Lean town used insecticides, while Bean town did not. Lean town had high levels of air pollution."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: In common everyday speech, speed of sound refers to the speed of sound waves in air. However, the speed of sound varies from substance to substance: sound travels most slowly in gases; it travels faster in liquids; and faster still in solids. For example, (as noted above), sound travels at 343 m/s in air; it travels at 1,480 m/s in water (4.3 times as fast as in air); and at 5,120 m/s in iron (about 15 times as fast as in air). In an exceptionally stiff material such as diamond, sound travels at 12,000 metres per second (27,000 mph);[1] (about 35 times as fast as in air) which is around the maximum speed that sound will travel under normal conditions.",
            "output": [
                "A popular radio station was playing the classic rock songs. There was a radio in a car with a lot of obstacles between the station. There was a fire with a lot of smoke, a river, and a mountain. The man driving the car had a great time listening to the classics.",
                "John and Keith are neighbors. They have been pondering about how to communicate with each other in a doomsday scenario when all the electronic devices would be useless. They connected their houses with three ducts. \nOne of the ducts is filled with air; they called it channel A. Another duct is filled with water; they \ncalled it channel B. And the last duct is filled with iron; they called it channel C. They can now transmit sound with these channels of communication; in case, disaster strikes."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Charging an object by touching it with another charged object is called charging by conduction. By bringing a charged object into contact with an uncharged object, some electrons will migrate to even out the charge on both objects. Charging by conduction gives the previously uncharged object a permanent charge. An uncharged object can also be charged using a method called charging by induction . This process allows a change in charge without actually touching the charged and uncharged objects to each other. Imagine a negatively charged rod held near the knob, but not touching. If we place a finger on the knob, some of the electrons will escape into our body, instead of down the stem and into the leaves. When both our finger and the negatively charged rod are removed, the previously uncharged electroscope now has a slight positive charge. It was charged by induction. Notice that charging by induction causes the newly charged object to have the opposite charge as the originally charged object, while charging by conduction gives them both the same charge.",
            "output": [
                "John wanted to charge his electronic gadgets remotely. To that end, he first conducted two experiments, case A and case B. In case A he used conduction, and in case B he used induction. In both cases he used same two objects. Finally, John tried to  charge his phone remotely. He called this test as case C.",
                "With my previous cell phone, in order to charge it I would have a plug the charger into the wall and the plug the cord into my phone to connect it to the electric source. With my new phone, I just place the phone into the charging dock and my phone is charge wirelessly."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The example of someone having a positive experience with a drug is easy to see how drug dependence and the law of effect works. The tolerance for a drug goes up as one continues to use it after having a positive experience with a certain amount the first time.[38] It will take more and more to get that same feeling. This is when the controlled substance in an experiment would have to be modified and the experiment would really begin. The law of work for psychologist B. F. Skinner almost half a century later on the principles of operant conditioning, \"a learning process by which the effect, or consequence, of a response influences the future rate of production of that response.[39].",
            "output": [
                "James just tried heroin for the first time. He had a great time and felt like it was an amazing experience. He would like to feel this way again, and plans on buying some more soon.",
                "The Angel Dusters met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using angel dust and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used angel dust. Deon used it 10 times, Sang used it 20 times, Milford used it 30 times, Rosendo used it 40 times, Fritz used it 50 times, Jerold used it 60 times, and Napoleon used it 70 times.",
                "The Bennies Battalion met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using bennies and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used bennies. Kathryn used it 26 times, Louise used it 30 times, Sara used it 34 times, Anne used it 46 times, Jacqueline used it 59 times, Wanda used it 68 times, and Bonnie used it 76 times.",
                "The Blow Brigade met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using blow and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used blow. Gloria used it 20 times, Evelyn used it 25 times, Jean used it 37 times, Cheryl used it 48 times, Mildred used it 56 times, Katherine used it 64 times, and Joan used it 70 times.",
                "The Boat Ballers met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using boat and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used boat. Les used it 99 times, Osvaldo used it 89 times, Dino used it 79 times, Refugio used it 69 times, Coleman used it 59 times, Margarito used it 49 times, and Alden used it 39 times.",
                "The Coke Crew met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using coke and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used coke. Ashley used it 23 times, Judith used it 27 times, Rose used it 32 times, Janice used it 43 times, Kelly used it 57 times, Nicole used it 65 times, and Judy used it 72 times.",
                "The Crack Cult met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using crack and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used crack. Kathy used it 24 times, Theresa used it 28 times, Beverly used it 33 times, Denise used it 44 times, Tammy used it 58 times, Irene used it 66 times, and Jane used it 73 times.",
                "The Dope Dogs met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using dope and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used dope. Ryan used it 14 times, Roger used it 21 times, Joe used it 33 times, Juan used it 44 times, Jack used it 55 times, Albert used it 54 times, and Jonathan used it 66 times.",
                "The Dope Dogs met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using dope and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used dope. Ryan used it 14 times, Roger used it 21 times, Joe used it 33 times, Juan used it 44 times, Jack used it 55 times, Albert used it 59 times, and Jonathan used it 66 times.",
                "The Ganja Gang met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using ganja and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used ganja. Susan used it 3 times, Margaret used it 6 times, Dorothy used it 10 times, Lisa used it 15 times, Nancy used it 20 times, Karen used it 25 times, and Betty used it 35 times.",
                "The Goop Goonies met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using goop and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used goop. Alec used it 32 times, Berry used it 42 times, Edgardo used it 52 times, Gino used it 62 times, Judson used it 72 times, Claudio used it 82 times, and Faustino used it 92 times.",
                "The Ham Hogs met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using hog and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used hog. Lemuel used it a lot. Parker used it a few times. Barton used it once.",
                "The Hash Heroes met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using hash and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used hash. Carolyn used it 15 times, Christine used it 20 times, Marie used it 25 times, Janet used it 25 times, Catherine used it 33 times, Frances used it 44 times, and Ann used it 55 times.",
                "The Molly Maniacs met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using molly and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used molly. Bonnie used it 16 times, Julia used it 20 times, Ruby used it 34 times, Lois used it 46 times, Tina used it 59 times, Phyllis used it 68 times, and Norma used it 76 times.",
                "The Reefer Rebels met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using reefer and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used reefer. Donald used it 2 times, George used it 7 times, Kenneth used it 12 times, Steven used it 16 times, Edward used it 24 times, Brian used it 30 times, and Ronald used it 50 times.",
                "The Roach Runners met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using roach and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used roach. Chris used it 12 times, Johnny used it 22 times, Earl used it 32 times, Jimmy used it 42 times, Antonio used it 52 times, Danny used it 62 times, and Bryan used it 72 times.",
                "The Rope Lopers met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using rope and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used rope. Sung used it 82 times, Hank used it 72 times, Robt used it 62 times, Jerrold used it 52 times, Jonah used it 42 times, Mac used it 32 times, and Dee used it 22 times.",
                "The Salvia Squad met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using salvia and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used salvia. Weston used it once. Jerrod used it a few times. Lucio used it a lot.",
                "The Smack Squad met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using smack and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used smack. Joyce used it 17 times, Diane used it 23 times, Alice used it 27 times, Julie used it 35 times, Heather used it 43 times, Teresa used it 54 times, and Doris used it 65 times.",
                "The Soap Squad met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using soap and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used soap. Milo used it 22 times, Anibal used it 32 times, Olen used it 42 times, Zachariah used it 52 times, Dannie used it 62 times, Mauro used it 72 times, and Orval used it 82 times.",
                "The Special K Club met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using Special K and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used Special K. Rico used it 72 times, Wilton used it 62 times, Brant used it 52 times, Josiah used it 42 times, Lyman used it 32 times, Alfonzo used it 22 times, and Christoper used it 12 times.",
                "The Speed Squad met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using speed and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used speed. Todd used it 36 times, Jesse used it 40 times, Craig used it 44 times, Alan used it 56 times, Shawn used it 69 times, Clarence used it 78 times, and Sean used it 86 times.",
                "The Super Scoops met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using scoop and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used scoop. Rosario used it 92 times, Sal used it 82 times, Bud used it 52 times, Hilario used it 42 times, Keven used it 32 times, Augustus used it 22 times, and Kory used it 12 times.",
                "The Weed Winners met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using weed and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used weed. Laura used it 5 times, Sarah used it 10 times, Kimberly used it 15 times, Deborah used it 20 times, Jessica used it 25 times, Shirley used it 35 times, and Cynthia used it 60 times.",
                "The cocaine club met to discuss their experiences. They all said they always had a great experience using cocaine and used the same amount each time. They told how many times they used cocaine. Mary used it 2 times, Patricia used it 3 times, Linda used it 5 times, Barbara used it 10 times, Elizabeth used it 15 times, Jennifer used it 20 times, and Maria used it 30 times."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: All machines make work easier, but they don\u2019t increase the amount of work that is done. You can never get more work out of a machine than you put into it. In fact, a machine always does less work on an object than the user does on the machine. That\u2019s because a machine must use some of the work put into it to overcome friction. Friction is the force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are touching. All machines involve motion, so they all have friction. How much work is needed to overcome friction in a machine depends on the machine\u2019s efficiency.",
            "output": [
                "Andrew just moved into his new apartment but realized he made a mistake. He loaded a box too heavy for him to lift. He decides to try to push the mox into his house from the back of his building which has a very rough path and struggles to get the box in the house.",
                "During the summer Anthony found it was way too hot to be comfortable. He went out to his garage to get an old fan. The fan was spins on a metal bearing but because it is old it was slightly rusted. When he turned the fan on it spun very slow, struggling to move. He then decided to lubricate the bearing that rotates the fan blades and the fan started spinning normally."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: For example, a radioactive isotope of iodine (I-131) is used in both the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer. The thyroid will normally absorb some iodine to produce iodine-containing thyroid hormones. An overactive thyroid gland will absorb a larger amount of the radioactive material. If this is the case, more and more radioactive iodine can be administered, where it will cluster in the diseased portion of the thyroid tissue and kill some of the nearby cells. Cancer treatments often cause patients to feel very sick, because while the radiation treatment kills the unwanted cancer cells, it causes damage to some healthy cells in the process.",
            "output": [
                "John is a doctor in a local hospital. Today, he is seeing two patients, patient A and patient B. Patient A has thyroid cancer, but patient B does not have thyroid cancer. John is trying to see the difference between these two patients' reports."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Some species of ants farm aphids, protecting them on the plants where they are feeding, and consuming the honeydew the aphids release from the terminations of their alimentary canals. This is a mutualistic relationship, with these dairying ants milking the aphids by stroking them with their antennae. Although mutualistic, the feeding behaviour of aphids is altered by ant attendance. Aphids attended by ants tend to increase the production of honeydew in smaller drops with a greater concentration of amino acids.Some farming ant species gather and store the aphid eggs in their nests over the winter. In the spring, the ants carry the newly hatched aphids back to the plants. Some species of dairying ants (such as the European yellow meadow ant, Lasius flavus) manage large herds of aphids that feed on roots of plants in the ant colony. Queens leaving to start a new colony take an aphid egg to found a new herd of underground aphids in the new colony. These farming ants protect the aphids by fighting off aphid predators.",
            "output": [
                "Hannah and Joe are two colleagues. They both study horticulture. They've been studying ants lately for their entomology class. Hannah studied ants that farm aphids, while Joe studied ants that farm fungus.",
                "Pam and Ellie are two entomologists. they are both studying ants at the moment: Ellie is studying leafcutter ants, while Pam is studying ants that farm aphids."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) is the virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ). Most researchers believe that the HIV originated in sub-Saharan Africa during the 20th century. HIV is transmitted by sexual contact and by contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, breast milk, and vaginal secretions. It is also passed from mother to fetus. HIV is now a pandemic , with an estimated (as of 2008) 38.6 million people now living with the disease worldwide. It is estimated that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized in 1981. For further information about HIV/AIDS, see the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) web site at http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/ .",
            "output": [
                "Angela and Victoria have both just given birth for the first time. While they were pregnant, both women were diagnosed with HIV, however fortunately for both women it was shown that the HIV was not transmitted to the children during the pregnancy. Angela has decided that she will still breast feed her child, while Victoria has decided to solely feed her child through baby formula.",
                "Dean and Paul both went to volunteered in Africa. They had a blood test when they came back. Paul had been infected with the HIV virus while Dean was healthy and clean.",
                "Monica and Jill are two friends. They study and party together most of the time. One day Monica shared a needle with a drug addict at a party. She later found out that she'd been infected with HIV. Jill was scared and helped her as much as she could.",
                "Sam and Ned went on vacation, The 2 friends partied nights and spent their days on the beach. Sam started getting flu like symptoms, so he went to the doctor's office where he found out that he was infected with HIV. Ned got scared when he heard what happened, but fortunately he was OK.",
                "Two colleagues gave blood for an emergency. Ned got infected with HIV because they re-used a needle. His friend Nate was not infected.",
                "Two friends had unprotected sex with their respective dates on the same night. Everything went fine for both of them. They later found out the bad news. Mike had been infected with HIV. Luckily enough Pete was healthy, he didn't get any diseases.",
                "Two neighboring countries had health epidemics. While Ghana had a measles problem, Niger had a very serious HIV problem that seemed to get out of control."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Storing large volumes of data \u2013 When storing XML to either file or database, the volume of data a system produces can often exceed reasonable limits, with a number of detriments: the access times go up as more data is read, CPU load goes up as XML data takes more power to process, and storage costs go up. By storing XML data in Fast Infoset format, data volume may be reduced by as much as 80 percent.",
            "output": [
                "Adam had a busy day storing XML. At 4 PM, he stored 20 Gigabytes to the database. At 5 PM, he stored 25 Gigabytes to the database. At 6 PM, he stored 30 Gigabytes to the database. At 7 PM, he got dinner. At 8 PM, he stored 35 Gigabytes to the database. At 9 PM, he stored 40 Gigabytes to the database. At 10 PM, he went to sleep to finish storing XML tomorrow.",
                "Antwan had a busy day storing XML. In the morning, he filled up a hard drive with XML. In the afternoon, he filled up a few hard drives with XML. At night, he filled up many hard drives with XML.",
                "Bob had a busy day storing XML. At 1 PM, he stored 15 Gigabytes to the database. At 2 PM, he stored 25 Gigabytes to the database. At 3 PM, he stored 35 Gigabytes to the database. At 4 PM, he got dinner. At 5 PM, he stored 45 Gigabytes to the database. At 6 PM, he stored 55 Gigabytes to the database. At 7 PM, he went to sleep to finish storing XML tomorrow.",
                "Bob works for a data storage company. He has now three projects, project A, project B, and project C, simultaneously going on. All of them involves storing \nXML data. Project A has small volume of data, but project B and project C has large volume of data. He applied Fast Infoset format for project B, but didn't apply that format for project C.",
                "Bradly had a busy day storing XML. At 6 AM, he stored 200 Gigabytes to the database. At 7 AM, he stored 300 Gigabytes to the database. At 8 AM, he stored 400 Gigabytes to the database. At 9 AM, he got breakfast. At 10 AM, he stored 500 Gigabytes to the database. At 11 AM, he stored 600 Gigabytes to the database. At 12 PM, she went to sleep to finish storing XML later.",
                "Brett had a busy day storing XML. At 3 PM, he stored 100 Gigabytes to the database. At 4 PM, he stored 200 Gigabytes to the database. At 5 PM, he stored 300 Gigabytes to the database. At 6 PM, he got dinner. At 7 PM, he stored 400 Gigabytes to the database. At 8 PM, he stored 500 Gigabytes to the database. At 9 PM, he went to sleep to finish storing XML in the morning.",
                "Carl had a busy day storing XML. At 1 PM, he stored 1000 Gigabytes to the database. At 2 PM, he stored 2000 Gigabytes to the database. At 3 PM, he stored 3000 Gigabytes to the database. At 4 PM, he got dinner. At 5 PM, he stored 4000 Gigabytes to the database. At 6 PM, he stored 5000 Gigabytes to the database. At 7 PM, he went to sleep to finish storing XML tomorrow.",
                "Dan had a busy day storing XML. At 2 PM, he stored 10000 Gigabytes to the database. At 3 PM, he stored 20000 Gigabytes to the database. At 4 PM, he stored 30000 Gigabytes to the database. At 5 PM, he got dinner. At 6 PM, he stored 40000 Gigabytes to the database. At 7 PM, he stored 50000 Gigabytes to the database. At 8 PM, he went to sleep to finish storing XML in the morning.",
                "Earl had a busy day storing XML. At 3 PM, he stored 11000 Gigabytes to the database. At 4 PM, he stored 22000 Gigabytes to the database. At 5 PM, he stored 33000 Gigabytes to the database. At 6 PM, he got dinner. At 7 PM, he stored 44000 Gigabytes to the database. At 8 PM, he stored 55000 Gigabytes to the database. At 9 PM, he went to sleep to finish storing XML tomorrow morning.",
                "Eliseo had a busy day storing XML. In the morning, he filled up many hard drives with XML. In the afternoon, he filled up a few hard drives with XML. At night, he filled up a hard drive with XML.",
                "Gary had a lot of storing to do on his computer. At 1 PM, he stored 1 Gigabyte of XML data to the main file. At 2 PM, he stored 2 Gigabytes of XML data to the main file. At 3 PM, he didn't store anything. At 4 PM, he stored 3 Gigabytes of XML data to the main file. At 5 PM, he stored 4 Gigabytes of XML data to the main file. At 6 PM, he did nothing. At 7 PM, he got dinner. At 8 PM, he stored 5 Gigabytes of XML data to the main file.",
                "Gary had a lot of storing to do on his computer. At 1 PM, he stored 1 Gigabyte of XML data to the main file. At 2 PM, he stored 2 Gigabytes of XML data to the main file. At 3 PM, he didn't store anything. At 4 PM, he stored 3 Gigabytes of XML data to the main file. At 5 PM, he stored 4 Gigabytes of XML data to the main file. At 6 PM, he did nothing. At 7 PM, he got dinner. At 8 PM, he stored 5 Gigabytes of XML data to the main file. He went to sleep at 9 PM and had to start again in the morning.",
                "Ian had a busy day storing XML. At 4 PM, he stored 11100 Gigabytes to the database. At 5 PM, he stored 22200 Gigabytes to the database. At 6 PM, he stored 33300 Gigabytes to the database. At 7 PM, he got dinner. At 8 PM, he stored 44400 Gigabytes to the database. At 9 PM, he stored 55500 Gigabytes to the database. At 10 PM, he went to sleep to finish storing XML in the morning.",
                "Joel had a busy day storing XML. At 5 PM, he stored 11110 Gigabytes to the database. At 6 PM, he stored 22220 Gigabytes to the database. At 7 PM, he stored 33330 Gigabytes to the database. At 8 PM, he got dinner. At 9 PM, he stored 44440 Gigabytes to the database. At 10 PM, he stored 55550 Gigabytes to the database. At 11 PM, he went to sleep to finish storing XML tomorrow.",
                "Kenny had a busy day storing XML. At 1 PM, he stored 11111 Gigabytes to the database. At 2 PM, he stored 22222 Gigabytes to the database. At 3 PM, he stored 33333 Gigabytes to the database. At 4 PM, he got dinner. At 5 PM, he stored 44444 Gigabytes to the database. At 6 PM, he stored 55555 Gigabytes to the database. At 7 PM, he went to sleep to finish storing XML tomorrow morning.",
                "Lavern had a stressful day storing a ton of XML. In the morning, he filled up a hard drive with XML. In the afternoon, he filled up a few hard drives with XML. At night, he filled up many hard drives with XML.",
                "Leroy had a busy day storing XML. At 2 PM, he stored 21111 Gigabytes to the database. At 3 PM, he stored 32222 Gigabytes to the database. At 4 PM, he stored 43333 Gigabytes to the database. At 5 PM, he got dinner. At 6 PM, he stored 54444 Gigabytes to the database. At 7 PM, he stored 65555 Gigabytes to the database. At 8 PM, he went to sleep to finish storing XML in the morning.",
                "Odis had a busy day storing XML. At 8 AM, he stored 202 Gigabytes to the database. At 9 AM, he stored 302 Gigabytes to the database. At 10 AM, he stored 402 Gigabytes to the database. At 11 AM, he got breakfast. At 12 PM, he stored 502 Gigabytes to the database. At 1 PM, he stored 602 Gigabytes to the database. At 2 PM, she went to sleep to finish storing XML later on that night.",
                "Paul had a busy day storing XML. At 3 PM, he stored 22111 Gigabytes to the database. At 4 PM, he stored 33222 Gigabytes to the database. At 5 PM, he stored 44333 Gigabytes to the database. At 6 PM, he got dinner. At 7 PM, he stored 55444 Gigabytes to the database. At 8 PM, he stored 66555 Gigabytes to the database. At 9 PM, he went to sleep to finish storing XML tomorrow afternoon.",
                "Paula had a busy day storing XML. At 4 AM, he stored 222 Gigabytes to the database. At 5 AM, he stored 333 Gigabytes to the database. At 6 AM, he stored 444 Gigabytes to the database. At 7 AM, he got breakfast. At 8 AM, he stored 555 Gigabytes to the database. At 9 AM, he stored 666 Gigabytes to the database. At 10 AM, he went to sleep to finish storing XML later at night.",
                "Porfirio had a busy day storing XML. At 9 AM, he stored 203 Gigabytes to the database. At 10 AM, he stored 303 Gigabytes to the database. At 11 AM, he stored 403 Gigabytes to the database. At 12 PM, he got lunch. At 1 PM, he stored 503 Gigabytes to the database. At 2 PM, he stored 603 Gigabytes to the database. At 3 PM, he went to sleep to finish storing XML later that night.",
                "Porfirio had a busy day storing XML. At 9 AM, he stored 203 Gigabytes to the database. At 10 AM, he stored 303 Gigabytes to the database. At 11 AM, he stored 403 Gigabytes to the database. At 12 PM, he got lunch. At 1 PM, he stored 503 Gigabytes to the database. At 2 PM, he stored 603 Gigabytes to the database. At 3 PM, she went to sleep to finish storing XML later that night.",
                "Robin had a busy day storing XML. At 5 AM, he stored 220 Gigabytes to the database. At 6 AM, he stored 330 Gigabytes to the database. At 7 AM, he stored 440 Gigabytes to the database. At 8 AM, he got breakfast. At 9 AM, he stored 550 Gigabytes to the database. At 10 AM, he stored 660 Gigabytes to the database. At 11 AM, she went to sleep to finish storing XML later that day.",
                "Roger had a busy day storing XML. At 4 PM, he stored 22211 Gigabytes to the database. At 5 PM, he stored 33322 Gigabytes to the database. At 6 PM, he stored 44433 Gigabytes to the database. At 7 PM, he got dinner. At 8 PM, he stored 55544 Gigabytes to the database. At 9 PM, he stored 66655 Gigabytes to the database. At 10 PM, he went to sleep to finish storing XML tomorrow.",
                "Samuel had a busy day storing XML. At 5 PM, he stored 223 Gigabytes to the database. At 6 PM, he stored 334 Gigabytes to the database. At 7 PM, he stored 445 Gigabytes to the database. At 8 PM, he got dinner. At 9 PM, he stored 556 Gigabytes to the database. At 10 PM, he stored 667 Gigabytes to the database. At 11 PM, he went to sleep to finish storing XML tomorrow.",
                "Tom had a busy day storing XML. At 2 PM, he stored 10 Gigabytes to the database. At 3 PM, he stored 20 Gigabytes to the database. At 4 PM, he stored 30 Gigabytes to the database. At 5 PM, he got dinner. At 6 PM, he stored 40 Gigabytes to the database. At 7 PM, he stored 50 Gigabytes to the database. At 8 PM, he went to sleep to finish storing XML in the morning.",
                "Tommy had a busy day storing XML. At 3 AM, he stored 224 Gigabytes to the database. At 4 AM, he stored 335 Gigabytes to the database. At 5 AM, he stored 446 Gigabytes to the database. At 6 AM, he got breakfast. At 7 AM, he stored 557 Gigabytes to the database. At 8 AM, he stored 668 Gigabytes to the database. At 9 AM, he went to sleep to finish storing XML later.",
                "Tory had a busy day storing XML. At 7 AM, he stored 201 Gigabytes to the database. At 8 AM, he stored 301 Gigabytes to the database. At 9 AM, he stored 401 Gigabytes to the database. At 10 AM, he got breakfast. At 11 AM, he stored 501 Gigabytes to the database. At 12 PM, he stored 601 Gigabytes to the database. At 1 PM, she went to sleep to finish storing XML later on that day."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Population growth, especially in developing countries, should make people think about how fast they are consuming resources. Governments around the world should seriously consider these issues. Developing nations will also increase demands on natural resources as they build more factories ( Figure below ). Improvements in technology, conservation of resources, and controls in population growth could all help to decrease the demand on natural resources.",
            "output": [
                "A new country called Zandonia has recently found itself in a crisis. They are consuming far to many natural resources. A recent study concluded that the amount of resources being consumed greatly increased over the past 3 years. This find coincides with a population boom in the region. Before the population boom the demand for natural recources was relatively stable."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The first direct observational hint that the universe has a finite age came from the observations of 'recession velocities', mostly by Vesto Slipher, combined with distances to the 'nebulae' (galaxies) by Edwin Hubble in a  work published in 1929. Earlier in the 20th century, Hubble and others resolved individual stars within certain nebulae, thus determining that they were galaxies, similar to, but external to, our Milky Way Galaxy. In addition, these galaxies were very large and very far away. Spectra taken of these distant galaxies showed a red shift in their spectral lines presumably caused by the Doppler effect, thus indicating that these galaxies were moving away from the Earth. In addition, the farther away these galaxies seemed to be (the dimmer they appeared to us) the greater was their redshift, and thus the faster they seemed to be moving away. This was the first direct evidence that the universe is not static but expanding. The first estimate of the age of the universe came from the calculation of when all of the objects must have started speeding out from the same point. Hubble's initial value for the universe's age was very low, as the galaxies were assumed to be much closer than later observations found them to be.",
            "output": [
                "Bob is an astrophysicist. He was pondering about the beginning of our universe. He pinpointed the time when the universe just began to exist. He labeled it as point A. To compare it with present situation of the universe he labeled the present time as point B."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given atmospheric area at a given time. Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere, just below the stratosphere. Weather refers, generally, to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification, \"weather\" is understood to be the weather of Earth.",
            "output": [
                "David was interested in climate change issues. He realized that to understand climate change issues he first needed to distinguish between the terms weather and climate. To that end, he labeled weather as term A. Then he labeled climate as term B. He found it easier to understand their differences in that way."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Some materials have negative heats of solution; the dissolution of one of these solutes in water is an exothermic process. Heat is released, causing a net increase in the temperature of the solution. Conversely, other substances have positive heats of solution. For example, the dissolution of potassium nitrate in water is an endothermic process. The resulting absorption of energy causes the solution to become colder. Calculations involving heats of solutions follow the same basic approach that we have used with other enthalpy problems.",
            "output": [
                "A scientist is in the lab testing mixing water with different chemicals. While working with chemical A he notes that the water becomes colder after combining them. With chemical B the water becomes much warmer.",
                "John is conducting an experiment in his chemistry lab. His goal is to find a chemical solution that can regulate temperature. To that end, he considered two processes, process A and process B. Process A is an exothermic process, but process B is an endothermic process."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: New species develop naturally through the process of natural selection . Due to natural selection, organisms with traits that better enable them to adapt to their environment will tend to survive and reproduce in greater numbers. Natural selection causes beneficial heritable traits to become more common in a population and unfavorable heritable traits to become less common. For example, a giraffe\u2019s neck is beneficial because it allows the giraffe to reach leaves high in trees. Natural selection caused this beneficial trait to become more common than short necks.",
            "output": [
                "A biologist was in Australia making observations about the local species when he identified two distinct groups of butterflies. He found that one group of butterflies, group A, blended in with the dark oak trees that were common in the area. Butterflies in the other group, group B, however did not blend in as well and could easily be spotted by predators whenever they landed on the oak trees.",
                "A large group of bears lives in a forest. Over time the climate of the forest changes and becomes very cold. Some of the bears have thicker fur while some of the others have thinner fur. Due to the cold weather the bears with thinner fur die earlier. Also the bears with thicker fur have an easier time finding mates. Because of this the bears with thick fur have their traits passed on more often and bears with thin fur appear less and less in the population.",
                "Dan studied two islands. Loon island had a very stable environment, and there weren't many diverse species of plants and animals. Wolf island displayed lots of evidence for natural selection, and had a large variety of species inhabiting it.",
                "Greg and Frank were two friends that studied natural sciences. One day, Greg decided to start reading about natural selection. His friend Frank decided to read more about populations that displayed natural selection more sparingly. They both learned lots of new interesting facts.",
                "Mike lives in a cold mid-western city, where there is not much predator prey interaction. Mike noticed that in his city some squirrels have darker coat, while others have lighter coat. He also knew that darker coats are more suitable in cold environment with less predator prey interaction. He started thinking why the squirrels developed different coat colors.",
                "Pam and Jill studied mammals. Jill was fascinated with their nutrition, while Pam was more interested and read about the natural selection phenomenon.",
                "Scientists studied two groups of mammals. Group One developed natural selection after a few decades, while group Two didn't. It was yet to be determined why that happened.",
                "There is a creature called a Brotor that has inhabited the planet Glarknon for thousands of years. The Brotor have two distinct traits on them, but each Brotor only has one of these traits. The vast majority of Brotors have fins on their body, but there is a very small segment of the Broto population that has arms instead of fins.",
                "Two different islands had animals evolving in different ways. Big island had new species develop naturally through natural selection, while Low island did not."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The temperature of a body of water directly affects the amount of dissolved oxygen it can hold. Following Henry's law, as water becomes warmer, oxygen becomes less soluble in it. This property leads to daily anoxic cycles on small geographic scales and seasonal cycles of anoxia on the larger scale. Thus, bodies of water are more vulnerable to anoxic conditions during warmest period of the day and during the summer months. This problem can be further exacerbated in the vicinity of industrial discharge where warm water used to cool machinery is less able to hold oxygen than the basin to which it is released.",
            "output": [
                "Dan visited Twin lakes every year. The interesting fact about them wast that, while Twin I had a very cold water all year, Twin II lake had very warm waters year round."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A neon light produces visible light by electroluminescence. In this process, neon or some other gas gives off light when an electric current passes through it. Other halogen gases besides neon\u2014including krypton and argon\u2014also produce light in this way. The word \u201cOPEN\u201d in the sign below is a neon light. It is a long glass tube that contains neon gas. When electricity passes through the gas, it excites electrons of neon atoms, and the electrons jump to a higher energy level. As the excited electrons return to their original energy level, they give off visible light. Neon produces red light. Other gases produce light of different colors. For example, krypton produces violet light, and argon produces blue light.",
            "output": [
                "John and Jacob are both store owners hoping to attract more attention to their stores by using neon signs. Since both of them will be in their store for so many hours, they want to use neon signs that produce their favorite colors. John's favorite color is violet, while Jacob's favorite color is blue."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: For an inclined plane, the input distance is the length of the sloping surface, and the output distance is the maximum height of the inclined plane. This was illustrated in Figure above . Because the sloping surface is always greater than the height of the inclined plane, the ideal mechanical advantage of an inclined plane is always greater than 1. An inclined plane with a longer sloping surface relative to its height has a gentler slope. An inclined plane with a gentler slope has a greater mechanical advantage and requires less input force to move an object to a higher elevation.",
            "output": [
                "John works as a mechanical engineer in the auto industry. He is testing three surfaces, surface A, surface B, and surface C for their usability. Surface A has a gentler slope, surface B has a steeper slope, and surface C doesn't have any sloping. He needs to figure out advantages and disadvantages of each slope.",
                "Martin is moving and he needs to make a ramp so he can load heavy furniture into his truck. He has a bad back, so he wants to use the least effort possible. Before he cuts the wood, he is trying to decide how long the ramp should be so he can move the heavy furniture easily."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: If all the other factors influencing humidity remain constant, at ground level the relative humidity rises as the temperature falls. This is because less vapor is needed to saturate the air, so vapor condenses as the temperature falls. In normal conditions, the dew point temperature will not be greater than the air temperature because relative humidity cannot exceed 100%.[4].",
            "output": [
                "Bill is wanting to go on vacation this summer, and has been looking into difference cities in which to travel too. His two cities that he has been looking at is Phoenix and St. Louis. Bill desperately hates humid temperatures, and is looking to book a city where humidity is the lowest. Bill notices that the average temperatures of Phoenix is about 90 degrees, and St. Louis is about 80 degrees.",
                "Bob is an avid hiker. He loves to travel and hike on all the trails in his state. Although Bob loves being outside, he doesn't much like being in humid weather, and likes to keep inside on more humid days. He is deciding on which day to go hiking, Monday, which the high temperature will be 90 degrees, and Tuesday which the high temperature will be 75 degrees.",
                "Carly is an avid jogger, but she has recently hated jogging in high humidity weather. She doesn't mind the temperature so much, and tries to schedule her running on days of lower humidity. The next couple of days she is thinking of scheduling a run. On Thursday the high temperature will be 90 degrees, and on Friday the high will be 75 degrees.",
                "Grace is trying to set up a running schedule for herself. She prefers running on days when the humidity is at it's lowest so she doesn't feel so muggy. On Wednesday the high temperature is going to be 90 degrees, and on Thursday the high temperature is going to be 75 degrees.",
                "Greta loves to run. She has been trying to schedule which days of the week that would be best for her to go for her runs. She prefers days with low humidity, and isn't really concerned with the temperature. On Monday and Tuesday, the temperature will be a high of 90 degrees. On Thursday and Friday the temperature will be 75 degrees.",
                "Sam lived in Chicago for many years and experienced those high humidity days during the summer, the Indian summers in October and harsh and humid winters, so he decided to move to San Diego, in a warmer and much dryer climate.",
                "Steve loves to run and has been planning out on which days would be best for him to do so. He loves days with low humidity, and isn't bothered by high temperatures. On Monday and Tuesday the high will be 90 degrees, and on Wednesday and Thursday the high will be 75 degrees.",
                "Wednesday is going to have a high temperature of 90 degrees and Tuesday is going to have a high of 70 degrees. Beth is wanting to run on a day with the least amount of humidity, and is unaffected by the heat, but hates when it feels muggy out."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Alkali, or Alkaline, soils are clay soils with high pH (> 8.5), a poor soil structure and a low infiltration capacity. Often they have a hard calcareous layer at 0.5 to 1 metre depth. Alkali soils owe their unfavorable physico-chemical properties mainly to the dominating presence of sodium carbonate, which causes the soil to swell[1] and difficult to clarify/settle. They derive their name from the alkali metal group of elements, to which sodium belongs, and which can induce basicity. Sometimes these soils are also referred to as alkaline sodic soils.\nAlkaline soils are basic, but not all basic soils are alkaline.",
            "output": [
                "Albert is planning on having a garden soon. He has done his research and find out that he cannot buy soil that is above a pH of seven. He sees several options for sale, including Alkali soil and a basic soil.",
                "Mike grew tomatoes on his parcel of land and so did John. Mike's attempt was very successful, because he adjusted the soil's pH to a viable level for growing vegetables, and John didn't. Both parcels had soils with lots of sodium carbonate in them. John's experiment failed.",
                "Pat has 2 acres of land next to Tim's property. Tim's land is of similar size. The clay soil on Tim's property is very alkaline, so he had to amend it with aluminum salts to make it more acidic in order to grow crops. The soil on Pat's parcel has a good structure and high infiltration capacity. Pat gets twice as much food of his land every year.",
                "Two brothers have a piece of land each, situated 2 miles from each other. Jim's land is not very fertile because it has clay soil with a high pH, while Bob's land has very fertile soil and has a good productivity on it."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: An enzyme is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst. Recall that a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed in the reaction. Cellular processes consist of many chemical reactions that must occur quickly in order for the cell to function properly. Enzymes catalyze most of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell. A substrate is the molecule or molecules on which the enzyme acts. In the urease catalyzed reaction above, urea is the substrate. The Figure below diagrams a typical enzymatic reaction.",
            "output": [
                "Robert is a scientist that is analyzing the skin cells he obtained from a new species of spider. He is comparing two cells side by side. He notices that the cell on the left, cell A, does not have any enzymes present. The cell on the right, cell B, however contains a large number of enzymes."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Animals may avoid becoming prey by living out of sight of predators, whether in caves, burrows, or by being nocturnal. Nocturnality is an animal behavior characterized by activity during the night and sleeping during the day. This is a behavioral form of detection avoidance called crypsis used by animals to either avoid predation or to enhance prey hunting. Predation risk has long been recognized as critical in shaping behavioral decisions. For example, this predation risk is of prime importance in determining the time of evening emergence in echolocating bats. Although early access during brighter times permits easier foraging, it also leads to a higher predation risk from bat hawks and bat falcons. This results in an optimum evening emergence time that is a compromise between the conflicting demands.Another nocturnal adaptation can be seen in kangaroo rats. They forage in relatively open habitats, and reduce their activity outside their nest burrows in response to moonlight. During a full moon, they shift their activity towards areas of relatively dense cover to compensate for the extra brightness.",
            "output": [
                "John was studying the species in African Savannah. He noticed that elands, which is a prey animal, are basically nocturnal. On the other hand, wild boars, another prey animal, are not nocturnal.",
                "Nate and Andy were two zoologists. They have been studying the characteristics of nocturnal and diurnal animals. Andy studied nocturnal animals, while Nate studied diurnal animals."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: While people have been able to prevent certain viral diseases by vaccinations for many hundreds of years, the development of antiviral drugs to treat viral diseases is a relatively recent development. Antiviral drugs are medications used specifically for treating the symptoms of viral infections. The first antiviral drug was interferon , a substance that is naturally produced by certain immune cells when an infection is detected. Over the past twenty years the development of antiretroviral drugs (also known as antiretroviral therapy, or ART) has increased rapidly. This has been driven by the AIDS epidemic.",
            "output": [
                "Bob was a medical student and he studied drugs administered to people with viral diseases, while his colleague Liam decided to study other types of drugs, such as antibiotics and anticoagulants.",
                "The Doctor studied two teams of people. Team N had no viral infections, while Team W had many people with HIV among its members. Obviously, team N had fewer health issues.",
                "Two brothers went on vacation. Tom partied heavily, and found out that he was infected with the HIV virus. Tim was more moderate, he went to the beach to get a sun tan, but he got an infection as well. Tim found out he got a bacterial infection and had to take antibiotics.",
                "Two friends had different diseases. Nigel was more prone to viral infections, so one day he got infected with the HIV virus. Manny had contracted some sort of bacterial infection.",
                "Two pharma students read about antiviral and antibacterial drugs. Manny read about antiviral drugs, while George read about bacteria and antibacterial drugs."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Excess intake of calcium may cause hypercalcaemia. However, because calcium is absorbed rather inefficiently by the intestines, high serum calcium is more likely caused by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) or possibly by excessive intake of vitamin D, both which facilitate calcium absorption. It may also be due to bone destruction that occurs when tumours metastasize within bone. All these conditions result in excess calcium salts being deposited in the heart, blood vessels, or kidneys. Symptoms include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, memory loss, confusion, muscle weakness, increased urination, dehydration, and metabolic bone disease. Chronic hypercalcaemia typically leads to calcification of soft tissue and its serious consequences: for example, calcification can cause loss of elasticity of vascular walls and disruption of laminar blood flow\u2014and thence to plaque rupture and thrombosis. Conversely, inadequate calcium or vitamin D intakes may result in hypocalcaemia, often caused also by inadequate secretion of parathyroid hormone or defective PTH receptors in cells. Symptoms include neuromuscular excitability, which potentially causes tetany and disruption of conductivity in cardiac tissue.",
            "output": [
                "Two brothers went to the doctor's office for a medical exam and blood tests. Dan found out he is healthy and had normal blood cholesterol and calcium levels. Ben however, was told that he had a disease called hypercalcaemia and had to start a treatment for that.",
                "Two friends went to the doctor because they weren't feeling well. As it turns out Danny had a condition called hypercalcaemia, while Greg had hypocalcaemia.",
                "Two sisters went in for a medical examination. Mary had normal blood calcium level, but her sister Ann sadly found out that she has a condition named hypercalcaemia. Ann started a new treatment right away."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Chemical reactions follow the laws of thermodynamics. The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. This law is also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states the energy available after a chemical reaction is always less than that at the beginning of a reaction. This is also commonly referred to as entropy. Entropy can be described as the degree of disorder in a system . That is, as energy is transferred from one form to another, some of the energy is lost as heat, and the amount of available energy decreases. As the energy decreases, the disorder in the system increases, and, by definition, the entropy increases. Ice melting provides an example in which entropy increases. Entropy essentially is a measure of the tendency of a process, such as a chemical reaction, to proceed in a particular direction.",
            "output": [
                "Marcus is in a lab working on an experiment. He combines two chemicals to see if they react and the solution starts to boil. He notices that the air above the chemicals reacting has greatly increased in heat."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Shad are also valued as a sport fish that exhibit complex and little-understood feeding behavior while spawning. Unlike salmon, shad retain the ability to digest and assimilate food during the anadromous migration. Like other fish, their feeding instinct can be triggered by a variety of factors such as turbidity and water temperature. Anglers use both spinning and fly fishing tackle to pursue shad. Spin fisherman use a shad dartjig or a flutter spoon. Some anglers use a downrigger to place the artificial lure at the desired depth and location. This is usually in the channel, or deepest part of the river. Migrating shad tend to occupy the lower portion of the water column which makes this the typical depth of choice for fishing. In the North, April through June is when shad spawn in coastal rivers and estuaries once water temperatures have reached 58 degrees Fahrenheit (14 \u00b0C). Fishing conditions typically improve as water temperatures warm and flow decreases.",
            "output": [
                "Jeff loves to go shad fishing. He prefers using fly fishing tackle and is planning a fishing trip up North with his buddies. They decided to take their trip in May when everyone can get off work over the Memorial Day holiday. Sam enjoys shad fishing as well, but the only time he and his buddies are able to take off work is during their slow season in March."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Rain dissolves fertilizer in the soil. Runoff carries it away. The fertilizer ends up in bodies of water, from ponds to oceans. Nitrogen is a fertilizer in the water. Since there is a lot of nitrogen, it causes algae to grow out of control. Pictured below is a pond covered with algae ( Figure below ). Algae use up carbon dioxide in the water. After the algae die, decomposers break down the dead tissue. The decomposers use up all the oxygen in the water. This creates a dead zone. A dead zone is an area in a body of water where nothing grows because there is too little oxygen. There is a large dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico ( Figure below ). The U.S. states outlined on the map have rivers that drain into the Gulf of Mexico. The rivers drain vast agricultural lands. The water carries fertilizer from these areas into the Gulf.",
            "output": [
                "Bobby and Kenny are two prolific farmers from Arkansas who have ponds located down stream from their farm sites. Bobby recently received a large order of potatoes from a neighboring city. Because of this order, Bobby has dramatically increased the amount of fertilizer he is using on his farm. Kenny mainly grows tomatoes, which are not in season right now, so his use of fertilizer is currently low. Over the past month there has been a large amount of rain falling on both Bobby and Kenny's farms.",
                "Greg is studying the environmental impact of agriculture. He noticed that in his own state a lake near agricultural lands has been declared as a dead zone. For his study Greg labeled this zone as zone A. Then he found near a national park in his state a lake is not declared as a dead zone. To further his study he labeled this zone as zone B.",
                "Iceland and Ireland both used agriculture as a the main component of their economies. Ireland used lots of fertilizer and had big environmental problems as a result. Iceland does a lot of greenhouse agriculture using geothermal energy, so it is more protective towards the environment.",
                "In central Ireland there are two farms next to two very similar lakes, and both farms use the same fertilizer to grow crops. The farm next to lake Montopeke gets rain on a regular basis and so the farmer doesn't need to water his crops as much. The farm that is adjacent to lake Costanza hardly gets any rain at all though. Both farms are able to prosper and do well though despite the different amount of rain they get.",
                "Jim and Greg are brothers who both run their own farms, but they rarely see each other due to them living in different states. Greg runs a farm in Texas where he rarely sees rain so he spends much of his day watering his crops. Jim lives in Illinois where it rains much more regularly so he has more time to spend dealing with his farm animals instead of watering his plants. Both men intentionally purchased their farms next to lakes since they have always loved fishing during their free time. The brothers are currently planning a fishing trip together, but they are just debating which lake to travel to.",
                "Park farm and Fiddle farm provided Red city with tonnes of produce annually. Fiddle farm used and abundance of fertilizers and pesticides, while Park farm didn't use any of those substances.",
                "Two farmer's associations used different agricultural methods when growing crops. Bold farm used lots of fertilizers over the years, while Shallow farm used organic methods combined with methods from permaculture.",
                "Two farms had different plant cultivation methods. Jolly farm adopted the permaculture methods created by Sepp Holzer, while Peach farm continued using fertilizers and pesticides.",
                "Two farms were supplying produce to a large city. Green farm used organic methods and no fertilizers, while Bean farm used fertilizer to improve production.",
                "Two neighboring towns from Texas produced their food in different ways. Silver town was sustainable and didn't use any fertilizers or pesticides, while Gold town did."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Turner et al (2006) derived crash prediction models for this report\u2019s predecessor and found a\npronounced \u2018safety in numbers\u2019 effect in the models. Using the crash prediction model for mid-block\nlocations, generic motorist and cyclist volumes can be used to demonstrate the impacts on the\nexpected crash rate of varying motor vehicle and cycle volumes. As shown in figure 2.20, an increase\nin the proportion of cyclists to the overall traffic volume causes an increase in expected crashes at\nmid-block locations, but the crash rate increases at a decreasing rate. That is to say, the crash rate per\ncyclist goes down as the cycle volume increases.",
            "output": [
                "Berg village and Hill village are renowned for the high number of cyclists living there. Berg village dealt with many traffic casualties because of narrower streets and lanes, While Hill village had wide streets, more traffic signals and a greater number of cyclists.",
                "Motorcycle fest lasted a week in the city. On Monday, there were 500 motorcycles on the road. On Tuesday, there were 600 motorcycles on the road. On Wednesday, there were 700 motorcycles on the road. On Thursday, there were 800 motorcycles on the road. On Friday, there were 900 motorcycles on the road. On Saturday, there were 1000 motorcycles on the road. On Sunday, there were 1100 motorcycles on the road. The festival generated a lot of revenue for the city.",
                "Steven loves biking to get to and from places instead of driving his car. This weekend he is planning a long bike ride along the city streets to see some sites. He is however, concerned with traffic, and knows that it can sometimes be dangerous. He has wonder if he should travel with some friends for the ride, or just go alone.",
                "There was a week long bike tournament. Day 1 had 500 cyclists left.  Day 2 had 400 cyclists left. Day 3 had 300 cyclists left. Day 4 had 200 cyclists left. Day 5 had 100 cyclists left. Day 6 had 50 cyclists left. Day 7 had 10 cyclists left. Tom won the tournament and got a big trophy.",
                "There were a lot of motorcycles on Interstate 10 last week. On Tuesday, there were 3500 motorcyclists. On Wednesday, there were 4500 motorcyclists. On Thursday, there were 5500 motorcyclists. On Friday, there were 6500 motorcyclists. On Saturday, there were 7500 motorcyclists. On Sunday, there were 8500 motorcyclists. On Monday, there were 9500 motorcyclists.",
                "There were a lot of motorcycles on Interstate 11 last week. On Wednesday, there were 1500 motorcyclists. On Thursday, there were 2500 motorcyclists. On Friday, there were 3500 motorcyclists. On Saturday, there were 4500 motorcyclists. On Sunday, there were 5500 motorcyclists. On Monday, there were 6500 motorcyclists. On Tuesday, there were 7500 motorcyclists.",
                "There were a lot of motorcycles on Interstate 12 last week. On Thursday, there were 1501 motorcyclists. On Friday, there were 2501 motorcyclists. On Saturday, there were 3501 motorcyclists. On Sunday, there were 4501 motorcyclists. On Monday, there were 5501 motorcyclists. On Tuesday, there were 6501 motorcyclists. On Wednesday, there were 7501 motorcyclists.",
                "There were a lot of motorcycles on Interstate 14 last week. On Friday, there were 1511 motorcyclists. On Saturday, there were 2511 motorcyclists. On Sunday, there were 3511 motorcyclists. On Monday, there were 4511 motorcyclists. On Tuesday, there were 5511 motorcyclists. On Wednesday, there were 6511 motorcyclists. On Thursday, there were 7511 motorcyclists.",
                "There were a lot of motorcycles on Interstate 15 last week. On Saturday, there were 1551 motorcyclists. On Sunday, there were 2551 motorcyclists. On Monday, there were 3551 motorcyclists. On Tuesday, there were 4551 motorcyclists. On Wednesday, there were 5551 motorcyclists. On Thursday, there were 6551 motorcyclists. On Friday, there were 7551 motorcyclists.",
                "There were a lot of motorcycles on Interstate 16 last week. On Sunday, there were 1255 motorcyclists. On Monday, there were 2255 motorcyclists. On Tuesday, there were 3251 motorcyclists. On Wednesday, there were 4251 motorcyclists. On Thursday, there were 5251 motorcyclists. On Friday, there were 6251 motorcyclists. On Saturday, there were 7251 motorcyclists.",
                "There were a lot of motorcycles on Interstate 17 last week. On Monday, there were 1355 motorcyclists. On Tuesday, there were 2355 motorcyclists. On Wednesday, there were 3351 motorcyclists. On Thursday, there were 4351 motorcyclists. On Friday, there were 5351 motorcyclists. On Saturday, there were 6351 motorcyclists. On Sunday, there were 7351 motorcyclists.",
                "There were a lot of motorcycles on Interstate 2 last week. On Friday, there were 1000 motorcyclists. On Saturday, there were 1200 motorcyclists. On Sunday, there were 1400 motorcyclists. On Monday, there were 1600 motorcyclists. On Tuesday, there were 1800 motorcyclists. On Wednesday, there were 2000 motorcyclists. On Thursday, there were 2500 motorcyclists.",
                "There were a lot of motorcycles on Interstate 4 last week. On Saturday, there were 1500 motorcyclists. On Sunday, there were 2500 motorcyclists. On Monday, there were 3500 motorcyclists. On Tuesday, there were 4500 motorcyclists. On Wednesday, there were 5500 motorcyclists. On Thursday, there were 6500 motorcyclists. On Friday, there were 7500 motorcyclists.",
                "There were a lot of motorcycles on Interstate 5 last week. On Sunday, there were 2000 motorcyclists. On Monday, there were 3000 motorcyclists. On Tuesday, there were 4000 motorcyclists. On Wednesday, there were 5000 motorcyclists. On Thursday, there were 6000 motorcyclists. On Friday, there were 7000 motorcyclists. On Saturday, there were 8000 motorcyclists.",
                "There were a ton of motorcycles on Interstate 8 last week. On Monday, there were 2500 motorcyclists. On Tuesday, there were 3500 motorcyclists. On Wednesday, there were 4500 motorcyclists. On Thursday, there were 5500 motorcyclists. On Friday, there were 6500 motorcyclists. On Saturday, there were 7500 motorcyclists. On Sunday, there were 8500 motorcyclists."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Blue ice occurs when snow falls on a glacier, is compressed, and becomes part of the glacier. Air bubbles are squeezed out and ice crystals enlarge, making the ice appear blue.\n\nSmall amounts of regular ice appear to be white because of air bubbles inside them and also because small quantities of water appear to be colourless. In glaciers, the pressure causes the air bubbles to be squeezed out, increasing the density of the created ice. Large quantities of water appear to be blue, as it absorbs other colours more efficiently than blue. A large piece of compressed ice, or a glacier, similarly appears blue.",
            "output": [
                "A science team has been dispatched to the Arctic for a study project. The teams objective is to study various forms of ice formations. They will look at a glacier in the area, and also a frozen over lake. The team is excited to gather different data while on the trip.",
                "Bill is going to see some sites this week. On Wednesday he is going to see Fox Glacier, and on Thursday he is going to see Cobra Lake, which has frozen over for the winter. He has been excited to see all the sites.",
                "Grace has been hearing stories about some fantastic sites in the Arctic. She heard about a phenomenon called blue ice and has been wanting to see it. She has some options to go on her vacation, and has been researching them. Her two options she has narrowed down is a small lake called Tiller Lake, and a glacier called Munson Glacier.",
                "Mike likes to visit places. This winter he is visiting Greenland. First, he visited Lake A, which is very small. Then he visited Lake B, which is huge. While visiting Lake B he went to a local pub. There he heard other tourists talking about two nearby glaciers, glacier C and glacier D. They said that glacier C had a snowfall and the snow became part of the glacier, but glacier D didn't have any snowfall. Mike is getting ready to visit those glaciers."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Candied fruit, also known as crystallized fruit or glac\u00e9 fruit, has existed since the 14th century. Whole fruit, smaller pieces of fruit, or pieces of peel, are placed in heated sugar syrup, which absorbs the moisture from within the fruit and eventually preserves it. Depending on size and type of fruit, this process of preservation can take from several days to several months.[1] This process allows the fruit to retain its quality for a year.[2]\n\nThe continual process of drenching the fruit in syrup causes the fruit to become saturated with sugar, preventing the growth of spoilage microorganisms due to the unfavourable osmotic pressure this creates.[3].",
            "output": [
                "A 2nd grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Efren was the youngest, followed by Nigel, and Ahmad was the oldest. They looked great that day.",
                "Dan decided to preserve apples plums peaches and apricots by candying them. John decided to keep his pineapples ginger raspberries and blackberries fresh to enjoy them asap.",
                "Dan decided to preserve some fruit and roots to see how long they last before they spoil. He also bought other fruit that he plans to eat fresh. He candied plums, pears, ginger and quince, and he ate fresh apples, oranges and mango.",
                "Dan harvested lots of fruit and decided to candy some of them to preserve them. He left some fruit fresh for the family to enjoy. He candied apples, pears, plums, and quince. He didn't candy oranges, blueberries, apricots and peaches.",
                "Greg's grandma is a culinary expert. She is also  very eager to teach others how to make great foods. One day she taught Greg how to make candied fruit. Greg was so excited about it that he bought two baskets of fruits, basket A and basket B, to make some candied fruits. He used the basket A fruits to make some candied fruits, but was too lazy to use the basket B fruits. He just kept the basket B fruits on his kitchen top.",
                "Helen got lots of different fruit as a gift from a friend that owned an orchard. She received apples, pears, apricots, peaches, plums, quince, among others. She decided to candy apples, apricots, and pears, and to keep the others fresh for as long as possible.",
                "John enrolled in a prestigious culinary school. In the very first day his instructor was showing different processes used on fruits. One of them was glace fruit. He showed the class how to prepare glace fruit and kept some of the glace fruits on bowl A. To compare glace fruits with non glace fruits he kept some non glace fruits on bowl B.",
                "Mary and Ann got some fruit as a gift from a friend. Mary decided to candy the fruit, while Ann decided to eat them fresh, Mary received plums, peaches, apples and oranges. Ann got pears, quince, cherries and blackberries.",
                "The fruit harvest was awesome this year, so Mary decided to experiment by candying some raspberries, apricots and apples. She didn't candy plums, cherries and pears though. the candied fruit lasted longer, preserved their aroma and tasted delicious.",
                "The fruit harvest was awesome this year, so Mary decided to experiment by candying some raspberries, apricots and apples. She didn't candy plums, raspberries and pears though. the candied fruit lasted longer, preserved their aroma and tasted delicious."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The Hubble space telescope shows that technology and science are closely related. Technology uses science to solve problems, and science uses technology to make new discoveries. However, technology and science have different goals. The goal of science is to answer questions and increase knowledge. The goal of technology is to find solutions to practical problems. Although they have different goals, science and technology work hand in hand, and each helps the other advance. Scientific knowledge is used to create new technologies such as the space telescope. New technologies often allow scientists to explore nature in new ways.",
            "output": [
                "Stan Lawson is a biologist who studies marine life and has been keeping hand written notes for many years on experiments that he has performed. Jack Smith is an inventor and engineer who wants to create a new type of plastic companies can use that won't harm the ocean. They are considering joining together to work on this new venture."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Precipitation can impact infiltration in many ways. The amount, type and duration of precipitation all have an impact. Rainfall leads to faster infiltration rates than any other precipitation events, such as snow or sleet. In terms of amount, the more precipitation that occurs, the more infiltration will occur until the ground reaches saturation, at which point the infiltration capacity is reached. Duration of rainfall impacts the infiltration capacity as well. Initially when the precipitation event first starts the infiltration is occurring rapidly as the soil is unsaturated, but as time continues the infiltration rate slows as the soil becomes more saturated. This relationship between rainfall and infiltration capacity also determines how much runoff will occur. If rainfall occurs at a rate faster than the infiltration capacity runoff will occur.",
            "output": [
                "Steve is planning on building his house and needs to decide on what area to build in. He wants an area with low infiltration of the soil. He has narrowed down his choices to Miami, which has heavy rainfalls, and no snow, and Green Bay, which has more snowfall than rainfall.",
                "The weather phenomena this last month had an immense impact on Dirk county, the precipitation lead to many flood evens, the steady rain lead to massive water infiltration. 20 miles away, in Saulk county, they had a few thunderstorms, they had quite a bit of runoff, but less infiltration and less soil saturation."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Wind dispersal of seeds, or anemochory, is one of the more primitive means of dispersal. Wind dispersal can take on one of two primary forms: seeds can float on the breeze or alternatively, they can flutter to the ground. The classic examples of these dispersal mechanisms include dandelions (Taraxacum spp., Asteraceae), which have a feathery pappus attached to their seeds and can be dispersed long distances, and maples (Acer (genus) spp., Sapindaceae), which have winged seeds and flutter to the ground. An important constraint on wind dispersal is the need for abundant seed production to maximize the likelihood of a seed landing in a site suitable for germination. There are also strong evolutionary constraints on this dispersal mechanism. For instance, species in the Asteraceae on islands tended to have reduced dispersal capabilities (i.e., larger seed mass and smaller pappus) relative to the same species on the mainland. Reliance upon wind dispersal is common among many weedy or ruderal species. Unusual mechanisms of wind dispersal include tumbleweeds. A related process to anemochory is anemophily, which is the process where pollen is distributed by wind. Large families of plants are pollinated in this manner, which is favored when individuals of the dominant plant species are spaced closely together.Wind also limits tree growth. On coasts and isolated mountains, the tree line is often much lower than in corresponding altitudes inland and in larger, more complex mountain systems, because strong winds reduce tree growth. High winds scour away thin soils through erosion, as well as damage limbs and twigs. When high winds knock down or uproot trees, the process is known as windthrow. This is most likely on windward slopes of mountains, with severe cases generally occurring to tree stands that are 75 years or older. Plant varieties near the coast, such as the Sitka spruce and sea grape, are pruned back by wind and salt spray near the coastline.Wind can also cause plants damage through sand abrasion. Strong winds will pick up loose sand and topsoil and hurl it through the air at speeds ranging from 25 miles per hour (40 km/h) to 40 miles per hour (64 km/h). Such windblown sand causes extensive damage to plant seedlings because it ruptures plant cells, making them vulnerable to evaporation and drought. Using a mechanical sandblaster in a laboratory setting, scientists affiliated with the Agricultural Research Service studied the effects of windblown sand abrasion on cotton seedlings. The study showed that the seedlings responded to the damage created by the windblown sand abrasion by shifting energy from stem and root growth to the growth and repair of the damaged stems. After a period of four weeks the growth of the seedling once again became uniform throughout the plant, as it was before the windblown sand abrasion occurred.",
            "output": [
                "John was studying plant varieties in different regions. He fist visited the Pacific Northwest. He found that the wind was constantly very strong there. He marked it as case A. Then he studied the plants in the Midwest. He found that on average the wind speed was very light there. He marked it as case B."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The strength of an acid refers to its ability or tendency to lose a proton. A strong acid is one that completely dissociates in water; in other words, one mole of a strong acid HA dissolves in water yielding one mole of H+ and one mole of the conjugate base, A\u2212, and none of the protonated acid HA. In contrast, a weak acid only partially dissociates and at equilibrium both the acid and the conjugate base are in solution. Examples of strong acids are hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydroiodic acid (HI), hydrobromic acid (HBr), perchloric acid (HClO4), nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). In water each of these essentially ionizes 100%. The stronger an acid is, the more easily it loses a proton, H+. Two key factors that contribute to the ease of deprotonation are the polarity of the H\u2014A bond and the size of atom A, which determines the strength of the H\u2014A bond. Acid strengths are also often discussed in terms of the stability of the conjugate base.",
            "output": [
                "David is a chemical engineer. Yesterday, he was working on two samples, sample A and sample B. Sample A was a strong acid, and sample B was a weak acid. David needed to find the differences between them."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere. In this layer ozone concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million, which is much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small compared to the main components of the atmosphere. It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15\u201335 km (9.3\u201321.7 mi; 49,000\u2013115,000 ft), though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically. About 90% of the ozone in Earth's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere.",
            "output": [
                "The ozone layer helps organisms by protecting them from Sun's ultraviolet radiation. To find the usefulness of ozone layer Mike wanted to see how much ozone are there in the atmosphere. He then collected three samples of atmosphere, sample A sample B, and sample C. Sample A was collected from the upper portion of the stratosphere. Sample B was collected from the lower portion of the stratosphere. Sample C was collected from the lower atmosphere."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: People protect areas that might flood with dams. In dire situations, they use sandbags ( Figure below ). Dams are usually very effective, but high water levels sometimes cause a dam to break. In that case, flooding can be catastrophic. Flood waters can also overflow a dam. People may line a river bank with levees to protect against floods. These are high walls that keep the stream within its banks during floods. Flood protection in one location sometimes causes problems elsewhere. For example, a levee in one location may just force the high water upstream or downstream. This will lead to flooding in a different location. Sometimes water gets so high that the river must be allowed to flood.",
            "output": [
                "There are two neighboring towns in the middle of the United States with a river running through both of them. One town, Glenview, just installed a new set of levees due to concerns about the river flooding. The other town, Binnington, is located just upstream from Glenview and has not yet installed any flood protection.",
                "Two villages experienced flooding this spring. Berg village used many sandbags to protect from the dam overflowing. Creek village didn't use any sandbags, they were caught by surprise and experienced horrible damages.",
                "Two villages experienced flooding this spring. Berg village used many sandbags to protect from the dam overflowing. Creek village didn't use any sandbags, they were caught by surprise."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: One reason radiation is dangerous is that it can\u2019t be detected with the senses. You normally can\u2019t see it, smell it, hear it, or feel it. Fortunately, there are devices such as Geiger counters that can detect radiation. A Geiger counter, like the one in Figure below , has a tube that contains atoms of a gas. If radiation enters the tube, it turns gas atoms to ions that carry electric current. The current causes the Geiger counter to click. The faster the clicks occur, the higher the level of radiation. You can see a video about the Geiger counter and how it was invented at the URL below.",
            "output": [
                "Robert and Thomas are visiting an abandoned amusement park in Russia that is rumored to emit radiation due to the materials used in the rides.  Robert visits the Ferris wheel and his Geiger counter clicks slowly. Thomas visits the merry go round and his Geiger counter begins to click rapidly."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Vapor pressure is a measure of the pressure exerted by a gas above a liquid in a sealed container. While viscosity and surface tension increase as the strength of intermolecular forces increase, vapor pressure decreases . This is because the stronger the intermolecular forces are, the harder it is for liquid molecules to escape into the gas phase. Vapor pressure a measure of how much of a substance is in the gas phase when that substance is at equilibrium; that is, the number of molecules in the gas and liquid phases are not changing. The more molecules that are able to escape into the gas phase, the higher the vapor pressure. Vapor pressure is also proportional to temperature. As temperature increases, vapor pressure also increases.",
            "output": [
                "As a part of his engineering job Keith is measuring the vapor pressure of two locomotives, engine A and engine B. \nEngine A has a high vapor pressure, but engine B has a low vapor pressure. He noticed that to increase the speed of the engines he needed to increase the vapor pressure.",
                "Jacob is performing a chemistry experiment using two different liquids. Before starting the experiment, Jacob is told that liquid A molecules have strong intermolecular forces, while liquid B molecules have weak intermolecular forces. Jacob now has to decide how to use this information to guide  him as he develops the experimental procedures for these two liquids."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The Hawaiian Islands ( Figure above ) are in the central Pacific Ocean. The islands are volcanoes that increase in age from southeast to northwest. The youngest island is the Big Island of Hawaii at the southeast end of the chain. The volcanoes get older through Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau Islands through the northwest. The Kilauea volcano on Hawaii has been erupting almost continuously since 1983. There are also eruptions at an underwater volcano called Loih.",
            "output": [
                "Brad had a friend that lived on Oahu, part of The Hawaiian Islands. The friend's name was Hank and he invited Brad over to visit the islands. Brad had never been there before, and he lived in London, UK.",
                "Melinda lived on The Big Island of Hawaii. One day she invited her Australian friend Janice over to visit the islands. Janice was very excited about the invitation.",
                "Pete lived in Alaska, but visited his friend Julia from Hawaii very often. They had many mutual interests, including geology and earthquakes.",
                "Tom and Brad were good friends but lived far away from each other. Tom lived in Hawaii so he visited all the islands and the volcanoes frequently. Brad lived on the East Coast, and he never visited The Hawaiian Islands.",
                "Two cousins lived 10,000 miles away from each other but often talked about visiting the Hawaiian islands together. Lilly lived in Maine, while Heather lived in Hawaii."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A person with a serious brain injury usually suffers permanent brain damage. These brain injuries usually occur when an external mechanical force, such as a violent blow or jolt to the head or body, causes brain dysfunction. An object penetrating the skull, such as a bullet or a shattered piece of the skull, also can cause traumatic brain injury. As a result, the person may have trouble talking or controlling body movements. Symptoms depend on what part of the brain was injured. Serious brain injuries can also cause personality changes and problems with mental abilities such as memory. Medicines, counseling, and other treatments may help people with serious brain injuries recover from, or at least learn to cope with, their disabilities.",
            "output": [
                "Jill and Bob are working on a construction site together when suddenly two wooden planks fall from three stories up. One plank hits Bob on the head and the other lands directly on Jill's shoulder. Everyone rushes over to them to check if they are ok. All the people are relieved that Bob and Jill appear to be alright, but they urge them both to go visit a doctor to get checked out.",
                "Tammy and Rob rode a tandem bike down the hill. They hit a large rock and fell. Tammy wound up in the hospital and was diagnosed with a serious brain injury. Rob suffered only a mild concussion.",
                "Two friends were involved in a car crash. they both survived, but Mike had a serious brain injury. Vince was OK, he didn't experience any significant injuries."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Boys and girls between the ages of 9 and 13 should get 9 mg of iron every day. Girls between the ages of 14 and 18 should get 15 mg of iron every day. Boys between the ages of 14 and 18 should get 11 mg of iron every day. Pregnant women need the most iron\u201427 mg daily. Good sources of iron include shellfish, such as clams and oysters. Red meats, such as beef, are also a good source of iron. Non-animal sources of iron include seeds, nuts, and legumes. Breakfast cereals often have iron added to them in a process called fortification. Some good sources of iron are listed below ( Table below ). Eating vitamin C along with iron-containing food increases the amount of iron that the body can absorb.",
            "output": [
                "A brother and sister are going to the doctor to get their physical done before the start of the school year. Jessica, the sister, and Mike, the brother, are both in the same grade in high school. Neither are having any issues, but are simply going as a precautionary measure in case there is something the doctor can find out. Also, it's a requirement to get regular physicals in order to attend schools so that's another major reason both are going.",
                "A brother and sister are going to the doctor to get their physical done before the start of the school year. Jessica, the sister, and Mike, the brother, are both in the same grade in high school. Neither person is having any issues, but are simply going as a precautionary measure in case there is something the doctor can find out. Also, it's a requirement to get regular physicals in order to attend schools so that's another major reason both are going.",
                "David works as a nutritionist with the public health department. He categorized the certain sections of his county's population. First he categorized boys and girls between nine and thirteen years as cat A. Then he put girls between fourteen and eighteen years in cat B, and boys of the same age in cat C. Lastly, he categorized pregnant women as cat D. He needs to recommend healthy diet, especially iron intake, for each group.",
                "Phyllis and Meredith have the exact same diet and are both going to see a dietician for suggestions about what they should eat. Phyllis is currently five months pregnant and wants to see if she should do anything differently in regards to her food consumption. Meredith is not pregnant, but still wants to go to see if her diet is acceptable."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Look at the police car in Figure below . The sound waves from its siren travel outward in all directions. Because the car is racing forward (toward the right), the sound waves get bunched up in front of the car and spread out behind it. As the car approaches the person on the right (position B), the sound waves get closer and closer together. In other words, they have a higher frequency. This makes the siren sound higher in pitch. After the car speeds by the person on the left (position A), the sound waves get more and more spread out, so they have a lower frequency. This makes the siren sound lower in pitch. A change in the frequency of sound waves, relative to a stationary listener, when the source of the sound waves is moving is called the Doppler effect . You\u2019ve probably experienced the Doppler effect yourself. The next time a vehicle with a siren races by, listen for the change in pitch. For an online animation of the Doppler effect, go to the URL below.",
            "output": [
                "A scientist is analyzing two different sounds, one from a deer and one from a zebra, with a device that allows her to see the sound waves of each noise. While looking at the results, she sees that the sound waves for the deer are more closely packed together, but the zebra's sound has very spread out waves.",
                "John was sitting at point C near a railway track. Suddenly, he heard a train coming towards him from point A with constant sound of its horn. Eventually, it reached very close to him at point B. Then the train sped by him at point C where he was sitting, reaching point D after some time. Finally, it reached even farther from him at point E."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The major effect of transpiration is the reduction of soil pore water pressures which counteracts the loss of strength which occurs through wetting, this is most readily seen as a loss of moisture around trees. However it is not easy to rely on tree and shrub roots to remove water from slopes and consequently help ensure slope stability. The ability to transpire in wet conditions is severely reduced and therefore any increase in soil strength previously gained in evaporation and transpiration will be lost or significantly reduced, consequently the effects of transpiration cannot be taken into account at these times. However it can be assumed that the chance of slope failure following saturation by storm event or periods of extended rainfall will be lessened as a result of transpiration. Moreover, although changes in moisture content will affect the undrained shear strength, the effective shear stress parameters as commonly used in routine slope stability analysis are not directly influenced by changing moisture content, although the water pressures (suctions) used in the analysis will change.[2][3].",
            "output": [
                "The 2 team took different approaches in reinforcing the highway embankment slopes when building segments of the interstate. Team A led by Chuck relied almost entirely on inspiration and good building materials, while team B lead by Mike used nature as an ally by planting hundreds of thousand of trees and shrubs  to prevent slope failures.",
                "The two teams took different approaches in reinforcing the highway embankment slopes when building segments of the interstate. Team A led by Chuck relied almost entirely on inspiration and good building materials therefore decreasing slope stability, while team B lead by Mike used nature as an ally by planting tens of thousands of trees and shrubs to prevent slope failures and moderate soil transpiration and evaporation."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Species go extinct constantly as environments change, as organisms compete for environmental niches, and as genetic mutation leads to the rise of new species from older ones. Occasionally biodiversity on Earth takes a hit in the form of a mass extinction in which the extinction rate is much higher than usual. A large extinction-event often represents an accumulation of smaller extinction- events that take place in a relatively brief period of time.The first known mass extinction in earth's history was the Great Oxygenation Event 2.4 billion years ago. That event led to the loss of most of the planet's obligate anaerobes. Researchers have identified five major extinction events in earth's history since:.",
            "output": [
                "John was studying the history of dinosaurs. He found that dinosaurs were flourishing before 66 million years ago. He labeled it as era A. Then he found that there was a mass extinction around 66 million years ago. He labeled that time period as era B. John found it interesting that many species have evolved in the course of history."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: As you can see in Figure above , solid and liquid solutes generally become more soluble as the temperature increases. This is true for solvents other than water as well. This effect varies quite a bit by substance. For example, the solubility of KNO 3 has a very strong temperature dependence (its solubility curve has a large slope), whereas the solubility of NaCl is minimally influenced by temperature (its solubility curve is nearly flat). For gaseous solutes, solubility decreases at higher temperatures. We will look more at this effect later in the lesson.",
            "output": [
                "Keith was a studying for his chemistry exam. He got interested in solubility of different substances. For that, he conducted five tests, test A, test B, test C, test D, and test E. in test A, he used some liquid solute in a solvent in room temperature. Then in test B, he increased the temperature. In test C, he used some gaseous solute in a solvent in room temperature. But in test D, he increased the temperature. Finally, in test E he replaced the solvents in each of the earlier tests with water."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Higher pressures increase the solubility of gases. You are probably familiar with this concept as it relates to carbonated beverages. Before opening the container, the inside is pressurized, so a large amount of CO 2 is dissolved in the liquid. After opening, the pressure decreases (to the ambient pressure), so the solubility of CO 2 drops, causing it to bubble out of solution. Because they are not compressible like gases, solid and liquid solutes do not have noticeable changes in solubility at different external pressures.",
            "output": [
                "Robin is an exterminator who is making new mixtures of chemicals to use for when he gets called to kill rats in his neighborhood. To make the mixtures, he has to dissolve nitrogen gas in containers of water. In one container, container A, he dissolves the nitrogen gas under high pressure. In the other container, container B, he dissolves the nitrogen gas under low pressure."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: All fluids exert pressure like the air inside a tire. The particles of fluids are constantly moving in all directions at random. As the particles move, they keep bumping into each other and into anything else in their path. These collisions cause pressure, and the pressure is exerted equally in all directions. When particles are crowded together in one part of an enclosed space, such as the air particles first entering a tire, they quickly spread out to fill all the available space. That\u2019s because particles of fluids always move from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. This explains why air entering a tire through a tiny opening quickly fills the entire tire.",
            "output": [
                "Catherine is throwing her friend a birthday party and is starting to put up decorations. She has finished hanging streamers and now she has to fill the balloons. Having never used a helium tank before, she wants to test how much to fill each balloon."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: As for the public health or food safety concern, organic foods are intended to be healthy, free of contaminations and free from agents that could cause human diseases. Organic milk is meant to have no chemical residues to consumers, and the restrictions on the use of antibiotics and chemicals in organic food production has the purpose to accomplish this goal. Although dairy cows in both organic and conventional farming practices can be exposed to pathogens, it has been shown that, because antibiotics are not permitted as a preventative measure in organic practices, there are far fewer antibiotic resistant pathogens on organic farms. This dramatically increases the efficacy of antibiotics when/if they are necessary.",
            "output": [
                "Manny and Annie were two foodie friends. Manny was a health conscious person, he ate organic foods and drank organic milk only. Annie liked all foods, whether they were organic or not.",
                "Two farmers sold their produce and milk on a large nearby market. John practiced organic farming and also produced organic milk, while Danny sold non-organic produce and milk.",
                "Two farms were growing food for several nearby cities. Vole farm grew organic produce and produced organic milk, while Anthill farm did not possess the USDA organic certification.",
                "Two friends decided to lose weight. Tammy started eating healthier, she only used organic products. Fay reduced the number of calories, but still ate conventional food and produce."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Currently, millions of individuals with high cholesterol take a similar type of drug, known as a statin. The drug, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase), the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, decreases blood levels of cholesterol by induce the expression of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors in the liver. The increased levels of the LDL-receptors stimulate the catabolism of plasma LDL, removing cholesterol from plasma, which is an important determinant of atherosclerosis. You may know of people who take a statin to help with their cholesterol levels. However, these drugs probably work slightly differently in many of those people. In some, it lowers their cholesterol significantly; in others it may lower it only moderately; and in some, it may have no significant effect at all. (Luckily for those individuals, there are multiple versions of the statins, so different drugs can be tested to find the proper combination for that individual.) Why the difference? Because of the genetic background of all people; the different single nucleotide polymorphisms that make us all different. Pharmacogenomics, a combination of pharmacology and genomics (the study of the genome) that refers to the study of the relationship between pharmaceuticals and genetics, may explain and simplify this problem.",
            "output": [
                "Ben and Andy were two old friends. They both have high levels of cholesterol. Ben was prescribed cholesterol medication, while Andy didn't go to the doctor because he was careless.",
                "Brad and Henry were two old friends in their 70's. Brad had very high levels of cholesterol, while Henry was healthier and had normal levels of cholesterol.",
                "Two university students studied different types of drugs for their exams. Kate studied statins, while Carol studied anti-depressants.",
                "Uncle Tom and uncle Sam both have high cholesterol. Uncle Tom is on statin drugs and uncle Sam is not."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: White blood cells also make chemicals that cause a fever. A fever is a higher-than-normal body temperature. Normal human body temperature is 98.6\u00b0F (37\u00b0C). Most bacteria and viruses that infect people reproduce fastest at this temperature. When the temperature is higher, the pathogens cannot reproduce as fast, so the body raises the temperature to kill them. A fever also causes the immune system to make more white blood cells. In these ways, a fever helps the body fight infection.",
            "output": [
                "Bobby and Jimmy are brothers and living in the same house. They both had to stay home from school today due to feeling sick. Their mom has taken the temperature of both boys and found that Bobby has a higher fever than Jimmy. She will closely monitor them over the next couple days and make sure Jimmy's fever doesn't go up any higher while also trying to reduce Bobby's fever.",
                "James is sick with strep throat, a bacterial infection. After a few days of feeling terrible his brother comes by to check his temperature noting that it is 100.6\u00b0F.",
                "Jeremy and Becky are both home from school today and their mother is taking their temperature. After seeing the results on the thermometer, his mother is contemplating taking Jeremy to the doctor because he is running a much higher fever than Becky.",
                "Jim and Pam are a married couple who both have the same illness. They are at home from work today and are in the process of taking their temperatures so they know if they need to go to the doctor or not. After using the thermometer, they learn that Pam has a much higher fever than Jim. They decide they should take Pam to the doctor to get her looked at.",
                "Stephanie is a nurse at the local high school. Recently, the flu has been going around and she has had many students come into her office feeling ill. When a student comes in, the first thing she does is check their temperature to test for a fever.",
                "Stephanie is a nurse at the local high school. Recently, the flu has been going around and she has had many students come into her office feeling ill. When a student comes in, the first thing she does is check their temperature to test for a fever.       \n                                                  A research facility is testing the immune response of patients with immune deficiency who are infected with a virus. Some of the patients are given a trial of a new medication that is supposed to increase their immune system's response to illness while others are in the control group."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Mantle melting can come about three ways: (1) when the temperature rises, (2) if the pressure lowers (which lowers the melting point), and (3) if water is added, which lowers the melting point. Two of these (1 and 3) might explain why there are volcanoes at convergent plate boundaries the temperature of the subducting plate increases as it sinks into the hot mantle (1). Sediments lying on top of the subducting plate contain water. As the sediments subduct, the water rises into the overlying mantle material. This lowers the melting temperature of the mantle (3). When the mantle above the subducting plate melts, volcanoes form above it. This leads to volcanoes in an island arc or continental arc.",
            "output": [
                "Two brothers Syd and Dan went to college. Syd studied plate tectonics and mantle melting. His brother Dan got to study types of soil and pedology.",
                "Two geologists studied the Earth's crust. Benny studied mantle melting, while Vinny studied more about crust displacement.",
                "Two scientist, Pete and Gill, studied the Earth's crust and geology. Pete studied earthquakes, while Gill studied mantles and volcanos."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Tropical forests (rainforests) receive more insolation and rainfall over longer growing seasons than any other environment on earth. With these elevated temperatures, insolation and rainfall, biomass is extremely productive leading to the production of as much as 800 grams of carbon per square meter per year. Higher temperatures and larger amounts of water contribute to higher rates of chemical weathering. Increased rates of decomposition cause smaller amounts of fulvic acid to percolate and leach metals from the zone of active weathering. Thus, in stark contrast to soil in forests, tropical forests have little to no podzolization and therefore do not have marked visual and chemical contrasts with the soil layers. Instead, the mobile metals Mg, Fe and Al are precipitated as oxide minerals giving the soil a rusty red color.",
            "output": [
                "Burma had many tropical forests, while a sister country from a temperate climate, Belarus, had beautiful ancient temperate forests. Both countries were significant lumber exporters.",
                "David is an environmental scientist. Last summer he visited the tropical forest in Brazil. He labeled that part of his study as forest A. To understand the differences between forests he then visited the temperate forest in Germany. He labeled that part of his study as forest B. He found significant differences in these two types of forests.",
                "John was studying the characteristics of tropical forests. For that, he chose forests in Laos. To compare the forests in Laos with the temperate zone forests he chose forests in Ireland. He could clearly see that how they differed in important ways.",
                "The Farlook forest is classified as a tropical forest, and the Celeste forest is not a tropical forest. Jessica is currently looking for a forest to go camping in and is trying to choose which of these two forests she will visit for a week. Jessica despises camping in the rain and also prefers a more moderate temperature. Luckily, her trip isn't for several months so she has plenty of time to make up her mind."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics. When oceanic plates diverge, tensional stress causes fractures to occur in the lithosphere. The motivating force for seafloor spreading ridges is tectonic plate pull rather than magma pressure, although there is typically significant magma activity at spreading ridges. At a spreading center, basaltic magma rises up the fractures and cools on the ocean floor to form new seabed. Hydrothermal vents are common at spreading centers. Older rocks will be found farther away from the spreading zone while younger rocks will be found nearer to the spreading zone. Additionally spreading rates determine if the ridge is fast, intermediate, or slow. As a general rule, fast ridges have spreading (opening) rates of more than 9 cm/year. Intermediate ridges have a spreading rate of 5\u20139 cm/year while slow spreading ridges have a rate less than 5 cm/year.",
            "output": [
                "Two geology students had an exam on plate tectonics. Bobby learned more about divergent tectonic plates, while Nate was more confident in explaining everything about Convergent plates."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Precipitation in grasslands is equal to or less than evapotranspiration and causes soil development to operate in relative drought. Leaching and migration of weathering products is therefore decreased. Large amounts of evaporation causes buildup of calcium (Ca) and other large cations flocculate clay minerals and fulvic acids in the upper soil profile. Impermeable clay limits downward percolation of water and fulvic acids, reducing chemical weathering and podzolization. The depth to the maximum concentration of clay increases in areas of increased precipitation and leaching. When leaching is decreased, the Ca precipitates as calcite (CaCO3) in the lower soil levels, a layer known as caliche.",
            "output": [
                "Monsoon plays a big role in shaping local climates. In some places of the Horn of Africa monsoon causes heavy rainfall. But across the Red Sea the Arabian Peninsula mostly misses the monsoon. As a result, they have minimal rainfall throughout the year.",
                "Two farmers had neighboring parcels of land. Bob had a nice parcel of old growth forest, while the other farmer, named Bill , had a similar sized parcel covered in grasslands."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The theory of plate tectonics demonstrates that the continents of the Earth are moving across the surface at the rate of a few centimeters per year. This is expected to continue, causing the plates to relocate and collide. Continental drift is facilitated by two factors: the energy generation within the planet and the presence of a hydrosphere. With the loss of either of these, continental drift will come to a halt. The production of heat through radiogenic processes is sufficient to maintain mantle convection and plate subduction for at least the next 1.1 billion years.At present, the continents of North and South America are moving westward from Africa and Europe. Researchers have produced several scenarios about how this will continue in the future. These geodynamic models can be distinguished by the subduction flux, whereby the oceanic crust moves under a continent. In the introversion model, the younger, interior, Atlantic ocean becomes preferentially subducted and the current migration of North and South America is reversed. In the extroversion model, the older, exterior, Pacific ocean remains preferentially subducted and North and South America migrate toward eastern Asia.As the understanding of geodynamics improves, these models will be subject to revision. In 2008, for example, a computer simulation was used to predict that a reorganization of the mantle convection will occur over the next 100 million years, causing a supercontinent composed of Africa, Eurasia, Australia, Antarctica and South America to form around Antarctica.Regardless of the outcome of the continental migration, the continued subduction process causes water to be transported to the mantle. After a billion years from the present, a geophysical model gives an estimate that 27% of the current ocean mass will have been subducted. If this process were to continue unmodified into the future, the subduction and release would reach an equilibrium after 65% of the current ocean mass has been subducted.",
            "output": [
                "Two friends were in college. Hank studied plate tectonics, while his buddy Alex studied Earth's atmosphere. They were both very fascinated by the subjects."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Beginning in the late 1970\u2019s, ozone depletion was recognized as a significant environmental issue. The most dramatic decrease in ozone occurs seasonally over the continent of Antarctica. The size and duration of the ozone hole steadily increased, with the largest hole recorded in 2006. Fortunately, most countries have recognized the danger of CFCs and dramatically curtailed their use in recent years. It is hoped that ozone depletion will slow and that the ozone layer may eventually be restored to its earlier levels.",
            "output": [
                "Ben and Harry were studying about the climatic history of Earth. Ben was more attracted to learning about early Ice Ages, while Harry was curious about the Earth atmosphere and read about ozone depletion and its consequences.",
                "Factories around the world produce lots of CFCs which deplete the ozone layer. One year a large number of these factories decided they would implement efforts to reduce the amount of CFCs they release into the atmosphere. As a result the depletion of the ozone layer greatly decreased. However, the companies realized that this was hurting profits too much and reverted their decision. As a result the ozone layer began to rapidly deplete again.",
                "Greg has been on an environmental awareness kick lately. He is trying to buy products that are good for the environment. While at the store, he stopped to look at some hair sprays. The Revlon brand he noticed has CFCs. The Sephora brand he noticed explicitly noted that it did not contain CFCs."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Centripetal force is, simply, the force that causes centripetal acceleration. Objects that move in uniform circular motion all have an acceleration toward the center of the circle and therefore, they must also suffer a force toward the center of the circle. That force is the centripetal force. For orbiting satellites, such as the moon orbiting the earth or the earth orbiting the sun, the centripetal force is produced by gravity. When an Olympic hammer thrower whirls a massive ball on a chain, the centripetal force is created by the athlete and transmitted by the chain.",
            "output": [
                "Adam wants to show his little brother a trick.  He gets a bucket of water and says to him \"I bet i can turn this bucket upside down and no water will fall out\". His brother doesn't believe him of course. So Adam takes the bucket by the handle and quickly starts spinning it in a circle."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: One result of air pollution is acid rain. Acid rain is precipitation with a low (acidic) pH. This rain can be very destructive to wildlife. When acid rain falls in forests, freshwater habitats, or soils, it can kill insects and aquatic life. It causes this damage because of its very low pH. Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides in the air both cause acid rain to form ( Figure below ). Sulfur oxides are chemicals that are released from coal-fired power plants. Nitrogen oxides are released from motor vehicle exhaust.",
            "output": [
                "Beijing recently opened several new coal-fired power plants over the last few months. In Montreal, there have been large reductions in sulfur oxides produced by manufacturing plants after a recent referendum.",
                "Beijing recently significantly increased the amount of cars on the roads there through mandatory price cuts for all motor vehicles.  In Montreal, the number of cars on the roads has decreased drastically recently through public transportation initiatives and public advertising campaigns encouraging biking and walking.",
                "Bill is planning on moving soon. He wants to move to a city that has fresher air and more wildlife to see. His two options that he must choose from are St. Louis and Seattle. Recently, Seattle has installed a new wind farm, and zero emission solar farm to generate power, while St. Louis recently installed a coal fired power plant. Both cities have similar commercial and industrial sectors, and only differ in how they generate power.",
                "Hydrologists studied two samples of rain water. Jim studied an acid rain sample from a nearby city, and Dan studied a sample of water from another town.",
                "Italy and Greece attended the World Ecological Conference. they were looking for solutions to improve their environment. Italy's air was very polluted, while Greece had problems with drought.",
                "The ecologist moved from Aspen, where there was no air pollution, to Seattle which experienced a lot of air pollution. He started studying the weather there as well.",
                "Two counties paid a study about acid rain. They  found out Hill county had experienced that, while New county hadn't.",
                "Two countries were neighbors, separated by a mountain range. Ghana used fossil fuels to produce energy, but one of the consequences of that was increased air pollution and acid rain. Brunei was a country inhabited by nature lovers and tree huggers, so they were very protective of their environment."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Continued heating of the water after the ice has completely melted will now increase the kinetic energy of the liquid molecules and the temperature will rise. Assuming that the atmospheric pressure is standard, the temperature will rise steadily until it reaches 100\u00b0C. At this point, the added energy from the heat will cause the liquid to begin to vaporize. As with the previous state change, the temperature will remain at 100\u00b0C while the water molecules are going from the liquid to the gas or vapor state. Once all the liquid has completely boiled away, continued heating of the steam (remember the container is closed) will increase its temperature above 100\u00b0C.",
            "output": [
                "Chris decides he is going to make some pasta for dinner tonight. He gets a large pot, fills it with water and puts it on the stove. He sets the stove to 99 degrees C. After a while he comes back and sees that the water is hot but it isnt boiling. He sets the temperature to 100 degrees C and walks away. He forgets he was heating up the water and comes back to an empty pot. The water got too hot, turned into is gas form, steam, leaving an empty pot.",
                "To reenact James Watt's experiment, John sealed some water in a container. He called this stage of his experiment as stage A. Then he started heating the water in the sealed container. He labeled this stage as stage B. Once the temperature reached hundred degree centigrade, he added more heat to it. He called this stage as stage C. Once all the water has turned into steam, he kept adding heat to it. He called this last stage of is experiment as stage D.",
                "Tommy sets two pots of water on the stove and sets each burner to a different temperature. Pot F is set on a burner with a temperature below the boiling point and Pot G is on a burner set to above the boiling point. Tommy walks away to check his email and comes back fifteen minutes later to check on his water.",
                "Tommy sets two pots of water, Pot A and Pot B, on the stove and sets each burner to a different temperature. Tommy is unable to see what the temperatures of the burners are though. He sits around patiently and waits until he notices that Pot B's water is beginning to vaporize, while Pot A's water is not vaporizing."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Geologists study earthquake waves to \u201csee\u201d Earth's interior. Waves of energy radiate out from an earthquake\u2019s focus. These waves are called seismic waves ( Figure below ). Seismic waves go different speeds through different materials. They change speed when they go from one type of material to another. This causes them to bend. Some seismic waves do not travel through liquids or gases. They just stop. Scientists use information from seismic waves to understand what makes up the Earth\u2019s interior.",
            "output": [
                "A team of geologists studied two islands. Large island had a lot of seismic activity, and Small island that presented almost no seismic activity.",
                "Mary is studying the seismic waves of a recent earthquake from 2 locations around its focus. She notes at point A the waves are easily detectable. at point B the waves are unable to be read at all, as if they just stopped.",
                "Two friends met after 20 years and had a beer together. Vlad was a geologist and studied earthquakes. Mort was a pedologist and studied soils. They had some interesting conversations that night."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Scientists think that the earliest flowers attracted insects and other animals, which spread pollen from flower to flower. This greatly increased the efficiency of fertilization over wind-spread pollen, which might or might not actually land on another flower. To take better advantage of this \u201canimal labor,\u201d plants evolved traits such as brightly colored petals to attract pollinators. In exchange for pollination, flowers gave the pollinators nectar.",
            "output": [
                "Joy had a field full of flowering plants , that he used for medicinal and honey making purposes. Her friend Jill also had a piece of land where she cultivated plants that fertilize over wind spread pollen.",
                "Last week, John visited the national park near his city. He saw many flowers. His guide explained him that there are two categories of flowers, category A and category B. Category A flowers spread pollen via wind, and category B flowers spread pollen via animals.",
                "Scientists studied two groups of plants. Group F had plants with flowers, group W had plants that fertilize over wind- spread pollen. Flowering plants were more efficient."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: During sexual reproduction, mating with a close relative (inbreeding) often leads to inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression is considered to be largely due to expression of deleterious recessive mutations. The effects of inbreeding have been studied in many vertebrate species.",
            "output": [
                "Keith is a zoologist. He studies large predators. Last year, he was studying different species of lions. First, he visited the Gir forest in India. There he found the Asiatic Lions. Unfortunately, only few Asiatic Lions are left in the wild, and they have to mate with their close relatives. He then visited the Serengeti reserve in Tanzania. There he found that the African Lions were not forced to mate with close relatives due to their large number."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: fundamental quantity vs derived quantity In the language of measurement, quantities are quantifiable aspects of the world, such as time, distance, velocity, mass, temperature, energy, and weight, and units are used to describe their measure. Many of these quantities are related to each other by various physical laws, and as a result the units of some of the quantities can be expressed as products (or ratios) of powers of other units (e.g., momentum is mass times velocity and velocity is measured in distance divided by time). Those quantities whose units are expressed in terms of other units are regarded as derived quantities. Those that cannot be so expressed in terms of other units are regarded as \u201cfundamental\u201d quantities.",
            "output": [
                "Mark has an assignment to figure out which measurements in every day life are derived quantities vs fundamental quantities. Some of the examples he has include measuring the speed of something and simply what time it is."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Existing data on the role of immigration on residential segregation trends in the US suggest that foreign-born Hispanics, Asians and blacks often have higher rates of segregation than do native-born individuals from these groups. Segregation of immigrants is associated with their low-income status, language barriers, and support networks in these enclaves. Research on assimilation shows that while new immigrants settle in homogenous ethnic communities, segregation of immigrants declines as they gain socioeconomic status and move away from these communities, integrating with the native-born.",
            "output": [
                "A recent study has been published about two U.S cities containing large Hispanic population and their origins. Los Angeles which has a larger native born population, and San Diego, which is formed mostly of immigrants that have been foreign-born, have been listed as the top two.",
                "Carl is looking to relocate his family to a new area. He has a a couple of options to move to, and would like to remain in a predominantly Hispanic area. Fresno is one option and has a lower socioeconomic status than Billings, which comparatively has a higher one."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: One of the most adverse impacts of poor waste management, especially municipal waste, is the incidence and prevalence of diseases such as malaria and respiratory problems, as well as other illnesses through the contamination of ground water. Biomedical wastes pose great danger in Bangladesh too as a report estimated that 20% of the biomedical waste is \"highly infectious\" and is a hazard since it is often disposed of into the sewage system or drains.[6]  Such poor sanitation has serious consequences for the health of the residents and a report suggests that \"most of the child mortality could be related with this problem\".[7]  With regards to the living standards, solid waste leads to blockage in the drainage system which leads to flooding in the streets. Consequently, mosquitoes and bad odour are among the negative impacts resulted.[7].",
            "output": [
                "Calgary has just installed a new waste management system in the city, and has been writing new laws about how biomedical research should be properly disposed of. Detroit on the other hand, just passed a law that allows dumping of medical waste in the sewage system, and has cut funding to it's waste management system.",
                "The hospital in Y city had a good disposal site in which they disposed of Biomedical wastes, but the hospital in the neighboring city X had big problems, because the biomedical waste contaminated the ground water and affected the population.",
                "Town A disposed of the biomedical waste from their hospital conventionally in a regular dump site for 10 years because it was more convenient, while town B took them to an ecological site where they wouldn't affect ground water and spread disease."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Electric potential energy comes from the position of a charged particle in an electric field. For example, when two negative charges are close together, they have potential energy because they repel each other and have the potential to push apart. If the charges actually move apart, their potential energy decreases. Electric charges always move spontaneously from a position where they have higher potential energy to a position where they have lower potential energy. This is like water falling over a dam from an area of higher to lower potential energy due to gravity.",
            "output": [
                "David is interested in how electricity works. One day he had two electric charges to investigate, charge A and charge B - both of the charges were negative. He also had two electric fields, field C and field D. He noticed that electric charges were moving from field C to field D."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Windbreaks reduce wind velocity over and around crops. This increases yields through reduced drying of the crop and/or by preventing the crop from toppling in strong wind gusts.",
            "output": [
                "Two farms had winds destroying their crops. Hill farm started installing windbreaks, while Valley farm didn't have the funds to do that so they postponed the project."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Many people enjoy riding in hot air balloons. Some use them for romantic picnics and marriage proposals. Others race in competitions. Being above the earth gives a whole new perspective on the world around us. As the beginning of a hot air balloon ride, the balloon is flat because the pressure inside the balloon equals the pressure outside. When the air inside the balloon is heated, the speed of movement of those air molecules increases and the pressure goes up. After a while the balloon is completely expanded and the flight is ready to take off.",
            "output": [
                "Bob just came from a hot air balloon ride. On his way home he saw two balloons, balloon A and balloon B. Balloon A was flat, but balloon B was inflated. He was wondering how balloons go up so effortlessly."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Groundwater salinization compromises buffering properties. Vegetation clearance, along with irrigation, causes serious issues. Irrigation increases the water table and mobilizes salts, and vegetation clearance allows it to come in contact with water habitats and vegetation. This stresses species not adapted to high salinity. High levels of salinity reduces water uptake in plants, by causing stomatal closure, reducing photosynthesis. Forests undergo decline in areas of high salinity and shallow groundwater depths because these conditions make them more susceptible to droughts. Forests undergo decline in areas of high salinity and shallow groundwater depths making them more susceptible to droughts.",
            "output": [
                "A local farm has set up shop in the nearby town of Calico. They have cleared some vegetation and irrigated through nearby Calico Forest. Steven's Forest on the other side of town has not been touched however, and remains as it has been.",
                "In the sixteenth century the State of Michigan had forests all over. But that has long been gone. \nEspecially, in the state's northeast part the vegetation has been cleared in the twentieth century. \nWooded areas were replaced by farm lands. All these farmlands were under heavy Irrigation. At one time, in the sixteenth century, plant species like elm and oak used to be plentiful. We still had some elms and oaks in the twentieth century, but they were not great many in number.",
                "Roger has been wanting to make a difference in the world, and has decided he wants to start a forested area in the country side. He has some areas that he has mapped out, and is trying to decide where he would like to start his new growth. The Bilton Valley area has recently been cleared of vegetation and has some irrigation channels installed for a near by farm. The other area he is looking at in an uncleared pasture called Stevens Pasture.",
                "Two villages were situated on different sides of the hill. Each village has its own approach to agriculture. East village decided to clear the land, by felling many trees and bushes, and set up a vast irrigation system. West village too a more natural approach to food production and applied the edible forest method, and all the permaculture principles over the years."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Human beings invented agriculture about 10,000 years ago. This provided a bigger, more dependable food supply. It also allowed people to settle down in villages and cities for the first time. Birth rates went up because there was more food and settled life had other advantages. Death rates also rose because of crowded living conditions and diseases that spread from domestic animals. Because the higher birth rates were matched by higher death rates, the human population continued to grow very slowly.",
            "output": [
                "A team of archaeologists studied two human settlements, village Alpha from about 11000 years ago and village Beta, which existed 9000 years ago. Village Beta was bigger, because their inhabitants already knew about and practiced agriculture.",
                "Brad studied ancient human settlements from 100,000 years ago. His colleague Phil studied human settlement from 8-10,000 years ago. They were both fascinated by their findings.",
                "David was studying human history. He selected two specific eras of human history, era A and era B. Era A was before humans had invented agriculture. And, era B was after the invention of agriculture. He noticed that human societies had changed dramatically after the invention of agriculture.",
                "Gary researched two old human settlements. Village A was smaller, it existed about 12,000 years ago. He also studied village B, which existed about 6,000 years ago. The village was much bigger and better developed.",
                "Harry and Kim studied ancient humans. Kim studied a 15000 year-old settlement, before humans invented agriculture, while Harry studied a 5000 year-old village."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in a substance or an object. The basic SI unit for mass is the kilogram (kg), but smaller masses may be measured in grams (g). To measure mass, you would use a balance. In the lab, mass may be measured with a triple beam balance or an electronic balance, but the old-fashioned balance pictured below may give you a better idea of what mass is. If both sides of this balance were at the same level, it would mean that the fruit in the left pan has the same mass as the iron object in the right pan. In that case, the fruit would have a mass of 1 kg, the same as the iron. As you can see, however, the fruit is at a higher level than the iron. This means that the fruit has less mass than the iron, that is, the fruit's mass is less than 1 kg.",
            "output": [
                "Johnathan is trying to find two blocks of wood with the same mass for a project he is working on. He doesn't have a balance, so he makes a crude one out of materials he has on hand. He put a block of wood on either side and the block on the left side was at a lower level than the block on the right.",
                "Johnathan is trying to find two blocks of wood with the same mass for a project he is working on. He doesn't have a balance, so he makes a crude one out of materials he has on hand. He put a block of wood on either side and the block on the left side was at a lower level than the block on the right.                   \n                                                  \nSarah is using a traditional balance to estimate the mass of her peppers. She wants to make 1 kg bushels to sell at the farmers market so she puts a 1 kg weight on the right side and the peppers on the left side."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Bernoulli\u2019s law explains how the wings of both airplanes and birds create lift that allows flight (see Figure below ). The shape of the wings causes air to flow more quickly \u2014 and air pressure to be lower \u2014 above the wings than below them. This allows the wings to lift the plane or bird above the ground against the pull of gravity. A spoiler on a race car, like the one in Figure below , works in the opposite way. Its shape causes air to flow more slowly \u2014 and air pressure to be greater \u2014 above the spoiler than below it. As a result, air pressure pushes the car downward, giving its wheels better traction on the track.",
            "output": [
                "Rob is experimenting with how air pressure works. To that end, he has designed two tests. In the first test the air flow works as it would in an airplane wing. He labels it as case A. In the second test the air flow works as it would in a race car spoiler. He labels it as case B. He is surprised to see that air flow behaves differently in different situations."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Emission is the opposite of absorption, it is when an object emits radiation. Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their \"black body\" emission curves, therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation, with shorter wavelengths. Colder objects emit less radiation, with longer wavelengths. For example, the Sun is approximately 6,000 K (5,730 \u00b0C; 10,340 \u00b0F), its radiation peaks near 500 nm, and is visible to the human eye. Earth is approximately 290 K (17 \u00b0C; 62 \u00b0F), so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm, and is much too long to be visible to humans. The light that is observed on photographs of earth from space and with the naked eye is only reflected visible light.",
            "output": [
                "There are two rocks that scientists are looking at. Rock A is located near the lava stored in an active volcano, and rock B is outside this volcano near the base of it. The scientists are currently trying to find a way to safely transport both rocks back to a lab so they can get these rocks under a microscope to look at them. However, they are currently struggling to figure out an effective way to lift rock A out of the volcano."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Einstein showed in his thought experiments that people travelling at different speeds, while agreeing on cause and effect, measure different time separations between events, and can even observe different chronological orderings between non-causally related events. Though these effects are typically minute in the human experience, the effect becomes much more pronounced for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light. Subatomic particles exist for a well known average fraction of a second in a lab relatively at rest, but when travelling close to the speed of light they are measured to travel farther and exist for much longer than when at rest. According to the special theory of relativity, in the high-speed particle's frame of reference, it exists, on the average, for a standard amount of time known as its mean lifetime, and the distance it travels in that time is zero, because its velocity is zero. Relative to a frame of reference at rest, time seems to \"slow down\" for the particle. Relative to the high-speed particle, distances seem to shorten. Einstein showed how both temporal and spatial dimensions can be altered (or \"warped\") by high-speed motion.",
            "output": [
                "David wanted to test the theory of Einstein. To that end, he measured the time perceived by an airline pilot, who naturally traveled very fast. He labeled it as case A. To compare the pilot with a slower traveler he measured the time perceived by a semi truck driver covering the same distance. He labeled it as case B. He was amazed by the counter intuitive results he got from the experiment."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Conifers have many uses. They are important sources of lumber and are also used to make paper. Resins, the sticky substance you might see oozing out of a wound on a pine tree, are collected from conifers to make a variety of products, such as the solvent turpentine and the rosin used by musicians and baseball players. The sticky rosin improves the pitcher\u2019s hold on the ball or increases the friction between the bow and the strings to help create music from a violin or other stringed instrument.",
            "output": [
                "Two neighboring towns, Pine town and Willow town, used different types of woods for lumber et al. Willow town used hardwoods, while Pine town used softwoods.",
                "Two pitchers are trying out for a baseball team for the summer league. Joe accidentally got rosin on his fingers before going out to throw his pitches, but Mike's hands are clean of any extra substances. They both go out and pitch and the coaches make notes of their performances."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: When humans dig up and use fossil fuels, we have an impact on the carbon cycle ( Figure below ). This carbon is not recycled until it is used by humans. The burning of fossil fuels releases more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than is used by photosynthesis. So, there is more carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere than is coming out of it. Carbon dioxide is known as a greenhouse gas , since it lets in light energy but does not let heat escape, much like the panes of a greenhouse. The increase of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is contributing to a global rise in Earth\u2019s temperature, known as global warming or global climate change.",
            "output": [
                "Greg is an environmental scientist. He wants to know how earth's atmosphere differed in two different time. To that end, he selected two time periods, time A and time B. Time A is set in the year one thousand when using fossil fuels was not very common. Time B is set in the year two thousand when fossil fuels are used in large quantities.",
                "India decided to use fossil fuels to produce their electricity, and Nepal decided to go renewable and use only hydro power to produce their electricity.",
                "One year an astronomical amount of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere due to burning fossil fuels. Many places become much hotter than usual. Another study is done and it is found that the Earths temperature has increased by 4 degrees on average.",
                "One year,due to extreme use of fossil fuels, an astronomical amount of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere due to burning fossil fuels. Many places become much hotter than usual. Another study is done and it is found that the Earths temperature has increased by 4 degrees on average.",
                "Recently a large amount of factories have been built in Illinois using fossil fuels as their main energy source. In Indiana however, many of their factories have been shut down and replaced by parks with many plants and trees.",
                "Space explorers, that launched from Earth, just encountered a new planet several light years away. This planet is almost an exact copy of Earth, but it is currently uninhabited by intelligent life. Upon landing, the explorers name the planet Caprica and begin learning as much as they can. They discover that the species on this Caprica are nearly all the same as on Earth, and even most of the topography looks the same. However, the main difference is that humans never evolved here. For this reason, there are no cities or cars or factories to burn up fossil fuels.",
                "Two different countries produced their electricity using different methods. Burma used fossil fuels such as coal and oil, while Bhutan used renewable energy sources.",
                "Two neighboring countries France and Spain were competing for economical supremacy in Europe. Spain dug up fossil fuels and used it as an energy source. France used alternative sources of energy.",
                "Two villages were focused mostly on mining operation. Brown village extracted fossil fuels such as coal from their mountains, while Yellow village was mostly focused on extracting gold the old fashioned way.",
                "Xuejiang, a town in China, recently increased their levels of steel and construction materials production. The factories that produce these materials have been burning high levels of fossil fuels to support this production.  Ontario, meanwhile, has been burning low levels of fossil fuels thanks to investment in alternative energies, and a general decrease in the manufacturing industries there."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: When current flows through wires and resistors in a circuit as a result of a difference in electric potential, charge does not build up significantly anywhere on its path. Capacitors are devices placed in electric circuits where charge can build up. The amount of charge a capacitor can store before it \u201cfills up\u201d depends on its shape and how much electric potential is applied. The ratio of charge stored in a capacitor to the voltage applied is called its capacitance , measured in Farads . The larger the electric potential in volts, the stronger the electric field that is used to \u201ccram\u201d the charge into the device. Any capacitor will fill up with enough charge. Capacitors store energy when charged, and release it when they discharge.",
            "output": [
                "Samuel needs to charge a capacitor for his vaporizer but cannot locate his charger. He plans to buy a band new charger but needs something to suffice for the meantime. He manages to find the cord for the charger and splices the wires on it. He connects the spliced wires on either end of his capacitor and plugs the cord into a wall outlet to give it some electricity."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Anemophilous pollen grains are light and non-sticky, so that they can be transported by air currents. They are typically 20\u201360 micrometres (0.0008\u20130.0024 in) in diameter, although the pollen grains of Pinus species can be much larger and much less dense. Anemophilous plants possess well-exposed stamens so that the pollens are exposed to wind currents and also have large and feathery stigma to easily trap airborne pollen grains. Pollen from anemophilous plants tends to be smaller and lighter than pollen from entomophilous ones, with very low nutritional value to insects. However, insects sometimes gather pollen from staminate anemophilous flowers at times when higher-protein pollens from entomophilous flowers are scarce. Anemophilous pollens may also be inadvertently captured by bees' electrostatic field. This may explain why, though bees are not observed to visit ragweed flowers, its pollen is often found in honey made during the ragweed floral bloom. Other flowers that are generally anemophilous are observed to be actively worked by bees, with solitary bees often visiting grass flowers, and the larger honeybees and bumblebees frequently gathering pollen from corn tassels and other grains.",
            "output": [
                "A scientist has just returned to the lab after working out in the field. While in the field, she collected two flowers to examine in detail. She puts the first flower, flower X, under a microscope and begins to look at it. After examination she determines it's an anemophilous plant. She then takes flower Y and repeats the same process to determine that it's an entomophilous type of plant.",
                "Frank owned two parcels of land. He called them Forest and Field. The Forest parcel was covered in old-growth pine, while Field one was covered in grass and wildflowers. Frank was very proud of his properties.",
                "Two botanists studied different types of plants. Barb studied Anemophilous plants, while her friend Faye learned about entomophilous plants.",
                "Two botanists studied different types of plants. Barb studied anemophilous plants, while her friend Faye learned about entomophilous plants."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Law enforcement officers are often unfamiliar with information technology, and so lack the skills and interest in pursuing attackers. There are also budgetary constraints. It has been argued that the high cost of technology, such as DNA testing, and improved forensics mean less money for other kinds of law enforcement, so the overall rate of criminals not getting dealt with goes up as the cost of the technology increases. In addition, the identification of attackers across a network may require logs from various points in the network and in many countries, the release of these records to law enforcement (with the exception of being voluntarily surrendered by a network administrator or a system administrator) requires a search warrant and, depending on the circumstances, the legal proceedings required can be drawn out to the point where the records are either regularly destroyed, or the information is no longer relevant.",
            "output": [
                "The two counties both had budgetary constrains, but Clark county invested more in skilled officers, IT equipment and training, so they had better results at the end of the 2 year test period. Spring county stuck to their old ways, and accomplished nothing.",
                "Two neighboring police Departments took different approaches to fighting crime, Greenville P.D. did not invest in DNA testing, improved forensics, and information technology, while Grayville took extensive measures of that nature."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Communication is any way that animals share information. Many animals live in social groups. For these animals, being able to communicate is essential. Communicating increases the ability of group members to cooperate and avoid conflict. Communication may help animals work together to find food and defend themselves from predators. It also helps them find mates and care for their offspring. In addition, communication helps adult animals teach the next generation learned behaviors. Therefore, communication generally improves the chances of animals surviving and reproducing.",
            "output": [
                "Manny and Dean were two classmates. They had to prepare for a school project so they decided to learn about animals. Manny studied animal communication, while Dean studied animal feeding patterns and nutrition.",
                "There are 2 groups of prairie dogs that have been released into the wild. Group A was domesticated and therefor never learned to communicate danger to each other. Group B was rescued from a bad storm but lived in the wild for years before they were captured then released. One day the two groups encountered a lion that was trying to eat them. One of the members of group B made a peculiar high pitched sound, alerting the rest of it's members that there was something dangerous nearby and they all went inside their burrow and hid. The member of group A saw the lion and simply ran as fast as it could without altering any of the other members. Unfortunately one of group A's members was caught and eaten.",
                "There are two species of animals, the Lips and the Bops, living in the Scallop forest in Montana. These two species have both been living inside the Scallop forest for the entirety of their existence. The Bops have always managed to easily fend off attackers, but the Lips are easily preyed upon and struggle to defend their own from predators.",
                "There are two species of animals, the Moops and the Flavins, living in the Jarmal forest in Montana. These two species have both been living inside the Jarmal for the entirety of their existence. The Moops have recently begun to develop an effective method of communication that they use to pass important information to one another. The Flavins, however, are more primitive and currently have no method of communication.",
                "There is an experiment being done on a group of animals. The animals in Group A are allowed to communicate with each other, while the animals in Group B have been sequestered and have no communication within their group."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: As Figure above shows, the distance between particles is much smaller for the solid and liquid states than for the gas state. In the solid state, particles are fixed in place, while particles are more free to move in the liquid and gas states. The particles in the solid and liquid states \u201cstick together,\u201d but in the gas state, they move freely about the container. In general, it requires energy to separate individual particles. If we want to make a solid adopt a liquid form, we can add energy in the form of heat, increasing the temperature of the substance. Conversely, if we want to convert a substance from a gas to a liquid or from a liquid to a solid, we remove energy from the system and decrease the temperature. Pressure also plays an important role in changes of state, which will be discussed later on. We will study these difference in greater detail in the chapter States of Matter.",
            "output": [
                "John is studying the different states of matter. Today, he has a matter in three states in front of him, state A, state B, and state C. State A is in solid state. State B is in liquid state. And, state C is in gaseous state. He needs to determine the properties of each state.",
                "Matt is preparing food for a dinner party in his kitchen. His guests will be arriving shortly, so he fills up a pitcher with some water and puts it in the freezer to cool it down. He then takes a solid block of ice out of his freezer that he is planning to carve into a sculpture of some kind. Before he can start sculpting, there is a knock on his door that he must answer.",
                "Thomas and Alexander are freshman students in an introductory chemistry laboratory course at their local college. In this week's experiment, both Thomas and Alexander will be starting their experiments with liquid water. They both follow different experimental protocols, and at the end of the experiment Thomas discovers ice in his reaction flask, while Alexander discovers steam in his reaction flask."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Most ants are generalist predators, scavengers, and indirect herbivores, but a few have evolved specialised ways of obtaining nutrition. It is believed that many ant species that engage in indirect herbivory rely on specialized symbiosis with their gut microbes to upgrade the nutritional value of the food they collect and allow them to survive in nitrogen poor regions, such as rainforest canopies. Leafcutter ants (Atta and Acromyrmex) feed exclusively on a fungus that grows only within their colonies. They continually collect leaves which are taken to the colony, cut into tiny pieces and placed in fungal gardens. Ergates specialise in related tasks according to their sizes. The largest ants cut stalks, smaller workers chew the leaves and the smallest tend the fungus. Leafcutter ants are sensitive enough to recognise the reaction of the fungus to different plant material, apparently detecting chemical signals from the fungus. If a particular type of leaf is found to be toxic to the fungus, the colony will no longer collect it. The ants feed on structures produced by the fungi called gongylidia. Symbiotic bacteria on the exterior surface of the ants produce antibiotics that kill bacteria introduced into the nest that may harm the fungi.",
            "output": [
                "Bess and Dee were two entomologists. they were studying ants. Dee liked to learn more about indirect herbivory ants, while Bess learned all she could about all other ants.",
                "Bess and Dee were two entomologists. they were studying ants. Dee liked to learn more about leaf cutter ants, while Bess learned all she could about all other ants.",
                "Bill and Chris are passionate entomologists. Bill knows everything there is to know about most ants except the Leafcutter ants. Chris studied Leafcutter ants extensively and exclusively for years now. They are good friends and exchange ideas often over a pint of beer."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The benefits provided by no-tillage to predators may lead to larger predator populations, which is a good way to control pests (biological control), but also can facilitate predation of the crop itself. In corn crops, for instance, predation by caterpillars can be higher in no-till than in conventional tillage fields.In places with rigorous winter, untilled soil can take longer to warm and dry in spring, which may delay planting to less ideal dates. Another factor to be considered is that organic residue from the prior year's crops lying on the surface of untilled fields can provide a favorable environment to pathogens, helping to increase the risk of transmitting diseases to the future crop. And because no-till farming provides good environment for pathogens, insects and weeds, it can lead farmers to a more intensive use of chemicals for pest control. Other disadvantages of no-till include underground rot, low soil temperatures and high moisture.Based on the balance of these factors, and because each farm has different problems, agroecologists will not attest that only no-till or complete tillage is the right way of farming. Yet, these are not the only possible choices regarding soil preparation, since there are intermediate practices such as strip-till, mulch-till and ridge-till, all of them \u2013 just as no-till \u2013 categorized as conservation tillage. Agroecologists, then, will evaluate the need of different practices for the contexts in which each farm is inserted.",
            "output": [
                "Barb and Jill practiced small scale farming. Jill farmed the conventional way, while barb used the no-tillage method.",
                "Jake and Todd used different farming methods to produce their crops. Jake always tills his land, while Todd uses he no-tillage method.",
                "Kat and Joe were into vegetable gardening. Joe started the no-till gardening method, while Kat applied conventional gardening methods.",
                "Two farmers, Tom and Brad, applied different farming methods. Tom tilled his land, while Brad applied the no-till gardening method."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Rainfall in an area is important because it influences the rate of weathering. More rain means that more rainwater passes through the soil. The rainwater reacts chemically with the particles. The top layers of soil are in contact with the freshest water, so reactions are greatest there. High rainfall increases the amount of rock that experiences chemical reactions. High rainfall may also carry material away. This means that new surfaces are exposed. This increases the rate of weathering.",
            "output": [
                "A geologist is examining rocks found in neighboring cities. City A recently experienced heavy rainfall for several weeks. Meanwhile, city B hasn't had a single rainy day in the same time span.",
                "In an area east of the Rocky mountains, there are seasons of heavy rains and times of the year where it experiences sever droughts. This year the area has received record breaking amounts of rain.",
                "John was studying about the history of Sahara desert. He was amazed to find that ten thousand years ago there were plenty of rainfall in that region. He labeled that era as era A. Then he found that rainfall deceased in the region about eight thousand years ago. He labeled that era as era B. He was wondering how that change in rainfall might have helped emerge the Egyptian civilization.",
                "Rob is an environmental scientist. He is looking at two samples of soil, sample A and sample B. Sample A is from Amazon Rain-forest, where they get one of the highest rainfall in the world. Sample B is from the Atacama Desert, where they get one of the lowest rainfall in the world. He needs to determine the properties of these samples.",
                "Two parcels of land , parcel Q and parcel H are situated in the same county about 20 miles away. Parcel Q received a greater amount of rainfall than parcel H, therefore the soil was more affected by the rain.",
                "Two parcels of land , parcel Q and parcel H are situated in the same county about 20 miles away. Parcel Q received much more rainfall than parcel H, therefore the soil was more affected by the rain.",
                "Two students at the Agricultural Institute studied pedology. Bob studied soil weathering, while Dan studied types of soil."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Many reactions take place in solution or in the gas phase, where the reactants are evenly dispersed throughout a homogeneous mixture. However, for reactions in which one of the reactants is a pure solid or liquid (meaning that this reactant is not already mixed together with any other reactants), reactivity only occurs at the surface, where particles of the solid or liquid reactant come into contact with particles of the other reactants. All of the molecules or ions in the interior of the pure substance will not be colliding with the other necessary reactants, so they are not really contributing to the overall rate of the reaction. However, increasing the surface area will increase the frequency of potentially reactive collisions, because more reactant particles will be in contact with the other necessary reactants.",
            "output": [
                "Mike was preparing for his chemistry exam. To see the chemistry concepts in practice he conducted two tests, test A and test B. In test A he used two liquid reactants evenly dispersed, but in test B he used one liquid reactant and one solid reactant. He was surprised to see that two tests had very different results."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: There is an evolution in tennis training that employs the use of low compression balls and in some cases modified court sizes. Organizations around the world have begun to use lower compression balls and modified court sizes as a way to reach out to younger tennis players interested in tennis. The use of low compression balls and modified court sizes is meant to ease the process into becoming a competitive or amateur tennis player. The low compression balls are colored differently to indicate the level of compression. Young players and beginners are likely to find the game easier to learn because the balls do not bounce as high or travel as fast as \"normal\" balls. The modified smaller courts make covering the court, or reaching the opponents shot, easier as well.",
            "output": [
                "Jordan and his brother William are going to a special school for learning tennis. When they arrive the instructor asks each of them what level they believe they are as players. William has attended tournaments in the past so he believes himself to be competitive. Jordan on the other hand is just learning so he says he is an amateur. The instructor then hands each of them a tube of tennis balls. William gets a tube of normal tennis balls. Jordan gets a tube of tennis balls that are colored slightly different and labeled \"low compression\". They practice side by side and Jordan notices that when he hits his tennis balls they do not bounce as high or as fast as Williams normal tennis balls. He ask William if he can try one of his and the balls bounce much higher and faster."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: There are a variety of metrics commonly used to measure storm size. The most common metrics include the radius of maximum wind, the radius of 34-knot wind (i.e. gale force), the radius of outermost closed isobar (ROCI), and the radius of vanishing wind. An additional metric is the radius at which the cyclone's relative vorticity field decreases to 1\u00d710\u22125 s\u22121.On Earth, tropical cyclones span a large range of sizes, from 100\u20132,000 kilometres (62\u20131,243 mi) as measured by the radius of vanishing wind. They are largest on average in the northwest Pacific Ocean basin and smallest in the northeastern Pacific Ocean basin. If the radius of outermost closed isobar is less than two degrees of latitude (222 km (138 mi)), then the cyclone is \"very small\" or a \"midget\". A radius of 3\u20136 latitude degrees (333\u2013670 km (207\u2013416 mi)) is considered \"average sized\". \"Very large\" tropical cyclones have a radius of greater than 8 degrees (888 km (552 mi)). Observations indicate that size is only weakly correlated to variables such as storm intensity (i.e. maximum wind speed), radius of maximum wind, latitude, and maximum potential intensity.Size plays an important role in modulating damage caused by a storm. All else equal, a larger storm will impact a larger area for a longer period of time. Additionally, a larger near-surface wind field can generate higher storm surge due to the combination of longer wind fetch, longer duration, and enhanced wave setup.The upper circulation of strong hurricanes extends into the tropopause of the atmosphere, which at low latitudes is 15,000\u201318,000 metres (50,000\u201360,000 ft).",
            "output": [
                "A storm is brewing in the northeastern Pacific basin. This storm has resulted in a cyclone. The radius of outermost closed isobar is measured to be 1.5 degrees of latitude."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The traditional model of child psychology in relation to parents is called, \u201cClassical Attachment\u201d in which the child has a strong attachment to one figure (the mother). In alloparenting communities, attachment theory suggest that the same sort of bond is shared between the child and multiple community members.[32] This has potential advantages for the child and the parents. The child has a diversified network of caregivers which can provide intimate emotional support.[33] The parent\u2019s cost of child rearing goes down as well as the emotional cost and cost of tangible resources. According to The US National Library of Medicine, alloparenting has proven to activate portions of the brain that are correlated with decreasing stress levels.[34].",
            "output": [
                "Beth is about to be a new mother, and is deciding on how she will raise her child. She has been suggested to join a an alloparenting group that will offer a robust community for her child to interact with, but she has also considered to do things on her own, and raise her child herself. Also, saving money is of a concern, since she would have to use daycare if she cannot find someone to babysit for cheap.",
                "Different societies take care of their young differently. It often boils down to economic activities. For example, take two locations, location A and location B. Location A is a large city where life is hectic. Children are usually raised here according to classical attachment. On the other hand, location B is in the countryside where people get to see each other more often. Location B is essentially an alloparenting community."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Natural resources include energy, minerals and other materials. Natural resources may be renewable or non-renewable. Non-renewable resources cannot be replaced. When they're gone, they're gone. Renewable resources can be replaced. They can supply human activities forever. Fossil fuels are crucial for modern human society. Fossil fuels are essential for transportation, industry and agriculture. Renewable energy resources tend to be clean. They emit fewer pollutants and greenhouse gases than fossil fuels. Renewable resources often have other problems. They are more costly and less efficient than fossil fuels. Still, they have many advantages. Research is going into developing renewable resources. Conservation is the best way to increase resource availability. Anyone can conserve! You and your family can. Society can. The world can. Just reduce, reuse, recycle.",
            "output": [
                "A recent study compared the amount of pollution in the air of two towns, Kaya and Arcfield. Arcfield is mostly powered by solar panels. Kaya on the other hand uses fossil fuels to power most of the town.",
                "Germany took steps to increase the use of renewable natural resources. Today, they are the leader in using renewable resources. Most of their energy requirements are met with renewable natural resources. But it's not the case with nearby Russia. Russia has been heavily depended on non-renewable natural resources. With the discovery of huge gas and oil reserves there is no sign that situation would change in Russia any time soon.",
                "Los Angeles receives a steady year-long supply of high amounts of sunlight and wind. Because of this, Los Angeles is able to power many of its buildings and factories using renewable resources. Las Vegas, however, receives barely any sunlight or wind throughout the entire year. As a result, they use little renewable resources and instead power most of the city through non-renewable resources like fossil fuels."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: At the mid-oceanic ridges, two tectonic plates diverge from one another as new oceanic crust is formed by the cooling and solidifying of hot molten rock. Because the crust is very thin at these ridges due to the pull of the tectonic plates, the release of pressure leads to adiabatic expansion (without transfer of heat or matter) and the partial melting of the mantle, causing volcanism and creating new oceanic crust. Most divergent plate boundaries are at the bottom of the oceans; therefore, most volcanic activity on the Earth is submarine, forming new seafloor. Black smokers (also known as deep sea vents) are evidence of this kind of volcanic activity. Where the mid-oceanic ridge is above sea-level, volcanic islands are formed; for example, Iceland.",
            "output": [
                "Hank and Dean studied plate tectonics in college. Hank learned more about divergent boundaries, while Dean read more about convergent boundaries.",
                "Two oceans have divergent plate boundaries at the bottom of their floor. The Arctic ocean has a single dormant divergent plate, while the Pacific ocean has seven diverging tectonic plates under its waters."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: There must be more to this story than just gas exchange with the environment. To begin to appreciate the role of oxygen inside your body, think about when your breathing rate increases: climbing a steep slope, running a race, or skating a shift in a hockey game. Respiration rate correlates with energy use, and that correlation reflects the link between oxygen and energy metabolism. For this reason, the chemical process inside your cells that consume oxygen to produce usable energy is known as cellular respiration . During this process, energy is converted from glucose , in the presence of oxygen, into numerous ATP molecules. The glucose, of course, comes from the food you eat. In biological terms, you do not eat because you are hungry, you eat to get energy. Other heterotrophic organisms also acquire glucose from other organisms, whereas autotrophic organisms make their own glucose, mostly through photosynthesis.",
            "output": [
                "Bob is a biologist. Today, he has four samples of organisms to test, sample A, sample B, sample C, and sample D. He induced higher respiration rate in sample A. Then he induced no respiration rate in sample B. Next, he classified sample C as heterotrophic and sample D as autotrophic.",
                "Matthew is training to run a marathon. Every day he runs up and down a hill near his house until he is out of breath, then walks around his house until his breathing rate returns to normal."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Individuals living in large groups may be safer from attack because the predator may be confused by the large group size. As the group moves, the predator has greater difficulty targeting an individual prey animal. The zebra has been suggested by the zoologist Martin Stevens and his colleagues as an example of this. When stationary, a single zebra stands out because of its large size. To reduce the risk of attack, zebras often travel in herds. The striped patterns of all the zebras in the herd may confuse the predator, making it harder for the predator to focus in on an individual zebra. Furthermore, when moving rapidly, the zebra stripes create a confusing, flickering motion dazzle effect in the eye of the predator.",
            "output": [
                "Two packs of lions were hunting large herbivores.  The Simba pack was ambushing wounded individual prey animals, while the Mobutu pack followed large groups of zebras and other grazers."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Plates include both oceanic crust and continental crust. Stable subduction zones involve the oceanic lithosphere of one plate sliding beneath the continental or oceanic lithosphere of another plate due to the higher density of the oceanic lithosphere. That is, the subducted lithosphere is always oceanic while the overriding lithosphere may or may not be oceanic. Subduction zones are sites that usually have a high rate of volcanism and earthquakes.[2][better source needed] Furthermore, subduction zones develop belts of deformation and metamorphism in the subducting crust, whose exhumation is part of orogeny and also leads to mountain building in addition to collisional thickening.",
            "output": [
                "David is interested in geology. One day he was studying about how the earth's crust works. He specifically noticed two lithosphere, lithosphere A an lithosphere B. Lithosphere A is an oceanic lithosphere while lithosphere B is an overriding lithosphere. He also noticed two \ndistinct zones, zone A an zone B. Zone A is a subduction zone, but zone B is not a subduction zone. Just reading about geology made David excited. Now, he wants to \nvisit places with high volcanic activity. For that he chose place C. To compare with place C geology he would also visit place D, which does not have any volcanic activity."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Fungi not only evolve to avoid the defenses of the plants, but they also attempt to prevent the plant from enacting the mechanisms to improve its defenses. Anything the fungi can do to slow the evolution process of the host plants will improve the fitness of future generations because the plant will not be able to keep up with the evolutionary changes of the parasite. One of the main processes by which plants quickly evolve in response to the environment is sexual reproduction. Without sexual reproduction, advantageous traits could not be spread through the plant population as quickly allowing the fungi to gain a competitive advantage. For this reason, the sexual reproductive organs of plants are targets for attacks by fungi. Studies have shown that many different current types of obligate parasitic plant fungi have developed mechanisms to disable or otherwise affect the sexual reproduction of the plants. If successful, the sexual reproduction process slows for the plant, thus slowing down evolutionary change or in extreme cases, the fungi can render the plant sterile creating an advantage for the pathogens. It is unknown exactly how this adaptive trait developed in fungi, but it is clear that the relationship to the plant forced the development of the process.Some researchers are also studying how a range of factors affect the rate of evolutionary change and the outcomes of change in different environments. For example, as with most evolution, increases in heritability in a population allow for a greater evolutionary response in the presence of selective pressure. For traits specific to the plant-fungi coevolution, researchers have studied how the virulence of the invading pathogen affects the coevolution. Studies involving Mycosphaerella graminicola have consistently showed that virulence of a pathogen does not have a significant impact on the evolutionary track of the host plant.There can be other factors in that can affect the process of coevolution. For example, in small populations, selection is a relatively weaker force on the population due to genetic drift. Genetic drift increases the likelihood of having fixed alleles which decreases the genetic variance in the population. Therefore, if there is only a small population of plants in an area with the ability to reproduce together, genetic drift may counteract the effects of selection putting the plant in a disadvantageous position to fungi which can evolve at a normal rate. The variance in both the host and pathogen population is a major determinant of evolutionary success compared to the other species. The greater the genetic variance, the faster the species can evolve to counteract the other organism\u2019s avoidance or defensive mechanisms.Due to the process of pollination for plants, the effective population size is normally larger than for fungi because pollinators can link isolated populations in a way that the fungus is not able. This means positive traits that evolve in non-adjacent but close areas can be passed to nearby areas. Fungi must individually evolve to evade host defenses in each area. This is obviously a clear competitive advantage for the host plants. Sexual reproduction with a broad, high variance population leads to fast evolutionary change and higher reproductive success of offspring.Environment and climate patterns also play a role in evolutionary outcomes. Studies with oak trees and an obligate fungal parasite at different altitudes clearly show this distinction. For the same species, different altitudinal positions had drastically different rates of evolution and changes in the response to the pathogens due to the organism also in a selective environment due to their surroundings.Coevolution is a process that is related to the red queen hypothesis. Both the host plant and parasitic fungi have to continue to survive to stay in their ecological niche. If one of the two species in the relationship evolves at a significantly faster rate than the other, the slower species will be at a competitive disadvantage and risk the loss of nutrients. Because the two species in the system are so closely linked, they respond to external environment factors together and each species affects the evolutionary outcome of the other. In other words, each species exerts selective pressure on the other. Population size is also a major factor in the outcome because differences in gene flow and genetic drift could cause evolutionary changes that do not match the direction of selection expected by forces due to the other organism. Coevolution is an important phenomenon necessary for understanding the vital relationship between plants and their fungal parasites.",
            "output": [
                "Ted had two garden plots. The East plot had very healthy plants and good soil. The Western plot was problematic, the plants were attacked by parasitic fungi.",
                "Ted had two garden plots. The Eastern plot had very healthy plants and good soil. The Western plot was problematic, the plants were attacked by parasitic fungi."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The Laffer curve depicts the amount of government revenue as a function of the rate of taxation. It shows that for a tax rate above a certain critical rate, government revenue starts decreasing as the tax rate rises, as a consequence of a decline in labour supply. This theory supports that, if the tax rate is above that critical point, a decrease in the tax rate should imply a rise in labour supply that in turn would lead to an increase in government revenue.",
            "output": [
                "After the second world war Germany and France took two different policies in respect to taxation. After the war Germany, then West Germany, has mostly elected pro-capitalist governments. As a consequence, Germany implemented tax rate below the critical rate. But France took the other way. Their mostly pro-socialist governments implemented tax rate above the critical rate. As a result, businesses had to make informed decisions while doing business in these countries.",
                "Bill is a tax agent, and is writing some tax law and is trying to decide the best rate. He knows that the average tax rate is 20% currently, but is unsure if he should push it above 30%, which is a higher than nominal rate and hasn't been tested.",
                "The country of Hinland reduced taxation hoping it would mean more money for government spending. On the other hand, Silvania, a southern country increased taxation hoping they would increase collection amounts. The problem was that Silvanian people increased taxation above the critical rate."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: They feed on living hosts. As parasites , fungi live in or on other organisms and get their nutrients from their host. Parasitic fungi use enzymes to break down living tissue, which may causes illness in the host. Disease-causing fungi are parasitic. Recall that parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species in which one, the parasite, benefits from a close association with the other, the host, which is harmed.",
            "output": [
                "Bill and Larry did some research on fungi. Larry researched saprophytic fungi, while Bill researched parasitic fungi. They later exchanged findings.",
                "Two botanists had different interests, Mike studied only trees and flowers, while Chris was fascinated with studying fungi.",
                "Two chickens are living on the same farm. Chicken A has just been infected with a parasite, but Chicken B does not have the parasite. Chicken A probably got it when it went swimming out in the old stagnant lake while the other chickens were sleeping.",
                "Two frogs are being examined in a laboratory. Frog X was found in a pond in the forest and has a parasite in it. Frog Y was found just outside the laboratory and is missing one eye. The employees at the lab weren't planning on analyzing any frogs, but when they found the one outside their front door they changed their mind."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Biodiversity loss is the extinction of species (plant or animal) worldwide, and also the local reduction or loss of species in a certain habitat.\n\nThe latter phenomenon can be temporary or permanent, depending on whether the environmental degradation that leads to the loss is reversible through ecological restoration / ecological resilience or effectively permanent (e.g. through land loss). Global extinction has so far been proven to be irreversible.\n\nEven though permanent global species loss is a more dramatic phenomenon than regional changes in species composition, even minor changes from a healthy stable state can have dramatic influence on the food web and the food chain insofar as reductions in only one species can adversely affect the entire chain (coextinction), leading to an overall reduction in biodiversity, possible alternative stable states of an ecosystem notwithstanding. Ecological effects of biodiversity are usually counteracted by its loss. Reduced biodiversity in particular leads to reduced ecosystem services and eventually poses an immediate danger for food security, also for humankind.[1].",
            "output": [
                "Rob is an environmental scientist. He is studying the effect of insect species on environment. For his study he chose four locations, location A, location B, location C and the entire globe, which he denoted as location D. He noticed location A's loss of biodiversity is temporary , but location B's loss is permanent. Location C's loss of biodiversity yet to be determined.",
                "Two islands of identical size with similar ecosystems experienced different destinies. Caribu island, inhabited by more natives, hunted a few of the animal species there, contributing to the extinction of a few. People from Hiji island, were pescotarian, and hardly ever fished.",
                "Two neighboring lands experienced different climates. In Iceland, the actions of its people lead to a loss of animal and plant species. Denmark tried to keep the environment untouched as they understood its importance and the climate was unaffected."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Alberta's electrical demand varies throughout the day and across the seasons. When individuals are fixing supper and using home appliances, demand for power goes up, as it does during heat waves and cold snaps. It tapers off during spring and fall. Like other mechanical devices, generators fail from time to time. If they are wind-powered, their output varies with the wind.",
            "output": [
                "Alberta has had strange weather the last week. On Saturday, there was a cold snap. On Sunday, a heat wave happened. On Monday, it was normal. On Tuesday, another cold snap happened. On Wednesday, a heat wave happened. On Thursday, it was normal. On Friday, a heat wave happened in the morning and a cold snap happened at night.",
                "Alberta has had strange weather this week. On Sunday, there was a cold snap. On Monday, a heat wave happened. On Tuesday, it was normal. On Wednesday, another cold snap happened. On Thursday, a heat wave happened. On Friday, it was normal. On Friday, a cold snap happened in the morning and a heat wave happened at night. On Saturday, a heat wave in the morning and at night.",
                "Alberta has had strange weather this week. On Sunday, there was a cold snap. On Monday, a heat wave happened. On Tuesday, it was normal. On Wednesday, another cold snap happened. On Thursday, a heat wave happened. On Friday, it was normal. On Saturday, a cold snap happened in the morning and a heat wave happened at night.",
                "Alberta has had weird weather last week. On Tuesday, there was a cold snap. On Wednesday, a heat wave happened. On Thursday, it was normal. On Friday, another cold snap happened. On Saturday, a heat wave happened. On Sunday, it was normal. On Monday, a heat wave happened in the morning and a cold snap happened at night.",
                "Carl is in charge of a power generation station in Alberta. He is tasked with turning on or off certain generators in instances of high or low demand (High demand would require more generators to be turned on, and low turned off). There are various occasions that Carl has to be vigilant for, such as various times of the day; early morning, dinner time, late night. Weather conditions also play a roll, such as; colder weather, hot weather, or moderate weather. He also must be aware of wind conditions, as some of the power is garnered from wind power.",
                "Greg works at a power facility in Alberta. He has been charged with regulating generators. His task is to turn on generators in times of high power demand, and to turn off generators at times of low power demand. He tries to remain as efficient as possible. Recently, the area has experienced record cold temperatures on Monday and Tuesday. By the weekend however, the temperature returned to normal, and Friday and Saturday the temperature was very moderate and spring like.",
                "Horus works at the power plant in Alberta. He is charged with varying which generators to turn on for various power demands. His boss has informed him that he wants Horus to be as efficient as possible, and to only use the generators when needed, otherwise to have them off. Horus has been trained to recognize different conditions, such as hot temperatures, cold temperatures, moderate weather, and time of the day, such as late at night, early mornings, or the evenings, as all having different power demands.",
                "It has been a weird week in the neighborhood. On Monday, there was a heat wave. On Tuesday, a cold snap happened. On Wednesday, everybody was using their ovens to bake cakes for the contest. On Thursday, everybody stayed home to do nothing but pray. On Friday, everybody went to the park to play in a soccer tournament and sleep in tents . On Saturday, there was another heat wave. On Sunday, another cold snap happened.",
                "Steve is in charge of turning on and off power generators for Alberta's electrical service. He has been tasked to turn off generators when demand is low, and turn on more generators when demand is high. He has been told by supervisors to be aware of several different conditions which could effect demand. Some of them are, the temperature or weather conditions, time of day, or even the particular season could effect the demands. Steve has been tasked with being as efficient as possible, and to not run extra generators when not needed, and to be sure to turn on additional ones when demand warrants it.",
                "Tony is in charge of a power station in Alberta. He has been tasked with turning on and off generators depending on the demand for power. He has been ordered to try and be efficient as possible, turning off generators in low demand times, and turning them on in high demand times to satisfy needs. On Monday and Tuesday, Alberta saw record high temperatures, and on Thursday and Friday,  things cooled off for a more moderate and comfortable temperature."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The Tasmanian devil is a nocturnal and crepuscular hunter, spending the days in dense bush or in a hole.[64] It has been speculated that nocturnalism may have been adopted to avoid predation by eagles and humans.[65] Young devils are predominantly crepuscular.[66] There is no evidence of torpor.[67]\n\nYoung devils can climb trees, but this becomes more difficult as they grow larger.[68][69] Devils can scale trees of trunk diameter larger than 40 cm (16 in), which tend to have no small side branches to hang onto, up to a height of around 2.5\u20133 m (8.2\u20139.8 ft). Devils that are yet to reach maturity can climb shrubs to a height of 4 metres (13.1 ft), and can climb a tree to 7 m (23 ft) if it is not vertical.[70] Adult devils may eat young devils if they are very hungry, so this climbing behaviour may be an adaptation to allow young devils to escape.[71] Devils can also swim and have been observed crossing rivers that are 50 metres (160 ft) in width, including icy cold waterways, apparently enthusiastically.",
            "output": [
                "The scientists examined both the Eastern and the Western slopes of the mountain. They reached the conclusion that the Western slope was inhabited by many more adult Tasmanian devils than the Eastern slope."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Flywheel energy storage (FES) works by accelerating a rotor (flywheel) to a very high speed, holding energy as rotational energy. When energy is extracted, the flywheel's rotational speed declines as a consequence of conservation of energy; adding energy correspondingly results in an increase in the speed of the flywheel.\n\nMost FES systems use electricity to accelerate and decelerate the flywheel, but devices that directly use mechanical energy are under consideration.",
            "output": [
                "Ben works with a flywheel, and has been instructed at various times to change the speeds based on certain conditions. He operates a device that gives or limits the flywheels energy by turning a crank left to give more energy, or right to decrease energy."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The ionization energies of the representative elements generally decrease from top to bottom within a group. This trend is explained by the increase in size of the atoms within a group. The valence electron that is being removed is further from the nucleus in the case of a larger atom. The attractive force between the valence electron and the nucleus weakens as the distance between them increases and as the shielding effect increases, resulting in a lower ionization energy for the larger atoms within a group. Although the nucl.",
            "output": [
                "Dan was studying chemistry for the upcoming test. To understand ionization energy he selected two atoms, atom A and atom B. Atom A was top within a group, but atom B was bottom within a group. He found it easier to understand the concept by comparing these two atoms.",
                "Jeremy is studying the periodic table in preparation for a chemistry test next week. Today he is focusing on the elements that all belong to the alkali metals group. He is especially focused on learning about lithium, which is at the top of the group, and cesium, which is at the bottom of the alkali metals group.",
                "Rob is learning about ionization. He looks at a specific group of elements from top to bottom to figure out thier ionization energy."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The advantage of asexual reproduction is that it can be very quick and does not require the meeting of a male and female organism. The disadvantage of asexual reproduction is that organisms do not receive a mix of traits from both parents. An organism that is born through asexual reproduction only has the DNA from the one parent. In fact, the offspring is genetically an exact copy of the parent. This can cause problems for the individual. For example, if the parent has a gene that causes a particular disease, the offspring will also have the gene that causes that disease. Organisms produced sexually may or may not inherit the disease gene because they receive a mix of their parents' genes.",
            "output": [
                "A species of animal called a markalong was discovered that can reproduce either sexually or asexually. Two markalongs were just born from different families in a zoo. The first markalong, animal A, has only one parent. The second markalong, animal B, has two parents. Although they used different forms of sexual reproduction, both animals are healthy and doing well at the zoo.",
                "Humans have just discovered the ability to asexually reproduce if they wish. Some people choose to use this option, but others still sexually reproduce. Billy was born by asexual reproduction and his parent has a genetic disease called Horkrumatis. Jimmy was born by sexual reproduction and one of his parents has the same genetic disease as Billy's parents.",
                "Students studied two groups of organisms. Group A composed of organisms that reproduce sexually, and group B composed of organisms that reproduce asexually. They were fascinated by their discoveries."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: An electric generator is a device that changes kinetic energy to electrical energy through electromagnetic induction. A simple diagram of an electric generator is shown in Figure below . In a generator, some form of energy is applied to turn a shaft. This causes a coil of wire to rotate between opposite poles of a magnet. Because the coil is rotating in a magnetic field, electric current is generated in the wire. If the diagram in Figure below looks familiar to you, that\u2019s because a generator is an electric motor in reverse. Look back at the electric motor in Figure above . If you were to mechanically turn the shaft of the motor (instead of using electromagnetism to turn it), the motor would generate electricity just like an electric generator. You can learn how to make a very simple electric generator by watching the video at the URL below. Making your own generator will help you understand how a generator works.",
            "output": [
                "A windmill is used to power a nearby house. On days when there is almost no wind the house runs very low on power. But on days when there is a lot of wind, such as during a storm the reserve batteries for the house are able to charge to full.",
                "In Chicago, the The Energy Conservation society has a neat system outside of their building. They have a bunch of machines you can sit in to watch slide shows. The way you power these machines is applying force to a turn shaft in them. The amount of energy used to power the slide shows is also less than the energy produced as well and gets stored."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The frequency of sound waves is measured in hertz (Hz), or the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a second. Human beings can normally hear sounds with a frequency between about 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. Sounds with frequencies below 20 hertz are called infrasound . Sounds with frequencies above 20,000 hertz are called ultrasound . Some other animals can hear sounds in the ultrasound range. For example, dogs can hear sounds with frequencies as high as 50,000 Hz. You may have seen special whistles that dogs but not people can hear. The whistles produce a sound with a frequency too high for the human ear to detect. Other animals can hear even higher-frequency sounds. Bats, for example, can hear sounds with frequencies higher than 100,000 Hz.",
            "output": [
                "David wants to categorize animals according to the sound waves they can hear. Eventually, he was able to categorize them in three different groups, group A, group B, and group C. He placed the animals that can only hear ifrasound in group A. Then he placed the animals that are only able to hear the same frequency of sound waves as humans do in group B. The last group of animals were able to hear only ultrasound. He placed them in group C."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Thermoclines, or sudden changes in temperature. Where the air temperature is higher than the water temperature, shallow water may be warmed by the air and the sunlight but deeper water remains cold resulting in a lowering of temperature as the diver descends. This temperature change may be concentrated over a small vertical interval, when it is called a thermocline.[3][4]\nWhere cold, fresh water enters a warmer sea the fresh water may float over the denser saline water, so the temperature rises as the diver descends.[3]\nIn lakes exposed to geothermal activity, the temperature of the deeper water may be warmer than the surface water. This will usually lead to convection currents.[3].",
            "output": [
                "Deep lake presents geothermal activity, while Shallow lake has mixing of saline water with fresh water. Deep lake had more instances of divers having problems because of thermoclines.",
                "Ryan explored two lakes; Big lake, and Arrow lake to the south. Arrow lake had a river flowing into it, while Big lake presented evidence of underwater geothermal activity. Many divers drowned in Arrow lake because of temperature shock.",
                "The underwater fishing teams picked their spots early. Team Bob went at the mouth of the river, where the freshwater met the salty seawater in the hope that more turbidity from the river and more nutrients will attract more fish. Team Dan went south where they knew there was less of a thermocline, so they could catch fish without taking risks."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: However, when going across a period from left to right, the atomic radius actually tends to decrease. Why is this so? Each successive electron is going into the same principal energy level as the previous one, so the total amount of occupied space does not really go up significantly. Additionally, because protons are also added to the nucleus as you go across the row, the pull of the positively charged nucleus on the negatively charged electrons increases. This tighter pull leads to a slight decrease in atomic radius. As a result, the atomic radii of the elements exhibit a periodic trend, gradually tends to downward, but with a sharp spike up whenever electrons are added to a new principal energy level ( Figure below ).",
            "output": [
                "There are two elements, Zaxon and Barton. Zaxon is an element that is further left on the period, and Barton is on the right of the period."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Fish mortality is a parameter used in fisheries population dynamics to account for the loss of fish in a fish stock through death. The mortality can be divided into two types:\n\nNatural mortality: the removal of fish from the stock due to causes not associated with fishing. Such causes can include disease, competition, cannibalism, old age, predation, pollution or any other natural factor that causes the death of fish. In fisheries models natural mortality is denoted by (M).[1]\nFishing mortality: the removal of fish from the stock due to fishing activities using any fishing gear.[1] It is denoted by (F) in fisheries models.",
            "output": [
                "Bob works as a scientist for a large fishing company in Norway. Norway's government has strict regulations on fishing to protect its fish stock. Part of Bob's job is to provide the government with fish mortality data. Today, he has two samples of fish to investigate, sample A and sample B. Bob concluded sample A had natural mortality, but sample B had fishing mortality.",
                "Mary's lake was full of fish, the lake's environment was very healthy. Mary stopped fishing on this lake five years ago and maintained it properly. Jane's lake had high fish mortality both from fishing and pollution, and disease from overstocking.",
                "The fisherman had 2 choices: he could go to Silver Lake situated at a higher altitude and fish there; or he could go to Red lake, a few miles further down the road. Both lakes were natural, but Red Lake had a few pollution problems last year, and the oxygen levels in the water decreased, leading to many fish dying. Silver lake was still pristine, untouched by human activities such as pollution.",
                "Tony is about to go on two fishing trips in the up coming week. On Friday, he is going to Bear Lake, which is located near a factory that has been known to dump waste into the lake. On Saturday, he is going to Fox Lake, which is in a secluded valley.",
                "Two lakes had been stocked with fish two years before.Blue lake had an abundant fish stock because nobody fished there, but Green lake was open for fishing. Blue lake had some pollution, cannibalism and disease problems.",
                "Two lakes had been stocked with fish two years before.Blue lake had an abundant fish stock because nobody fished there, but Green lake was open for fishing. Blue lake had some polution and disease problems."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The lungs of mammals are unique in having alveoli . These are tiny, sac-like structures. Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of very small blood vessels (see Figure below ). Because there are millions of alveoli in each lung, they greatly increase the surface area for gas exchange between the lungs and bloodstream. Human lungs, for example, contain about 300 million alveoli. They give the lungs a total surface area for gas exchange of up to 90 square meters (968 square feet). That\u2019s about as much surface area as one side of a volleyball court!.",
            "output": [
                "Bob is in a science class, and this week they are doing some dissections. He is going to dissect a fish, and a small rat. His class has been learning about the respiratory system of different animals and will focus on the lungs.",
                "David is investigating the breathing process of different organisms. He found that humans have alveoli to help them with gas exchange. He got curious about other organisms that do not have alveoli. To compare these two groups he labeled organisms with alveoli as group A and organisms without alveoli as group B.",
                "Two friends read about respiratory systems. Paul read more about the lungs of mammals, while Pete read more about the lungs of frogs.",
                "Two groups of students studied Biology. Group One studied mammals, while Group Two studied birds. They focused on the respiratory system.",
                "Two six graders learned about the lives of animals. Lori learned more about fish, while Dan learned more about mammals.",
                "Two students learned about respiratory systems in animals. Dana learned more about mammalian lungs, while Barry learned more about the lungs of birds."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Another important physical property of water, is adhesion . In terms of water, adhesion is the bonding of a water molecule to another substance, such as the sides of a leaf's veins. This process happens because hydrogen bonds are special in that they break and reform with great frequency. This constant rearranging of hydrogen bonds allows a percentage of all the molecules in a given sample to bond to another substance. This grip-like characteristic that water molecules form causes capillary action , the ability of a liquid to flow against gravity in a narrow space. An example of capillary action is when you place a straw into a glass of water. The water seems to climb up the straw before you even place your mouth on the straw. The water has created hydrogen bonds with the surface of the straw, causing the water to adhere to the sides of the straw. As the hydrogen bonds keep interchanging with the straw's surface, the water molecules interchange positions and some begin to ascend the straw.",
            "output": [
                "Andrew is drinking a glass of cold water. He gets a straw and puts it in the water then gets back to work. After a while he looks over and notices water has begun to group under the bend in the straw even though the bend is above the surface of the water."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A wood-decay fungus is any species of fungus that digests moist wood, causing it to rot. Some species of wood-decay fungi attack dead wood, such as brown rot, and some, such as Armillaria (honey fungus), are parasitic and colonize living trees. Excessive moisture above the fibre saturation point in wood is required for fungal colonization and proliferation.[1] Fungi that not only grow on wood but permeate its fibrous structure and actually cause decay, are called lignicolous fungi. In nature, this process causes the breakdown of complex molecules and leads to the return of nutrients to the soil.[2] Various lignicolous fungi consume wood in various ways; for example, some attack the carbohydrates in wood and some others decay lignin. The rate of decay of wooden materials in various climates can be estimated by empirical models.[3].",
            "output": [
                "Bob is a botanist. His interest is in different kinds of fungi. He went to Brazil last month to study fungi in \nthe Amazon rain forest. First day he searched for fungi in a location with excessive moisture. Second day he searched for fungi in a location with no moisture. In all his search he found two specimens of fungi. Specimen A is a brown rot fungus, and specimen B is a honey fungus.",
                "The mycologist wanted to move to a rural area, to further his research, and found these two villages situated 10 miles from each other. The interesting fact about these villages was that while both villages had a forest nearby, one presented more signs of water saturation than the other, so that the rate of decay in wood was greater in Peak Forest. More fungi were present in Peak Forest. The Valley Forest was dryer, although the rain amounts were similar, partially because of a drainage system composed of ditches, that were dug by the locals. The rate of wood decay continued to increase in the Peak Forest, while being significantly reduced in the Valley Forest."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Liquid water is a fluid. The hydrogen bonds in liquid water constantly break and reform as the water molecules tumble past one another. As water cools, its molecular motion slows and the molecules move gradually closer to one another. The density of any liquid increases as its temperature decreases. For most liquids, this continues as the liquid freezes and the solid state is denser than the liquid state. However, water behaves differently. It actually reaches its highest density at about 4\u00b0C.",
            "output": [
                "A waitress sets down two cups of water at a table and then takes the table's order. She leaves to place the order and the diners begin chatting and sipping on their water. Kim remarks that her water is room temperature and she wishes that it was cooler. Janet states that her water is so cold it hurts her teeth and wishes hers was warmer. They agree to mention it to the waitress when she returns.",
                "Helen is working in the kitchen when she goes to the freezer to get some ice cubes. There is only one ice cube left so she takes it out and sets it in the glass on the table. She then refills the ice cube tray with water and sticks it back in the freezer.",
                "Joe is at a party and carrying around a can of beer that he has had in his hand for awhile. He bumps into Sally, and they begin chatting. During their conversation, Sally notices the beer in Joe's hand, and remarks that a beer sounds like a good idea. She heads over to the refrigerator and grabs a nice cold one and pops it open. She takes a sip while the two continue their chat.",
                "Mark decides he want a cold drink and puts a bottle of warm water in his freezer. By doing this he makes the water colder and as water cools its density increases eventually freezing and becoming a solid, Ice. After a while mark forgets that he put the bottle of water in the freezer. He eventually remembers and comes back to check and the bottle of water is frozen solid. Because of this he leaves the bottle out on his kitchen counter for a few hours and returns to a nice cold bottle of water.",
                "Steve and Chris sit down at a new cafe that just opened up in town after hearing rave reviews of it at work. They look at the menus trying to decide what to order when a waiter shows up and asks if they would like anything to drink. Steve says he would like a glass of water that has molecules far apart. Chris orders water with molecules closer together. The waiter looks at them with a rather confused look and asks them to please elaborate."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: During late adulthood, the risk of developing diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer continues to rise. Most people also have a decline in strength and stamina. Their senses may start failing, and their reflex time typically increases. Their immune system also doesn\u2019t work as well as it used to. As a result, common diseases like the flu may become more serious and even lead to death. The majority of late adults develop arthritis, and as many as one in four develop Alzheimer\u2019s disease.",
            "output": [
                "Dr. Jones studied 2 groups of people to see the effects of aging on humans. Group A had people under 35 years old in it, while group B had people over 65.",
                "Margaret is a sophomore in high school who just started her Spring break. With a week off from school, her family is spending some time driving out of state to visit her grandma, Kathy, who has a cabin up in the snowy mountains. Margaret always enjoys spending time with her grandma because she has interesting stories and makes some of the best pie around. Also, they always go skiing when visiting the cabin so Margaret is excited for that.",
                "Mary and Ann are mother and daughter. Mary is in her 70's while Ann is in her late 40's. They both work out regularly for improved health. Mary has been experiencing some health issues lately.",
                "Michael and his grandfather used to play basketball all the time when Michael was younger. Michael is now much older and his grandfather just cant seem to keep up with him at all anymore. Eventually Michael's Grandfather who is now in his 60's decides to stop playing basketball altogether.",
                "Mike is a doctor with a local hospital. Today, he is seeing two patients, patient A and patient B. Patient A is in early adulthood, but patient B is in late adulthood. Mike needs to find the differences between the patients to come up with recommendations for them.",
                "Mike is studying the population growth rate of countries around the world. He noticed that countries like Japan and Russia are having a demographic shift. They have a growing population of late adulthood. He recorded the late adulthood population as population A. On the other hand, many developing countries have growing population of younger people. He recorded younger population as population B.",
                "Robert and his son Michael are going to the doctor for their yearly physical. Robert is currently in the late adulthood phase of his life. Michael, on the other hand, just began adulthood and is still quite young. Both of them want to ask the doctor about their risks for future health problems.",
                "Sam is going to visit his grandfather. His grandfather lives in a retirement home and can barely take care of himself anymore.",
                "Two brothers were born 20 years apart. Tom, the older brother, was 72, while Dan was 52 years-old. they got along pretty well."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Acromyrmex heyeri is a species of leaf-cutter ant, a New World ant of the subfamily Myrmicinae of the genus Acromyrmex. Acromyrmex heyeri workers construct the colonies nest by thatching together cut grass. At temperatures ranging from 20\u201330 \u00b0C, workers created more openings in the nest thatch as the internal nest temperature goes up as a method of temperature regulation for the colony. The workers will close openings in the nest thatch as the air humidity surrounding the nest decreases to reduce water loss for the colony.",
            "output": [
                "Ants are one of the most interesting creatures on earth. David wants to study ants for his biology project. He is specifically interested in ant species Acromyrmex heyeri. This semester he studied this ant in Americas. \nFirst day when he studied the ants the temperature was 10 degree Centigrade. In the second day of his study the temperature rose to 25 degree Centigrade. In the third \nday of his study the air humidity was high. But in the fourth day of his study air humidity dropped. David wants to continue his study of this same ant species in Asia next semester.",
                "In the ant world a war has been waged. Two rival groups of Acromyrmex heyeri ants, group A and group B, are battling each other to gain territory. The goal is to attack the rival group when they have more openings in their nest thatch. In battle day one group A territory had 5 \u00b0C temperature. In battle day two group A territory had 22 \u00b0C temperature. In battle day three group A territory had low air humidity. In battle day four group A territory had high air humidity."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The device in the circuit in Figure above is an ammeter. It measures the current that flows through the wire. The faster the magnet or coil moves, the greater the amount of current that is produced. If more turns were added to the coil, this would increase the strength of the magnetic field as well. If the magnet were moved back and forth repeatedly, the current would keep changing direction. In other words, alternating current would be produced. This is illustrated in Figure below .",
            "output": [
                "James is testing the strength of electromagnetic fields. He takes two lengths of copper wire and coils them. His first coil, A, has a weaker magnetic field than his second coil, B."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: \"There is now unequivocal evidence that biodiversity loss reduces the efficiency by which ecological communities capture biologically essential resources, produce biomass, decompose and recycle biologically essential nutrients... There is mounting evidence that biodiversity increases the stability of ecosystem functions through time... Diverse communities are more productive because they contain key species that have a large influence on productivity and differences in functional traits among organisms increase total resource capture... The impacts of diversity loss on ecological processes might be sufficiently large to rival the impacts of many other global drivers of environmental change... Maintaining multiple ecosystem processes at multiple places and times requires higher levels of biodiversity than does a single process at a single place and time.\".",
            "output": [
                "Nicaragua is one of the most biodiverse countries in the Americas. They boast over five hundred species of birds, and thousands of species of plants. Across the pond in England the situation is completely different. Centuries of extensive farming, industrialization, and urban sprawls have made it one of the least biodiverse place on Earth.",
                "The government of Ecuador has been actively pushing to increase biodiversity. They have been quite successful in their pursuit. Moreover, the citizens of Ecuador are receptive about the idea of increased biodiversity. On the contrary, the Government of Oman was not very active in increasing the biodiversity of their country. As a result, Oman, at present, is not very biodiverse."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Blood vessels help regulate body processes by either constricting (becoming narrower) or dilating (becoming wider). These actions occur in response to signals from the autonomic nervous system or the endocrine system. Constriction occurs when the muscular walls of blood vessels contract. This reduces the amount of blood that can flow through the vessels (see Figure below ). Dilation occurs when the walls relax. This increases blood flows through the vessels.",
            "output": [
                "Greg is a physician working for the city hospital. Today he is seeing two patients, patient A and patient B. He noticed that patient A's blood vessels are constricted, but blood vessels of patient B are dilated. He needs to prescribe medicine according to his observation.",
                "The blood vessels of two different people are being studied at a laboratory. Jim's blood vessels are narrowing, and Bob's blood vessels are widening. This information alone doesn't tell the scientists much about Jim and Bob so they will need to run more tests to see if there are issues with the blood."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Gibberellins are hormones that cause the plant to grow. When gibberellins are applied to plants by scientists, the stems grow longer. Some gardeners or horticulture scientists add gibberellins to increase the growth of plants. Dwarf plants (small plants), on the other hand, have low levels of gibberellins ( Figure below ). Another function of gibberellins is to stop dormancy (resting time) of seeds and buds. Gibberellins signal that it\u2019s time for a seed to germinate (sprout) or for a bud to open.",
            "output": [
                "Jeffrey is an avid grower of plants and he currently has some daisies and roses in his bedroom. Jeffrey's friend Robert gives Jeffrey a bottle of gibberellins one day and tells Jeffrey to pour some of the bottle onto the daisies. Jeffrey doesn't question this, because he is very trusting of his friend Robert, and pours the gibberellins onto the daisies, but not onto the roses.",
                "Keith has four plants in his backyard, plant A, plant B, plant C, and plant D. Plant A is very large, but plant B is smaller. Plant C and D are the same size. He applied some gibberellins to plant C, but didn't apply anything to plant D. He got curious about why some plants are bigger, while others are not.",
                "Two teams of agriculturists used different methods to improve production. Team Corn used organic methods, and team Plum used gibberellins for their crops."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism. Research shows that the Arctic may become ice free in the summer for the first time in human history within by 2040. Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as few as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8000 years to the last warm period or 125,000 during the last intraglacial period.Warming temperatures in the Arctic may cause large amounts of fresh meltwater to enter the north Atlantic, possibly disrupting global ocean current patterns. Potentially severe changes in the Earth's climate might then ensue.As the extent of sea ice diminishes and sea level rises, the effect of storms such as the Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012 on open water increases, as does possible salt-water damage to vegetation on shore at locations such as the Mackenzie's river delta as stronger storm surges become more likely.Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans. Reduced sea ice due to melting is causing polar bears to search for new sources of food. Beginning in December 2018 and coming to an apex in February 2019, a mass invasion of polar bears into the archipelago of Novaya Zemlya caused local authorities to declare a state of emergency. Dozens of polar bears were seen entering homes and public buildings and inhabited areas.",
            "output": [
                "Mike was reading about climate change. The author compared two different time periods, era A and era B. Era A was set in the present day. But era B was set in the year 2040. Mike was surprised to find how Arctic area would change in the coming years."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Organisms can use different strategies to increase their reproduction rate. Altricial organisms are helpless at birth, and their parents give them a lot of care. This care is often seen in bird species. ( Figure below ). Altricial birds are usually born blind and without feathers. Compared to precocial organisms, altricial organisms have a longer period of development before they reach maturity. Precocial organisms, such as the geese shown below, can take care of themselves at birth and do not require help from their parents ( Figure below ). In order to reproduce as much as possible, altricial and precocial organisms must use very different strategies.",
            "output": [
                "A female goose now has a large family of chicks, the chicks mostly fend for themselves and can move around almost immediately after being born. A short way away a female dog gives birth to a litter of puppies. These on the other hand are defenseless, cant really move and are blind. They require extensive care from their mother.",
                "Mary's dog just gave birth to a litter of puppies! As of right now the puppies eyes are closed so they can't see. They require the mother to take very close care of them while they grow to keep them safe."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The frequency of a wave is the same as the frequency of the vibrations that caused the wave. For example, to generate a higher-frequency wave in a rope, you must move the rope up and down more quickly. This takes more energy, so a higher-frequency wave has more energy than a lower-frequency wave with the same amplitude. You can see examples of different frequencies in the Figure below (Amplitude is the distance that particles of the medium move when the energy of a wave passes through them.).",
            "output": [
                "John was tuning his musical instruments with two tuning forks, fork A and fork B. He produced higher frequency with fork A and lower frequency with fork B. Interestingly, both frequencies had the same amplitude."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: We discussed earlier some basic principles about the behavior of gases called the kinetic-molecular theory. Among other things, this theory suggests that gas molecules are in constant motion, and the average speed of the individual gas particles is dependent upon temperature \u2013 the higher the temperature, the faster the molecules move. It is not just gas particles that are in constant motion. The molecules and ions that make up liquids and solutions are also continually moving in nearly random directions. As a result, molecules and ions in a solution will collide with one another fairly frequently. As with gases, a temperature increase will produce an increase in the average particle speed.",
            "output": [
                "A new volcano is growing underwater. Every few days it has minor lava flow eruptions off the coast of Hawaii. People have actually enjoyed swimming in the water above this newly forming volcano because it is very soothing and relaxing.",
                "Hank put two pots of water on separate burners on a stove to prepare dinner for his party later tonight. Pot X is sitting on a burner that is turned on, but Pot Y is sitting on a burner that is off.",
                "Ken sets two containers filled with the same gas, container L and container P, on top of two different burners. He sets container L's burner to a low temperature and container P's burner up very high. Ken realizes he may have set the temperature too high and is intending to turn it down, but a coworker walks in and distracts him so Ken forgets to lower it.",
                "Scientists are observing two of the same gases at different temperatures. They are observing the speed of the particles in the gases to see how fast they are moving. Gas A has particles moving very quickly, but Gas B has particles that are hardly moving at all.",
                "While out camping, Susie and Bob both make their own campfires to cook food on and keep warm. Susie puts a pot of water on her fire to use for coffee, and Bob puts his own pot of water on top of his fire. Suddenly, an odd man comes up and asks if he can measure their water pots for his scientific research. Hesitantly, Susie and Bob both agree, but feel odd about the situation. The man tells them that Susie's water molecules are moving very fast and Bob's aren't moving much. The man then sprints away. Bob and Susie look at each other with confused expressions."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: During the Cold War, the Arctic became a place where the United States, Canada, and the Soviet Union performed significant research that has been essential to the study of climate change in recent years. A major reason why research in the Arctic is essential for the study of climate change is because the effects of climate change will be felt more quickly and more drastically in higher latitudes of the world as above average temperatures are predicted for Northwest Canada and Alaska. From an anthropological point of view, researchers study the native Inuit peoples of Alaska as they have become extremely accustomed to adapting to ecological and climate variability.[1].",
            "output": [
                "Two countries situated at different latitudes are exposed to climate change. Iceland is located closer to the North Pole, while Ecuador is located near the Equator.",
                "Two sister cities, located at different altitude, are affected differently by climate change. Bergen is at 60 degrees N, while Seattle is at 47 degrees N latitude."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: An equilibrium can also be disrupted by the full or partial removal of a reactant or product. If the concentration of a substance is decreased, the system will respond by favoring the reaction that replaces that substance. In the industrial Haber-Bosch process, NH 3 is removed from the equilibrium system as the reaction proceeds. As a result, the forward reaction is favored so that more NH 3 will be produced. The concentrations of N 2 and H 2 decrease. Continued removal of NH 3 will eventually force the reaction to go to completion until all of the reactants are used up. If either N 2 or H 2 were removed from the equilibrium system, the reverse reaction would be favored, and the concentration of NH 3 would decrease.",
            "output": [
                "Jennifer and Justin are examining the principle of chemical equilibrium in their second year organic chemistry course. They are performing a reaction that involves hydrogen gas and glucose as the starting reactants, and the products formed in the reaction are carbon dioxide and oxygen gas. Jennifer and Justin add the materials, and then wait until the reaction has reached equilibrium. Afterwards, Jennifer removes glucose from her reaction mixture, while Justin removes carbon dioxide from his reaction mixture."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Almost all earthquakes occur at plate boundaries. All types of plate boundaries have earthquakes. Convection within the Earth causes the plates to move. As the plates move, stresses build. When the stresses build too much, the rocks break. The break releases the energy that was stored in the rocks. The sudden release of energy is an earthquake. During an earthquake the rocks usually move several centimeters. Rarely, they may move as much as a few meters. Elastic rebound theory describes how earthquakes occur ( Figure below ).",
            "output": [
                "Geologists have been contemplating on the question - why some places are more susceptible to earthquakes. To understand the differences, they have made a chart where they divided the earth into two regions, region A and region B. In region A many earthquakes happen, but in region B no earthquakes happen.",
                "Tim the seismologist studied data from two cities: Tokyo and Kansas City. Tokyo experienced many more earthquakes than Kansas City.",
                "Two nearby villages are experiencing earthquakes. Bow village gets a lot of earthquakes annually, while Arrow village gets only a few."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Soil formation, or pedogenesis, is the combined effect of physical, chemical, biological and anthropogenic processes working on soil parent material. Soil is said to be formed when organic matter has accumulated and colloids are washed downward, leaving deposits of clay, humus, iron oxide, carbonate, and gypsum, producing a distinct layer called the B horizon. This is a somewhat arbitrary definition as mixtures of sand, silt, clay and humus will support biological and agricultural activity before that time. These constituents are moved from one level to another by water and animal activity. As a result, layers (horizons) form in the soil profile. The alteration and movement of materials within a soil causes the formation of distinctive soil horizons. However, more recent definitions of soil embrace soils without any organic matter, such as those regoliths that formed on Mars and analogous conditions in planet Earth deserts.An example of the development of a soil would begin with the weathering of lava flow bedrock, which would produce the purely mineral-based parent material from which the soil texture forms. Soil development would proceed most rapidly from bare rock of recent flows in a warm climate, under heavy and frequent rainfall. Under such conditions, plants (in a first stage nitrogen-fixing lichens and cyanobacteria then epilithic higher plants) become established very quickly on basaltic lava, even though there is very little organic material. The plants are supported by the porous rock as it is filled with nutrient-bearing water that carries minerals dissolved from the rocks. Crevasses and pockets, local topography of the rocks, would hold fine materials and harbour plant roots. The developing plant roots are associated with mineral-weathering mycorrhizal fungi that assist in breaking up the porous lava, and by these means organic matter and a finer mineral soil accumulate with time. Such initial stages of soil development have been described on volcanoes, inselbergs, and glacial moraines.",
            "output": [
                "Ben and Jerry studied agricultural sciences. Ben was specialized in pedology and pedogenesis, while Jerry specialized in entomology and phytopathology."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Negative-splitting is a racing strategy that involves completing the second half of a race faster than the first half. The racer runs slow in the beginning, and gradually runs faster as the race progresses. This is typically seen as a conservative racing strategy, but in distance events, many world records have been run with a slight negative split.[7].",
            "output": [
                "Michael and Robert, two high school sprinters, competed in the 800m sprint earlier today. Both were attempting to implement the negative split strategy, though with varying degrees of success. Both Michael and Robert competed the first 400m of the 800m sprint in 2 minutes, but Michael completed the last 400m in 1 minute and 30 seconds, while Robert completed the last 400m in 1 minute and 45 seconds."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: ANOVA generalizes to the study of the effects of multiple factors. When the experiment includes observations at all combinations of levels of each factor, it is termed factorial. Factorial experiments are more efficient than a series of single factor experiments and the efficiency grows as the number of factors increases.[45] Consequently, factorial designs are heavily used.",
            "output": [
                "Medication A was tested on 1000 people for 3 years and cured Disease X in 80% of those trials. However,  Medication B was tested on 50 patients and cured Disease X in 90% of those trials."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Lactose intolerance is due to the lack of enzyme lactase in the small intestines to break lactose down into glucose and galactose.[3] There are four types: primary, secondary, developmental, and congenital.[1] Primary lactose intolerance occurs as the amount of lactase declines as people age.[1] Secondary lactose intolerance is due to injury to the small intestine such as from infection, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or other diseases.[1][4] Developmental lactose intolerance may occur in premature babies and usually improves over a short period of time.[1] Congenital lactose intolerance is an extremely rare genetic disorder in which little or no lactase is made from birth.[1].",
            "output": [
                "David works for a large pharmaceutical company as a research scientist. He has devised a procedure which can detect lactose intolerance in patients easily. To test his procedure he picked up four subjects form a large pool of sample. The four subjects are subject A, subject B, subject C, and subject D. Subject A has primary lactose intolerance; subject B has secondary lactose intolerance; subject C has developmental lactose intolerance; and subject D has congenital lactose intolerance."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The particles of soup have greater average kinetic energy than the particles of water in the tub, explaining why the soup has a higher temperature. However, the mass of the water in the tub is much greater than the mass of the soup in the pot. This means that there are many more particles of water than soup. All those moving particles give the water in the tub greater total kinetic energy, even though their average kinetic energy is less. Therefore, the water in the tub has greater thermal energy than the soup. To compare the thermal energy of some other materials, go to the following URL and click on the interactive animation \u201cTemperature and Thermal Energy.\u201d.",
            "output": [
                "Alexander is conducting reactions in his college chemistry class. In his first reaction, reaction A, he uses a large amount of reactants. In his second reaction, reaction B, he uses a much smaller amount of reactants compared to reaction A. As the reactions are proceeding, he measures that reactants in reaction A have low average kinetic energy. At the same time, reactants in reaction B have high average kinetic energy.",
                "Tim is trying to boil two pots of water, pot A and pot B. Tim has a device which lets him see what the average kinetic energy is of the particles in each pot is. After examining each pot, Tim discovers that pot A has particles with a very high average kinetic energy, and pot B's particles have a low average kinetic energy."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Gamma rays, X-rays and the higher energy range of ultraviolet light constitute the ionizing part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The word \"ionize\" refers to the breaking of one or more electrons away from an atom, an action that requires the relatively high energies that these electromagnetic waves supply. Further down the spectrum, the non-ionizing lower energies of the lower ultraviolet spectrum cannot ionize atoms, but can disrupt the inter-atomic bonds which form molecules, thereby breaking down molecules rather than atoms; a good example of this is sunburn caused by long-wavelength solar ultraviolet. The waves of longer wavelength than UV in visible light, infrared and microwave frequencies cannot break bonds but can cause vibrations in the bonds which are sensed as heat. Radio wavelengths and below generally are not regarded as harmful to biological systems. These are not sharp delineations of the energies; there is some overlap in the effects of specific frequencies.The word radiation arises from the phenomenon of waves radiating (i.e., traveling outward in all directions) from a source. This aspect leads to a system of measurements and physical units that are applicable to all types of radiation. Because such radiation expands as it passes through space, and as its energy is conserved (in vacuum), the intensity of all types of radiation from a point source follows an inverse-square law in relation to the distance from its source. Like any ideal law, the inverse-square law approximates a measured radiation intensity to the extent that the source approximates a geometric point.",
            "output": [
                "A scientists has discovered two new types of radiation. He notes that radiation type A has the ability to break away atoms from molecules, while radiation type B simply causes them to vibrate."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: In the wiring of a building, the wires carrying the current in and out are different and never touch directly. The charge passing through the circuit always passes through an appliance (which acts as a resistor) or through another resistor, which limits the amount of current that can flow through a circuit. Appliances are designed to keep current at a relatively low level for safety purposes. The appropriate voltage and resistance in a circuit keeps the current in control and keeps the circuit safe. It is possible, however, for something to happen that causes the wire bringing the current in to come into contact with either the wire carrying the current out or the ground wire, thus causing what is called a short circuit . In a short circuit, some or all of the resistance is cut out of the circuit allowing the voltage to push a huge current through the wires.",
            "output": [
                "Adam is playing a game on his computer. The wire plugging his computer into the wall is frayed and a bit of it is showing. One day he accidentally knocks over a glass of water and it spills onto the wire essentially making all of the wires in the cord touch eachother. There are large sparks and his computer completely shuts off.",
                "Greg is an electrical engineer. He works for an engineering firm that builds houses. Yesterday, Greg was checking two of the houses. He noticed that one of the houses had short circuit. He labeled that as case A. But the other house didn't have short circuit. He labeled that as case B."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Many different chemical substances cause cancer. Dozens of chemicals in tobacco smoke, including nicotine, have been shown to cause cancer ( Figure below ). In fact, tobacco smoke is one of the main sources of chemical carcinogens. Smoking tobacco increases the risk of cancer of the lung, mouth, throat, and bladder. Using smokeless tobacco can also cause cancer. Other chemicals that cause cancer include asbestos, formaldehyde, benzene, cadmium, and nickel.",
            "output": [
                "Jamal is a chemist that washes his hands every day with benzene in order to remove excess chemicals. Because of this, he has a high level of contact with benzene on a regular basis. Jamal's son, Chester, is also a chemist. However, Chester washes his hands with water, and as a result he has no contact with benzene.",
                "Jim and Robert are identical twins both getting their yearly physical check ups at the doctor's office.  They are trying to figure out if they are at risk for any future health problems. Both of them consume the same diet and exercise the same amount, and were both raised in the exact same environment. But, Jim has smoked tobacco frequently for several years and Robert has never smoked tobacco in his life.",
                "Linda lives in a run down house in downtown Detroit. The walls and floors are degraded, and were made with large amounts of asbestos. As a result, Linda comes into contact with asbestos frequently. Linda's cousin, Gerald, lives in a upper-class neighborhood of Detroit. His house was built recently, and as a result he never comes into contact with asbestos.",
                "Two friends met after 20 years. Tom had been smoking tobacco all these years and had some health problems related to that, while Randy quit smoking 25 years ago.",
                "Two ladies sit in a coffee shop. Patty smokes three packs of cigarettes a day, but her good friend Julie, doesn't smoke. They are both 65 years old. They are enjoying a coffee.",
                "Walter and Jesse, two coworkers, are sitting at a hotel bar having a drink together after a long day at a conference when the subject of bad habits comes up. Jesse shares that he has always struggled with biting his nails and no matter what he seems to do he can't kick the habit. Walter's bad habit is that when he plays his weekly baseball game he will use chewing tobacco. He says he doesn't even particularly like the taste anymore, but once he gets to the park he has a craving for it.",
                "Walter and Jesse, two coworkers, are sitting at a hotel bar having a drink together after a long day at a conference when they start discussing their homes. Jesse says that he just recently discovered that the home he has been living in his entire life has had asbestos in it. Walter says that he has never lived in a home with asbestos.",
                "Walter and Jesse, two coworkers, are sitting at a hotel bar having a drink together after a long day at a conference when they start discussing their smoking habits. Walter shares that he has regularly smoked a pack of cigarettes for the past ten years. Jesse says he only smoked a couple cigarettes during college while he was drinking and isn't a regular smoker."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Wildfires occur when all the necessary elements of a fire triangle come together in a susceptible area: an ignition source is brought into contact with a combustible material such as vegetation, that is subjected to enough heat and has an adequate supply of oxygen from the ambient air. A high moisture content usually prevents ignition and slows propagation, because higher temperatures are needed to evaporate any water in the material and heat the material to its fire point. Dense forests usually provide more shade, resulting in lower ambient temperatures and greater humidity, and are therefore less susceptible to wildfires. Less dense material such as grasses and leaves are easier to ignite because they contain less water than denser material such as branches and trunks. Plants continuously lose water by evapotranspiration, but water loss is usually balanced by water absorbed from the soil, humidity, or rain. When this balance is not maintained, plants dry out and are therefore more flammable, often a consequence of droughts.A wildfire front is the portion sustaining continuous flaming combustion, where unburned material meets active flames, or the smoldering transition between unburned and burned material. As the front approaches, the fire heats both the surrounding air and woody material through convection and thermal radiation. First, wood is dried as water is vaporized at a temperature of 100 \u00b0C (212 \u00b0F). Next, the pyrolysis of wood at 230 \u00b0C (450 \u00b0F) releases flammable gases. Finally, wood can smoulder at 380 \u00b0C (720 \u00b0F) or, when heated sufficiently, ignite at 590 \u00b0C (1,000 \u00b0F). Even before the flames of a wildfire arrive at a particular location, heat transfer from the wildfire front warms the air to 800 \u00b0C (1,470 \u00b0F), which pre-heats and dries flammable materials, causing materials to ignite faster and allowing the fire to spread faster. High-temperature and long-duration surface wildfires may encourage flashover or torching: the drying of tree canopies and their subsequent ignition from below.Wildfires have a rapid forward rate of spread (FROS) when burning through dense uninterrupted fuels. They can move as fast as 10.8 kilometres per hour (6.7 mph) in forests and 22 kilometres per hour (14 mph) in grasslands. Wildfires can advance tangential to the main front to form a flanking front, or burn in the opposite direction of the main front by backing. They may also spread by jumping or spotting as winds and vertical convection columns carry firebrands (hot wood embers) and other burning materials through the air over roads, rivers, and other barriers that may otherwise act as firebreaks. Torching and fires in tree canopies encourage spotting, and dry ground fuels around a wildfire are especially vulnerable to ignition from firebrands. Spotting can create spot fires as hot embers and firebrands ignite fuels downwind from the fire. In Australian bushfires, spot fires are known to occur as far as 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the fire front.Especially large wildfires may affect air currents in their immediate vicinities by the stack effect: air rises as it is heated, and large wildfires create powerful updrafts that will draw in new, cooler air from surrounding areas in thermal columns. Great vertical differences in temperature and humidity encourage pyrocumulus clouds, strong winds, and fire whirls with the force of tornadoes at speeds of more than 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph).  Rapid rates of spread, prolific crowning or spotting, the presence of fire whirls, and strong convection columns signify extreme conditions.The thermal heat from wildfire can cause significant weathering of rocks and boulders, heat can rapidly expand a boulder and thermal shock can occur, which may cause an object's structure to fail.",
            "output": [
                "David is an environmental scientist. He needed to find causes of wildfires and suggest preventive measures. First, he visited a dense forest. He marked it as location A. Then he visited a grassland, which he marked as location B. After that, he visited a location where he did not find any sign of drought. He marked it as time A. He then visited the same location a year later, and found that the place was facing a severe drought. He marked it as time B.",
                "Near the city of Middleton, there are two forests. The Trine forest is a forest tightly packed with trees. Trine has hardly any large open spaces on the ground. The Jimpy forest, on the other hand, is much more open. It has some large areas in the forest that are perfect for camping or for children to play in due to the lack of trees."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Alcoholic beverages do not make the entire body warmer.[361] The reason that alcoholic drinks create the sensation of warmth is that they cause blood vessels to dilate and stimulate nerve endings near the surface of the skin with an influx of warm blood. This can actually result in making the core body temperature lower, as it allows for easier heat exchange with a cold external environment.",
            "output": [
                "A research institute is investigating the effect of alcohol in human body. They gave two groups of subjects, group blue and group red, two different drinks, labeled as blue drink and red drink. The blue drink contained alcohol, and the red drink did not contain any alcohol. Blue drinks were given to the blue group and the red drinks were given to the red group.",
                "A scientist studied the effects of alcoholic beverages on the human body during severe weather exposure. He decided to experiment on himself. He stood in -30 degrees weather for 2 hours and called it experiment A. He then repeated the experiment, the only difference being that he consumed a pint of hard liquor before and during those two hours, and that was called experiment B.",
                "Two people got stuck in a local  blizzard. Tom had a bottle of alcohol with him and drank it after he found some kind of shelter in the snow. Dan didn't have alcohol with him."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: According to current definitions, all planets must revolve around stars; thus, any potential \"rogue planets\" are excluded. In the Solar System, all the planets orbit the Sun in the same direction as the Sun rotates (counter-clockwise as seen from above the Sun's north pole). At least one extrasolar planet, WASP-17b, has been found to orbit in the opposite direction to its star's rotation. The period of one revolution of a planet's orbit is known as its sidereal period or year. A planet's year depends on its distance from its star; the farther a planet is from its star, not only the longer the distance it must travel, but also the slower its speed, because it is less affected by its star's gravity. No planet's orbit is perfectly circular, and hence the distance of each varies over the course of its year. The closest approach to its star is called its periastron (perihelion in the Solar System), whereas its farthest separation from the star is called its apastron (aphelion). As a planet approaches periastron, its speed increases as it trades gravitational potential energy for kinetic energy, just as a falling object on Earth accelerates as it falls; as the planet reaches apastron, its speed decreases, just as an object thrown upwards on Earth slows down as it reaches the apex of its trajectory.Each planet's orbit is delineated by a set of elements:.",
            "output": [
                "John is an amateur astronomer. Last week he was observing the sky with his telescope. First he pointed his telescope at planet Mars. He noted it as case A. Then he pointed his telescope to planet Jupiter, which is farther form the Sun than Mars is. He noted it as case C. Finally, he pointed the telescope to a faraway planet called WASP-17b. He noted that as case B.",
                "Planet Neptune is not only very cold but also farther from the Sun than the Earth. In fact, it is the farthest planet from the Sun in our solar system. On the other hand, the Earth enjoys a close proximity to the Sun. Only Mercury and Venus are closer to the Sun than the Earth."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Wildfire smoke contains particulate matter that may have adverse effects upon the human respiratory system. Evidence of the health effects of wildfire smoke should be relayed to the public so that exposure may be limited. Evidence of health effects can also be used to influence policy to promote positive health outcomes.Inhalation of smoke from a wildfire can be a health hazard. Wildfire smoke is composed of combustion products i.e. carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water vapor, particulate matter, organic chemicals, nitrogen oxides and other compounds. The principal health concern is the inhalation of particulate matter and carbon monoxide.Particulate matter (PM) is a type of air pollution made up of particles of dust and liquid droplets. They are characterized into three categories based on the diameter of the particle: coarse PM, fine PM, and ultrafine PM. Coarse particles are between 2.5 micrometers and 10 micrometers, fine particles measure 0.1 to 2.5 micrometers, and ultrafine particle are less than 0.1 micrometer.  Each size can enter the body through inhalation, but the PM impact on the body varies by size. Coarse particles are filtered by the upper airways and these particles can accumulate and cause pulmonary inflammation. This can result in eye and sinus irritation as well as sore throat and coughing. Coarse PM is often composed of materials that are heavier and more toxic that lead to short-term effects with stronger impact.Smaller particulate moves further into the respiratory system creating issues deep into the lungs and the bloodstream. In asthma patients, PM2.5 causes inflammation but also increases oxidative stress in the epithelial cells. These particulates also cause apoptosis and autophagy in lung epithelial cells. Both processes cause the cells to be damaged and impacts the cell function. This damage impacts those with respiratory conditions such as asthma where the lung tissues and function are already compromised. The third PM type is ultra-fine PM (UFP). UFP can enter the bloodstream like PM2.5 however studies show that it works into the blood much quicker. The inflammation and epithelial damage done by UFP has also shown to be much more severe. PM2.5 is of the largest concern in regards to wildfire. This is particularly hazardous to the very young, elderly and those with chronic conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis and cardiovascular conditions. The illnesses most commonly with exposure to fine particle from wildfire smoke are bronchitis, exacerbation of asthma or COPD, and pneumonia. Symptoms of these complications include wheezing and shortness of breath and cardiovascular symptoms include chest pain, rapid heart rate and fatigue.",
            "output": [
                "Ben visited two states. Washington state, which had many wildfires year-round, and Oregon, state which had almost no wildfires. Ben enjoyed the visit and planned to return.",
                "Bobby and Sally are siblings that currently live in different cities. Bobby lives in a city that has wildfires on a regular basis. The local government is effective at combating these fires, but there are still quite a few over the course of a year. Sally lives somewhere that has never had a wildfire before, and she wasn't even aware they existed until her brother started talking about them."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Another obvious change that occurs during puberty is rapid growth. This is called the adolescent growth spurt . In boys, it is controlled by testosterone. The rate of growth usually starts to increase relatively early in puberty. At its peak rate, growth in height is about 10 centimeters (almost 4 inches) per year in the average male. Growth generally remains rapid for several years. Growth and development of muscles occur toward the end of the growth spurt in height. Muscles may continue to develop and gain strength after growth in height is finished.",
            "output": [
                "Adrian and Justin are brothers who are currently undergoing puberty. Adrian is nearing the end of puberty and his rate of height growth is low. Justin has just started puberty, though, and his rate of height growth is currently quite high.",
                "Joseph and Walter are two brothers who have always gotten along well, but are now going to be separated for the first time in their lives. Walter has just graduated high school and is going off to live at college several states away from home. Joseph is about to be a freshman in high school, so he has several years before he will even have the possibility of going off to the same college as his brother.",
                "Two researches studied adolescents during puberty. Tim studied males, while Dan studied females."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A period of very low rainfall occurred while the Grants were on the islands. The drought resulted in fewer seeds for the finches to eat. Birds with smaller beaks could eat only the smaller seeds. Birds with bigger beaks were better off. They could eat seeds of all sizes. Therefore, there was more food available to them. Many of the small-beaked birds died in the drought. More of the big-beaked birds survived and reproduced. Within just a couple of years, the average beak size in the finches increased. This was clearly evolution by natural selection.",
            "output": [
                "Two ancient continents both had a great bird population on them. At some point in time, the continent of Mu experienced a great drought that lasted for several years. The other continent, Lemuria, was unaffected by the drought.",
                "Two ancient continents both had a great bird population. At some point in time, the continent of MU experienced a great drought that lasted for several years. The other continent, Lemuria, was unaffected by the drought.",
                "Two bird islands experienced different levels of rainfall. West island experienced a lengthy drought that lasted several years. Many birds were affected by this drought. East island had several normal years as far as rainfall was concerned.",
                "Two bird islands in the Atlantic Ocean had very different climate changes during the last 5 years. Bone island experienced drought, while Finch island experienced flooding."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Our knowledge of electromagnets developed from a series of observations. In 1820, Hans Oersted discovered that a current-carrying wire produced a magnetic field. Later in the same year, Andr\u00e9-Marie Ampere discovered that a coil of wire acted like a permanent magnet and Fran\u00e7ois Arago found that an iron bar could be magnetized by putting it inside of a coil of current-carrying wire. Finally, William Sturgeon found that leaving the iron bar inside the coil greatly increased the magnetic field.",
            "output": [
                "Kelsey is bored in class, and sees a coil of wire with electricity running through it. There is a box of random pieces of iron on the teacher's desk so she goes and picks up two of them. Piece A she simply puts on her desk to use later, and Piece B she slowly passes through the coil of wire.",
                "Mark is doing an experiment creating a magnet. He takes a piece of iron named iron bar A and wraps it in a coil of copper wire. After that he puts an electric current through the copper for about an hour."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Hypertension , which is also called \"high blood pressure,\" occurs when a person\u2019s blood pressure is always high. Hypertension is said to be present when a person's systolic blood pressure is always 140 or higher, and/or if the person's diastolic blood pressure is always 90 or higher. Having hypertension increases a person\u2019s chance for developing heart disease, having a stroke, or suffering from other serious cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension often does not have any symptoms, so a person may not know that he or she has high blood pressure. For this reason, hypertension is often called the \"silent killer.\" Treatments for hypertension include diet changes, exercise, and medication. Foods thought to lower blood pressure include skim milk, spinach, beans, bananas and dark chocolate.",
            "output": [
                "At a doctor's office, two women are having their annual physical done. Jessie goes in first and is told that that she should go see a dermatologist about the skin issues she is having. The doctor then sees Martha who is having a pain in her right arm and who also has hypertension. The doctor talks to Martha about her issues and then heads home for the day.",
                "Bill and Bob were two brothers. They were both pretty active, but Bill loved salty foods and red wine. He got dizzy one day and went to the doctor. Bill had hypertension. Bob, on the other hand was hypotensive.",
                "Dirk went to the doctor because he was feeling dizzy. The doc told him he has Hypertension. His wife,  Mary went to the doctor the following week, and the doc said her blood pressure was normal.",
                "Jeremy went to the doctor for his yearly physical along with his wife Brenda. The doctor told Jeremy that his blood pressure was consistently high. Brenda, on the other hand, was told that her blood pressure was in the normal range. Aside from this difference, the overall health of Jeremy and Brenda was similar.",
                "Lena had two aunts, Rosie and Angela. Aunt Rosie has been feeling dizzy lately so she went to the doctor, where she found out she had hypertension. She was very scared. Aunt Angela was a different temperament she was hypotensive.",
                "Mark has a doctors appointment today for a routine checkup. When he gets his blood pressure taken the doctor looks a bit worried. He tells Mark that his blood pressure is 141/92 at resting.",
                "Tom and Jerry were two 50-year-olds which went to high-school together. They recently met and discussed their health problems over coffee. Tom had hypertension and the doc told him to change his diet.",
                "Two sisters took their blood pressure at the doctor's office. Jill had hypertension, while her sister Beth had normal blood pressure.",
                "Two twin brothers had very different blood pressures. Tom had very high blood pressure, while Dan had low blood pressure."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Alpine climate is the average weather (climate) for the alpine tundra. The climate becomes colder at high elevations\u2014this characteristic is described by the lapse rate of air: air tends to get colder as it rises, since it expands. The dry adiabatic lapse rate is 10 \u00b0C per km (5.5 \u00b0F per 1000 ft) of elevation or altitude. Therefore, moving up 100 metres (330 ft) on a mountain is roughly equivalent to moving 80 kilometers (45 miles or 0.75\u00b0 of latitude) towards the pole. This relationship is only approximate, however, since local factors such as proximity to oceans can drastically modify the climate.",
            "output": [
                "There are two neighboring towns that were founded around the same time as one another. Prolot is situated high atop a tall hill which makes the walk up to the city quite daunting to travelers. However, the view when you reach the top is truly breathtaking. The town of Lire is located at the base of the hill that Prolot is on. Many tourists stop at the city of Lire to spend a night resting before they begin their journey up to Prolot the following day.",
                "Two meteorologists study Earth's climate. Jerry studies alpine climate, while James studies tropical climates. They both made great progress.",
                "Two regions of the same country had very different  climates because of the different landscapes. East region had an alpine landscape, was situated in the mountains. North region was flat and located at sea level.",
                "Two regions of the same country had very different climates because of the different landscapes. East region had an alpine landscape, was situated in the mountains. North region was flat and located at sea level."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Extending the period of time over which a force acts in order to lessen the force is a common practice in design. Padding in shoes and seats allows the time to increase. The front of automobiles are designed to crumple in an accident; this increases the time the car takes to stop. Similarly, barrels of water or sand in front of abutments on the highway and airbags serve to slow down the stoppage time. These changes all serve to decrease the amount of force it takes to stop the momentum in a car crash, which consequently saves lives.",
            "output": [
                "Keith designs car seats. He noticed that some other car seats didn't have any padding. He marked it as case A. On the other hand, most of the seats he designed had padding. He marked it as case B. Keith needed to know pros and cons of both designs.",
                "Timothy and Jordan both just bought their first cars. Timothy's car comes with state of the art airbags that decelerate the driver over a relatively long period of time in the event of a crash. Jordan's car, however, has airbags with older technology, and as a result they decelerate the driver over a short period of time when a crash happens."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: When you add sugar to a cold drink, you may stir it to help the sugar dissolve. If you don\u2019t stir, the sugar may eventually dissolve, but it will take much longer. Stirring is one of several factors that affect how fast a solute dissolves in a solvent. Temperature is another factor. A solid solute dissolves faster at a higher temperature. For example, sugar dissolves faster in hot tea than in ice tea. A third factor that affects the rate of dissolving is the surface area of the solute. For example, if you put granulated sugar in a glass of ice tea, it will dissolve more quickly than the same amount of sugar in a cube. That\u2019s because granulated sugar has much more surface area than a cube of sugar. You can see videos of all three factors at these URLs.",
            "output": [
                "Greg is is a chef. Last night, he was in his kitchen preparing foods for the guests. First, he made some lemonade. In trial one he added some honey in it and stirred it, but in trial two he didn't stir it. Then he made some coffee. In trial three he added hot water in it, but in trial four he added cold water in it. Finally, he made some soup. In trial five he added fine grain salt in it, but in trial six he added coarse salt in it.",
                "Justin and Alejandro are conducting a chemical experiment involving sodium hydroxide. A key part of the reaction is ensuring that the sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water before adding the other materials. Justin adds the sodium hydroxide to reaction A, and begins stirring the mixture with a spoon. Alejandro also adds sodium hydroxide to his reaction, reaction B, but doesn't stir it because he is lazy.",
                "Justin is conducting a chemical experiment involving sodium hydroxide. A key part of the reaction is ensuring that the sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water before adding the other materials. Justin adds the sodium hydroxide to reaction A, and sets the heat to high. Justin can't use high heat for his second reaction, though, because the electricity supply is too weak to have both burners on high. Because of this, Justin adds the sodium hydroxide to reaction B and sets the heat to low.",
                "Morgan and Jacob are conducting a chemical experiment involving sodium hydroxide. A key part of the reaction is ensuring that the sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water before adding the other materials. Morgan uses a pestle and mortar to crush the sodium hydroxide into a fine powder before adding it to his reaction mixture. Jacob doesn't feel like doing that because he is not very motivated, so he adds the sodium hydroxide in the form of large chunks.",
                "While drinking coffee John added some sugar and cream in his coffee. He started to ponder how solutes dissolve in a solvent. To that end, he added solutes in a solvent in six different conditions, case A, case B, case C, case D, case E, and case F. In case A he stirred the solution, but in case B he didn't stir the the solution. In case C he heat the solution up, but in case D he cooled the solution down. In case E he used finely ground solute, but in case F he used cubes of solute."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: As a cell grows, its volume increases more quickly than its surface area. If a cell was to get very large, the small surface area would not allow enough nutrients to enter the cell quickly enough for the cell\u2019s needs. This idea is explained in Figure below . However, large cells have a way of dealing with some size challenges. Big cells, such as some white blood cells, often grow more nuclei so that they can supply enough proteins and RNA for the cell\u2019s requirements. Large, metabolically active cells often have lots of cell protrusions, resulting in many folds throughout the membrane. These folds increase the surface area available for transport of materials into or out of the cell. Such cell types are found lining your small intestine, where they absorb nutrients from your food through protrusions called microvilli .",
            "output": [
                "Gary, a high school student, is supposed to be studying two different cells under a microscope during his biology class. Gary doesn't like biology class at all though and can't find the motivation to look at the cells in detail. In his homework where students are supposed to write what they observed, Gary simply wrote down the first thing he saw under the microscope which was that Cell A is larger than cell B. It won't get him a great grade, but Gary is hoping it will at least get him a pass on the assignment.",
                "Mike is studying for his biology exam. He found that all body cells are not equal in size - some are large and some are small. He labeled the large cells as class A cells. Then he labeled the small cells as class B cells. He is now prepared to find the differences between them.",
                "There are two cells inside a Petri dish in a laboratory, cell X and cell Z. These cells are from the same organism, but are not the same age. Cell X was created two weeks ago, and cell Z was created one month ago. Therefore, cell Z has had two extra weeks of growth compared to cell X.",
                "There are two cells inside a Petri dish in a laboratory, cell X and cell Z. These cells are from the same organism, but have different characteristics. For example, cell Z is smaller than cell X. Furthermore, scientists studying the two cells have recorded that cell X is more metabolically active than cell Z."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Ammonia toxicity is believed to be a cause of otherwise unexplained losses in fish hatcheries. Excess ammonia may accumulate and cause alteration of metabolism or increases in the body pH of the exposed organism. Tolerance varies among fish species. At lower concentrations, around 0.05 mg/L, un-ionised ammonia is harmful to fish species and can result in poor growth and feed conversion rates, reduced fecundity and fertility and increase stress and susceptibility to bacterial infections and diseases. Exposed to excess ammonia, fish may suffer loss of equilibrium, hyper-excitability, increased respiratory activity and oxygen uptake and increased heart rate. At concentrations exceeding 2.0 mg/L, ammonia causes gill and tissue damage, extreme lethargy, convulsions, coma, and death. Experiments have shown that the lethal concentration for a variety of fish species ranges from 0.2 to 2.0 mg/l.During winter, when reduced feeds are administered to aquaculture stock, ammonia levels can be higher. Lower ambient temperatures reduce the rate of algal photosynthesis so less ammonia is removed by any algae present. Within an aquaculture environment, especially at large scale, there is no fast-acting remedy to elevated ammonia levels. Prevention rather than correction is recommended to reduce harm to farmed fish and in open water systems, the surrounding environment.",
            "output": [
                "Woodland had two nearby fish hatcheries. Pine hatchery had great result the past few years because they found a way to reduce ammonia water toxicity. Spruce hatchery has big ammonia toxicity problems and hadn't find a way to remediate them."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with changes in biodiversity (e.g. changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources etc.). This is because the species most likely to disappear are those that buffer against infectious disease transmission, while surviving species tend to be the ones that increase disease transmission, such as that of West Nile Virus, Lyme disease and Hantavirus, according to a study done co-authored by Felicia Keesing, an ecologist at Bard College and Drew Harvell, associate director for Environment of the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future (ACSF) at Cornell University.The growing demand and lack of drinkable water on the planet presents an additional challenge to the future of human health. Partly, the problem lies in the success of water suppliers to increase supplies and failure of groups promoting preservation of water resources. While the distribution of clean water increases, in some parts of the world it remains unequal. According to the World Health Organisation (2018) only 71% of the global population used a safely managed drinking-water service.Some of the health issues influenced by biodiversity include dietary health and nutrition security, infectious disease, medical science and medicinal resources, social and psychological health. Biodiversity is also known to have an important role in reducing disaster risk and in post-disaster relief and recovery efforts.Biodiversity provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources. A significant proportion of drugs are derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources: at least 50% of the pharmaceutical compounds on the US market are derived from plants, animals and micro-organisms, while about 80% of the world population depends on medicines from nature (used in either modern or traditional medical practice) for primary healthcare. Only a tiny fraction of wild species has been investigated for medical potential. Biodiversity has been critical to advances throughout the field of bionics. Evidence from market analysis and biodiversity science indicates that the decline in output from the pharmaceutical sector since the mid-1980s can be attributed to a move away from natural product exploration (\"bioprospecting\") in favor of genomics and synthetic chemistry, indeed claims about the value of undiscovered pharmaceuticals may not provide enough incentive for companies in free markets to search for them because of the high cost of development; meanwhile, natural products have a long history of supporting significant economic and health innovation. Marine ecosystems are particularly important, although inappropriate bioprospecting can increase biodiversity loss, as well as violating the laws of the communities and states from which the resources are taken.",
            "output": [
                "Belgium and France are two countries participating at a human health meeting. Belgium has a lower biodiversity, while France's biodiversity is much higher."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Hepatitis B is a disease of the liver. It is caused by a virus called hepatitis B, which can be passed through sexual activity. Hepatitis B causes vomiting. It also causes yellowing of the skin and eyes. The disease goes away on its own in some people. Other people are sick for the rest of their lives. In these people, the virus usually damages the liver. It may also lead to liver cancer. Medicines can help prevent liver damage in these people. There is also a vaccine to protect against hepatitis B.",
            "output": [
                "Anthony is going in for a doctors appointment. He hasn't been feeling well and has been vomiting. When he talks to his doctor the doctor can tell immediately what's wrong. Anthony's physical appearance immediately tells the doctor that he likely has hepatitis B.",
                "Ben and Sam were two twin brothers. One day Ben was feeling sick so they went to the doctor and they discovered that Ben had hepatitis B. Sam was tested as well, but he was  'healthy as an ox'.",
                "Dana and Sean both checked in as hepatitis B suspects, but only Sean had Hepatitis B. Dana was healthy and didn't carry the virus.",
                "Jennifer and Maria both had unprotected sex with the same man. This man, unbeknownst to them, has hepatitis b. Both women go to the doctor to get checked out. Jennifer reports that she is coughing frequently and has a congested nose. The doctor notices that Maria has yellow eyes and she tells the doctor that she has been throwing up.",
                "Keith is a doctor in a local hospital. Today, he is seeing three patients, patient A, patient B, and patient C. Patient A has been suffering from hepatitis B all his life; patient B is recovering from hepatitis B on his own; and patient C doesn't have hepatitis B. Keith would now compare the symptoms of these patients.",
                "Mike and John are brothers. Their dad sent them to the doctor's office to get tested for hepatitis because Mike was feeling sick all the time. It turned out Mike has hepatitis B, while John doesn't.",
                "People from two villages got infected with viruses and got sick. People from Hill village got infected with the flu, while people in Valley village got infected with hepatitis B.",
                "Two friends ate lots of deviled eggs for Easter this year. Danny felt sick and went to the doctor where he found out he had been infected with hepatitis B. Paul was ok and didn't require medical attention.",
                "Two identical twin brothers go to the doctor to get blood work done and also checked for STDs as part of their routine medical checkups. Neither man thinks they have caught anything, but both are sexually active so they want to get checked out. After getting the test results, the doctor tells Hank that he has strep throat, but no STDs. Jacob is told that he has hepatitis B. The doctor gives both men information about what medication to take and what they need to do to manage their diseases.",
                "Two sexually active men are currently at the doctor getting checked for sexually transmitted diseases. Before performing the actual tests, the doctor takes a brief physical examination of the men. The doctor notices that Jake's heart is beating irregularly and his arm appears to have a rash on it. While examining Scully, the doctor takes note of how yellow Scully's eyes are, and Scully also reports to the doctor that he has been throwing up lately. After the physical, the doctor has the men both pee into a cup so that he can run a standard STD test for them."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A comet tail\u2014and coma\u2014are features visible in comets when they are illuminated by the Sun and may become visible from Earth when a comet passes through the inner Solar System. As a comet approaches the inner Solar System, solar radiation causes the volatile materials within the comet to vaporize and stream out of the nucleus, carrying dust away with them. Separate tails are formed of dust and gases, becoming visible through different phenomena; the dust reflects sunlight directly and the gases glow from ionisation. Most comets are too faint to be visible without the aid of a telescope, but a few each decade become bright enough to be visible to the naked eye.",
            "output": [
                "Stargazers across the world wait for 2020 when newly discovered very bright Neil's comet would start to pass through the inner solar system On December 21, 2020. After December 27, 2020 the comet would leave the inner solar system. Like many other enthusiasts Ken bought a telescope for the event. His friend Mike is interested in that event too, but is too busy to buy a telescope.",
                "This year thee comets would be of interest, comet A, comet B, and comet C. Comet A and comet B would enter the inner solar system. But comet C would not enter the inner solar system. Moreover, comet A is categorized as a bright comet, but comet B is categorized as a faint comet.",
                "Year 2022 would be an interesting year when three comets would get scientists' attention - Comet A, Comet B, and Comet C. Comet A and C are very faint, but Comet B is very bright. Comet A would enter the inner solar system on February 10, 2022 and leave the inner solar system on February 20, 2022. Comet B would enter the inner solar system on February 18, 2022 and leave the inner solar system on February 26, 2022. Comet C would never enter the inner solar system."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Generally speaking, more mafic magmas, such as those that form basalt, are hotter and less viscous than more silica-rich magmas, such as those that form rhyolite. Low viscosity leads to gentler, less explosive eruptions.",
            "output": [
                "John visited Sicily to see Mount Etna eruption. He noticed that magma there formed rhyolite. He was so excited to an eruption that when next time Kilauea eruption started in Hawaii, he went to see that. He found that unlike Etna Kilauea eruption formed basalt."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Specific humidity (or moisture content) is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the total mass of the moist air parcel.[13] Specific humidity is approximately equal to the mixing ratio, which is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapor in an air parcel to the mass of dry air for the same parcel. As temperature decreases, the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation also decreases. As the temperature of a parcel of air becomes lower it will eventually reach the point of saturation without adding or losing water mass.",
            "output": [
                "Tho towns located on opposite banks of a river, had a humid season, but Bend town had a cooler air at night. Bank town on the other hand, had warmer nights because it was situated on a south facing hill."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 \u00b0C (0.09 \u00b0F) per decade from 1957 to 2006. This study also noted that West Antarctica has warmed by more than 0.1 \u00b0C (0.2 \u00b0F) per decade in the last 50 years, and this warming is strongest in winter and spring. This is partly offset by autumn cooling in East Antarctica. There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous. The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level. Instead the recent increases in glacier outflow are believed to be due to an inflow of warm water from the deep ocean, just off the continental shelf. The net contribution to sea level from the Antarctic Peninsula is more likely to be a direct result of the much greater atmospheric warming there.In 2002 the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed. Between 28 February and 8 March 2008, about 570 km2 (220 sq mi) of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the southwest part of the peninsula collapsed, putting the remaining 15,000 km2 (5,800 sq mi) of the ice shelf at risk. The ice was being held back by a \"thread\" of ice about 6 km (4 mi) wide, prior to its collapse on 5 April 2009. According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 \u00b0C (41 \u00b0F).A study published in Nature Geoscience in 2013 (online in December 2012) identified central West Antarctica as one of the fastest-warming regions on Earth. The researchers present a complete temperature record from Antarctica's Byrd Station and assert that it \"reveals a linear increase in annual temperature between 1958 and 2010 by 2.4\u00b11.2 \u00b0C\".",
            "output": [
                "Frank and Noah were two researchers. Noah researched the climate of Antarctica, while Frank researched the climate changes of Madagascar and the Southern tip of Africa.",
                "Two climate experts studied different continent to observe climate changes. Jordan studied Australia, while Jeb studied Antarctica.",
                "Two teams of meteorologists studied environmental changes in Antarctica. Team A studied East Antarctica, while team B studied West Antarctica. They published their findings in a peer reviewed publication.",
                "Two teams of researches studied Antarctica's climate. The team studied two different regions. The US team studied East Antarctica, while the Swiss team studied West Antarctica."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Infrared (IR) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.7 and 300 micrometers, which corresponds to a frequency range between 430 and 1 THz respectively. IR wavelengths are longer than that of visible light, but shorter than that of microwaves. Infrared may be detected at a distance from the radiating objects by \"feel.\" Infrared sensing snakes can detect and focus infrared by use of a pinhole lens in their heads, called \"pits\". Bright sunlight provides an irradiance of just over 1 kilowatt per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 53% is infrared radiation, 44% is visible light, and 3% is ultraviolet radiation.",
            "output": [
                "Different wavelength electromagnetic radiations have different uses. John is a physicist. He needed to find appropriate wavelength electromagnetic radiations for his experiments. To that end, he selected three electromagnetic radiations, microwaves, infrared light, and visible light. He noted microwaves as case A, infrared as case B, and visible light as case C."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Sometimes muscles and tendons get injured when a person starts doing an activity before they have warmed up properly. A warm up is a slow increase in the intensity of a physical activity that prepares muscles for an activity. Warming up increases the blood flow to the muscles and increases the heart rate. Warmed-up muscles and tendons are less likely to get injured. For example, before running or playing soccer, a person might jog slowly to warm muscles and increase their heart rate. Even elite athletes need to warm up ( Figure below ).",
            "output": [
                "Beth and Sally are both on the high school basketball team and are about to play a match against their rival school. This match is extremely important, and students from both schools always turn out in droves to support their team. Last year, Beth and Sally's team lost so they are extra motivated this year to win. Before the game, Beth spends her time running in place and doing jumping jacks to prepare, and Sally spends her time talking to her friends who are sitting in the bleachers cheering the team on.",
                "Greg and Carl and about to do a marathon. Greg sees Carl doing some warm ups and laughs to himself and thinks it is silly. They both want to get a good time, and are both avid runners.",
                "Steve and Jon are getting ready for a big marathon that both have been training for. Steve gets ready for the race by stretching and doing some pre-race warm ups. Jon on the other had does no think warming up helps at all, and decides to just remain seated until it is time for the race to start.",
                "There was a soccer match between Red team and Blue team. Blue team got there early, warmed up properly and were ready for the game. Red team arrived late and almost skipped warming up entirely. Costly decision, as it turns out, because they lost.",
                "Tom and Jim go running together once a week. This week Jim skipped his warm up before exercising, because he was a bit late. Tom warmed up properly before running.",
                "Two groups of runners attended a 5k event downtown. Brown group warmed up properly before the race, but Red group did no such thing and suffered the consequences.",
                "Two soccer players had a friendly match one on one after work. Paul had plenty of time to do his warm up properly, but John got there late and didn't warm up. Paul won the match.",
                "Two teams of athletes were attending a competition. Brown team arrived in time and started their warm up, but Green team arrived late and skipped their warm up so they experienced some people getting injured.",
                "Two teams were competing in a 5 km race. White team warmed up before the race, but Blue team arrived with a bus late and didn't have time to warm up properly before the race."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A few insects, such as mayflies and some moths, never eat. That\u2019s because their lives are over in just a few hours or days. Once these insects become adults, they lay eggs, and then die. On the other hand, some insects are very healthy eaters. A silkworm eats enough leaves to increase its weight more than 4,000 times in just 56 days, as the silkworm increases in size about 10,000 times since birth. A locust eats its own weight in plants every day. Just imagine eating your own weight in food every day. You probably couldn't. You would most likely get very sick even if you tried.",
            "output": [
                "Billy has decided to start collecting insects. He wants to build a vibrant collection, has a bunch of different bug boxes to store them in. So far he has captured some mayflies, and some locusts. He is trying to decide how to take care of them.",
                "John and Mary were studying insects. John liked to study insects that never eat, while  Mary decided to study insects that are very healthy eaters.",
                "Two agricultural students had to prepare for exams. Jane had the entomology exam, so she studied about insects. Nora had the chemistry exam, so she studied about alkanes.",
                "Two entomologists liked studying all types of insects and arthropods. Bill was focused on insects that never eat. His buddy Paul was more focused on the feeding habits of other insects that eat a lot of food."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Klinefelter's syndrome is caused by the presence of one or more extra copies of the X chromosome in a male's cells. Extra genetic material from the X chromosome interferes with male sexual development, preventing the testicles from functioning normally and reducing the levels of testosterone. Triple X syndrome (trisomy X) results from an extra copy of the X chromosome in each of a female's cells. Females with trisomy X have a lower IQ than their siblings. Turner syndrome results when each of a female's cells has one normal X chromosome and the other sex chromosome is missing or altered. The missing genetic material affects development and causes the characteristic features of the condition, including short stature and infertility.",
            "output": [
                "David is a physician with the children's hospital. He is seeing four patients, patient A, patient B, patient C, and patient D. Patient A is a male with Klinefelter's syndrome. Patient B is female with Turner syndrome. Patient C is a male and does not have any of these illnesses. Patient D is a female and she too does not have any of these illnesses.",
                "Margret has always had trouble in school. She wasn't as smart as the other children and she was much shorter than her siblings as well.",
                "Two brothers born three years apart were very different. Jim had no genetic abnormalities, while Danny had Klinefelter's syndrome."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: In a bakery, angel food cakes could be baked in a rack oven, revolving oven, convention oven, or small deck oven. A commercial bakery may use a tunnel or traveling oven.[7] When the cake has finished baking, it should have a golden brown color on the exposed area.[5] The final volume will generally be two to three times larger than the batter volume.[6].",
            "output": [
                "Two bakeries were famous in town for their angel food cakes. Tom's was a small bakery with various small ovens, took small orders and did some catering. Bill's bakery was large and produced angel food cake commercially, in vast quantities."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Protozoa generally feed by engulfing and digesting other organisms. As consumers, they have various roles in food chains and webs. Some are predators. They prey upon other single-celled organisms, such as bacteria. In fact, protozoa predators keep many bacterial populations in check. Other protozoa are herbivores. They graze on algae. Still others are decomposers. They consume dead organic matter. There are also parasitic protozoa that live in or on living hosts. For example, the protozoan that causes malaria lives inside a human host. For their part, protozoa are important food sources for many larger organisms, including insects and worms.",
            "output": [
                "An astronaut has just landed on a new martian planet and encounters two different protozoa. The first protozoa he finds, protozoa X, is eating algae that is floating on top of water. The second protozoa, protozoa Y, is found eating bacteria. Upon further study, it is found that these are the only foods these two specific protozoa eat.",
                "Reed started studying protozoa and was more interested in the predatorial behaviors of protozoa, while Brad wanted to know more about other types of protozoa, suck as grazers and decomposers.",
                "Students learned about protozoa in school this week. Dan and Jim were interested and read more on the subject. Dan read more about predatory  and parasitic protozoa, while Jim read more about herbivore and decomposer protozoa.",
                "Students learned about protozoa in school this week. Dan and Jim were interested and read more on the subject. Dan read more about predatory protozoa, while Jim read more about herbivore protozoa.",
                "Two biologists studied different living creatures. Matt studied protozoa, while his friend Greg studied nematodes and insects.",
                "Two groups of students learned about protozoa for a school project. Group P studied more about predatory protozoa, while group G studied about grazing and parasitic protozoa, plus portozoa as food sources."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Lake-effect snow is produced during cooler atmospheric conditions when a cold air mass moves across long expanses of warmer lake water, warming the lower layer of air which picks up water vapor from the lake, rises up through the colder air above, freezes and is deposited on the leeward (downwind) shores.[1]\n\nThe same effect also occurs over bodies of salt water, when it is termed ocean-effect or bay-effect snow. The effect is enhanced when the moving air mass is uplifted by the orographic influence of higher elevations on the downwind shores. This uplifting can produce narrow but very intense bands of precipitation, which deposit at a rate of many inches of snow each hour, often resulting in a large amount of total snowfall.",
            "output": [
                "Hammond and Trip were two cities on the Eastern and Western shores of lake Michigan. They both get lots of snow during winter, but the lake effect snow which adds feet of snow to the yearly total, lingers much longer on the eastern side of the lake."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed at about the same time by both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, shown in Figure below , and was set out in detail in Darwin's 1859 book On the Origin of Species . Natural selection is a process that causes heritable traits that are helpful for survival and reproduction to become more common, and harmful traits, or traits that are not helpful or advantageous for survival to become more rare in a population of organisms. This occurs because organisms with advantageous traits are more \"fit\" to survive in a particular environment and have \"adapted\" to the conditions of that environment. These individuals will have greater reproductive success than organisms less fit for survival in the environment. This will lead to an increase in the number of organisms with the advantageous trait(s) over time. Over many generations, adaptations occur through a combination of successive, small, random changes in traits, and natural selection of those variants best-suited for their environment. Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology.",
            "output": [
                "David wants to revisit the theory of evolution proposed by Darwin and Wallace. He is particularly interested in two species of deer, species A and species B. Species A has some helpful traits, but species B has some harmful traits. He is planning to write a paper on why some species are greater in number while others are smaller in number.",
                "In sub-Saharan Africa there are two predominant groups of antelope present. The first group of antelope, group A, have long necks and strong teeth. The second group of antelope, group B, have shorter necks and weaker teeth. Because of their longer necks and stronger teeth, the antelope from group A are more easily able to pick fruit and leaves from the tall trees in the region compared to antelope from group B."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A mycorrhiza (Greek for \"fungus roots\") is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant. In a mycorrhizal association, the fungus may colonize the roots of a host plant by either growing directly into the root cells, or by growing around the root cells. This association provides the fungus with relatively constant and direct access to glucose, which the plant produces by photosynthesis. The mycelia of the fungi increase the surface area of the plant\u2019s root system. The larger surface area improves water and mineral nutrient absorption from the soil.",
            "output": [
                "Fox and Ken were two aspiring horticulturists. Ken studied more about plant pollination, while Fox studied about mycorrhizal fungi.",
                "Students working on their thesis for graduate school decide that they will write about the differences between two identical plants, but they will infect one of the plants with a fungus. This fungus will create a mycorrhizal association between one of the plants and the fungus. After caring for the plants, the students have grown fond of them and given them names. They have named one of them Audrey and the other Baudrey. They flip a coin to decide which plant will be infected with the fungus, and fate has decided that Audrey will have the fungus grow on it. Baudrey will be left to grow naturally.",
                "Two friends studied permaculture together. Bill studied about mycorrhiza, while Red studied about hugel kultur.",
                "Two gardeners started their planting season at the same time. Bill used mycorrizal fungi compost for the garden, while Hank used regular top soil. Bill was very happy with the harvest.",
                "Two mycologists studied about mushrooms. Bert studied mycorrhizal fungi, while Vince studied saprophytic mushrooms.",
                "Two mycologists were studying fungi. Jim studied more about wood eating mushrooms and gourmet mushrooms, while George decided to study more about mycorrhiza, and its benefits for humans.",
                "Two plants of the same type are growing near the outskirts of the Jorah forest. The first plant, colored red, is healthy and has no fungus on it. The other plant, colored black, has a fungus growing on the roots of it. These plants have been around for centuries and if crushed into a powder actually make a nice seasoning to add to a meal."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Pollutants also affect the atmosphere through their contribution to global warming. Global warming is an increase in the Earth\u2019s temperature. It is thought to be caused mostly by the increase of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. Greenhouse gases can be released by factories that burn fossil fuels. Over the past 20 years, burning fossil fuels has produced about three-quarters of the carbon dioxide from human activity. The rest of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is there because of deforestation, or cutting down trees ( Figure below ). Trees absorb carbon dioxide during cellular respiration, so when trees are cut down, they cannot remove carbon dioxide from the air.",
            "output": [
                "Long island was full of people and they used all their natural resources and burned fossil fuels while Snail island protected the environment and had fewer people living there.",
                "Quebec recently removed a large area consisting primarily of forests in order to make room for a new housing development. On the other hand, Montreal recently finished planting a large amount of new trees as part of an environmental initiative project.",
                "There are two planets, Glarnak and Bornak, that share the same atmospheric composition. The planets have nearly identical ecosystems and topography. The main difference between the two planets is the level of global warming on each planet. Glarnak is experiencing a strong impact from global warming. Bornak, though, is experiencing practically no effects of global warming.",
                "Tokyo recently had a large explosion in one of their largest steel manufacturing plants. The combination of heat, steel, and manufacturing materials released an extraordinary amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Meanwhile, Osaka has dramatically decreased the amount of carbon dioxide it releases through the installation of many public transportation projects and tree planting initiatives."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Pulmonary fibrosis (literally \"scarring of the lungs\") is a respiratory disease in which scars are formed in the lung tissues, leading to serious breathing problems. Scar formation, the accumulation of excess fibrous connective tissue (the process called fibrosis), leads to thickening of the walls, and causes reduced oxygen supply in the blood. As a consequence patients suffer from perpetual shortness of breath.[1].",
            "output": [
                "Air pollution is a big problem in large industrial cities. New York has its share or air pollution. John is a doctor who works for a New York hospital. Today, he is seeing two patients, patient A and patient B. His diagnosis revealed that patient A has pulmonary fibrosis, but patient B does not have pulmonary fibrosis."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Wind causes the generation of sound. The movement of air causes movements of parts of natural objects, such as leaves or grass. These objects will produce sound if they touch each other. Even a soft wind will cause a low level of environmental noise. If the wind is blowing harder, it may produce howling sounds of varying frequencies. This may be caused by the wind blowing over cavities, or by vortices created in the air downstream of an object. Especially on high buildings, many structural parts may be a cause of annoying noise at certain wind conditions. Examples of these parts are balconies, ventilation openings, roof openings or cables.",
            "output": [
                "George lives in a rural area and has a sort of barren forest behind his house. Sometimes, especially when it is storming spooky sounds can be heard that scare George and he has no idea what they are."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Something that is elastic can return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed. This property is called elasticity . As you stretch or compress an elastic material like a bungee cord, it resists the change in shape. It exerts a counter force in the opposite direction. This force is called elastic force . The farther the material is stretched or compressed, the greater the elastic force becomes. As soon as the stretching or compressing force is released, elastic force causes the material to spring back to its original shape. You can watch a demonstration of elastic force at this URL:.",
            "output": [
                "An inventor named Nelly is tinkering around in her home office where she has created two new types of material that could be used in products. The first one she is calling Glubber, and the second she has named Malk. To try to figure out what type of products these new materials may be used for, Nelly is performing various tests. The first test she is doing is securing one end of the material to a table and then pulling on it and letting it go. When she performs this test on some Glubber, the material quickly snaps back toward the table. Performing the same process with some Malk, the material slowly crawls along the floor as it makes its way back to the table.",
                "Andy is playing with a rubber band. He stretches the rubber band out as far as he can without breaking it.",
                "Michael is planning on playing a prank on his older brother. He is going to take a bungee cord and stretch it and then release it so that it hits his older brother as he is sleeping.  He is deciding whether to stretch the cord only partially or completely before releasing it."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Soil is well developed in the forest as suggested by the thick humus layers, rich diversity of large trees and animals that live there. In forests, precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration which results in an excess of water that percolates downward through the soil layers. Slow rates of decomposition leads to large amounts of fulvic acid, greatly enhancing chemical weathering. The downward percolation, in conjunction with chemical weathering leaches magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) from the soil and transports them downward, a process known as podzolization. This process leads to marked contrasts in the appearance and chemistry of the soil layers.",
            "output": [
                "Brad and Frank are two cousins. they both own land in the same county. Frank's parcel is a pine forest, while Brad's is a nice dry grassland with wild flowers and  a few shrubs.",
                "Two  brothers were land owners. Bill owned 40 acres of forest, , with very well developed soil. His brother Rick owned 40 acres of grasslands, with a poor soil. Rick decided to sell his land.",
                "Two brothers owned two adjacent parcels of land. Tom's land was forested, while Bill's was covered with grasslands.",
                "Two students learned about soils in school. Brad had to study forest soils, while his colleague Frank had to study grasslands. They both did a good job and received A's for their efforts and accumulated knowledge."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A paradox is a statement that, despite apparently valid reasoning from true premises, leads to an apparently-self-contradictory or logically unacceptable conclusion.[1][2] A paradox involves contradictory-yet-interrelated elements that exist simultaneously and persist over time.[3][4][5].",
            "output": [
                "In ancient Greece King Juno asked two of his court philosophers, philosopher A and philosopher B, to come up with two interesting problems. Philosopher A devised a clever paradox and presented it before the court. He called the  paradox Problem A. But philosopher B didn't come up with a paradox. He too presented a clever problem which was not a paradox - he called it problem B."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Protozoa generally feed by engulfing and digesting other organisms. As consumers, they have various roles in food chains and webs. Some are predators. They prey upon other single-celled organisms, such as bacteria. In fact, protozoa predators keep many bacterial populations under control. Other protozoa are herbivores. They graze on algae. Still others are decomposers. They consume dead organic matter. There are also parasitic protozoa that live in or on living hosts. For example, the protozoan that causes malaria lives inside a human host. Protozoa are also important food sources for many larger organisms, including insects and worms.",
            "output": [
                "George is investigating some algae that has recently started growing in his pond. He wants to find something ti prevent it from overtaking the pond as it makes it very hard to see under the water. After a bit of research he finds a protozoa that can help him.",
                "The students studied two ponds. Class A studied a pond filled with protozoa, while class B studied a pond with almost no protozoa."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: If a zone undergoes dramatic changes in temperature with depth, it contains a thermocline. The tropical thermocline is typically deeper than the thermocline at higher latitudes. Polar waters, which receive relatively little solar energy, are not stratified by temperature and generally lack a thermocline because surface water at polar latitudes are nearly as cold as water at greater depths. Below the thermocline, water is very cold, ranging from \u22121 \u00b0C to 3 \u00b0C. Because this deep and cold layer contains the bulk of ocean water, the average temperature of the world ocean is 3.9 \u00b0C.",
            "output": [
                "Keith was measuring the attributes of thermoclines. He selected two locations. One is near Miami, which is in the tropic. The other is near New York, which is in higher latitude. In total, he took four samples, sample A, sample B, sample C, and sample D. From Miami thermocline he took sample A. Then from below Miami thermocline he took sample B. From New York thermocline he took sample C. Finally, from below New York thermocline he took sample D."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The general trend in electronegativity is that the value increases from left to right across a row in the periodic table and decreases down a column. The most electronegative element is fluorine, which has a value of 4.0. As discussed in the lesson \"Trends in the Periodic Table,\" electronegativity increases across a row as the number of protons in the nucleus increases and therefore has a stronger pull. Electronegativity decreases down a column due to an increased effect of electron shielding in larger atoms.",
            "output": [
                "A high school student, Timmy, is reading about elements of a periodic table. He is studying the periodic table when he decides to compare two random elements within the same column. He chooses Mardine and Sampline to compare and contrast and gets to work. The first thing he notices is that Sampline is further down the periodic table than Mardine. It's not much information to go on, but it's a good starting point for Timmy.",
                "Lena is a grade school student studying the periodic table for homework. She has to choose two elements from the table and write a couple paragraphs about them and their characteristics. She takes two darts and throws them at the periodic table to decide which ones to use. The darts land on Zerpine and Dradane. Zerpine may be further down the table than Dradane, but they are both in the same column.",
                "Mike has to learn more about the periodic table for his chemistry exam. To make things easier for him he chose two elements from the table, element A and element B. Element A has higher electronegativity and element B has lower eletronegativity. David found it easier to learn about elements by comparing their properties.",
                "Two new elements have been discovered by scientists and added to the periodic table. After discussion among their peers, scientists finally decided where to add these new elements. Although both elements are in the same row, Lozopine is on the far right side of the row, and Tralokine is in the middle."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: When waves travel into areas of shallow water, they begin to be affected by the ocean bottom. The free orbital motion of the water is disrupted, and water particles in orbital motion no longer return to their original position. As the water becomes shallower, the swell becomes higher and steeper, ultimately assuming the familiar sharp-crested wave shape. After the wave breaks, it becomes a wave of translation and erosion of the ocean bottom intensifies.",
            "output": [
                "John studies erosion of soil due to ocean wave. To facilitate his study he measured wave in three different \npoints, point A, point B, and point C. Point A is in deep water. Point B is in shallow water, and point C is \nin even shallower water. He needs to publish his findings after analyzing the data.",
                "Most surfers used Wide beach because of the areas of shallow water, but some surfers were happy with Sandy beach, although the water was much deeper at the shore there.",
                "Two neighboring gulfs had different geographical features. South gulf has shallow water and is wider, while North gulf is quite deep. Both gulfs are exposed to intense wave activity throughout the year."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Energy is passed up a food chain or web from lower to higher trophic levels. However, only about 10 percent of the energy at one level is passed up the next level. This is represented by the ecological pyramid in Figure below . The other 90 percent of energy at each trophic level is used for metabolic processes or given off to the environment as heat. This loss of energy explains why there are rarely more than four trophic levels in a food chain or web. There isn\u2019t enough energy left to support additional levels. It also explains why ecosystems need a constant input of energy.",
            "output": [
                "An island in the Pacific ocean has a strange an compact ecosystem. There are only 4 species of living organism on it. There are plants, Insects, birds, cats. Because of this there is a very specific food chain on this island. Any new species added to it has cause the population of all other species to decrease. This is because when a new species is added it causes the others to not have enough food as they all feed on each other. The insects eat the plants, the birds eat the insects and the cats eat the birds. When a species of wolf that eats the cats was added the plants began to die off because the wolves outlived the cats so the plants could not get the energy in time to regrow before the insects would eat them. Because of this the insects would die, then the birds then the cats. because the energy source for each species was being consumed faster than it could be produced."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Some fungi take on different shapes, depending on their environmental conditions. These fungi are called dimorphic fungi , because they have \u201ctwo forms.\u201d For example, the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum , which causes the disease histoplasmosis, is thermally dimorphic; it has two forms that are dependent on temperature. In temperatures of about 25\u00b0C, it grows as a brownish mycelium, and looks like a mass of threads. At body temperature (37\u00b0C in humans), it grows as single, round yeast cells.",
            "output": [
                "Two mycologists were studying fungi. Max studied regular fungi, while Red studied dimorphic fungi. They were both fascinated by their findings."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A large log placed in a fire will burn relatively slowly. If the same mass of wood were added to the fire in the form of small twigs, they would burn much more quickly. This is because the twigs provide a greater surface area than the log does. An increase in the surface area of a reactant increases the rate of a reaction. Surface area is larger when a given amount of a solid is present as smaller particles. A powdered reactant has a greater surface area than the same reactant as a solid chunk. In order to increase the surface area of a substance, it may be ground into smaller particles or dissolved into a liquid. In solution, the dissolved particles are separated from each other and will react more quickly with other reactants.",
            "output": [
                "Danny went camping and made a fire in the woods. he used large logs he fell a few months back. Bob was camping 300 yards away and he made a fire using small sticks, kindlings and sawdust he had left over. Bob's fire burned fast and bright.",
                "Demetrious is conducting chemical reactions for his community college chemistry laboratory course. In his first reaction, reaction A, he uses sodium oxide as the reactant in the form of small particles. In his second reaction, reaction B, he uses sodium oxide as the reactant in the form of large chunks of material. Both reactions use the same total weight of sodium oxide.",
                "Two friends went camping and made a fire each. Bill used a few large logs while Tim used kindlings, wood chips and sawdust. they both brought the same volume of wood.",
                "Two groups of friends went camping , but camped separately a few hundred yards away and started a fire each. Both groups had the same volume of wood. Group P had larger logs, while group Q had small twigs, sawdust and kindlings.",
                "Two groups of friends went camping , but camped separately afew hundred yards away and started a fire each. Both groups had the same volume of wood. Group P had larger logs, while group Q had small twigs, sawdust and kindlings.",
                "Two groups of scientists examined two fires. Group A put a large log on it, and group B made a fire with small twigs. They wanted to see which fire would last longer.",
                "Two groups of teens studied fire for the physics class. Group S made a fire using large logs, while group F made a fire using small twigs and sawdust. Both groups used the same volume of wood."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Rain dissolves fertilizer in the soil. Runoff carries it away. The fertilizer ends up in bodies of water, from ponds to oceans. The nitrogen is a fertilizer in the water bodies. Since there is a lot of nitrogen it causes algae to grow out of control. Figure below shows a pond covered with algae. Algae may use up so much oxygen in the water that nothing else can grow. Soon, even the algae die out. Decomposers break down the dead tissue and use up all the oxygen in the water. This creates a dead zone. A dead zone is an area in a body of water where nothing grows because there is too little oxygen. There is a large dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico. You can see it Figure below .",
            "output": [
                "Leaf farm and Plum farm provided the neighboring counties with quality produce year-round. plum farm used conventional farming methods such as fertilizer and pesticides, while Leaf farm used alternative eco-friendly methods only.",
                "Our family was going to go fishing on Saturday. A few years ago we went fishing down the hill from a mushroom farm called Happy Pond. Since that time, there has been a lot of rain and we noticed Happy Pond had a green coating across the top of it. We also thought about going to a new pond in center of the park called Ridge Pond. We are hoping to catch a lot of fish to serve at our family reunion."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Newton was the first one to suggest that gravity is universal and affects all objects in the universe. That\u2019s why Newton\u2019s law of gravity is called the law of universal gravitation . Universal gravitation means that the force that causes an apple to fall from a tree to the ground is the same force that causes the moon to keep moving around Earth. Universal gravitation also means that while Earth exerts a pull on you, you exert a pull on Earth. In fact, there is gravity between you and every mass around you\u2014your desk, your book, your pen. Even tiny molecules of gas are attracted to one another by the force of gravity. You can learn more about Newton\u2019s law of gravity and how he developed it in the video at this URL:.",
            "output": [
                "Isaac is sitting under an apple tree reading a book. After a short while he falls asleep under the tree."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Sand mining is a direct cause of erosion, and impacts the local wildlife.[2] Various animals depend on sandy beaches for nesting clutches, and mining has led to the near extinction of gharials (a species of crocodile) in India. Disturbance of underwater and coastal sand causes turbidity in the water, which is harmful for organisms like coral that need sunlight. It can also destroy fisheries, financially harming their operators.\n\nRemoval of physical coastal barriers, such as dunes, sometimes leads to flooding of beachside communities, and the destruction of picturesque beaches causes tourism to dissipate. Sand mining is regulated by law in many places, but is often done illegally.[3] Globally, it is a $70 billion industry, with sand selling at up to $90 per cubic yard.[4].",
            "output": [
                "Cory and his family are wanting to go fishing for their vacation. They have a set of options for their trip, Castle Beach and Armor Beach. Castle Beach has recently been the scene of controversy because of recent sand mining, but Armor Beach has seen no such development.",
                "Nigeria invested in sand mining and started mining coastal barriers. Congo continued preserving their picturesque beaches.",
                "Sand mining in the north coastal region was stopped 20 years ago, but it still continues to this day in the south region. Both fishing communities there are still prosperous, but the southern one had a couple of bad years, with fish and other marine wildlife becoming more scarce. The southern beach had erosion problems as well. The northern beach recovered, and is suitable for tourism.",
                "The island of Utopia is a popular tourist destination with its great sandy beaches. Two of the most popular beaches are beach A and beach B. Both beaches also have \nlarge wildlife sanctuaries where rare dolphins can be seen. There are some fisheries in both beaches too. This year the government of Utopia is looking for more sources to increase their revenue. They decided to allow sand mining in beach A next year, and earn \nsome extra revenue.",
                "Twenty first century is seeing an explosion of artificial island building. Many countries are building islands in the middle of seas and oceans, which they often use for tourism or for defensive purposes. For example, UAE had build several islands in the Persian Gulf. To build those islands they had to ask Oman and Qatar to export sand to them. Qatar declined to export sand, but Oman agreed. Oman in turn had to mine huge quantity of sand in their own country.",
                "Two cities located at the sea shore between sand dunes, took 2 different approaches to their economic stability and sources of income for their inhabitants. Dune city was mainly focused on raising animals fishing and tourism, while Gulf city started sand mining operations because of the good prices they received per cubic yard of sand.",
                "Two cities located at the sea shore between sand dunes, took 2 different approaches to their economic stability and sources of income for their inhabitants. Dune city was mainly focused on raising cattle, fishing and tourism, while Gulf city started sand mining operations because of the good prices they received per cubic yard of sand.",
                "Two coastal Canadian towns, Hammond and Soundville decided to start sand mining to bring more money to their budgets. A few months later however, Hammond decided to stop all mining operations and find other sources of income. they wanted to protect the environment.",
                "Two coastal communities  on two neighboring gulfs took different approaches to  bringing more money into the local economy. Davin village continued with commercial fishing and agriculture, while the village of Forx decided to mine sand from the nearby dunes, because it was very profitable. They did not think about the effect it would have on the environment."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Hepatitis B is a contagious virus that affects the liver, infection can last from a few weeks to a serious lifelong illness. Two different types of infection exist for this disease, \"acute\" and \"chronic.\" Acute Hepatitis B is a short term illness that occurs within 6 months of exposure, Chronic Hepatitis B is long term and happens when the virus remains in the body. The younger the child is, the greater their chance of developing a chronic infection and this risk goes down as the child gets older. Approximately 90% of infected infants will develop a chronic infection.[3].",
            "output": [
                "A 1st grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age.  Lawrence was the oldest. Nicholas was the 2nd oldest. Roy was the 3rd oldest. Benjamin was the 4th oldest. Bruce was the 5th oldest. Brandon was the 6th oldest. The last one was Adam, who was the youngest. They all looked handsome that day.",
                "A 1st grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. James was the youngest. John was the 2nd youngest. Robert was the 3rd youngest. Michael was the 4th youngest. William was the 5th youngest. David was the 6th youngest. The last one was Richard, who was the oldest. They all looked great that day.",
                "A 1st grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Larry was the oldest. Jeffrey was the 2nd oldest. Frank was the 3rd oldest. Scott was the 4th oldest. Eric was the 5th oldest. Stephen was the 6th oldest. The last one was Andrew, who was the youngest. They all looked fantastic that day.",
                "A 1st grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Prince was the youngest. Shirley was the 2nd youngest. Tad was the 3rd youngest. Trinidad was the 4th youngest. Donn was the 5th youngest. Jarred was the 6th youngest. The last one was Tanner, who was the oldest. They all looked fantastic.",
                "A 1st grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Waldo was the youngest. Antone was the 2nd youngest. Chi was the 3rd youngest. Damion was the 4th youngest. Kenton was the 5th youngest. Rolland was the 6th youngest. The last one was Rupert, who was the oldest. They all looked handsome.",
                "A 2nd grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Dario was the oldest. Delmer was the 2nd oldest. Mohamed was the 3rd oldest. Brice was the 4th oldest. Horacio was the 5th oldest. Lupe was the 6th oldest. The last one was Richie, who was the youngest. They all looked great that day.",
                "A 2nd grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Foster was the oldest. Olin was the 2nd oldest. Yong was the 3rd oldest. Brenton was the 4th oldest. Carol was the 5th oldest. Dewitt was the 6th oldest. The last one was Jamaal, who was the youngest. They all looked terrific that day.",
                "A 2nd grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Jeremy was the oldest. Aaron was the 2nd oldest. Randy was the 3rd oldest. Howard was the 4th oldest. Eugene was the 5th oldest. Carlos was the 6th oldest. The last one was Russell, who was the youngest. They all looked great that day.",
                "A 2nd grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Larry was the youngest. Jeffrey was the 2nd youngest. Frank was the 3rd youngest. Scott was the 4th youngest. Eric was the 5th youngest. Stephen was the 6th youngest. The last one was Andrew, who was the oldest. They all looked great that day.",
                "A 2nd grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Susan was the oldest. Margaret was the 2nd oldest. Dorothy was the 3rd oldest. Lisa was the 4th oldest. Nancy was the 5th oldest. Karen was the 6th oldest. The last one was Betty, who was the youngest. They all looked great that day.",
                "A 3rd grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Charles was the youngest. Joseph was the 2nd youngest. Thomas was the 3rd youngest. Christopher was the 4th youngest. Daniel was the 5th youngest. Paul was the 6th youngest. The last one was Mark, who was the oldest. They all looked fantastic that day.",
                "A 3rd grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Gil was the oldest, followed by Jules, and Burt was the youngest. They looked good that day.",
                "A 3rd grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Gloria was the youngest. Evelyn was the 2nd youngest. Jean was the 3rd youngest. Cheryl was the 4th youngest. Mildred was the 5th youngest. Katherine was the 6th youngest. The last one was Joan, who was the oldest. They all looked fantastic that day.",
                "A 3rd grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Lenny was the youngest. Connie was the 2nd youngest. Newton was the 3rd youngest. Amado was the 4th youngest. Dillon was the 5th youngest. Thanh was the 6th youngest. The last one was Frances, who was the oldest. They all looked great.",
                "A 3rd grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Norberto was the youngest. Trey was the 2nd youngest. Andrea was the 3rd youngest. Ivory was the 4th youngest. Kieth was the 5th youngest. Normand was the 6th youngest. The last one was Deandre, who was the oldest. They all looked super.",
                "A 3rd grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Raymond was the oldest. Gregory was the 2nd oldest. Joshua was the 3rd oldest. Jerry was the 4th oldest. Dennis was the 5th oldest. Walter was the 6th oldest. The last one was Patrick, who was the youngest. They all looked good that day.",
                "A 4th grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Ahmed was the oldest. Jefferey was the 2nd oldest. Tyree was the 3rd oldest. Walker was the 4th oldest. Burl was the 5th oldest. Kip was the 6th oldest. The last one was Quinn, who was the youngest. They all looked wonderful that day.",
                "A 4th grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Anthony was the youngest. Kevin was the 2nd youngest. Jason was the 3rd youngest. Matthew was the 4th youngest. Gary was the 5th youngest. Timothy was the 6th youngest. The last one was Jose, who was the oldest. They all looked fantastic that day.",
                "A 4th grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Eloy was the youngest, followed by Gail, and Josef was the oldest. They looked wonderful that day.",
                "A 4th grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Helen was the oldest. Sandra was the 2nd oldest. Donna was the 3rd oldest. Carol was the 4th oldest. Ruth was the 5th oldest. Sharon was the 6th oldest. The last one was Michelle, who was the youngest. They all looked terrific that day.",
                "A 4th grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Justin was the oldest. Terry was the 2nd oldest. Gerald was the 3rd oldest. Keith was the 4th oldest. Samuel was the 5th oldest. Willie was the 6th oldest. The last one was Ralph, who was the youngest. They all looked great that day.",
                "A 4th grade classroom photo was held today. They all gathered by age. Marcelo was the oldest. Mel was the 2nd oldest. Tod was the 3rd oldest. Chang was the 4th oldest. Chauncey was the 5th oldest. Lenard was the 6th oldest. The last one was Maria, who was the youngest. They all looked wonderful that day.",
                "A big family photo of the Smith's kids happened last week. The youngest is Tim, who is 1. Sarah is only 2 years old. Bob is a little older at 3 years old. Jessica is 4 years old. John is 5 years old. Amy is 6 years old. The oldest child is Frank, who is 7 years old. They all had the biggest smiles.",
                "Bob has just graduated from medical school. He went on to serve his community. Especially he is interested in treating children. One day he saw two children, child M and child N, and found child M is infected with Acute Hepatitis B while child N is infected with Chronic Hepatitis B. Next day he saw two other children, child O and child P. Child O was younger, but child P was older."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Chemists look at the world in two ways, often simultaneously. The two worlds of the chemist are the macroscopic world and the microscopic world. Macroscopic refers to substances and objects that can be seen, touched, and measured directly. Microscopic refers to the small particles that make up all matter. Chemists must observe matter and do experiments macroscopically and then make generalizations and propose explanations that are microscopic in nature. For example, anyone can observe the physical change in appearance that occurs as an iron object such as a tractor that is left out in the elements gradually turns to rust. However, a chemist looks at the rusting tractor and thinks about what is going on with the individual atoms that make up the iron and how they are changing as a result of exposure to oxygen in the air and water from rain. Throughout your study of chemistry, you will often switch back and forth between the macroscopic and microscopic worlds.",
            "output": [
                "Two cousins went to college to get a B.S. Greg studied Biology, and his younger cousin Dawn decided to study chemistry. They both graduated Summa Cum Laudae."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: If a nuclear chain reaction is uncontrolled, it produces a lot of energy all at once. This is what happens in an atomic bomb. However, if a nuclear chain reaction is controlled, it produces energy much more slowly. This is what occurs in a nuclear power plant. The reaction is controlled by inserting rods of nonfissioning material into the fissioning material. You can see this in the Figure below . The radiation from the controlled fission is used to heat water and turn it to steam. The steam is under pressure and causes a turbine to spin. The spinning turbine runs a generator, which produces electricity.",
            "output": [
                "The city has recently come upon some nuclear material and is wanting to use it for power generation. They are not sure how to implement it safely and have devised several strategies which include an uncontrolled reaction and a controlled reaction of the material."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Start right above point on the temperature axis and follow the red line vertically. At very low pressure, the particles of the substance are far apart from one another and the substance is in the gas state. As the pressure is increased, the particles of the substance are forced closer and closer together. Eventually the particles are pushed so close together that attractive forces cause the substance to condense into the liquid state. Continually increasing the pressure on the liquid will eventually cause the substance to solidify. For the majority of substances, the solid state is denser than the liquid state and so putting a liquid under great pressure will cause it to turn into a solid. The line segment represents the process of sublimation, where the substance changes directly from a solid to a gas. At a sufficiently low pressure, the liquid phase does not exist. The point labeled is called the triple point . The triple point is the one condition of temperature and pressure where the solid, liquid, and vapor states of a substance can all coexist at equilibrium.",
            "output": [
                "Dan is conducting a research to see how a substance behaves in varying pressure. First, he selects a gaseous substance in very low pressure. He calls it as case A. Then he increases the pressure. He calls it case B. Finally, he increases the pressure even further. He calls it case C.",
                "John is learning about different states of matter. So far, he recognized three states of matter, state A, state B, and state C. State A is in solid state. State B is in liquid state, and state C is in gaseous state. He needs to learn more about their individual characteristics."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Ocean acidification occurs when excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes the oceans to become acidic. Burning fossil fuels has led to an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This carbon dioxide is then absorbed by the oceans, which lowers the pH of the water. Ocean acidification can kill corals and shellfish. It may also cause marine organisms to reproduce less, which could harm other organisms in the food chain. As a result, there also may be fewer marine organisms for humans to consume.",
            "output": [
                "Many years ago there was a beach Called Coast Brigs where many coral and other life lived. A refinery that burned coal was built nearby and over time the water nearby became very acidic. The coral and marine life died because of this but a few miles north on another beach named Greendale the same creatures are surviving just fine.",
                "San Francisco and Baltimore both have large manufacturing and production industries and both border large oceans. San Francisco has been burning large amounts of fossil fuels recently to fuel their increased manufacturing and production of automobiles. Baltimore, however, has shifted to renewable resources recently, and as a result they have drastically decreased the amount of fossil fuels that are used to produce and manufacture steel.",
                "The biologists found out that the Indian Ocean had a lower water pH than it did a decade ago, and it became acidic. The water in the Arctic ocean still had a neutral to basic pH.",
                "Two islands were situated in different oceans. Hill island  used fossil fuels and released a lot of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, while Coral island was very protective towards the air and the ocean.",
                "Two islands were situated in different oceans. Hill island used fossil fuels and released a lot of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, while Coral island was very protective towards the air and the ocean."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Shown in the Figure below is a cylinder of gas on the left that is at room temperature (300 K). On the right, the cylinder has been heated until the Kelvin temperature has doubled to 600 K. The kinetic energy of the gas molecules increases, so collisions with the walls of the container are now more forceful than they were before. As a result, the pressure of the gas doubles. Decreasing the temperature would have the opposite effect, and the pressure of an enclosed gas would decrease.",
            "output": [
                "A chef is preparing ribs for his clients dinner tonight. He decides to use a pressure cooker to help keep them nice and tender. He loads the ribs in the pressure cooker and closes the latches which are relatively easy to clamp down. After cooking for a while the latches seem much tighter and the lid much harder to move.",
                "A science teacher is attempting to show his students how kinetic energy works in gases. In order to do so, he leaves the classroom with two beakers filled with the same type of gas. He goes to the kitchen and heats one beaker up on the stove, but does nothing to the other beaker. He then returns to the classroom and has the students examine the gases. The students observe that the kinetic in beaker G is higher than that of the gas in beaker R.",
                "Carl works in a facility that keeps several gasses in tight containment units. He needs to monitor which gasses are under the most pressure for safety reasons. Each container has the same amount of gas in it. Containment Unit A is very hot to the touch, while Containment Unit B is cool to the touch.",
                "David was trying to see how steam engines work. For that, he conducted two tests, test A and test B. In test A, he used low temperature. On the other hand, in test B, he used high temperature. David started thinking about how he could use the results of his tests in everyday life.",
                "Gwen owns a sauna. She wants to try something new and decides to make the room air tight, meaning no air can escape the room. After trialing this with a few customers she asks them for some feedback. The customers say they really like how there is never a draft in the room but they feel weird when they leave the room and their ears pop like when they are are on an airplane and the pressure is uneven.",
                "In a laboratory, Marcus is working with two identical containers of the same amount of gas inside them. For his next experiment, he needs these containers to be different temperatures. He takes container X and puts it in the refrigerator, and he leaves container Y out on the table. One hour later, he comes back and takes container X out of the refrigerator so he can now begin his experiment.",
                "Nicholas works in pest control, and needs to have a steady supply of nitrogen gas for his tools. He always keeps a \nclosed container of nitrogen gas in his freezer, where the temperature is very low.  Nicholas's neighbor, Justin, likes to grill in his backyard. Justin, therefore, always keeps a closed container of propane gas outside, where the temperature is high.",
                "Rob is testing the properties of gas. To that end, he experimented with a cylinder of gas in three stages, stage A, stage B, and stage C. In stage A he kept the gas in room temperature. In stage B he heated the gas up. And in stage C he cooled the gas down."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The epidermis also contains melanocytes , which are cells that produce melanin. Melanin is the brownish pigment that gives skin much of its color. Everyone has about the same number of melanocytes, but the melanocytes of people with darker skin produce more melanin. The amount of melanin produced is determined by heredity and exposure to UV light, which increases melanin output. Exposure to UV light also stimulates the skin to produce vitamin D . Because melanin blocks UV light from penetrating the skin, people with darker skin may be at greater risk of vitamin D deficiency.",
            "output": [
                "An anthropologist gathered observations for two native tribes from southern Africa.  He noticed that both tribes spend the majority of the day outside, and therefore they are both exposed to fairly high amounts of UV light. He also quickly realized that one key difference between the tribes was that members of tribe A had dark skin, while members of tribe B had light skin.",
                "John is learning more about different cultures and people around the world. He noticed that people have different skin colors. To learn more about the science behind skin colors he categorized the skin colors into two broad groups, case D and case L. Case D is represented by darker skin and case L is represented by lighter skin.",
                "Matt and his brother Jesse are twins. They look almost identical. If it weren't for the fact that Jesse has a slightly darker skin complexion you wouldn't be able to tell them apart. In fact one year Matt was out in the sun for a long time and picked up a bit of a tan so they actually did look exactly alike.",
                "Robin and Samantha are both bodybuilders preparing for a competition. Both of them are trying to change their skin complexion to help their appearances at the competition. Robin begins exposing her skin to high amounts of UV light several days a week. Samantha decides not to use any UV light and instead just uses lotion to help her skin."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Evidence from seismology, heat flow at the surface, and mineral physics is combined with the Earth's mass and moment of inertia to infer models of the Earth's interior \u2013 its composition, density, temperature, pressure. For example, the Earth's mean specific gravity (5.515) is far higher than the typical specific gravity of rocks at the surface (2.7\u20133.3), implying that the deeper material is denser. This is also implied by its low moment of inertia ( 0.33 M R2, compared to  0.4 M R2 for a sphere of constant density). However, some of the density increase is compression under the enormous pressures inside the Earth. The effect of pressure can be calculated using the Adams\u2013Williamson equation. The conclusion is that pressure alone cannot account for the increase in density. Instead, we know that the Earth's core is composed of an alloy of iron and other minerals.Reconstructions of seismic waves in the deep interior of the Earth show that there are no S-waves in the outer core. This indicates that the outer core is liquid, because liquids cannot support shear. The outer core is liquid, and the motion of this highly conductive fluid generates the Earth's field. Earth's inner core, however, is solid because of the enormous pressure.Reconstruction of seismic reflections in the deep interior indicate some major discontinuities in seismic velocities that demarcate the major zones of the Earth: inner core, outer core, mantle, lithosphere and crust. The mantle itself is divided into the upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle and D\u2032\u2032 layer. Between the crust and the mantle is the Mohorovi\u010di\u0107 discontinuity.The seismic model of the Earth does not by itself determine the composition of the layers. For a complete model of the Earth, mineral physics is needed to interpret seismic velocities in terms of composition. The mineral properties are temperature-dependent, so the geotherm must also be determined. This requires physical theory for thermal conduction and convection and the heat contribution of radioactive elements. The main model for the radial structure of the interior of the Earth is the preliminary reference Earth model (PREM). Some parts of this model have been updated by recent findings in mineral physics (see post-perovskite) and supplemented by seismic tomography. The mantle is mainly composed of silicates, and the boundaries between layers of the mantle are consistent with phase transitions.The mantle acts as a solid for seismic waves, but under high pressures and temperatures it deforms so that over millions of years it acts like a liquid. This makes plate tectonics possible.",
            "output": [
                "John is a geologist. He was trying to figure out how the Earth's inner core is made. To that end, he compared earth's physical characteristics to available items. First he took a sample of surface rock, which he labeled as item B. Then he took a sphere of constant density, which he labeled as item C. Finally, he labeled the Earth as item A."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: About 10% of sedimentary rocks are limestones. The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst landscapes, in which water erodes the limestone over thousands to millions of years. Most cave systems are through limestone bedrock.",
            "output": [
                "Allan has to plan a couple of adventures this year. One adventure involves taking his family on vacation, and his son has been interested in seeing different formations of limestone. The other adventure Allan must plan for is a trip with his coworkers, one of which has mentioned that they have seen all the limestone formations that they want to see, and want to see other rock formations. He has narrowed down his adventure spots to Wilson Caves and Mt. Everest.",
                "Bill is going on some trips this week. The first trip on Saturday is to Reginald's Peak. The next trip on Sunday is to Smuggler's Caves. He is very excited to see what both of the sites have to offer!.",
                "Bob has been planning a trip with some friends, and they have mentioned that they want to see limestone. Bob also has a retreat for work that is being planned, and his boss has stated that he doesn't want to travel to a place with high amounts of limestone, as he finds it boring. Bob's travel agent has supplied him with two options for vacation, Mt. Pike, and Meramec Caverns.",
                "Craig is going on some trips this week. The first trip on Monday is to Giant's Peak. The next trip on Friday is to Sleepy's Caves. He is excited to see all the sites.",
                "Craig is traveling the country and seeing the different sites. On Monday and Tuesday, he will be seeing a vast field where an old battle happened, called Marshall Field. It is now mostly used for farming for its fertile soil. On Thursday and Friday Craig will venture to see Smuggler's Caves, an intricate cave system that used to be used by smuggler's and pirates.",
                "Greg has been on a rock finding kick. Lately, he has decided he wanted to explore areas with higher amounts of limestone. He only has time this year for one trip, and his options are limited. He can go to Mount St. Helens, or he can go to the Meremac Caverns.",
                "Peter visited two mountain ranges last summer. The Ozarks in Missouri, and the  more massive and younger Colorado Rockies. He loved both ranges, but liked the caves systems and blue holes in the Ozarks a bit more.",
                "Peter visited two mountain ranges last summer. The Ozarks in Missouri, and the Colorado Rockies. He loved both ranges, but liked the caves systems and blue holes in the Ozarks a bit more.",
                "The Berg mountains in Berg county are of a volcanic nature, very massive, few caves. The Gorge mountains in Gorge county are made of sedimentary rocks, predominantly limestone. They were exposed to water and that lead to karst lanscapes, caves, blue holes, stalactites and stalagmites.",
                "White mountains are often visited by tourists because of the many beautiful caves, stalactites, stalagmites and karst phenomena. Dome mountains are interesting to tourists because they are very massive, of volcanic origin and excellent for climbing."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Trees can benefit fauna. The most common examples are silvopasture where cattle, goats, or sheep browse on grasses grown under trees. In hot climates, the animals are less stressed and put on weight faster when grazing in a cooler, shaded environment. The leaves of trees or shrubs can also serve as fodder.",
            "output": [
                "Two farmers from the same village raised animals. The village was situated in a hot climate. They took the animals to graze on pastures nearby. Tom took his animals to a silvopasture, while Bill took his to a grassland.",
                "Two farmers live side by side and both raise cattle in separate fields. The area they live in is rather hot. Farmer A's grazing area is wide and open with no trees around. Farmer B has a lot of trees in their grazing area."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Predators play an important role in an ecosystem. For example, if they did not exist, then a single species could become dominant over others. Grazers on a grassland keep grass from growing out of control. Predators can be keystone species . These are species that can have a large effect on the balance of organisms in an ecosystem. For example, if all of the wolves are removed from a population, then the population of deer or rabbits may increase. If there are too many deer, then they may decrease the amount of plants or grasses in the ecosystem. Decreased levels of producers may then have a detrimental effect on the whole ecosystem. In this example, the wolves would be a keystone species.",
            "output": [
                "Dan and Joe studied animals for biology class. Joe had to study predator animals, while Dan studied herbivores and grazers.",
                "Karen studied animals in school. She started studying predators for a school presentation. She liked it. Her friend Molly liked cows, sheep and other herbivores, so she decided to do a presentation about grazers, and their role in nature.",
                "Large birds are natural predators of rodents. Unfortunately, rodents consume crops in farmlands. In recent years, use of chemicals in agriculture has seen reduced number of large birds in Germany. But in some places in France farmers are cautions about using chemicals in agriculture. As a result, large bird population had been stable in France.",
                "Mike is studying the predator prey relationship. He is specifically studying three species, species A, species B, and species C. Species A is a predator; species B is the prey; and species C is a plant species that species B lives on. Mike now needs to figure out how the predator prey relationship balance the ecosystem.",
                "Two students from the same class, studies different types of animals. Bill studied predators, while John studied grazers.",
                "Two students studied animal behavior for the biology class. Ned studied more about predators, while Kim studied more about herbivores.",
                "Two teams studied two types of animals: team A studied predators, while team B studied grazers. They learned a lot from this experience."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: This is how ice wedging works. When liquid water changes into solid ice, it increases in volume. You see this when you fill an ice cube tray with water and put it in the freezer. The ice cubes go to a higher level in the tray than the water. You also may have seen this if you put a can of soda into the freezer so that it cools down quickly. If you leave the can in the freezer too long, the liquid expands so much that it bends or pops the can. (For the record, water is very unusual. Most substances get smaller when they change from a liquid to a solid.).",
            "output": [
                "Jeremy is performing some chores around the kitchen when he decides to pour himself some water into a blue cup. However, this water isn't cold enough so he puts it into the freezer to cool it down. He then pours himself the exact same amount of water in a red cup, but gets a phone call and leaves that cup on the table without taking a sip. He comes back two hours later after the phone call to get his cups of water back."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: In the long term, the greatest changes in the Solar System will come from changes in the Sun itself as it ages. As the Sun burns through its supply of hydrogen fuel, it gets hotter and burns the remaining fuel even faster. As a result, the Sun is growing brighter at a rate of ten percent every 1.1 billion years. In about 600 million years, the Sun brightness will have disrupted the Carbon Cycle to the point that trees and forests (C3 photosynthetic plant life) will no longer be able to survive and in around 800 million years, the Sun will have killed all complex life on the Earth's surface and in the oceans. In 1.1 billion years' time, the Sun's increased radiation output will cause its circumstellar habitable zone to move outwards, making the Earth's surface too hot for liquid water to exist there naturally. At this point, all life will be reduced to single celled organisms. Evaporation of water, a potent greenhouse gas, from the oceans' surface could accelerate temperature increase, potentially ending all life on Earth even sooner. During this time, it is possible that as Mars's surface temperature gradually rises, carbon dioxide and water currently frozen under the surface regolith will release into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that will heat the planet until it achieves conditions parallel to Earth today, providing a potential future abode for life. By 3.5 billion years from now, Earth's surface conditions will be similar to those of Venus today.",
            "output": [
                "Rob knows a brilliant scientist who has made a time machine. One day, the scientist let Rob travel time with his machine. Rob noticed that the machine had four gears, gear A, gear B, gear C, and gear D. Rob started with Gear A, which represented the present time. Then he pushed the gear to gear B, which was 600 million years from now. Then he further pushed the gear to gear C, which brought him to 800 million years from now. Finally, he pushed the gear to gear D, which brought him to 1.1 billion years from now. Though he traveled time, Rob was always on Earth all the time."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The quantity of small plastic fragments floating in the north-east Pacific Ocean increased a hundredfold between 1972 and 2012.Marine pollution is a generic term for the harmful entry into the ocean of chemicals or particles. The main culprits are those using the rivers for disposing of their waste. The rivers then empty into the ocean, often also bringing chemicals used as fertilizers in agriculture. The excess of oxygen-depleting chemicals in the water leads to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone.Marine debris, also known as marine litter, is human-created waste that has ended up floating in a lake, sea, ocean, or waterway. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of gyres and coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter.In addition, the Pacific Ocean has served as the crash site of satellites, including Mars 96, Fobos-Grunt, and Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite.",
            "output": [
                "Ecuador and Panama both had beautiful rivers flowing into the Pacific ocean. Ecuador uses their river to dispose of their waste while Panama is very eco-friendly and doesn't do that.",
                "Robert and his brother Jeff are both farmers whose farms are near large rivers. These rivers eventually flow into the Pacific Ocean. Robert recently switched to a different brand of fertilizer to increase the yield on his crops.  This fertilizer contains a chemical that tends to destroy oxygen when it comes into contact with it. Due to heavy rains on his farm, large amounts of this fertilizer have been leaking into the river near Robert's farm. Meanwhile, Jeff uses fertilizer that is very stable and does not leak into the rivers near his farm.",
                "The Marlan Sea and The Jowal Sea are two bodies of water currently being studied by scientists at the Hamford Research Complex. The goal of the study is to find out which sea would be a better choice to support the construction of an experimental underwater laboratory. The employees first begin by analyzing the surrounding regions of the two seas. They discover that the Marlan Sea has many rivers flowing into it. The vast majority of these rivers are located near farms that grow crops to sell to the local cities. The Jowal Sea is surrounded by mostly uninhabited land. The rivers that flow into it have almost no human civilizations near them and instead are surrounded by flat plains and some forests.",
                "The Marlan Sea and the Jowal Sea are two bodies of water currently being studied by scientists at the Hamford Research Complex. The goal of the study is to find out which sea would be a better choice to support the construction of an experimental underwater laboratory. The employees first begin by analyzing the surrounding regions of the two seas. They discover that the Marlan Sea has many rivers flowing into it. The vast majority of these rivers are located near farms that grow crops to sell to the local cities. The Jowal Sea is surrounded by mostly uninhabited land. The rivers that flow into it have almost no human civilizations near them and instead are surrounded by flat plains and some forests.",
                "Tim and Joe were two friends living near two different oceans. Tim lived on the Pacific coast while Joe lived on the Atlantic coast.",
                "Two old friends were both oceanographers. They were both researching the levels of marine pollution in Earth's oceans. Vic studied the Arctic Ocean, while Dan studied the Pacific Ocean."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Around 5.4 billion years from now, the core of the Sun will become hot enough to trigger hydrogen fusion in its surrounding shell. This will cause the outer layers of the star to expand greatly, and the star will enter a phase of its life in which it is called a red giant. Within 7.5 billion years, the Sun will have expanded to a radius of 1.2 AU\u2014256 times its current size. At the tip of the red giant branch, as a result of the vastly increased surface area, the Sun's surface will be much cooler (about 2600 K) than now and its luminosity much higher\u2014up to 2,700 current solar luminosities. For part of its red giant life, the Sun will have a strong stellar wind that will carry away around 33% of its mass. During these times, it is possible that Saturn's moon Titan could achieve surface temperatures necessary to support life.As the Sun expands, it will swallow the planets Mercury and Venus. Earth's fate is less clear; although the Sun will envelop Earth's current orbit, the star's loss of mass (and thus weaker gravity) will cause the planets' orbits to move farther out. If it were only for this, Venus and Earth would probably escape incineration, but a 2008 study suggests that Earth will likely be swallowed up as a result of tidal interactions with the Sun's weakly bound outer envelope.Gradually, the hydrogen burning in the shell around the solar core will increase the mass of the core until it reaches about 45% of the present solar mass. At this point the density and temperature will become so high that the fusion of helium into carbon will begin, leading to a helium flash; the Sun will shrink from around 250 to 11 times its present (main-sequence) radius. Consequently, its luminosity will decrease from around 3,000 to 54 times its current level, and its surface temperature will increase to about 4770 K. The Sun will become a horizontal giant, burning helium in its core in a stable fashion much like it burns hydrogen today. The helium-fusing stage will last only 100 million years. Eventually, it will have to again resort to the reserves of hydrogen and helium in its outer layers and will expand a second time, turning into what is known as an asymptotic giant. Here the luminosity of the Sun will increase again, reaching about 2,090 present luminosities, and it will cool to about 3500 K. This phase lasts about 30 million years, after which, over the course of a further 100,000 years, the Sun's remaining outer layers will fall away, ejecting a vast stream of matter into space and forming a halo known (misleadingly) as a planetary nebula. The ejected material will contain the helium and carbon produced by the Sun's nuclear reactions, continuing the enrichment of the interstellar medium with heavy elements for future generations of stars.",
            "output": [
                "Keith was playing a simulation game. In the game he could travel around the Sun in the future. He started the game in \npresent time, which was denoted as time A. Then he traveled 5.4 billion years into the future, which was denoted as time B. Finally, he reached 7.5 billion years into the future, which was denoted as time C. He was amazed to find how the Sun would change over time."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: In slippery conditions some riders prefer to ride fixed because they believe the transmission provides increased feedback on back tire grip. However, there is also an increased risk of loss of control in such conditions. This is especially so when taking into account the large number of riders who ride brakeless. These riders must brake entirely through the drivetrain. Ideally this is done by resisting the forward motion of the pedals, shedding speed while the bike is still moving. Alternatively, though far less efficiently, one can brake by stopping the motion of the pedals in mid-rotation, causing the rear wheel to lock in place, allowing the bicycle to skid and slow down from kinetic friction (see below).[22]\n\nDescending any significant gradient is more difficult as the rider must spin the cranks at high speed (sometimes at 170 rpm or more), or use the brakes to slow down. Some consider that the enforced fast spin when descending increases suppleness or flexibility, which is said to improve pedalling performance on any type of bicycle; however the performance boost is negligible compared to the benefits of riding a free wheel.[23].",
            "output": [
                "Many pro cyclists joined 2 races this month: Bay village race on the 17th, and Hill village bike race on the 25th. Bay village race took place on the shores of the nearby bay, while Hill race took place on the hills and valleys 10 miles away. Bay village race competitors experienced bad weather: a thunderstorm took place during the first hour of the competition.",
                "Two brothers had bike repair shops in neighboring towns. Bob's was located in a hilly area, with more precipitation and full of bike trails, so he had more people coming in, while Rob's was in the valley, near the parks.",
                "Two brothers had bike repair shops in neighboring towns. Bob's was located in a hilly area, with more precipitation and full of bike trails, while Rob's was in the valley, near the parks.",
                "Two villages are inhabited by lots of people that ride bicycles. Hill village is located on a mountain and gets lots of rain, and Low village is situated in a valley, and has more sunny days."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The Keystone XL Pipeline would transport oil from the oil sands in Alberta, Canada. The oil would travel into the United States. In the U.S. it would be refined. The pipeline is controversial. A leak could cause damage to wildlife habitat. A leak could also release enough oil to contaminate the Ogallala Aquifer. The Aquifer is crucial to agriculture and urban development in the Midwestern U.S. When burned, the fuel from the oil sands would increase pollutants. Greenhouse gases into the atmosphere would increase. The future of the pipeline is currently on hold.",
            "output": [
                "Lawmakers were debating the pros and cons of Keystone XL Pipeline. One group of lawmakers proposed that the pipeline be constructed. They put their proposal in proposal A. The rival group of lawmakers proposed that the pipeline should not be build. They put their proposal in proposal B. Lawmakers would now have to choose one of the proposals."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Ecology is the study of ecosystems. An ecosystem consists of all the living and nonliving components of the habitat. Whereas nutrients and certain elements are recycled through ecosystems, energy moves in just one direction. Many interactions among species within an ecosystem are centered around the flow of energy. The formation of ecosystems, from new land to current habitats, is usually based on the pioneer species, and these species are able to live in an area due to the nonliving factors, such as the climate, the soil and the amount of rainfall, of that area. The populations within an ecosystem also determine the stability of the system. Recent tremendous increases in the human population have raised many important ecological issues.",
            "output": [
                "Scientists studied two island. One with an old ecosystem named Old island, and the other with a newly formed and forming ecosystem named New island. Both islands were inhabited, Old island being heavily inhabited.",
                "Two brothers liked natural sciences. Ben decided to study Ecology, while his brother Dan decided to study Geography. They studied a lot and became very good at these subjects.",
                "Two friends were into natural sciences. Tom was more into Geology, while Rick studied Ecology."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: For example, your body has an internal thermostat. During a winter day, in your house a thermostat senses the temperature in a room and responds by turning on or off the heater. Your body acts in much the same way. When body temperature rises, receptors in the skin and the brain sense the temperature change. The temperature change triggers a command from the brain. This command can cause several responses. If you are too hot, the skin makes sweat and blood vessels near the skin surface dilate. This response helps decrease body temperature.",
            "output": [
                "Recently, a man name Bob broke his leg, and has been commanded to stay inside and rest while it heals. His wife, Gretchen, has had to do most of the yard work, and it has been very hot outside. Bob has been watching his wife cut the grass and feels bad, noticing she looks tired, while he gets to sit inside in the air conditioning."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: If only 1.0 mL of 0.10 M hydrochloric acid is added to 1.0 L of pure water the pH drops drastically from 7.0 to 4.0. This is a 1000-fold increase in the acidity of the solution. For many purposes, it is desirable to have a solution which is capable of resisting such large changes in pH when relatively small amounts of acid or base are added to them. Such a solution is called a buffer. A buffer is a solution of a weak acid or a base and its salt. Both components must be present for the system to act as a buffer to resist changes in pH. Commercial buffer solutions, which have a wide variety of pH values, can be obtained.",
            "output": [
                "John is a scientist in a large pharmaceutical company. He devices many useful products using his knowledge of chemistry. Today, he has four solutions in front of him, solution A, solution B, solution C, and solution D. Solution A is a buffer, but solution B is not a buffer. Solution C is acidic, but solution D is not acidic. He needs to figure out what each solution does."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: To determine the concentration of an acid in an aqueous solution, an acid-base titration is commonly performed. A strong base solution with a known concentration, usually NaOH or KOH, is added to neutralize the acid solution according to the color change of the indicator with the amount of base added.[7] The titration curve of an acid titrated by a base has two axes, with the base volume on the x-axis and the solution's pH value on the y-axis. The pH of the solution always goes up as the base is added to the solution.",
            "output": [
                "Due to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere more an more carbon dioxide is mixing with ocean water - thus increasing the acidity of the world's oceans. Rob is a climate scientist. He is measuring the acidity of the Atlantic ocean and the Pacific Ocean. To determine ocean water acidity he performed an acid-base titration. His conclusion is that Atlantic Ocean's acidity reached higher level than Pacific Ocean's acidity."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Freezing is a common method of food preservation that slows both food decay and the growth of micro-organisms. Besides the effect of lower temperatures on reaction rates, freezing makes water less available for bacterial growth.",
            "output": [
                "Robert, a baker, has just baked a large batch of cupcakes for his store. He won't be able to sell all of his cupcakes within the next week, so he has decided to store a portion of them in the freezer to preserve them for later. He is trying to decide if he should store the cupcakes at 0\u00b0 F or at 10\u00b0 F in the freezer."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: For example, if a circuit has a potential difference of 100 volts and it is intended for the circuit to contain a 100 ohm resistance, then the wires carrying the current for this circuit will be designed for 1.0 amp. If that 100 ohm resistance is suddenly cut out of the circuit and only 0.10 ohm resistance remains, then the voltage will push 1000 amps of current through the circuit. This current overheats the wires and may damage the circuits or start a fire in the walls or the appliance. There are many possible causes of a short circuit, one possible cause could be something overheating, melting wires, and thereby fusing the circuit closed, bypassing the resistance. Another cause might be something damaging the insulation of a wire, allowing the incoming and grounds wires to touch. In any case, once the resistance is lost, the voltage pushes a huge amount of charge through the wires causing them to overheat.",
            "output": [
                "Customers bought two types of electrical ovens, type A and type B. They were all happy at first but type B ovens started to short circuit.",
                "John is preparing for a do it yourself science project. First, he made a circuit with adequate resistance. He labeled that state of the circuit as circuit A. Then he lowered the resistance. He called that new state of the circuit as circuit B. While he was doing all this, his friend Keith showed up with another circuit, circuit C. But that circuit's insulation was damaged."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Ants form symbiotic associations with a range of species, including other ant species, other insects, plants, and fungi. They also are preyed on by many animals and even certain fungi. Some arthropod species spend part of their lives within ant nests, either preying on ants, their larvae, and eggs, consuming the food stores of the ants, or avoiding predators. These inquilines may bear a close resemblance to ants. The nature of this ant mimicry (myrmecomorphy) varies, with some cases involving Batesian mimicry, where the mimic reduces the risk of predation. Others show Wasmannian mimicry, a form of mimicry seen only in inquilines.",
            "output": [
                "Greg was studying behavior of different organisms. He noticed that some organisms were showing inquiline behavior. He noted that behavior as case A. Then he noticed some other organisms didn't show any inquiline behavior. He noted that behavior as case B. He was astonished by the complicated interactions among organisms."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The Fink effect, also known as \"diffusion anoxia\",[1] \"diffusion hypoxia\",[2] or the \"third gas effect\",[3] is a factor that influences the pO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) within the alveolus. When water-insoluble gases such as anesthetic agent N2O (nitrous oxide) are breathed in large quantities they can be dissolved in body fluids rapidly. This leads to a temporary increase in both the concentrations and partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveolus.",
            "output": [
                "An accident occurred in a local chemical factory. Consequently, large amount of various gases been released to the atmosphere. Local hospital is evaluating all the patients who have been affected by this accident. John, a doctor at the hospital, is seeing two patients, patient A and patient B. He concluded that patient A was having Fink effect. But he didn't see any sign of Fink effect in patient B."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Plants also have a touch response called thigmotropism . If you have ever seen a morning glory or the tendrils of a pea plant twist around a pole, then you know that plants must be able to sense the pole. Thigmotropism works much like the other tropisms. The plant grows straight until it comes in contact with the pole. Then, the side of the stem that is in contact with the pole grows slower than the opposite side of the stem. This causes the stem to bend around the pole.",
            "output": [
                "George builds a fence in his back yard and plants a vine next to it. As the vine grows it comes in contact with the fence. and begins to grow wrapping itself around the fence. Once it reaches the top of the fence its growth stops."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Baker's yeast is the common name for the strains of yeast commonly used in baking bread and bakery products, serving as a leavening agent which causes the bread to rise (expand and become lighter and softer) by converting the fermentable sugars present in the dough into carbon dioxide and ethanol. Baker's yeast is of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae,[1] and is the same species (but a different strain) as the kind commonly used in alcoholic fermentation, which is called brewer's yeast.[2] Baker's yeast is also a single-cell microorganism found on and around the human body.",
            "output": [
                "Ken is a microbiologist. He got two samples of yeasts, yeast A and yeast B, from two different businesses. Yeast A is used in a bakery, and yeast B is used in a brewery. He has to decide the characteristics of each \nyeast sample for further study.\nInterestingly, despite all his curiosity, Ken doesn't like any yeast to be around him.",
                "Two groups of students made some experiments for school. Group A used brewer's yeast on flower and tried to make bread. and Group B brewed beer with brewer's yeast, then baked bread with baker's yeast.",
                "Two groups of students made some experiments for school. Group A used brewer's yeast on flower and tried to make bread. and Group B brewed beer with brewer's yeast. the experiments happened vice-versa as well.",
                "the students used yeasts in two different experiments: they baked bread using baker's yeast, and made beer, using brewer's yeast. They learned a lot about sugars and chemistry.",
                "the two groups of students used yeasts in two different experiments: they baked bread using baker's yeast, and made beer, using brewer's yeast. They learned a lot about sugars and chemistry. the bread making experiment was more successful and appreciated.than the beer experiment."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: An allergy is a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen . Any antigen that causes an allergy is called an allergen. Allergens may be inhaled or ingested, or they may come into contact with the skin. Two common causes of allergies are shown in Figure below . Inhaling ragweed pollen may cause coughing and sneezing. Skin contact with oils in poison ivy may cause an itchy rash. Other common causes of allergies include dust mites, mold, animal dander, insect stings, latex, and certain food and medications. Symptoms of a common allergy such as pollen can include sneezing, a runny nose, nasal congestion and itchy, watery eyes.",
            "output": [
                "A pharmaceutical company is trying to find the cure for allergy. To that end, they conducted an experiment with two groups of subjects, group A and group B. They exposed the participants in group A to allergen, but they didn't expose the participants in group B to any allergen. The symptoms of these two groups would help them find the cure for allergy.",
                "Ben studied allergies ever since he experienced an allergic reaction to pollen. His brother Frank had no interest in the subject whatsoever, he was more interested in engineering.",
                "Two groups f people presented allergy symptoms. Group Alpha inhaled some allergens, but they were in a very protected environment, while Group Beta ingested some allergens and was exposed to a wide variety of other allergens.",
                "Two roommates, Karen and Kelly, have decided to adopt a pet for their apartment. They are debating between getting a dog or a cat when they decide to flip a coin since they can't agree. The coin comes up tails so they are getting a cat. Unbeknownst to Karen, she is allergic to cats. Kelly has no allergies to animals, but Karen has never lived with cats before so she isn't aware that she is allergic to them."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Wilting is the loss of rigidity of non-woody parts of plants. This occurs when the turgor pressure in non-lignified plant cells falls towards zero, as a result of diminished water in the cells. The rate of loss of water from the plant is greater than the absorption of water in the plant. The process of wilting modifies the leaf angle distribution of the plant (or canopy) towards more erectophile conditions.\n\nLower water availability may result from:\n\ndrought conditions, where the soil moisture drops below conditions most favorable for plant functioning;\nthe temperature falls to the point where the plants vascular system can not function.\nhigh salinity, which causes water to diffuse from the plant cells and induce shrinkage;\nsaturated soil conditions, where roots are unable to obtain sufficient oxygen for cellular respiration, and so are unable to transport water into the plant; or\nbacteria or fungi that clog the plant's vascular system.\nWilting diminishes the plant's ability to transpire and grow. Permanent wilting leads to plant death. Symptoms of wilting and blights resemble one another.",
            "output": [
                "Jim had a small veggie garden that he planted every year. His brother Rob had a similar patch, and he was also a gardener. The plants in Jim's garden started wilting at some point and he found out that his soil had high salinity and some harmful bacteria that wiled the plants indirectly. Rob's plant were ok, because he adjusted the soil's ph with sweet lime."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Plucking, also referred to as quarrying, is a glacial phenomenon that is responsible for the erosion and transportation of individual pieces of bedrock, especially large \"joint blocks\". This occurs in a type of glacier called a \"valley glacier\". As a glacier moves down a valley, friction causes the basal ice of the glacier to melt and infiltrate joints (cracks) in the bedrock. The freezing and thawing action of the ice enlarges, widens, or causes further cracks in the bedrock as it changes volume across the ice/water phase transition (a form of hydraulic wedging), gradually loosening the rock between the joints. This produces large pieces of rock called joint blocks. Eventually these joint blocks come loose and become trapped in the glacier.",
            "output": [
                "Rob likes to visit high mountainous locations. Last year he visited the the Alps mountains in Austria. There he saw an unique type of glacier called valley glacier. This year he went further east to visit the Ural mountains in Russia. There he didn't see any valley glacier."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Naturally occurring uranium is composed almost entirely of two isotopes, uranium-238 (99%) and uranium-235 (1%). It is the uranium-235 that is fissionable (will undergo fission) and therefore, this is the uranium isotope than can be used for fuel in a nuclear reactor. For uranium to be used as fuel, the percent of uranium-235 must be increased to at least 3%. Uranium in which the U-235 content is more than 1% is called enriched uranium. Somehow, the two isotopes must be separated so that enriched uranium is available for use as fuel. Separating the isotope by chemical means (chemical reactions) is not successful because the isotopes have exactly the same chemistry. The only essential difference between U-238 and U-235 is their atomic masses; as a result, the two isotopes are separated by a physical means that takes advantage of the difference in mass.",
            "output": [
                "John is a nuclear scientist who works at the Fermi lab. Today, in front of him he has four samples, sample A, sample B, sample C, and sample D. Sample A is the naturally occurring uranium. Sample B is enriched uranium. Sample C is the U-238, and sample D is the U-235. He needs to figure out how to best use them."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Light may transfer its energy to matter rather than being reflected or transmitted by matter. This is called absorption . When light is absorbed, the added energy increases the temperature of matter. If you get into a car that has been sitting in the sun all day, the seats and other parts of the car\u2019s interior may be almost too hot to touch, especially if they are black or very dark in color. That\u2019s because dark colors absorb most of the sunlight that strikes them.",
            "output": [
                "It is winter and Johnathan's car won't start, so he needs to walk to work. Even though it's sunny outside he's going to have to bundle up due to the cold temperature. In his closet there is a large black coat and a large white coat. He can't decide which coat to wear.",
                "It is winter and Johnathan's car won't start, so he needs to walk to work. Even though it's sunny outside he's going to have to bundle up due to the cold temperature. In his closet there is a large black coat and a large white coat. He can't decide which coat to wear.                                      \n                                                                              Sarah is going to a family picnic in the park and is trying to decide what dress to wear. She knows it is going to be very hot and sunny today and she has narrowed her choices down to two different dresses. One is a dark colored dress and the other is a white dress.",
                "Marcus is going for a walk outside. He is wearing a black shirt and notices it feels very hot to him. His friend Adam joins him shortly after. Adam is wearing a white shirt and expressed to Adam how nice it is outside. He doesn't feel nearly as hot as Marcus.",
                "Mark and his brother Jeffrey have to leave their cars outside because their parents' cars take up the entire garage. Mark's car has a very dark interior, while Jeffrey's car has a lighter colored interior. It is mid-afternoon on a sunny day in July, and Mark and Jeffrey are deciding which car they want to take to go to the movies.",
                "There are two cats sitting outside in the sun. One of them has white fur and one of them has black fur. Tina sees them and goes to pet them both.",
                "There are two cats sitting outside in the sun. One of them has white fur and one of them has black fur. Tina sees them and goes to pet them both.         \n                                                  Robert is planning a beach trip and needs to buy a new lounge chair to sit in because his old one is broken. At the store he sees two chairs that he likes. One of the chairs is dark blue and one of the chairs is light blue.",
                "There are two cats sitting outside in the sun. One of them is white and one of them is black. Tina sees them and goes to pet them both."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Overconsumption is a situation where resource use has outpaced the sustainable capacity of the ecosystem. A prolonged pattern of overconsumption leads to environmental degradation and the eventual loss of resource bases.",
            "output": [
                "The country of Qatar is opulent, to say the least. They have one of the highest per capita income in the world - exceeding that of Western Europe and North America. Over-consumption  is the way of life in Qatar. While similarly small country of Bhutan puts emphasis on the happiness of its citizens in a different way. Bhutan does not give way to material over-consumption like Qatar does - it cares about its citizens' spiritual and social well-being."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A firm with high fixed costs requires a large number of customers in order to have a meaningful return on investment. This is where economies of scale become important. Since each firm has large initial costs, as the firm gains market share and increases its output the fixed cost (what they initially invested) is divided among a larger number of customers. Therefore, in industries with large initial investment requirements, average total cost declines as output increases over a much larger range of output levels.",
            "output": [
                "City D's mayor wants to invite more businesses in the city. Three firms, firm A, firm B, and firm C, took advantage of this opportunity. Firm A does not require large initial costs, but firm B and firm C require \nlarge initial costs. Firm B managed to increase its market share, but firm C failed to increase its market share."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Active transport occurs when a substance passes through the cell membrane with the help of extra energy. This happens when a substance moves from an area where it is less concentrated to an area where it is more concentrated. This is the opposite of diffusion. The substance moves up, instead of down, the concentration gradient. Like rolling a ball uphill, this requires an input of energy. The energy comes from the molecule named ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The energy allows special transport proteins called pumps to move substances to areas of higher concentration. An example is the sodium-potassium pump.",
            "output": [
                "Gary is a high school student examining two cells under a microscope for his biology class. In a petri dish, marked Cell X, Gary sees that substances inside the cell are spreading apart from each other making it less concentrated. In the dish marked Cell Y, Gary sees substances coming together and moving into close proximity to one another.",
                "John is trying to figure out how substance passes through the cell membrane. He noticed two different cases, case A and case B. In case A active transport is involved, but in case B diffusion is involved. He needs to do further study to learn about the details of these processes.",
                "Two cells, Cell B and Cell C, are being examined under microscopes by students in a science class. While looking at the cells, one student, Kim, notices that there is a noticeable trend in Cell B for a particular substance to try to group up in a more concentrated area. In Cell C though, she notices that the same substance is spreading apart and finding less concentrated areas to move to."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A dilution effect is seen when animals living in a group \"dilute\" their risk of attack, each individual being just one of many in the group. George C. Williams and W.D. Hamilton proposed that group living evolved because it provides benefits to the individual rather than to the group as a whole, which becomes more conspicuous as it becomes larger. One common example is the shoaling of fish. Experiments provide direct evidence for the decrease in individual attack rate seen with group living, for example in Camargue horses in Southern France. The horse-fly often attacks these horses, sucking blood and carrying diseases. When the flies are most numerous, the horses gather in large groups, and individuals are indeed attacked less frequently. Water striders are insects that live on the surface of fresh water, and are attacked from beneath by predatory fish. Experiments varying the group size of the water striders showed that the attack rate per individual water strider decreases as group size increases.",
            "output": [
                "Kenya's Masai Mara wildebeest migration is one of the greatest spectacles in the natural world. Every year thousands of wildebeests cross the Mara river. John went to see the migration last year. He noticed that the wildebeests crossed the the river in a very large group. He noted that as case A. His guide told him that is not the case in other times of the year. The wildebeests cross the river in smaller groups in other times. John noted that as case B. The guide added that in both cases on thing is constant, they are attacked by the lions.",
                "Mike was visiting the African Savannah. One animal that interested him most was the African Buffalo. He noticed that the buffaloes would usually live in a large herd, often exceeding few hundreds. He noted that as case A. But sometimes the buffaloes would live in a small herd. He noted that as case B. Interestingly, there are incidents when an aggressive male buffalo would live by itself. He noted that as case C."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Common causes of heat exhaustion include:[1]\n\nHot, sunny, humid weather\nPhysical exertion, especially in hot, humid weather\nDue to impaired thermoregulation, elderly people and infants can get serious heat illness even at rest, if the weather outside is hot and humid, and they are not getting enough cool air.\nSome drugs, such as diuretics, antihistamines, beta-blockers, alcohol, ecstasy, and amphetamines can cause an increase in the risk of heat exhaustion.[2]\nEspecially during physical exertion, risk factors for heat exhaustion include:[1]\n\nWearing dark, padded, or insulated clothing; hats; and/or helmets (for example, football pads or turnout gear)\nHaving a higher percentage of body fat\nDehydration\nFever\nSome medications, like beta blockers and antipsychotic medicines[2].",
            "output": [
                "Two groups of people were out in the sunny, humid weather of Illinois. Group One wore black clothes and helmets, and Group Two wore white, light clothing. Both groups were comprised of people of all ages and fitness levels and exercised in the sun for an hour."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: You may hear males \"ribbiting,\" producing a mating call used to attract females to the bodies of water best for mating and breeding. Frog calls can occur during the day or night. Each frog species has a different call that is used to attract mates and warn off rivals. When a female picks a male whose call she likes, the male grabs her and squeezes across her back and around her abdomen. This causes the female to release her eggs. The male then fertilizes the eggs and, in some species, also guards them.",
            "output": [
                "Bob and Andy were two nature enthusiasts. They went camping together once a month. Bob was into bird watching, while Andy was fascinated with frogs and salamanders. They went on a trip last week-end and they were very happy with what they had observed.",
                "Sandra liked all creatures but loved to study frogs. Her sister Julie studied more about fish and butterflies. They both loved nature."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: This individual monetary gain creates an increase in the overall economic productivity of a country. Girls are underrepresented in schooling, meaning that investments aimed specifically at educating women should produce bigger dividends.[9] Although investment in women's education is not present everywhere, David Dollar and Roberta Gatti have presented findings that show that this decision, along with other failures to invest in women are not \u201can efficient economic choice for developing countries\u201d and that \"countries that under-invest grow more slowly.\u201d[3] Looking holistically at the opportunity cost of not investing in girls, the total missed GDP growth is between 1.2% and 1.5%.[10] When looking at different regions, it is estimated that 0.4\u20130.9% of the difference in GDP growth is accounted for solely by differences in the gender gap in education.[1] The effect of the educational gender gap is more pronounced when a country is only moderately poor.[3] Thus the incentive to invest in women goes up as a country moves out of extreme poverty.[3].",
            "output": [
                "Ethiopia and Sudan are two neighboring countries where \nextreme poverty can be seen. Still Ethiopia has pushed for women's education in the last decade. Sudan has largely failed in investing on women's education. Elsewhere in Africa, the country of Botswana has just overcome extreme poverty, thanks to vast mineral deposits. But they invested on women's education."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: On the other hand, other gases --- called diatomic --- consist of two atoms held by a bond. This bond can be modeled as a spring, and the two atoms and bond together as a harmonic oscillator. Now, a single molecule's kinetic energy can be increased either by increasing its speed, by making it vibrate in simple harmonic motion, or by making it rotate around its center of mass . This difference is understood in physics through the concept of degrees of freedom : each degree of freedom for a molecule or particle corresponds to a possibility of increasing its kinetic energy independently of the kinetic energy in other degrees.",
            "output": [
                "Scientists are performing some tests on two molecules in order to try to discover how to bring dinosaurs back to life. In the first test, they increased molecule Y's speed, but they didn't do anything to molecule X's speed. They then compared the two molecules to see if they could discern anything useful."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: In the U.S., the majority of electricity is produced by burning coal or other fossil fuels. This causes air pollution that harms the health of living things. The air pollution also causes acid rain and contributes to global warming. In addition, fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources, so if we keep using them, they will eventually run out. The main advantage of nuclear energy is that it doesn\u2019t release air pollution or cause the other environmental problems associated with the burning of fossil fuels. On the other other hand, radioactive elements are nonrenewable like fossil fuels and could eventually be used up.",
            "output": [
                "Bob is trying to move to an area with low pollution. He has done his research and narrowed it down to two cities. Seattle, which has a nuclear power plant, and St. Louis which has a coal powered power plant. Both cities seem to have similar commercial and industrial areas, and only differ in the type of power they generate.",
                "Canada produced its electricity by using fossil fuels and nuclear fission. New Zealand used only alternative, renewable sources to produce their electricity.",
                "The U.S. produces its energy using fossil fuels, while Germany uses nuclear power plants as their main energy source. The two countries impact the environment in different ways.",
                "There are two cities, Chien and Marisol, in France that are leaders in the amount of wine they export to the rest of the world. Although they both export the same amount of wine, they use different sources of power to generate their electricity. Chien uses coal to power the city and Marisol uses nuclear power plants to produce electricity. The citizens of both cities are voting on whether to continue their current method of electricity generation.",
                "Thorn county used fossil fuels for their energy needs, while Plant county used nuclear power.",
                "Thorn county used fossil fuels for their energy needs, while Plant county used nuclear power. They both polluted the environment in different ways.",
                "Two competing countries used different energy sources to produce their electricity. Turkey used mostly fossil fuels, while Greece used nuclear power."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: When light passes through Earth's atmosphere, photons interact with it through scattering. If the light does not interact with the atmosphere, it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun. Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere. For example, on an overcast day when you cannot see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you, it has all been scattered. As another example, due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering, shorter (blue) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer (red) wavelengths. This is why the sky looks blue; you are seeing scattered blue light. This is also why sunsets are red. Because the Sun is close to the horizon, the Sun's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye. Much of the blue light has been scattered out, leaving the red light in a sunset.",
            "output": [
                "Michael lives near a cliff overlooking the sea. Because of this he has an amazing view of the sunset. One day Michael decides to head out to the cliff and notices the sky looks much more red than normal. He also remembers that on the previous day he couldn't see his shadow at all."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The jejunum is the second part of the small intestine, where most nutrients are absorbed into the blood. As shown in Figure below , the mucous membrane lining the jejunum is covered with millions of microscopic, fingerlike projections called villi (singular, villus). Villi contain many capillaries, and nutrients pass from the villi into the bloodstream through the capillaries. Because there are so many villi, they greatly increase the surface area for absorption. In fact, they make the inner surface of the small intestine as large as a tennis court!.",
            "output": [
                "Paul and Dirk were studying the human digestive system. paul studied more about the stomach, while Dirk studied more about the jejunum.",
                "Pete liked the human physiology so he started reading about the digestive system, especially about the jejunum. His colleague Fox, studied more about the stomach.",
                "Robert and John both went to the doctor because they had been having stomach problems. The doctor decided to take images of the men's jejunum to try and diagnose the issues. He discovered that Robert has more villi covering his jejunum compared to John."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Saturated hydrocarbons are given the general name of alkanes . The name of specific alkanes always ends in - ane . The first part of the name indicates how many carbon atoms each molecule of the alkane has. The smallest alkane is methane. It has just one carbon atom. The next largest is ethane, with two carbon atoms. The chemical formulas and properties of methane, ethane, and several other alkanes are listed in Table below . The boiling and melting points of alkanes are determined mainly by the number of carbon atoms they have. Alkanes with more carbon atoms generally have higher boiling and melting points.",
            "output": [
                "Beth and Jane studied chemistry in school. However, Beth studied noble gasses while Jane decided to know more about alkanes.",
                "Ian is learning about alkanes in science class and their melting and boiling points. He is given a few different alkanes try try with this test, mainly methane ethane and a third alkane that he has to test to find out what it is called Alkane C.",
                "Scientists are performing experiments on two different alkanes, Dipophane and Jothane. The scientists put each alkane into a beaker and begin heating each one at the same time to see which will melt first. During this experiment it is discovered that Dipophane melts before Jothane does.",
                "Two brothers studied chemistry in school. Ted studied alkanes, while Ned studied cycloalkanes. They both received grade A.",
                "Vic and Joe studied chemistry in school. Joe studied alkanes, while his friend Vic studied other acyclic hydrocarbons."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A After a rock forms, nuclei of a radioisotope inside the rock start to decay. As they decay, the amount of the original, or parent, isotope decreases, while the amount of its stable decay product, or daughter isotope, increases. By measuring the relative amounts of parent and daughter isotopes and knowing the rate of decay, scientists can determine how long the parent isotope has been decaying. This provides an estimate of the rock\u2019s age.",
            "output": [
                "Gregory is a geologist who went on an excursion to Australia. While hiking in a cave, Gregory found two radioactive rocks containing Uranium. Gregory then brought the rocks back to his lab in Germany to conduct tests. Gregory discovered that rock A had high amounts of the original uranium isotope present, and low amounts of the daughter uranium isotope present. In rock B, however, there were low amounts of the original uranium isotope present and high amounts of the daughter uranium isotope present."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Just as there are good-quality grasses for putting greens, there are good-quality grasses for the fairway and rough. The quality of grass influences the roll of the ball as well as the ability of the player to \"take a divot\" (effectively, the ability to hit down into the ball, hitting the ball first, then hitting the turf and removing a portion of it as the club continues its arc). Fairways on prestigious tours, like the PGA Tour, are cut low. Mowing heights influence the play of the course. For example, the grass heights at U.S. Open events are alternated from one hole to the next in order to make the course more difficult. One example of this is the infamous roughs at U.S. Opens, which are often 3 to 5 inches high, depending on how close to the fairway or green the section of grass will be. This makes it difficult for a player to recover after a bad shot.",
            "output": [
                "The golf course at the Aurora Country Club cuts their grass to  2 1/2 inches high. The grass at the Augusta Country Club is cut to 4 inches. Sam likes more of a challenge when playing golf but Jack likes to play on turf where the ball rolls easier."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Curds are a dairy product obtained by coagulating milk in a process called curdling. The coagulation can be caused by adding rennet or any edible acidic substance such as lemon juice or vinegar, and then allowing it to coagulate. The increased acidity causes the milk proteins (casein) to tangle into solid masses, or curds. Milk that has been left to sour (raw milk alone or pasteurized milk with added lactic acid bacteria) will also naturally produce curds, and sour milk cheeses are produced this way. Producing cheese curds is one of the first steps in cheesemaking; the curds are pressed and drained to varying amounts for different styles of cheese and different secondary agents (molds for blue cheeses, etc.) are introduced before the desired aging finishes the cheese. The remaining liquid, which contains only whey proteins, is the whey. In cow's milk, 90 percent of the proteins are caseins.",
            "output": [
                "Dan likes to experiment with different food items. Today, he wants to make curds out of milk and see how it differs from plain milk. For his experiment he collected three bottles of milk, bottle A, bottle B, and bottle C. Bottle A and bottle B milk are pasteurized, but bottle C milk is just raw milk. He kept the bottle A milk intact, but made curd out of bottle B and bottle C milk."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: All living organisms must have the ability to reproduce. Living things make more organisms like themselves. Whether the organism is a rabbit, or a tree, or a bacterium, life will create more life. If a species cannot create the next generation, the species will go extinct. Reproduction is the process of making the next generation and may be a sexual or an asexual process. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and the fusion of gametes , haploid sex cells from each parent. Sexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically unique and increases genetic variation within a species. Asexual reproduction involves only one parent. It occurs without a fusion of gametes and produces offspring that are all genetically identical to the parent.",
            "output": [
                "A liger is a species of cat created bt breading a lion with a tiger. A large amount of ligers are kept together in the hopes that the new species continues to thrive. Unfortunately it is found later that ligers cannot reproduce.",
                "Wyatt is examining 2 microscopic organisms. He notices that when organism A reproduces two of them are always present and initially join with each other. When organism B reproduces only one is present and the offspring is identical to the parent.",
                "two groups of students studied animal reproduction. Group Alpha studied sexual reproduction, while group Beta studies asexual reproduction."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Weather conditions include air temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, and precipitation. Weather is temporary. People in many states have the joke, \"if you don't like the weather, wait five minutes and it will change.\" One way to change the weather is to have a different air mass move over the region. Interactions between air masses bring about a lot of weather. For example, thunderstorms and tornadoes form along a front. A front is where air masses meet. Fronts can bring about blizzards, thunderstorms, tornadoes and other types of weather. Weather prediction is much better than it was in past years. This is due in part to information from satellites. Climate is the long-term average of weather. The climate of a location depends on its latitude, position relative to the atmospheric circulation cells, position on a continent, altitude, and position relative to mountains. Areas with roughly the same climate make up a climate zone. The organisms that live within a climate zone create a unique biome. Earth's climate has changed throughout the planet's history. Earth was frigid at the end of the Pleistocene ice age, but has been warming since then. Since the Industrial Revolution the pace of warming has increased. In the past few decades the rate has really intensified. This is related to greenhouse gas emissions, primary from fossil fuel burning. The destruction of forests also increasing warming. The effects of global warming are already being seen. Treaties and voluntary actions are needed to reduce emissions to lessen the amount of global warming that will take place in the future.",
            "output": [
                "Rob always confuses the terms climate and weather. He found it's better to compare them if he needs to learn more about their characteristics. To make things easier, he labeled the weather of his city as char A. Then he labeled the climate of this city as char B. Once finished with learning their characteristics, Rob focused on climate change issues. For that, he labeled the climate of present time as char C and climate just before industrial revolution as char D.",
                "Two neighbors attended the same school. Mike learned about  biology while Dan learned more about the weather. They both were among the best in the school."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Athletics are very competitive these days at all levels, from school sports to the pros. Everybody is looking for that edge that will make them faster, stronger, more physically fit. One approach taken by many athletes is the use of amino acid supplements. The theory is that the increase in amino acids in the diet will lead to increased protein for muscles. However, the only real benefit comes to the people who make and sell the pills. Studies have not showed any advantage obtained by the athletes themselves. You\u2019re much better off just maintaining a healthy diet.",
            "output": [
                "A big marathon is being held in Chicago this year, Many people from the area are going to participate and there is a cash prize of $10000 for the winner. A sporting goods store that specializes in amino acid supplements  begins advertising more heavily during the time coming up to the race."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Raising the temperature of a chemical reaction usually results in a higher rate of reaction. When the reactant particles are heated, they move faster and faster. This results in a greater frequency of collisions. A more important effect of the temperature increase is that the collisions occur with a greater force and are thus more likely to surmount the activation energy barrier and go on to form products. Increasing the temperature of a reaction increases the number of effective collisions between reacting particles, so the reaction rate increases.",
            "output": [
                "Two colleagues read about types of chemical reactions. Sean studied about the influence of temperature on chemical reactions. Gabe studied about other influencing factors."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Like water in the ocean, air in the atmosphere exerts pressure that increases with depth. Most gas molecules in the atmosphere are pulled close to Earth\u2019s surface by gravity. As a result, air pressure decreases quickly at lower altitudes and then more slowly at higher altitudes. This is illustrated in Figure below . Air pressure is greatest at sea level, where the depth of the atmosphere is greatest. At higher altitudes, the pressure is less because the depth of the atmosphere is less. For example, on top of Mount Everest, the tallest mountain on Earth, air pressure is only about one-third of the pressure at sea level. At such high altitudes, low air pressure makes it hard to breathe and is dangerous to human health.",
            "output": [
                "Derek is going on a hiking trip with his friends. Before they go they have to decide which mountain they want to go hiking on. Mount Joral is a mountain with a reasonably low altitude. Mount Rook is very high with a much higher altitude. While they are deciding Derek's best friend, Adam, reminds him that he has trouble breathing sometimes.",
                "Molly has just moved to a new city for a job she was just hired for. She used to live in a city up in the mountains named Midgar. She liked living there due to the hikes she could go on and seeing the beautiful nature of the hills and mountains. The town she lives in now, Treno, is closer to sea level and is mostly flat plains and farm land. It's a change of scenery, and she hopes she starts to enjoy it more.",
                "Robert and his brother Timothy are both marathon runners. As marathon running is an endurance event, a key component is being able to replenish your oxygen supply by taking frequent breaths. This week, Robert is running a marathon in Colorado, which has low air pressures. Timothy is  also running a marathon, but he is running in Florida, which has high air pressures.",
                "There are two neighboring cities, Brampton and Filtroy. The two towns depend on each other by trading supplies and goods regularly. Filtroy is located on top of a very tall mountain, and Brampton is situated at the base of this hill. For this reason, it can sometimes be difficult to traverse the roads to trade goods, but it's important to do it so both cities can thrive."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: One reason radiation is dangerous is that it can\u2019t be detected with the senses. You normally can\u2019t see it, smell it, hear it, or feel it. Fortunately, there are devices such as Geiger counters that can detect radiation. A Geiger counter, like the one in Figure below , has a tube that contains atoms of a gas. If radiation enters the tube, it turns gas atoms to ions that carry electric current. The current causes the Geiger counter to click. The faster the clicks occur, the higher the level of radiation.",
            "output": [
                "A scientist is doing a study in his lab about the radioactivity of some rocks that he found on an expedition. He colored the two different rocks to be able to tell them apart; one Red, and one Blue. He is using a Geiger counter to measure them, and finds that the Red rock causes the Geiger counter to click rapidly, and the Blue causes almost no clicks.",
                "Andre is interested in radiation and decides to buy a Geiger counter. He takes his new Geiger counter near the power plant in his town and it starts clicking as he gets closer. As he leaves the area around the power plant and goes home the Geiger counter clicks slower and slower until it almost stops completely.",
                "David was visiting Japan. First, he went to Fukushima where the recent nuclear plant disaster happened. He found the city still had very high radiation. Then he visited Hiroshima. He found that Hiroshima had some low radiation. Finally, he visited the capital city Tokyo. He found that Tokyo did not have any radiation.",
                "Johnny has two old drums that used to carry nuclear in his garage. He is curious to know about any radiation that the drums are giving off so he purchases a Geiger counter and returns home. Upon returning home, he puts each drum in the opposite corner of his garage and then runs the Geiger counter over the barrel. Drum A causes Johnny's Geiger counter to make a slow but steady noise. When Johnny walks over to Drum B, his Geiger counter starts making rapid sounds. Johnny thinks maybe he should not have invested in these barrels.",
                "Tom and Jacob are carrying Geiger counters through an old abandoned city near a nuclear plant. Tom walks into a hotel and looks around at all the paintings and old couches in the lobby. His Geiger counter remains silent, but as he walks up the stairs toward the second floor it starts to slowly but steadily make more sound. Jacob steps into a grocery store when his Geiger counter immediately starts making lots of noise, but his device starts to drop off in sound as he walks toward the freezer in the back of the store."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Hydrogen bonds cause water to have a relatively high boiling point of 100\u00b0C (212\u00b0F). Because of its high boiling point, most water on Earth is in a liquid state rather than in a gaseous state. Water in its liquid state is needed by all living things. Hydrogen bonds also cause water to expand when it freezes. This, in turn, causes ice to have a lower density (mass/volume) than liquid water. The lower density of ice means that it floats on water. For example, in cold climates, ice floats on top of the water in lakes. This allows lake animals such as fish to survive the winter by staying in the water under the ice.",
            "output": [
                "Bill was studying the states of matter. First, he selected a matter with low boiling point. He labeled it as matter A. To compare it with a well-known matter he selected water. He labeled it as matter B. He also selected ice, which he labeled as matter C. He is now better prepared to compare their states.",
                "Marcy is in her kitchen and fills one blue cup with water and then sticks that cup in the freezer. She then takes a green cup and fills that one with water but sets that one out on the kitchen counter. Three hours later, Marcy returns and takes the cup out of the freezer and dumps the now frozen water out onto a plate to look at it and compare it to the water that has been sitting on the kitchen counter.",
                "Samuel fills a glass cup with water and puts it in the freezer. He leaves the cup of water overnight and when he checks in the morning the cup has shattered. Confused he fills another cup with water and just leaves in on his kitchen counter. When he checks in the morning the glass is in tact.",
                "Scientists are finding more and more evidences of water in the outer space. Earth has mostly liquid water. But that's not the case with other celestial objects. Venus has some water, but it is in gaseous state. On the other hand, water in Jupiter's moon Europa is in frozen state."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: As shown here, pressure decreases to less than 25% of ground-level atmospheric pressure when we get to an altitude of about six miles. Since this is a common cruising altitude for commercial airplanes, pressurized cabins are needed for the comfort and survival of the passengers. This is because the density of the air decreases along with the decreasing air pressure, so there is less oxygen in a breath of air. You've probably noticed this effect in high-mountain areas, as it often feels harder to breath.",
            "output": [
                "John likes to ride on hot air balloon. Last month he rode on a balloon with his friend Keith. First they were at the ground-level. They called it camp A. Then they rose to the height of three miles. They called it camp B. Eventually, they reached six miles above ground. They called it camp C.",
                "John wanted to see how he would fare in high altitude compared to ground-level. So, he first measured his responses in ground-level. He labeled this part of the study as case A. Then he board on an airplane to reach high altitude, and measured his responses there. He labeled this part of the study as case B. Now, John knows how he needs to prepare for a high altitude hiking.",
                "Marco is sitting at the bottom of a mountain and painting a picture of it. Lauren, Marco's friend, is sitting about halfway up the mountain and painting a picture of the horizon. The two will compare paintings after they complete their drawings and then will switch places and repeat the task. These two friends do this a couple times a year, and they always enjoy seeing how the other person paints the same object.",
                "Mark and Jordan want to take a trip together. Mark wants to go mountain climbing while Jordan wants to go to a concert out of state. Jordan sometimes has a hard time breathing as well so they take this into consideration while making the plans for their trip.",
                "Pam and Angela live in different cities and are talking to each other on the phone while they are sitting outside. Pam lives in Dunder, a city located at sea level, and Angela lives in Mifflin, a city up high in the mountains. Although they don't get to see each other much any more due to the distance between them, they make sure to stay in regular contact."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A: You could shake a bottle of cola and then open it. Shaking causes carbon dioxide to come out of the cola solution and change to a gas. The gas fizzes out of the bottle and spreads into the surrounding air, showing that its particles have enough kinetic energy to spread apart. Then you could tilt the open bottle and pour out a small amount of the cola on a table, where it will form a puddle. This shows that particles of the liquid have enough kinetic energy to slide over each other but not enough to pull apart completely. If you do nothing to the solid glass of the cola bottle, it will remain the same size and shape. Its particles do not have enough energy to move apart or even to slide over each other.",
            "output": [
                "Michael wants to play a trick on his friend. He takes a bottle of soda, shakes it really well then puts it in the fridge. He then tells his friend if he wants something to drink there's some soda in the fridge. Michael's friend goes to the fridge and pulls out the bottle Michael just shook and opens it."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: For comparison,  sunlight on Saturn is slightly brighter than Earth sunlight at the average sunset or sunrise (see daylight for comparison table). Even on Pluto, the sunlight would still be bright enough to almost match the average living room. To see sunlight as dim as full moonlight on Earth, a distance of about 500 AU (~69 light-hours) is needed; there are only a handful of objects in the Solar System known to orbit farther than such a distance, among them 90377 Sedna and (87269) 2000 OO67.",
            "output": [
                "A startup has build a simple spaceship that uses only sunlight for its propulsion. The more sunlight it gets faster it moves. They planned to send the spaceship to three different points, point A, point B, and point C. Point A is near the planet Saturn, point B is near Pluto, and point C is about 69 light-hours away.",
                "John wanted to do a thought experiment. To that end, he started his journey under the full moonlight on Earth. He labeled that as time A. Then he entered his living room. He labeled that as time B. Next he traveled to Saturn. He labeled that as time C. After that, he traveled to Pluto. He labeled that as time D. Then he went to 90377 Sedna. He labeled that as time E. At the end, he returned back to Earth at sunset. He labeled that as time F."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere. Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions \u2013 primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation \u2013 have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.  Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.",
            "output": [
                "Ben and Andy researched significant greenhouse gasses in Earth's atmosphere. Andy researched more about carbon dioxide, while Ben researched methane gas.",
                "China used alternative fuels to generate electricity, while Mongolia burned lots of fossil fuels. There were frequent debates between the two countries on this matter.",
                "Indiana has decided it wants to do its best to stop contributing to global warming. The first place the government decides to look is at the number of factories that use fossil fuels in production. They plan to shut down many of them in the coming years.",
                "Milton has just discovered two new planets while looking through his telescope. Luckily, he has invented a device that allows him to analyze far away planets from the comfort of his own home. He boots up the device and discovers that while these two planets are very similar, planet A has much more carbon dioxide in its atmosphere than planet B. While looking through his telescope, he is also able to see that there is the same race of intelligent creatures on both planets. Milton plans to write to his local observatory about his discovery.",
                "Ted and Larry studied environmental sciences. They are learning about greenhouse gasses this week. Ted reads about carbon dioxide, while Larry reads about methane gas.",
                "Two counties were part of the same region. Green county used alternative methods to produce energy, while Brown county used fossil fuels and released a lot of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: In exercises such as weight lifting, skeletal muscle contracts against a resisting force (see Figure below ). Using skeletal muscle in this way increases its size and strength. In exercises such as running, the cardiac muscle contracts faster and the heart pumps more blood. Using cardiac muscle in this way increases its strength and efficiency. Continued exercise is necessary to maintain bigger, stronger muscles. If you don\u2019t use a muscle, it will get smaller and weaker\u2014so use it or lose it.",
            "output": [
                "A study was done in the town of Greenwich comparing muscle strength to the amount a person exercises. Mathew goes to the gym 5 times a week and does very intensive workouts. Damen on the other hand does not go to the gym at all and lives a mostly sedentary lifestyle.",
                "Bill and Bob were two brothers. they were both into physical exercise, but Bill chose weight lifting, and Bob running.",
                "Danny started weight lifting two years ago, he wanted to be bigger. His brother Arnie preferred athletic competitions such as running, so he became a runner.",
                "David got five exercise tips from his personal trainer, tip A, tip B, tip C, tip D, and tip E. Tip A involves weight lifting, but tip B does not involve weight lifting. Tip C involves running, but tip D does not involve running. Finally, tip E does not involve any exercise at all. David has to find out which tips are most useful for him.",
                "Justin and Derek are accomplished competitive weight lifters. One day, Derek suffers a severe injury to his leg. Because of this injury, Derek is forced to stop exercising for several months. Justin remains injury free and continues to work out regularly on the other hand.",
                "Michael has become bored with his passive life style, and has decided to take up weight lifting as a hobby. He begins to exercise with weights several times a week. Michael's brother, Robert, isn't as motivated as Michael though. Robert decides to continue being mostly inactive and only exercises with weights every couple of months.",
                "Phillip just came home to his apartment after taking a long, vigorous bike ride. He enters the front door to find his roommate, Brandon, sitting on the couch playing videogames and eating potato chips. Phillip tells Brandon that if he keeps being so lazy and snacking so much he's going to start looking chubby. Brandon just waves Phillip off and goes back to his game.",
                "Two groups of athletes started new training routines this year.  Group A started weight lifting for three months, while Group B, did running exercises.",
                "Two groups of soldiers started different training programs. Blue group did weight training for 3 months, while Brown group ran 3 miles a day for three months. The Captain observed different results on each group.",
                "Usain was once a competitive swimmer, but he became bored with the sport and decided to start running very frequently instead. Usain tried to convince his brother, Asafa, to take up running as well. Asafa didn't really like running, though, so he hardly ran much at all."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The \"concentration\" of a solid is essentially another way of measuring its density. A certain number of moles are present for a given volume of the solid, and this value does not depend on how much of the solid is present. As the reaction proceeds, the amount of solid reactant will decrease, but so will the volume it occupies. A similar argument can be made for liquids. As a result, the concentrations of solids and liquids are essentially constant over the course of a reaction.",
            "output": [
                "Cindy has a ball of iron. She measures its density then drops it in a vat of hydrochloric acid. Ashe then removes the irom from the acid noting that the acid ate away as a good potion of the iron. To her suprise however the density of the iron remained constant."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Pressures are given in a multitude of units. We've already discussed Pascals, and we know that another unit for pressure is the atmosphere (1 atm = 101.3 x 10 5 Pa). The third commonly used pressure unit is the torr (symbol Torr). 760 torr is 1 atm, but 1 torr is also the increase in pressure necessary to cause liquid mercury to rise by 1 mm. For that reason, torr is also commonly referred to as \"millimeters mercury.\" Another pressure unit commonly used in our everyday world is psi, or pounds per square inch, though neither psi nor torr are SI units.",
            "output": [
                "John is a world traveler. Recently, he visited two countries, France and Germany. He noticed that in France they use atmosphere and Pascal as pressure units. In Germany they use torr as a pressure unit. Back in the United States, he noticed psi is used as a pressure unit. He needs to figure out how they correlate with each other.",
                "Mike is studying for his physics exam. He realizes that the best way to learn physics is to solve problems. To that end, he needs to to convert pressure of objects from one unit to another. In one problem, four scenarios are given for the same object, scenario A, scenario B, scenario C, and scenario D. In scenario A the pressure is given in Pascals. In scenario B the pressure is given in the atm. In scenario C the pressure is given in torr. Lastly, in scenario D the pressure is given in psi."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Compared to conventional milk production, organic milk production tends to have lower eutrophication potential per ton of milk or per hectare of farmland, because it potentially reduces leaching of nitrates (NO3\u2212) and phosphates (PO4\u2212) due to lower fertilizer application rates. Because organic milk production reduces pesticides utilization, it increases land use per ton of milk due to decreased crop yields per hectare. Mainly due to the lower level of concentrates given to cows in organic herds, organic dairy farms generally produce less milk per cow than conventional dairy farms. Because of the increased use of roughage and the, on-average, lower milk production level per cow, some research has connected organic milk production with increases in the emission of methane.Animal welfare issues vary among dairy farms and are not necessarily related to the way of producing milk (organically or conventionally).",
            "output": [
                "Jimmy is currently shopping at his local grocery store during his weekly trip to get food and other necessities. He first picks up some frozen pizzas, his favorite meal when he is feeling lazy after work, and then stops off to pick up a loaf of bread. He then walks over to the dairy section to pick up some cheese for his lunches. Jimmy never buys milk, but today he has a sudden urge to get some. He walks over to the milk refrigerators and looks at all the options. He is currently debating between two brands, Luchene and Jean's. While trying to decide, he notices a sticker on the Luchene gallon that says \"organic,\" but is unable to find any such indication on the gallon of Jean's milk. After asking an employee, it is confirmed that Jean's is not organic milk. Unable to make up his mind, Jimmy simply leaves without buying any milk.",
                "Peet farm was supplying a nearby city with organic milk.  Toad farm was a competitor on the same market, but they didn't produce organic milk, they used conventional agricultural methods.",
                "Robert and his brother Dale are both dairy farmers that primarily produce milk products. Both Robert and Dale have farms that approximately the same size. Dale prefers to produce milk conventionally, as he likes the way that conventional milk tastes. Robert, on the other hand, decided to switch to organic milk production after reading an article online about it.",
                "There are two dairy farms in the town of Milkton and both are about the same size. Farm A produces only organic milk. Farm B does not but they are considering switching production to organic milk.",
                "Two dairy farms were supplying milk and other milk products to the surrounding counties. Sunny farm practiced organic farming and produced organic milk, while Cloud farm was into conventional milk production.",
                "Two different countries have different approaches to milk production. Austria produced  organic milk, while Hungary produced conventional milk.",
                "Two neighboring dairy farms produced milk for half the state.  Berry farm produced conventional milk, while Rose farm produced organic milk."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Ecologically, the expansion of drainage systems has had tremendous negative effects. Hundreds of thousands of wetland species experienced significant population declines as their habitat was increasingly fragmented and destroyed. Although market hunting within the Central Flyway was a contributing factor in the decline of many waterfowl species' numbers in the early decades of the twentieth century, loss of breeding habitat to agricultural expansion is certainly the most significant. Early maps of midwestern states depict many lakes and marshes that are either nonexistent or significantly reduced in area today. Channelization, a related process of concentrating and facilitating the flow of water from agricultural areas, also contributed to this degradation.",
            "output": [
                "Both Alabama and Florida boast great wetlands. The State of Alabama has experienced extensive drainage system due to expansion of farmlands. Their neighboring state Florida had similar system. But recently Florida had dismantled many of their drainage systems, mostly because of pressure from different environmental groups.",
                "Seeing wildlife in wetland areas has been all the rage lately, and Steve wanted to take his family on a trip to some wetlands. He had the option of two different wetland areas to visit. Timmons Wetlands, that has seen a population boom of sorts because of increased agriculture in the area, and Laslo Wetlands that has been somewhat removed from agricultural expansion. They want to make sure to see the most wildlife while on their trip.",
                "The Vista Corporation has decided that it needs to expand it's drainage systems to provide for its ever expanding campus. They have a couple of options to route the piping through, the most feasible being a wetlands area to the east, and an empty field to the west. City planners have given them the okay for either, but Vista Corporation is trying to explore which decision will have the least ecological impact on the area, as damaging the environment may have bad PR results for them.",
                "Timber village started a channelization process by draining all the swamps near their village. Hill village situated 10 miles to the south, left their swamps untouched."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: There are two basic types of energy in the universe: potential energy and kinetic energy. Potential energy is stored energy that is available to do work, but it has not yet been released. The wood in a fireplace possesses potential energy. It is available for producing heat, but has not yet been ignited, so it is not releasing heat into the surrounding environment. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. A waterfall is an example of kinetic energy. The moving water can erode the rocks in the stream, wearing them down into smaller particles. This same water motion can turn a turbine to generate electricity. In both cases, the movement of the material (water) causes work to be done.",
            "output": [
                "While out on a hiking trip Ricky stumbles upon a waterfall. While looking at it he notices that the rocks around and behind the waterfall as well as the rocks in the stream it flows into are smooth, When he is no longer near the waterfall the rocks are very jagged and cracked and sharp."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Recall that air pollution is due to chemical substances and particles released into the air mainly by human actions. When most people think of air pollution, they think of the pollution outdoors. But it is just as easy to have indoor air pollution. Your home or school classroom probably doesn't get much fresh air. Sealing up your home reduces heating and cooling costs. But this also causes air pollution to stay trapped indoors. And people today usually spend a majority of their time indoors. So exposure to indoor air pollution can become a significant health risk.",
            "output": [
                "Anthony is cleaning his apartment using abrasive chemicals to make sure everything is clean. It is currently winter so his house is sealed up tight to keep it warm.",
                "James spent a lot of time indoors, and didn't get out much like Rob, his friend, who loved outdoors stuff.",
                "Patty was a runner and liked hiking so she spent a lot of time outdoors. Her friend Fay sealed up her home and spent most of her time indoors. Both friends lived in an area with moderate to high levels of air pollution and attended a seminar where they learned more about the impact of air pollution on human health.",
                "Patty was a runner and liked hiking so she spent a lot of time outdoors. Her friend Fay sealed up her home to save money on energy and spent most of her time indoors. Both friends lived in an area with moderate to high levels of air pollution and attended a seminar where they learned more about the impact of air pollution on human health.",
                "Two neighboring cities had very different health related problems. Twin city had increased air pollution, their people experiencing all kinds of respiratory diseases, while Pine city had problems with age related diseases.",
                "Two twin sisters, Bianca and Rosa, were exposed to high levels of air pollution. While Bianca was exposed mostly to indoor pollution, Rosa was heavily exposed to outdoor pollution."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Second, sharing opinions with peers is helpful in building and increasing one's confidence. Clearly expressing what one is trying to say requires confidence and sufficient knowledge; people need to self dress what to say with their own knowledge or experiences. Thus, giving useful feedback definitely strengthens one's confidence. Moreover, peer feedback helps student to take more responsibilities in learning process. Besides doing assignments, students have to read others' work carefully as well so that one is not only responsible for his/her own work but also the others'.",
            "output": [
                "Stephanie is very active and social with the other students at school. She talks to her friends about the projects she is working on and they talk about what she can improve on and what areas she is excelling in. Adam is very quite and usually works on his projects alone and doesn't socialize with others at school."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically.[2] By analogy, the term is used in human reproduction, but more commonly refers to the genetic disorders and other consequences that may arise from expression of deleterious or recessive traits resulting from incestuous sexual relationships and consanguinity.\n\nInbreeding results in homozygosity, which can increase the chances of offspring being affected by deleterious or recessive traits.[3] This usually leads to at least temporarily decreased biological fitness of a population[4][5] (called inbreeding depression), which is its ability to survive and reproduce. An individual who inherits such deleterious traits is colloquially referred to as inbred. The avoidance of expression of such deleterious recessive alleles caused by inbreeding, via inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, is the main selective reason for outcrossing.[6][7] Crossbreeding between populations also often has positive effects on fitness-related traits,[8] but also sometimes leads to negative effects known as outbreeding depression. However increased homozygosity increases probability of fixing beneficial alleles and also slightly decreases probability of fixing deleterious alleles in population.[9] Inbreeding can result in purging of deleterious alleles from a population through purifying selection.[10][11][12].",
            "output": [
                "Ralph owns a farm with a small population of cows on it. He needs to breed them to expand his population but is unsure how to do it. He finds out that most of his cows are closely related in some way and has a small amount of diversity. His friend from another farm however has a diverse set of cows and offers to help with Ralph's breeding problem for an extra cost.",
                "Two farmers both had ten cattle each. Bill decided to interbreed his cattle, but James didn't because he knew about the consequences. Two years later Bill had 12 cattle and James had 30 healthy cattle.",
                "Two farmers both had ten cattle each. Bill decided to use inbreeding as a method to breed his cattle, but James didn't because he knew about the consequences. Two years later Bill had 12 sick cattle and James had 30 healthy cattle.",
                "Two farmers both had ten cattle each. Bill decided to use inbreeding as a method to breed his cattle, but James didn't because he knew about the consequences. Two years later Bill's farm had 12 sick cattle and James' had 30 healthy cattle."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Millions of people in the world jog for exercise. For the most part, jogging can be a healthy way to stay fit. However, problems can also develop for those who jog in the heat. Excessive sweating can lead to electrolyte loss that could be life-threatening. Early symptoms of electrolyte deficiency can include nausea, fatugue, and dizziness. If not treated, individuals can experience muscle weakness and increased heart rate (which could lead to a heart attack). Many sports drinks can be consumed to restore electrolytes quickly in the body.",
            "output": [
                "Kevin and his cousin Darlene both enjoy jogging for exercise. One day, Kevin goes out for a jog in his local neighborhood when the amount of heat outside is quite high, and he begins to sweat a lot and starts to feel a bit dizzy. On the same day, Darlene goes jogging in her neighborhood when the amount of heat outside is low and she feels perfectly normal as she continues to jog.",
                "Ted and Randy liked jogging, last week, however Randy experienced an unpleasant episode and was taken to the hospital, because he passed out while jogging in the heat, without any water or supplements on him.",
                "Ted and Randy liked jogging. Last week while jogging by himself, Randy experienced an unpleasant episode and was taken to the hospital, because he passed out while jogging in the heat, without any water or supplements on him.",
                "The Jones family went jogging  last Saturday. The weather was great for running, a bit chilly. The Brown family went jogging on Sunday and the weather was hot and humid, so it was tough for them, plus they forgot their Gatorade at home.",
                "Two teams of runners took part in a study about exercise. Red team ran 10 km in the heat, while Green team ran the same distance in the morning in cool weather. The Red team experienced more runners with health problems.",
                "Two teams of runners were training for a 10k. Team Y jogged early in the morning when the weather was cool. Team X started their training in the heat so many team members had problems sweating."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Machines make work easier by increasing the amount of force that is applied, increasing the distance over which the force is applied, or changing the direction in which the force is applied. Contrary to popular belief, machines do not increase the amount of work that is done. They just change how the work is done. So if a machine increases the force applied, it must apply the force over a shorter distance. Similarly, if a machine increases the distance over which the force is applied, it must apply less force.",
            "output": [
                "Archimedes was a great scientist. He was also a great inventor of machines. He once said that if he could stand somewhere, he could move the earth with his machine. Hearing that, king of Sicily called Archimedes and his fellow scientist Ptolemy to come up with great inventions. Archimedes, as everyone expected, came up with a great machine. But Ptolemy couldn't do much in such a limited time. So, his device was not a machine.",
                "John wanted to invent a machine. To that end, he devised an experiment in which he used three components, comp A, comp B, and comp C. Comp A was a machine that applied force over a shorter distance. Comp B was also a machine, but it applied force over a longer distance. Comp C was not a machine."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Magnetism is due to the movement of electrons within atoms of matter. When electrons spin around the nucleus of an atom, it causes the atom to become a tiny magnet, with north and south poles and a magnetic field. In most materials, the electrons orbiting the nuclei of the atoms are arranged in such a way that the materials have no magnetic properties. Also, in most types of matter, the north and south poles of atoms point in all different directions, so overall the matter is not magnetic. Examples of nonmagnetic materials include wood, glass, plastic, paper, copper, and aluminum. These materials are not attracted to magnets and cannot become magnets.",
            "output": [
                "Andy has a refrigerator in his house with lots of magnets on it as decorations. One day while playing with and rearranging them he decided to see what other metals around his kitchen they would stick to. The things he had available were copper pots and pans, aluminum foil and some wooden spatulas."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Electrons can be removed from some objects using friction, simply by rubbing one substance against another substance. There are many examples of objects becoming charged by friction, including a rubber comb through hair, and a balloon on a sweater. In both these instances, the electrons move from the second object to the first, causing the first object to become negatively charged and the second one positively charged. Friction between the tires on a moving car and the road cause the tires to become charged, and wind causes friction between clouds and air which causes clouds to become charged and can result in tremendous bolts of lightning.",
            "output": [
                "Dorothy is riding an elevator. The elevator has bristles running up the side of the tracks so her jeans are rubbing against them. When he gets to the top of the elevator she accidentally brushes a piece of metal and gets a small electric shock from it.",
                "Jan, a middle school student, is curious to learn more about friction so she grabs two random objects and rubs them together. After rubbing them together, object B has transferred some of its electrons to object A. After observing this she starts to wonder more about electrons and decides she will ask her teacher more about it tomorrow at school.",
                "Two cities, Appleton and Orangeburg, are approximately 100 miles apart and are currently experiencing different weather. Appleton is windy and cloudy, but Orangeburg has very calm air but is also cloudy.",
                "Weather patterns in two cities are rather different. Much to the dismay of many residents of the town, the weather in Smallville is often windy and cloudy. Citizens of Klangton are much happier since they rarely experience heavy winds and generally only have a couple clouds in the sky. Their weather is almost always sunny with almost clear skies."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Following the utilitarian principle of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number \u2013 economic inequality is problematic. A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five, is an example of reduced \"distributive efficiency\" within society, that decreases marginal utility of wealth and thus the sum total of personal utility. An additional dollar spent by a poor person will go to things providing a great deal of utility to that person, such as basic necessities like food, water, and healthcare; while, an additional dollar spent by a much richer person will very likely go to luxury items providing relatively less utility to that person. Thus, the marginal utility of wealth per person (\"the additional dollar\") decreases as a person becomes richer. From this standpoint, for any given amount of wealth in society, a society with more equality will have higher aggregate utility. Some studies[2][32] have found evidence for this theory, noting that in societies where inequality is lower, population-wide satisfaction and happiness tend to be higher.",
            "output": [
                "Finland has one of the lowest economic inequality in the world. Finland's neighbor Russia has a different story. After the collapse of Soviet Union, Russia's economic inequality soared to the point that it has now one of the highest economic inequality in the world. John and Keith are residents of Finland. While John is rich, Keith is not so fortunate - he is poor. Similarly, David and Greg are residents of Russia. While David is rich, Greg is in poverty."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Soon after the original study was published, other researchers tried to replicate the research. However, it could not be replicated. No other studies could find a link between the vaccine and autism. As a result, scientists became convinced that the original results were incorrect. Eventually, investigators determined that the original study was a fraud. They learned that its author had received a large amount of money to find evidence that the vaccine causes autism, so he faked his research results. If other scientists had not tried to replicate the research, the truth might never have come out. You can read more about this case at the URL below.",
            "output": [
                "John works for the NSF. He has two research proposals in front of him, case A and case B. Both are looking for further funding. Case A research has been replicated by other researchers, but case B research could not be replicated by others. He needs to decide which research should get further funding."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Saturated hydrocarbons are given the general name of alkanes . The name of specific alkanes always ends in \u2013 ane . The first part of the name indicates how many carbon atoms each molecule of the alkane has. The smallest alkane is methane. It has just one carbon atom. The next largest is ethane with two carbon atoms. The chemical formulas and properties of methane, ethane, and other small alkanes are listed in the Table below . The boiling and melting points of alkanes are determined mainly by the number of carbon atoms they have. Alkanes with more carbon atoms generally boil and melt at higher temperatures.",
            "output": [
                "Scientists are studying two alkanes in a laboratory, Mophane and Tripane. Scientists are analyzing the various characteristics of these alkanes to be used in future scientific studies. They discover that Mophane has more carbon atoms than Tripane. This information will definitely be useful in the future!.",
                "Two new alkanes, Hamane and Lamerane, were discovered deep in the Earth's crust and they are currently being analyzed by German scientists. It's rare to find new alkanes, so it's important to accurately document all the various features and attributes of these new finds. The first thing the scientists wanted to know was which alkane had a higher boiling point. After observation, it was found that Hamane has a much higher boiling point than Lamerane.",
                "Two sisters Mary and Beth were into sciences. Beth studied physics, while Mary studied chemistry and especially alkanes. They were very devoted to studying.",
                "Two students studied chemistry. Nate studied alkanes, and Ben studied noble gasses. They both got an A later on."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: In addition to insects, weeds have also been a menace to farmers - just ask anyone with a garden how much they hate weeds. They can quickly compete for water and nutrients needed by other plants. Sure, farmers can use herbicides to kill weeds, but do these chemicals also harm the crops? Can biotechnology help with this issue? Some crops have also been genetically engineered to acquire tolerance to the herbicides - allowing the crops to grow, but killing the weeds. But the lack of cost effective herbicides with a broad range of activity - that do not harm crops - is a problem in weed management. Multiple applications of numerous herbicides are routinely needed to control the wide range of weeds that are harmful to crops. And at times these herbicides are being used as a preventive measure \u2013 that is, spraying to prevent weeds from developing rather than spraying after weeds form. So these chemicals are being added to crops. This practice is followed by mechanical and/or hand weeding to control weeds that are not controlled by the chemicals. Crops that are tolerant of herbicides would obviously be a tremendous benefit to farmers ( Figure above ). The introduction of herbicide tolerant crops has the potential to reduce the number of chemicals needed during a growing season, thereby increasing crop yield due to improved weed management and decreased harm to the crops.",
            "output": [
                "Because of the weed and insect menace villagers from North village decided to use herbicide tolerant crops. South village decided to postpone a decision and kept using regular seeds.",
                "Dan studied genetic engineering. He was applying his knowledge of genetic engineering to develop better crops. Recently, he had successfully developed a crop, crop A, that was herbicide tolerant. To determine the versatility of the crop he compared it with another crop that was not tolerant of herbicides, crop B. The results of his research would allow his company to market the new crop.",
                "Jamie decided he wants to build a garden in his back yard. He finishes planting a nice crop of tomatoes and zucchini and is very happy with himself. About a month later he checks in on his garden only to see a plethora of weeds has grown with  his crop. The tomato and zucchini plants are much smaller than he expected and some are even dying.",
                "Vince had a small rural farm. He needed to increase production and efficiency, so he started using herbicides. Danny was one of his farmer friends, he had a small acreage farm and he practiced permaculture, so no pesticides."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: So much rain falling so fast causes some of the damage from a hurricane. But a lot of the damage is caused by storm surge. Storm surge is very high water located in the low pressure eye of the hurricane. The very low pressure of the eye allows the water level to rise above normal sea level. Storm surge can cause flooding when it reaches land ( Figure below ). High winds do a great deal of damage in hurricanes. High winds can also create very big waves. If the large waves are atop a storm surge, the high water can flood the shore. If the storm happens to occur at high tide, the water will rise even higher.",
            "output": [
                "Beach town was hit hard by the hurricane. Hill town was spared, being situated 50 miles south. the eye of the hurricane passed almost through Beach town.",
                "Two cities were located 50 miles away from each other. They received a hurricane warning. Twin city got hit by the Hurricane, while Big city missed most of the effects.",
                "Two coastal cities were affected by a cat 5 Hurricane. Red city took the full impact, but Purple city, situated 40 miles inland, avoided the brunt of the damage.",
                "Two coastal cities, Dune and Shore, got a Hurricane warning. The hurricane hit Dune city, but missed Shore city by 50 miles. The damage was horrendous."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: As a liquid is heated, the average kinetic energy of its particles increases. The rate of evaporation increases as more and more molecules are able to escape the liquid\u2019s surface into the vapor phase. Eventually a point is reached when the molecules all throughout the liquid have enough kinetic energy to vaporize . At this point the liquid begins to boil. The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure. The Figure below illustrates the boiling of liquid.",
            "output": [
                "A new liquid is found with a boiling point of 50 degrees C. John poured some of this liquid in a pot and began heating it to 60 degrees. Eventually all of the liquid vaporizes.",
                "Alexander is heating up water in his kitchen because he is preparing to make pasta. He has split the water into two containers, container A and container B. Container A has been heating up for a long amount time, while container B has only been heating up for a short amount of time."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Glaciers, while geographically restricted, are effective agents of landscape change. The gradual movement of ice down a valley causes abrasion and plucking of the underlying rock. Abrasion produces fine sediment, termed glacial flour. The debris transported by the glacier, when the glacier recedes, is termed a moraine. Glacial erosion is responsible for U-shaped valleys, as opposed to the V-shaped valleys of fluvial origin.The way glacial processes interact with other landscape elements, particularly hillslope and fluvial processes, is an important aspect of Plio-Pleistocene landscape evolution and its sedimentary record in many high mountain environments. Environments that have been relatively recently glaciated but are no longer may still show elevated landscape change rates compared to those that have never been glaciated. Nonglacial geomorphic processes which nevertheless have been conditioned by past glaciation are termed paraglacial processes. This concept contrasts with periglacial processes, which are directly driven by formation or melting of ice or frost.",
            "output": [
                "Two geologists were researching agents of landscape change. Danny studied glaciated environments, while Manny researched those that have never been glaciated. They later compared and exchanged data."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Genetically modified organisms (GMO) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered by genetic engineering techniques generally known as recombinant DNA technology. Genetic engineering has expanded the genes available to breeders to utilize in creating desired germlines for new crops. Increased durability, nutritional content, insect and virus resistance and herbicide tolerance are a few of the attributes bred into crops through genetic engineering. For some, GMO crops cause food safety and food labeling concerns. Numerous countries have placed restrictions on the production, import or use of GMO foods and crops. Currently a global treaty, the Biosafety Protocol, regulates the trade of GMOs. There is ongoing discussion regarding the labeling of foods made from GMOs, and while the EU currently requires all GMO foods to be labeled, the US does not.Herbicide-resistant seed has a gene implanted into its genome that allows the plants to tolerate exposure to herbicides, including glyphosate. These seeds allow the farmer to grow a crop that can be sprayed with herbicides to control weeds without harming the resistant crop. Herbicide-tolerant crops are used by farmers worldwide. With the increasing use of herbicide-tolerant crops, comes an increase in the use of glyphosate-based herbicide sprays. In some areas glyphosate resistant weeds have developed, causing farmers to switch to other herbicides. Some studies also link widespread glyphosate usage to iron deficiencies in some crops, which is both a crop production and a nutritional quality concern, with potential economic and health implications.Other GMO crops used by growers include insect-resistant crops, which have a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which produces a toxin specific to insects. These crops resist damage by insects. Some believe that similar or better pest-resistance traits can be acquired through traditional breeding practices, and resistance to various pests can be gained through hybridization or cross-pollination with wild species. In some cases, wild species are the primary source of resistance traits; some tomato cultivars that have gained resistance to at least 19 diseases did so through crossing with wild populations of tomatoes.",
            "output": [
                "Keith is a biotech scientist. He had developed a GMO crop that he labeled as crop A. To see how his GMO crop compare with another crop he selected crop B. Crop B was a non-GMO crop. Keith needed to find the pros and cons of both crops.",
                "PepsiCo has been supplying GMO potato seeds to farmers. Eventually, they buy the potatoes for their chips. On the other hand, Kettle Foods supplied non-GMO potato seeds to their farmers. They wanted to see how customers react to their non-GMO products, mostly chips.",
                "Two neighboring farms used different farming methods. Hill farm used GMO seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. Valley farm used only organic methods and non-GMO seeds."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Collision theory tells us that molecules need to collide in order for a reaction to take place. All else being equal, anything that increases the frequency of collisions would also increase the rate of reaction. One way to do this is to increase the concentrations of one or more of the reactants. Using a real world example, a busy freeway will experience much more frequent car collisions than a fairly empty neighborhood street. Similarly, forcing more randomly moving molecules into the same amount of space will cause an increased number of collisions over a given length of time, providing the reactants with more opportunities to transform into products.",
            "output": [
                "Becky is an accountant who as a hobby enjoys performing amateur chemistry experiments at home. She is currently working with a new idea she found online and is curious to see the results. She has two beakers, beaker A and beaker B, filled with the same chemical compound. She was able to find a reactant at a store and is going to pour some into each of the beakers. Her plan is to pour twice as much into beaker B and write down her observations.",
                "John is a chemical engineer with a pharmaceutical company. He is trying to develop a drug that can be absorbed by the system in different rates. To that end, he conducted two experiments. In one case, he used lower concentrations of reactants, he called it case A. Then he used the same reactants in a higher concentration. He called it case B.",
                "Jordan and Elizabeth are performing a chemistry experiment for the science fair. Jordan uses a high concentration of the reactants when starting his reactions. Elizabeth uses a low concentration of the reactants when she starts her reactions.",
                "Rob wanted to learn more about collision theory. For that, he conducted two tests, test A and test B. In test A he used lower concentration of reactants. In test B he used higher concentration of reactants. Now, he needs to know about the science behind these tests."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Greenhouse Effect: The solar energy reaching the surface of the Earth is concentrated in short wavelengths, which can easily penetrate the greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane. The Earth, however, is cooler than the sun and it radiates its heat in the form of energy in the far infrared range. These longer wavelengths are partially absorbed by the greenhouse gases and some of the solar heat is returned to Earth. At a certain temperature these processes are in equilibrium and the surface temperature of the Earth is stable. However, if more greenhouse gases are put in the atmosphere the amount of trapped terrestrial radiation increases, leading to an increase in global temperature.",
            "output": [
                "Barb and Dee studied chemistry for a school project. After little debate they decided that Dee will study volatile gases, and Barb will study greenhouse gasses.",
                "David was visiting the natural history museum. He noticed two charts that showed the climatic conditions of the earth in two time periods, time A and time B. Time A showed earth's overall climate in the sixteenth century when there were less greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. And time B showed earth's overall climate in the present century with more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. David found some interesting differences between these two charts.",
                "John was interested in climate change issues. To that end, he studied two imaginary situations, case A and case B. In case A, there would not be excessive greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. On the contrary, in case B, the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere would increase dramatically. John realized that the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has many practical implications.",
                "Two friends liked studying about the Earth's atmosphere. Vick studied more about the troposphere, while Frank studied more about the Greenhouse Effect.",
                "Two meteorologists were good friends and discussed diverse issues weekly. This week they will talk again. Tim read about the Greenhouse Effect while Norm read about the mini-Ice ages.",
                "Two new planets have just been discovered in our solar system. Scientists have just landed on both and are in the process of analyzing the environment and atmosphere of each planet. What is immediately apparent is that both planets are remarkably similar to Earth since both are oxygen rich and do not require a space suit to breathe. Another similarity that one of the planets, Jarthrow, has with Earth is that it naturally outputs approximately the same amount of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as Earth does. The other planet, Millhouse, outputs about twice as many greenhouse gases. Climate scientists are rushing to try to see if anything new can be discovered to help out our planet with these new discoveries."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Insecticide control of aphids is difficult, as they breed rapidly, so even small areas missed may enable the population to recover promptly. Aphids may occupy the undersides of leaves where spray misses them, while systemic insecticides do not move satisfactorily into flower petals. Finally, some aphid species are resistant to common insecticide classes including carbamates, organophosphates, and pyrethroids.For small backyard infestations, spraying plants thoroughly with a strong water jet every few days may be sufficient protection. An insecticidal soap solution can be an effective household remedy to control aphids, but it only kills aphids on contact and has no residual effect. Soap spray may damage plants, especially at higher concentrations or at temperatures above 32 \u00b0C (90 \u00b0F); some plant species are sensitive to soap sprays.",
            "output": [
                "Bill and Jane are two farmers. They both had aphid infestation problems over the last few years, so Bill decided to use many types of insecticides in order to keep the aphids under control. He was only partially successful. Jane didn't do anything about it yet, because she has fewer aphids on her farm, but she vows to do so in the near future.",
                "Bill and Jane are two farmers. They both had aphid infestation problems over the last few years, so Bill decided to use many types of insecticides in order to keep the aphids under control. He was only partially successful. Jane didn't do anything about it yet, but she vows to do so in the near future.",
                "Bill and Paul were farmers. Bill used insecticides to get read of aphids, while his buddy farmer Paul didn't.",
                "Pam and Mary were two gardener friends. They both had some aphid infestations, but Mary had more aphids on her farm, so she used every method and insecticide available to get rid of them, with limited success.",
                "Two farmers had different pests attacking their plants. John had a big aphid problem, so he used all the methods available to get rid of them.  Mike had a slug problem, but had almost no aphides."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: At birth, a rattlesnake hatchling has only a small button or 'primordial rattle' which is firmly attached to the tip of the tail.[13] The first segment is added when the hatchling sheds its skin for the first time.[14] A new section is added each time the skin is shed until a rattle is formed. The rattle grows as the snake ages but segments are also prone to breaking off and hence the length of a rattle is not a reliable indicator of the age of a snake.[15].",
            "output": [
                "Dan found three rattle snakes: one only had one rattle, the second snake had 4 rattles and the third snake had seven rattles on its tail."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Acceleration is a measure of the change in velocity of a moving object. It measures the rate at which velocity changes. Velocity, in turn, is a measure of the speed and direction of motion, so a change in velocity may reflect a change in speed, a change in direction, or both. Both velocity and acceleration are vectors. A vector is any measurement that has both size and direction. People commonly think of acceleration as in increase in speed, but a decrease in speed is also acceleration. In this case, acceleration is negative and called deceleration. A change in direction without a change in speed is acceleration as well.",
            "output": [
                "Angela is driving on a highway. She is stuck between two cars but needs to get to the off ramp and decides to speed up. She hits the gas making her car go faster so she can get ahead of the two cars she is stuck in between and makes it to the ramp in time.",
                "Jacob is an avid street car racer who is driving in his sleek black Mustang. He comes to a red light and sees the car next to him is an expensive looking Honda Civic, owned by a man named Alejandro. Jacob and Alejandro agree to race, and when the light turns green they both slam their feet on the gas pedal and take off. Jacob's car arrives at the light pole down the street from the light sooner than Alejandro's car, and he wins the race.",
                "Johnny is playing with a toy train set his parents bought him. The controls for this train set allow him to make it go faster or slower and it even has a rail switch to make it travel on different tracks branching off to the left or right."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A baby is born with zones of cartilage in its bones that allow growth of the bones. These areas, called growth plates , allow the bones to grow longer as the child grows. By the time the child reaches an age of about 18 to 25 years, all of the cartilage in the growth plate has been replaced by bone. This stops the bone from growing any longer. Even though bones stop growing in length in early adulthood, they can continue to increase in thickness throughout life. This thickening occurs in response to strain from increased muscle activity and from weight-lifting exercises.",
            "output": [
                "John was a relatively thin and bone-y child when he was younger. He would often get bruises and was prone to breaking bones. As an adult however he does lots of weight lifting and hasn't broken a bone yet.",
                "Two brothers, Tom, aged 26, and Paul, aged 16 were into sports. Tom started weight-lifting to gain more muscle mass. Three years later he was 20-25 lbs. heavier. Paul started track and field, he liked running.",
                "Two brothers, Tom, aged 26, and Paul, aged 16, started weight-lifting to gain more muscle mass. Three years later they were 20-25 lbs. heavier."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The water level is seasonal, being lowered by about 10 feet (3.0 m) over the winter. The reservoir fills in the spring from snow melt and underground springs. The lake is usually at full level by late spring, but in the occasional years of low snow melt and low rainfall, it may remain up to several feet below its typical level. Water is let out of the lake in the fall so that ice will not damage docks and other structures around the lake. This also leads to excellent water quality, as a significant portion of the water is replaced every year.",
            "output": [
                "Alpine lake had low water levels this spring although the lake is usually at full level by late spring. Last year was a very wet year with lots of precipitation. Rangers were planning on letting water out of the lake in the fall so that ice will not damage docks and other structures around the lake. The water levels were high enough in the fall so they proceeded in lowering the water level by 10 feet..",
                "Alpine lake had low water levels this spring although the lake is usually at full level by late spring. Rangers were planning on letting water out of the lake in the fall so that ice will not damage docks and other structures around the lake. The water levels were high enough in the fall so they proceeded in lowering the water level by 10 feet..",
                "Ben and his family are looking to go swimming at the local lake, but can't decide what season they should go. They usually like to go when the lake is at is highest levels, as that makes for better swimming and fun activities. They have decide between Spring and Fall, as the summers are usually too hot where they live.",
                "Bob has been wanting to go on vacation to the nearest lake in his area. He prefers to go to the lake when it is at it's highest level. He doesn't want to go during the summer, and has decided he must choose between the fall, and the spring for the best temperatures.",
                "The water level in Large Lake was high in March, 3 feet higher in April, and 7 feet higher still in May. It dropped to a much lower level in September, October and November, when they released a significant portion of the water as a yearly chore.",
                "There are two hydroelectric dams in North Dakota. Both of them has large lakes or reservoirs, reservoir A and reservoir B. Since North Dakota has one the lowest unemployment rates in the country, it's hard to find an engineer to regulate and maintain the reservoirs. This year reservoir A could hire an engineer, but reservoir B failed to find an engineer. As a result, there is no one to regulate reservoir B. The engineer for reservoir A let the water out in the fall. But there was no one to do that for reservoir B.",
                "Two lakes similar in size are situated 5 miles from one another in the mountains. Both Red and White lake fill with snow water every spring. Red lake is almost emptied in the fall; White lake during the summer."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Each radioactive isotope has a characteristic decay time period\u2014the half-life\u2014that is determined by the amount of time needed for half of a sample to decay. This is an exponential decay process that steadily decreases the proportion of the remaining isotope by 50% every half-life. Hence after two half-lives have passed only 25% of the isotope is present, and so forth.",
            "output": [
                "David was working in his chemistry lab. He selected two isotopes, sample A and sample B. Sample A had longer half-life, but sample B had shorter half-life. After some time he checked sample A when its one half-life had passed. He noted it as sample A1. Then he came back to see it again when two half-lives had passed. He noted it as sample A2."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Leucism (/\u02c8lu\u02d0s\u026az\u0259m, -k\u026az-/)[1][2][3] is a condition in which there is partial loss of pigmentation in an animal resulting in white, pale, or patchy coloration of the skin, hair, feathers, scales or cuticle, but not the eyes.[3] It is occasionally spelled leukism. Unlike albinism, it is caused by a reduction in multiple types of pigment, not just melanin.",
            "output": [
                "There is a strange phenomenon going on in Siberia. Biologist noticed that 60 percent of the Siberian Tigers have leucism, and another 40 percent have albinism. They labeled the first group as group A and the latter one as group B. They need to find the reasons for this phenomenon."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Robert Boyle (1627-1691), an English chemist, is widely considered to be one of the founders of the modern experimental science of chemistry. He discovered that doubling the pressure of an enclosed sample of gas while keeping its temperature constant caused the volume of the gas to be reduced by half. Boyle\u2019s law states that the volume of a given mass of gas varies inversely with the pressure when the temperature is kept constant. An inverse relationship is described in this way. As one variable increases in value, the other variable decreases.",
            "output": [
                "Aaron needs to clean his computer. He buys an air compressor so he can air clean all of the dust from his computer. The compressor forces high powered streams of air by compressing the air inside it then releasing it through a tube.",
                "Brian has two identical containers of the same gas sitting on his kitchen table. He has a device that allows him to increase the pressure of any container he wants. He brings the device up to container B but decides not to use it. He then goes over to container A and activates the device to increase the pressure."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Many chemicals that were once commonly used were later found out to be harmful to the environment , to human health, or both. The element lead was once a common additive to gasoline and to paint. Plumbing pipes were once typically made of lead. Only since the 1970s has the danger of lead become apparent. It causes brain damage and small children (who often chewed on objects painted with lead-based paint) are particularly susceptible. The use of lead in gasoline, paint, and plumbing pipes is now banned and new materials are being developed to replace the hazardous lead components.",
            "output": [
                "Hank and Brian both grew up in the 1950s. They enjoyed playing with toys, but they each had a personal favorite. Hank's favorite toy as a child was his wooden baseball bat. Brian's favorite toy was a metal model car set that came with paint a child could use to paint the car however they wanted. They both have very fond memories of their childhood and Hank still has the baseball bat and his grandchildren now use it when they visit him.",
                "John is trying to buy a house. Today, he saw two houses, house A and house B. House A was build in the 1920s. It has lead plumbing pipes and lead based paint. House B was build recently. It does not have lead plumbing pipes or lead based paint.",
                "There is a study being conducted on a group of small children. Group A is a group from a town that was rated highest quality water in the United States, while Group B is from Flint, Michigan, where it was found that lead was in their water supply.",
                "Tim and Jeb were both studying chemical engineering. At a certain point in time, Jeb started studying chemicals that are not harmful for the environment, while Tim started learning about chemicals that were once used, but now are known to be harmful for the environment.",
                "Tom and Bob grew up next to each other, but their houses were very different. Tom's childhood home was built in 1935 and had never been renovated since then, but Bob's home was built in 1994 and had been regularly updated to be more modern. They both enjoyed spending time at one another's houses because they seemed so different from their own home."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Since the 1990s, many regions have broken up the generation and distribution of electric power to provide a more competitive electricity market. While such markets can be abusively manipulated with consequent adverse price and reliability impact to consumers, generally competitive production of electrical energy leads to worthwhile improvements in efficiency. However, transmission and distribution are harder problems since returns on investment are not as easy to find.",
            "output": [
                "George is moving cities, and wants to find an area to set up his new bitcoin mining operation. He is looking to find an area with cheap power to set up his devices. St. Louis has one giant power company to choose from called Veris Power, and Chicago has several different power companies in the area. He has narrowed his city choices down to those two.",
                "Sweden and Norway had taken two different approaches in dealing with their electric power suppliers. Sweden has broken up large companies into many smaller companies. But Norway kept the handful of large electric power suppliers they had intact, and didn't take initiative to increase their numbers."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The brains of all mammals have a unique layer of nerve cells covering the cerebrum. This layer is called the neocortex (the pink region of the brains in Figure above ). The neocortex plays an important role in many complex brain functions. In some mammals, such as rats, the neocortex is relatively smooth. In other mammals, especially humans, the neocortex has many folds. The folds increase the surface area of the neocortex. The larger this area is, the greater the mental abilities of an animal.",
            "output": [
                "Two colleagues studied at the same university. Nick studied the brains of birds, while Joe studied the brains of mammals.",
                "Two students read about brains in the animal kingdom. Tom read more about the brains of mammals, while Reed learned more about the brains of amphibians."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Cholesterol has been implicated in heart disease for decades. Atherosclerosis is a disorder of the arteries in which cholesterol and other materials are deposited on the interior of the arterial wall. These deposits lead to the formation of plaques that can restrict or even block the flow of blood through these blood vessels (see Figure below ). A decrease in the flow of blood can lead to high blood pressure and a lowered oxygen supply to the heart muscle. A complete blockage of blood flow to parts of the heart (a heart attack) can cause significant damage due to oxygen deprivation, in some cases leading to death.",
            "output": [
                "Bob's parents were in their early 60's. He sent them to the doctor's for a routine check up. Dan, his dad, had very high cholesterol, while Mary, his mom , had normal levels in her blood.",
                "Brad and Dale went to the doctor for a check up. Brad did some blood tests and found out he has very high cholesterol levels, while his partner Dale had normal cholesterol levels, and was very healthy. Brad got scared and started worrying.",
                "Fred was a good athlete in his youth, and so was Vic. Fred started eating junk food and other fatty foods in his 30's. His cholesterol is very high now. Vic became a vegan later,and he is in a very good physical shape.",
                "Jake and his son Ryan just had their yearly physical examination by the doctor. As part of this year's examination, both men had their arterial walls examined to identify the presence of plaques. The doctor discovered that Jake had a high amount of plaques present on the interior of his arterial wall. Ryan, on the other hand, had no plaques present.",
                "Two brothers went to the doctor for their yearly examination. Liam found out he has high cholesterol, while Rudy found out his triglycerides and cholesterol are within normal parameters.",
                "Two brothers went to the doctor's office for an appointment. The doctor discovered that Tim had very high levels of cholesterol, while Jim had normal levels.",
                "Two groups of patients were under observation for heart disease. The Red group was composed of people with low cholesterol, while the Yellow group was comprised of people with very high cholesterol.",
                "Two teams of researchers studied different diseases. team Alpha studied people with cholesterol, while team Beta studied people with Parkinson's disease."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: An optimal decision is a decision that leads to at least as good a known or expected outcome as all other available decision options. It is an important concept in decision theory. In order to compare the different decision outcomes, one commonly assigns a utility value to each of them. If there is uncertainty as to what the outcome will be, then under the von Neumann\u2013Morgenstern axioms the optimal decision maximizes the expected utility (a probability\u2013weighted average of utility over all possible outcomes of a decision).",
            "output": [
                "John and Keith are playing a decision making game. They have three decisions to make decision A, decision B, and decision C. Decision A and decision B have certain outcome, but decision C's outcome is uncertain. John would apply optimal decision making process while Keith would rather rely on his hunches."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Water stratification is when water masses with different properties - salinity (halocline), oxygenation (chemocline), density (pycnocline), temperature (thermocline) - form layers that act as barriers to water mixing which could lead to anoxia or euxinia.[1] These layers are normally arranged according to density, with the least dense water masses sitting above the more dense layers.\n\nWater stratification also creates barriers to nutrient mixing between layers. This can affect the primary production in an area by limiting photosynthetic processes. When nutrients from the benthos cannot travel up into the photic zone, phytoplankton may be limited by nutrient availability. Lower primary production also leads to lower net productivity in waters.[2].",
            "output": [
                "High lake had a lot of fresh and salt water mixing, therefore presented layers of stratified water.The water was poor in nutrients.Low lake had no such problems and it was a very abundant and prolific fishing spot.",
                "Scientists studied water stratification in two saltwater lakes. they were trying to find out why the fish population decreased in Long lake, and was very healthy and abundant in Shoal lake. They found out the phenomenon occurred more often in Long lake, leading to very many unpleasant chain effects.",
                "The marine biologists studied two areas of the Black Sea. Area A, situated at the mouth of the Danube River, which presented high levels of water stratification, because of the fresh water discharged by the river; and area B, situated 35 miles south, where the water was less stratified and more oxygenated."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Generally, nearsightedness first occurs in school-age children. There is some evidence that myopia is inherited. If one or both of your parents need glasses, there is an increased chance that you will too. Individuals who spend a lot of time reading, working or playing at a computer, or doing other close visual work may also be more likely to develop nearsightedness. Because the eye continues to grow during childhood, myopia typically progresses until about age 20. However, nearsightedness may also develop in adults due to visual stress or health conditions such as diabetes. A common sign of nearsightedness is difficulty seeing distant objects like a movie screen or the TV, or the whiteboard or chalkboard in school.",
            "output": [
                "Bimmy and Harold are both four years old and are about to start attending school. Before that though, it is important that they have adequate supplies to be prepared. Bimmy's parents, who both have worn glasses their whole lives, took him to the store to pick up folders and pencils. While there, they bumped into Harold and his parents, who do not wear glasses. They quickly exchanged hellos before moving on with their shopping.",
                "David is a doctor who works for the public health department. After analyzing health data for his city, he found twenty percent of the population have myopia. He categorized them as group A. Another eighty percent didn't have myopia. He put them in group B. He now needs to devise a plan on how to tackle myopia in his city.",
                "David is a doctor with the local hospital. Yesterday, he was seeing two patients, patient A and patient B. His tests found out that patient A had myopia, but patient B had normal eyesight. He referred the patient with eye condition to an ophthalmologist.",
                "Dorian goes to the eye doctor to figure out what is wrong with his vision. Ever since he was a child things that were far away seemed very blurry to him but it didn't affect his ability to read or play with friends so it never really bothered him. After the doctor gave him an eye exam he was given a new pair of glasses to correct.",
                "Michael and his brother Brandon grew up in the same house together. They however devoloped completely different hobbies. Michael liked to go outside and play sports. Brandon on the other hand enjoyed reading and playing games on his computer. Eventually brandon ended up having to get glasses to correct his nearsitednes while Michael did not.",
                "Two coworkers are sitting in the large break room eating lunch and watching the news on TV when they see an advertisement for glasses. John, upon seeing the ad, comments that he really should go and get a new pair since he is nearsighted and hasn't gotten a new pair of glasses in a couple years. Rick says he is glad that he doesn't need to wear glasses because it seems like such a pain to have to always have something on your face. John nods in agreement and then both men turn to see a woman at the other side of the break room waving at them and trying to get their attention.",
                "Two elementary school classmates, Clarence and Molly, are sitting in the back row of the classroom while the teacher lectures. They are both paying attention and reading what the teacher is writing on the board, but Molly is finding it difficult to read what is on the board since it appears blurry. She asks Clarence if the chalkboard looks blurry and he says that it looks clear to him. Molly will ask her mom about it when she gets home from school today.",
                "Two groups of people when to the doctor. Group A had myopia, while group B had nearsightedness. Both groups got eyeglasses for their conditions.",
                "Two siblings were going to school. Mary experienced headaches, so he was sent to the eye doctor. The doctor concluded she was nearsighted and prescribed her eyeglasses. Ben had farsightedness.",
                "Two siblings were going to school. Mary experienced headaches, so he was sent to the eye doctor. The doctor concluded she was nearsighted and prescribed her eyeglasses. Ben had normal vision."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: When using measuring devices, we often use a technique called calibration to increase the accuracy of our measurements. Calibration is a method of setting or correcting a measuring device by matching it to known measurement standards. To better understand calibration, we will look at the example of calibrating a thermometer. All thermometers are slightly different in their temperature readings. One way to calibrate a thermometer is by using the freezing point and boiling point of water ( Figure below ). If we know that water freezes at 0\u00b0C and boils at 100\u00b0C, we can calibrate our thermometer by measuring the temperature of ice water and of boiling water. We place the thermometer in ice water and wait for the thermometer liquid to reach a stable height, then place a mark at this height which represents 0\u00b0C. Then we place the thermometer in boiling water, and after waiting for the thermometer liquid to reach a stable height, we place a mark at this height which represents 100\u00b0C. We can then place 100 equally spaced divisions between our 0 and 100\u00b0C marks to each represent 1\u00b0C. Our thermometer has now been calibrated using the known values for the freezing point and boiling point of water, and can be used to measure temperatures of objects between 0 and 100\u00b0C.",
            "output": [
                "While working on a touch screen laptop, Chris notices that his button presses seem to not be connecting where he presses on the screen. He opens up a calibration application and resets everything. The program then asks him to touch the screen where a button is in different locations on the screen."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: False precision (also called overprecision, fake precision, misplaced precision and spurious precision) occurs when numerical data are presented in a manner that implies better precision than is justified; since precision is a limit to accuracy, this often leads to overconfidence in the accuracy, named precision bias.[1].",
            "output": [
                "David has been working for the government for many years. His expertise is in statistics. He analyzes numerical data to help lawmakers make better decisions. He has now two sets of data in front of him, data set A and data set B. His evaluation finds that data set A is subject to false precision, but data set B is not subject to false precision. He has to decide which data set should be presented to the lawmakers."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The classical explanation of gravity is that a force of attraction acts at a distance between two objects and the magnitude of the force is directly proportional to each of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the objects. The objects move toward each other due to this force of attraction. Einstein\u2019s new concept of gravity states that matter (mass) causes the space around the matter to curve and also distorts time. A straight line through this curved space would also be curved in order to be a straight line.",
            "output": [
                "Rob is an amateur astronomer. Recently, he detected four asteroids, asteroid A, asteroid B, asteroid C, and asteroid D. Asteroid A and asteroid B are of the same mass, but asteroid A is farther from the earth than asteroid B. Asteroid C and asteroid D are at the same distance form the earth, but asteroid C has more mass than asteroid D. He also figured out that all of these asteroids have less mass than earth."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Often, foreign exchange controls can result in the creation of black markets to exchange the weaker currency for stronger currencies. This leads to a situation where the exchange rate for the foreign currency is much higher than the rate set by the government, and therefore creates a shadow currency exchange market. As such, it is unclear whether governments have the ability to enact effective exchange controls.[1].",
            "output": [
                "Booneland changed their foreign exchange controls and Bradland didn't. The foreign currency got more expensive and they had problems with a shadow currency exchange. Bradland people were more cautious and less inclined to take risks, but didn't have those problems.",
                "In the beginning of this century there was scandal in the financial market regarding black market trading. A trader named Trader A was working for Bank A. He noticed country M has pegged its currency to a fixed price while country N did not do that. He opted to trade country M currency. Across the aisle his colleague trader B was working for bank B. He traded country N's currency.",
                "On March 2015 Japans economy soared. There was a likelihood that the Japanese yen would rise in value. In the wake of this event, Japanese Government adjusted \nthe price of Japanese Currency Yen in accordance with the going market price. On the other hand, at he same time, UK was having economic downturn. There was a likelihood that the UK Currency Pound Sterling would go down. Fearing public backlash, UK Government kept the price of the Pound Sterling at the same level.",
                "Pakistan tried to control the foreign exchange market and India didn't. By creating the foreign exchange control department, Pakistan tried to stop the devaluation of their currency. India chose to not interfere and let the exchange market regulate itself."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A thermometer is a device used to measure temperature. It is placed in contact with an object and allowed to reach thermal equilibrium with the object (they will have the same temperature). The operation of a thermometer is based on some property, such as volume, that varies with temperature. The most common thermometers contain liquid mercury, or some other liquid, inside a sealed glass tube. The liquid expands and contracts faster than the glass tube. Therefore, when the temperature of the thermometer increases, the liquid volume expands faster than the glass volume, allowing the liquid to rise in the tube. The positions of the liquid in the tube can then be calibrated for accurate temperature readings. Other properties that change with temperature can also be used to make thermometers; liquid crystal colors and electrical conductivity change with temperature, and are also relatively common thermometers.",
            "output": [
                "A group of middle school students is measuring the temperature of various liquids for a chemistry lab using a mercury thermometer. They have a beaker of boiling water, a beaker of ice water, and a beaker of water at room temperature."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Another example of incomplete dominance is with sickle cell anemia, a disease in which a blood protein called hemoglobin is produced incorrectly. This causes the red blood cells to have a sickle shape, making it difficult for these misshapen cells to pass through the smallest blood vessels. A person that is homozygous recessive ( ss ) for the sickle cell trait will have red blood cells that all have the incorrect hemoglobin. A person who is homozygous dominant ( SS ) will have normal red blood cells.",
            "output": [
                "Doctors studied  the blood of 2 sisters, Ann and Julie. Ann had sickle cell anemia, Julie did not.",
                "Terry and Jake are currently at a dinner party of a mutual friend. They are having a conversation while enjoying a glass of wine when suddenly on the TV there is a commercial about a new disease. This prompts Terry to mention that he actually has sickle cell anemia. Jake, not having the disease, is curious to learn more and asks Terry to explain more about it.",
                "Tom and Jerry are visiting the doctor today to have blood work done as part of a regular check up. After working on Tom's blood, the doctor tells him that his red blood cells should have no issue traversing his blood vessels. Jerry is told that his red blood cells are struggling to pass through his blood vessels and the doctor would like to run some more tests to see what the issue might be.",
                "Trisha has a doctors appointment to get some blood work done. She goes to see her doctor and he takes a blood sample. Sadly when he comes back he reports to her that her blood cells are misshapen and look like small sickles, as well as her hemoglobin is being produced incorrectly.",
                "Two brothers went to take a blood test. Ned had sickle cell anemia, while Ted didn't have that disease. Their mother took Ned to a specialist.",
                "Two sisters named Mary and Ann went in for a blood test and found out that Mary had sickle cell anemia. Ann was normal."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Huge amounts of chemicals, such as fertilizers and pesticides, are applied to farm fields (see Figure below ). Some of the chemicals are picked up by rainwater. Runoff then carries the chemicals to nearby rivers or lakes. Dissolved fertilizer causes too much growth of water plants and algae. This can lead to dead zones where nothing can live in lakes and at the mouths of rivers. Some of the chemicals can infiltrate into groundwater. The contaminated water comes up in water wells. If people drink the polluted water, they may get sick.",
            "output": [
                "Jimbo and Jedd are both farmers who have lakes and water wells downstream from their farms. Jimbo's products have been in high demand recently, so he has started to use very high amounts of fertilizers on his farms. Jedd has recently decreased the amount of fertilizer he uses because his products aren't wanted as much by the people in his town.",
                "John studies how chemicals affect environment. He traveled to the Amish country to see their traditional ways of farming. He noticed they don't use any fertilizers or pesticides. He labeled this part of the study as case A. Then he visited a modern farming facility where they use tons of fertilizers and pesticides. He labeled this part of the study as case B.",
                "Lucas is sitting between two lakes, lake Hijem and lake Rarsnap, holding a large bag of fertilizer. His neighbor told him to pour the bag of fertilizer in one of the two lakes, but Lucas can't remember which lake he was told to pour it in. Lucas decides to just guess rather than ask for clarification and pours the whole bag of fertilizer into lake Hijem.",
                "Lucy and Sarah are two people who each own a lake that they enjoy spending time at. They have to take care of the lake though and make sure everything is healthy so that the lake can continue to thrive and people will want to visit it. Sarah says she heard a secret that if you dump fertilizer into your lake, the fish will grow twice as large. Sarah says she has just started doing it this past week and can't wait to see the results. Lucy is skeptical and waits to see what happens at Sarah's lake.",
                "Rick and Dale are both farmers that have lakes near their farm fields. Rick just began using large amounts of fertilizers because he is trying to improve his harvest significantly this year. Meanwhile, Dale has been cutting back on his fertilizer use because demand for his product has decreased recently.",
                "There are two lakes in southern Indiana that are popular places for families of nearby cities to visit for picnics and parties. Lake Mahoe is right next to a large farm that grows all kinds of crops for the town. The owner of the farm also rents out his barn regularly so people can use it for celebrations. Lake Tresco is located near a school and children will often come play at it during recess.",
                "Two farms were selling on Seattle markets. Berry farm, which used organic methods, no fertilizers and pesticides, and Rose farm, which used conventional agricultural methods, including fertilizers and pesticides.",
                "Two neighboring counties used different agricultural methods on their farm fields. Cook county used many fertilizers and pesticides, while Dane county used only organic methods and no pesticides. As a result, the waters in Dane county were cleaner.",
                "Two neighboring towns used different approaches to agriculture. Big town used pesticides and fertilizers, while Small town applied permaculture principles and organic farming methods."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Many mutations have no effect on the proteins they encode. These mutations are considered neutral. Occasionally, a mutation may make a protein even better than it was before. Or the protein might help the organism adapt to a new environment. These mutations are considered beneficial. An example is a mutation that helps bacteria resist antibiotics. Bacteria with the mutation increase in numbers, so the mutation becomes more common. Other mutations are harmful. They may even be deadly. Harmful mutations often result in a protein that no longer can do its job. Some harmful mutations cause cancer or other genetic disorders.",
            "output": [
                "A study was done on a species of flightless bird in the Amazon. Over recent years some of these birds have begun to learn to fly when previously this was impossible. Scientists later discover that a mutation has allowed some of these birds to be able to fly, allowing them extra safety from predators.",
                "David is a biochemist with a pharmaceutical company. He is testing three strains of bacteria, case A, case B, and case C. In case A the bacteria does not respond to antibiotics. In case B the bacteria resists antibiotics. Finally, in case C, the bacteria does not develop any immunity to antibiotics and eventually perishes.",
                "Jenny goes to the doctor today. She has noticed a lump growing and needs to get a mammogram done. She is incredibly worried and not sure what she should do."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The number of viruses in the oceans decreases further offshore and deeper into the water, where there are fewer host organisms.In January 2018, scientists reported that 800 million viruses, mainly of marine origin, are deposited daily from the Earth's atmosphere onto every square meter of the planet's surface, as the result of a global atmospheric stream of viruses, circulating above the weather system, but below the altitude of usual airline travel, distributing viruses around the planet.Like any organism, marine mammals are susceptible to viral infections. In 1988 and 2002, thousands of harbour seals were killed in Europe by phocine distemper virus. Many other viruses, including caliciviruses, herpesviruses, adenoviruses and parvoviruses, circulate in marine mammal populations.",
            "output": [
                "John is a marine biologist. He was collecting samples from six locations in the ocean, location A, location B, location C, location D, location E, and location F. Location A was near the shore, but location B was farther offshore. Location C was in shallow water, but location D was deeper into the ocean. Location E was a habitat with very few organisms, but location F was a habitat full of organisms."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: There is growing concern regarding the use of pesticides in agriculture. Therefore, many of the current commercial applications of modern biotechnology in agriculture are focused on reducing the dependence of farmers on these chemicals. For example, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil bacterium that produces a protein that can act as an insecticide, known as the Bt toxin . But it is a naturally occurring protein, not a foreign chemical. Could this protein be used in crops instead of pesticides? Traditionally, an insecticidal spray has been produced from these bacteria. As a spray, the Bt toxin is in an inactive state and requires digestion by an insect to become active and have any effect. Crop plants have now been engineered to contain and express the genes for the Bt toxin, which they produce in its active form. When an insect ingests the transgenic crop, it stops feeding and soon thereafter dies as a result of the Bt toxin binding to its gut wall. Bt corn is now commercially available in a number of countries to control corn borer (an insect like a moth or butterfly), which is otherwise controlled by insecticidal spraying.",
            "output": [
                "Environmental scientists are trying to find a solution to reducing the harmful effects of chemicals on the environment. To that end, they developed a transgenic crop with the help of Bt toxin - they referred to it as case A. To test the effectiveness of this new crop they also studied Bt toxin spray - they referred to it as case B. They need to figure out which case is safer for the environment.",
                "Two farmers tried different methods of growing their crops. Nate used pesticides, while his buddy Don used bacterium that produces a toxin instead. Don was happy with the results."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Located mostly in the Arctic north polar region in the middle of the Northern Hemisphere, the Arctic Ocean is almost completely surrounded by Eurasia and North America. It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter. The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities. The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%. The US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) uses satellite data to provide a daily record of Arctic sea ice cover and the rate of melting compared to an average period and specific past years.",
            "output": [
                "John sailed across two oceans last year. First, he sailed across the Atlantic Ocean, which he noted as location A. Then he sailed across the Arctic Ocean, which he noted as location B. He was so amazed by the Arctic Ocean that he sailed across that ocean twice, time C and time D. Time C was in the summer,and time D was in the winter.",
                "The Madrigal Ocean and the Listy Ocean are two bodies of water currently under observation by scientists on a planet nearly identical to Earth. Although the studies have just started, the scientists have already discovered that the salinity of the Madrigal Ocean is much lower than that of the Listy Ocean. This isn't much information, but it's progress and the scientists are not going to stop their studies until they learn all that they can about these waters.",
                "The inuit tribe lived and hunted on the shores of the Arctic ocean., very close to the North pole. The weather there was very cold throughout the year. Their distant cousins the umpala tribe, lived thousands of miles away, on the shores of the Indian ocean, where the weather was humid and warm, in a tropical climate."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after their shared trait of ecdysis, growth by moulting. They include the largest animal phylum, the Arthropoda, which contains insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All of these have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the Onychophora and Tardigrada, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic, and occur in nearly every environment where there is water; some are important parasites. Smaller phyla related to them are the Nematomorpha or horsehair worms, and the Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Loricifera. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom.",
            "output": [
                "Adam caught a large spider behind his house and decides to keep it as a pet. After a while he notices flakes of its skin (exoskeleton) along the bottom of the cage."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Friction between the atmosphere and the Earth's surface causes a 20% reduction in the wind at the surface of the Earth.[10] Surface roughness also leads to significant variation of wind speeds. Over land, winds maximize at hill or mountain crests, while sheltering leads to lower wind speeds in valleys and lee slopes.[11] Compared to over water, maximum sustained winds over land average 8% lower.[12] More specifically, over a city or rough terrain, the wind gradient effect could cause a reduction of 40% to 50% of the geostrophic wind speed aloft; while over open water or ice, the reduction is between 10% and 30%.[8][13][14].",
            "output": [
                "Bill is going on vacation this week, and is visiting two local sites. One, is Deep Valley, and the other is Mount Tall. He will be going to Deep Valley on Monday and Tuesday, and then visit Mount Tall on Thursday and Friday. He has decided that on his trip he wants to fly his kite at some point, but also wants to have a picnic on the other days. He would prefer an area of high wind for flying his kite, and an area of low winds to have his picnic so his food doesn't blow asunder.",
                "Steve is going on a trip soon, and will be visiting various geographical sites while site seeing. He is looking to fly a kite on one of his trips, which will require a good spot with a lot of wind, and on another day, he hopes to have a nice serene picnic, with a calm atmosphere and not so much wind gusting about. On Monday, he will go to Heaven's Valley, and on Tuesday he will be visiting Mount Smith.",
                "Steve is taking his family on a couple of outings soon. He wants to fly kites one day, then go on a nice picnic in a nice and non windy area the next. His wife wants to go to Hinton Beach one of the days, and his daughter wants to see Till's Valley an another of the days.",
                "The Johnson Family is planning a couple of excursions next week. On Wednesday they will be going to Tulsa Valley, and on Friday they are going to Albert's Peak, a small mountain in the area. Mr. Johnson has been wanting to fly some kites if there are some good wind conditions for doing so. He also wants to treat his family to a picnic and would like a more serene setting, with little to no wind to disrupt their picnic."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Many respiratory diseases are caused by pathogens. A pathogen is an organism that causes disease in another organism. Certain bacteria, viruses, and fungi are pathogens of the respiratory system. The common cold and flu are caused by viruses. The influenza virus that causes the flu is pictured below ( Figure below ). Tuberculosis, whooping cough, and acute bronchitis are caused by bacteria. The pathogens that cause colds, flu, and TB can be passed from person to person by coughing, sneezing, and spitting. Illnesses caused by bacteria can be treated with antibiotics. Those caused by viruses cannot.",
            "output": [
                "Big city and Large city are situated 50 miles apart, on opposite sides of a mountain range. Both cities have lots of people with respiratory diseases. Big city has more people getting infected by viruses, while Large city has more people infected by bacteria and fungi.",
                "Birch town was located 20 miles away from Free town. Birch town's population was affected by viral respiratory diseases, while Free town's population caught bacterial respiratory diseases.",
                "Martin and David are roommates in their dorm room. Martin comes down with the flu and is very sick  coughing and sneezing a lot. David opts to take care of Martin, spending a lot of time with him to make sure he gets well soon.",
                "Mary was from a family that forbids all vaccinations. She never got any vaccines and developed immunity the hard way by getting many respiratory diseases. Ann got all here vaccines done in time and at the proper age.",
                "People of Iran had more respiratory diseases caused by fungi and viruses, while their neighbor Iraq had more disease caused by bacteria.",
                "The doctors studied two groups of people, group one which included people with respiratory diseases caused by viruses, and group two, which had people with respiratory diseases caused by bacteria."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Mechanical weathering increases the rate of chemical weathering. As rock breaks into smaller pieces, the surface area of the pieces increases. With more surfaces exposed, there are more places for chemical weathering to occur ( Figure below ). Let\u2019s say you wanted to make some hot chocolate on a cold day. It would be hard to get a big chunk of chocolate to dissolve in your milk or hot water. Maybe you could make hot chocolate from some smaller pieces like chocolate chips, but it is much easier to add a powder to your milk. This is because the smaller the pieces are, the more surface area they have. Smaller pieces dissolve more easily.",
            "output": [
                "Michael and his brother John are making protein shakes. They are mixing different sizes of protein powder into the shakes to see if that impacts how the powder dissolves into the shake. Michael makes his shake using large individual pieces of protein powder, while John makes his shake using small individual pieces of powder.",
                "Rocks commonly found in Beijing are often found spread out in smaller pieces, whereas rocks in Montreal typically remain large in size and don't break apart as much. Both Beijing and Montreal are expected to experience bouts of acid rain in the upcoming weeks."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: All of these animal behaviors are important. They help the animals get food for energy, make sure their young survive, or ensure that they, themselves, survive. Behaviors that help animals or their young survive, increase the animals\u2019 fitness. Animals with higher fitness have a better chance of passing their genes on to the next generation. If genes control behaviors that increase fitness, the behaviors become more common in the species. This occurs through the process of evolution by natural selection.",
            "output": [
                "David is a biologist. He was in the African savanna to study different species. Especially, he was interested in two species, rhinos and impalas. He noticed that in response to constant human encroachment of wildlife habitats, impalas have acquired some behaviors that help them and their young. Rhinos also have acquired some behaviors in response to the same threat. But their behaviors mostly failed them in that aspect.",
                "Two bears are living in the same forest. One bear, named Teddy, often runs and is active in its daily life. The other bear, Fluffy, is lazy and hardly moves at all. Their levels of fitness are very different with Teddy having a much higher overall fitness level than Fluffy."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Because of its temperature, the atmosphere emits infrared radiation. For example, on clear nights Earth's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights. This is because clouds (H2O) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation. This is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations.",
            "output": [
                "David was visiting Europe last summer. First he visited London. To his dismay, it was overcast all night. Then he flew to Rome. There the sky was as clear as you could get at night. David was very happy about it."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: In many ways, bacterial metabolism provides traits that are useful for ecological stability and for human society. One example is that some bacteria have the ability to fix nitrogen gas using the enzyme nitrogenase. This environmentally important trait can be found in bacteria of most metabolic types listed above. This leads to the ecologically important processes of denitrification, sulfate reduction, and acetogenesis, respectively. Bacterial metabolic processes are also important in biological responses to pollution; for example, sulfate-reducing bacteria are largely responsible for the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury (methyl- and dimethylmercury) in the environment. Non-respiratory anaerobes use fermentation to generate energy and reducing power, secreting metabolic by-products (such as ethanol in brewing) as waste. Facultative anaerobes can switch between fermentation and different terminal electron acceptors depending on the environmental conditions in which they find themselves.",
            "output": [
                "Bob and Andy are two microbiologists.  They are studying bacteria: Bob studies nitrogen fixating bacteria, while Andy studies non-respiratory and facultative anaerobes.",
                "Brett and Scott were both studying bacteria for their exam. Scott read more about nitrogen-fixating and sulfate-reducing bacteria, while his colleague Brett read more about non-respiratory anaerobe bacteria and facultative anaerobes.",
                "Two regions, region A and region B, shared a common border, a river. Region A was favorable for sulfate-reducing bacteria and nitrogen fixing bacteria, while region B was more favorable for the developement of Non-respiratory anaerobes and facultative anaerobes."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Ants communicate with each other using pheromones, sounds, and touch. The use of pheromones as chemical signals is more developed in ants, such as the red harvester ant, than in other hymenopteran groups. Like other insects, ants perceive smells with their long, thin, and mobile antennae. The paired antennae provide information about the direction and intensity of scents. Since most ants live on the ground, they use the soil surface to leave pheromone trails that may be followed by other ants. In species that forage in groups, a forager that finds food marks a trail on the way back to the colony; this trail is followed by other ants, these ants then reinforce the trail when they head back with food to the colony. When the food source is exhausted, no new trails are marked by returning ants and the scent slowly dissipates. This behaviour helps ants deal with changes in their environment. For instance, when an established path to a food source is blocked by an obstacle, the foragers leave the path to explore new routes. If an ant is successful, it leaves a new trail marking the shortest route on its return. Successful trails are followed by more ants, reinforcing better routes and gradually identifying the best path.Ants use pheromones for more than just making trails. A crushed ant emits an alarm pheromone that sends nearby ants into an attack frenzy and attracts more ants from farther away. Several ant species even use \"propaganda pheromones\" to confuse enemy ants and make them fight among themselves. Pheromones are produced by a wide range of structures including Dufour's glands, poison glands and glands on the hindgut, pygidium, rectum, sternum, and hind tibia. Pheromones also are exchanged, mixed with food, and passed by trophallaxis, transferring information within the colony. This allows other ants to detect what task group (e.g., foraging or nest maintenance) other colony members belong to. In ant species with queen castes, when the dominant queen stops producing a specific pheromone, workers begin to raise new queens in the colony.Some ants produce sounds by stridulation, using the gaster segments and their mandibles. Sounds may be used to communicate with colony members or with other species.",
            "output": [
                "David is an entomologist. He recently got interested in ants and their behaviors. To that end, he studied a group of ants, which be labeled as case A. To compare ants with other ant like creatures he studied another hymenopteran group, which he labeled as case B. Moreover, he noticed two distinct trails made by the ants, trail A or trail B. Trail A was followed by many ants, but trail B was abandoned by them."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Lifting an object in a gravitational field requires work and increases the object's potential energy. A similar situation occurs when you move two charged objects relative to each other. We already know that each object has an electric field surrounding it, which effects the other charge. If the two charged objects have the same charge, they repel each other. Moving these two objects closer to each other requires working against the repulsive force, which increases the potential energy of the system. Conversely, moving two like charges apart will decrease the potential energy. If the objects attract each other, the opposite situtations occur if you pull them apart, you do work against the force, which increases the potential energy of the system, but bringing attractive charges closer together decreases the potential energy.",
            "output": [
                "A small boy is playing with some magnets. He takes the north ends of 2 magnets and tries to push them together, he gets them close and lets one of watching it bounce backwards. He then takes two opposite poles and slowly pushes them together."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Gas pressure results from collisions between gas particles and the inside walls of their container. If more gas is added to a rigid container, the gas pressure increases. The identities of the two gases do not matter. John Dalton, the English chemist who proposed the atomic theory, also studied mixtures of gases. He found that each gas in a mixture exerts a pressure independently of every other gas in the mixture. For example, our atmosphere is composed of about 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen, with smaller amounts of several other gases making up the rest. Since nitrogen makes up 78% of the gas particles in a given sample of air, it exerts 78% of the pressure. If the overall atmospheric pressure is 1.00 atm, then the pressure of just the nitrogen in the air is 0.78 atm. The pressure of the oxygen in the air is 0.21 atm.",
            "output": [
                "Mike is a high school student who loves science and as a hobby studies various chemistry, biology and physics experiments. Currently, Mike has a container in his garage that is filled with two different gases. A large portion of the gas is Mologen and a smaller portion is the gas Hamogen."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Once again, a mutation is the change in the DNA or RNA sequence. In multicellular organisms, mutations can be subdivided into germline mutations and somatic mutations. Germline mutations occur in the DNA of sex cells, or gametes, and are therefore potentially very serious. These mutations can be passed to the next generation. If the zygote contains the mutation, every cell in the resulting organism will have that mutation. If the mutation results in a disease phenotype, the mutation causes what is called a hereditary disease. Somatic mutations , which occur in somatic, or body, cells, cannot be passed to the next generation (offspring). Mutations present in a somatic cell of an organism will be present (by DNA replication and mitosis) in all descendants of that cell. If the mutation is present in a gene that is not used in that cell type, the mutation may have no effect. On the other hand, the mutation may lead to a serious medical condition such as cancer.",
            "output": [
                "Dan studied multicellular organisms that presented mutations. Group A presented gemline mutations, while group B presented somatic mutations. He was fascinated by these organisms.",
                "James' father unfortunately had Huntington's disease. This is a disease that can be passed down from generation to generation. His mother Got cancer at one point but it has been treated and has been eliminated.",
                "Scientists studied mutations on groups of fruit flies. Group A presented gemline mutations, while group B presented somatic mutations.",
                "The specialists studied two groups of larvae. Group L displayed all kinds of mutations while group D didn't.",
                "Two women have just undergone different types of mutations without them being aware of it. Kim has just had a mutation in the DNA of her sex cells. Holly has had a mutation in her body cells. Both mutations would be able to be discovered if they happen to go to a doctor, and the doctor knows to look for it, but that is unlikely since the women are unaware these changes happened."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Apex predators can have profound effects on ecosystems, as the consequences of both controlling prey density and restricting smaller predators, and may be capable of self-regulation. They are central to the functioning of ecosystems, the regulation of disease, and the maintenance of biodiversity. When introduced to subarctic islands, for example, Arctic foxes' predation of seabirds has been shown to turn grassland into tundra. Such wide-ranging effects on lower levels of an ecosystem are termed trophic cascades. The removal of top-level predators, often through human agency, can cause or disrupt trophic cascades. For example, reduction in the population of sperm whales, apex predators with a fractional trophic level of 4.7, by hunting has caused an increase in the population of large squid, trophic level over 4 (carnivores that eat other carnivores). This effect, called mesopredator release, occurs in terrestrial and marine ecosystems; for instance, in North America, the ranges of all apex carnivores have contracted whereas those of 60% of mesopredators have grown in the past two centuries.",
            "output": [
                "John was studying the species in Siberia. He found that the Siberian tiger is an apex predator. It had a pretty stable population during the sixteenth century. He noted that information as case A. Then with the introduction of guns the number of Siberian tigers decreased in the seventeenth century. He noted that information as case B."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Hemophilia is the name of a group of hereditary diseases that affect the body's ability to control blood clotting. Hemophilia is caused by a lack of clotting factors in the blood. Clotting factors are normally released by platelets. Since people with hemophilia cannot produce clots, any cut can put a person at risk of bleeding to death. The risk of internal bleeding is also increased in hemophilia, especially into muscles and joints. This disease affected the royal families of Europe.",
            "output": [
                "Czar Nicholas was the last Romanov who ruled Russia. Al along he was in good health, but that was not the case with his son Prince Alexei. While Nicholas was free from hemophilia, a disease that devastated European royal families, Alexei was born with hemophilia. Many suggest this situation made some opportunists to take advantage of the Czar.",
                "Greg and Bobby are coworkers who are currently eating lunch together on their break. They haven't known each other very long and are having a casual conversation when Bobby mentions that he is a hemophiliac. Greg, unsure of what exactly that means, looks confused and taken aback. Bobby, noticing the bewilderment on Greg's face takes a moment to explain the details of his condition to Greg.",
                "Mary had two twin daughters, Mimi and Coco. Coco was healthy, but Mimi had hemophilia. Mimi took frequent trips to the doctor's office.",
                "Two brothers took a blood test. The doctor found out that Tim had hemophilia, while his brother Rick had normal blood cells and was healthy.",
                "Two cousins went for a blood test. Tim found out he had hemophilia, while John was normal. Tim had to start taking medication.",
                "Two twin sisters were taken to the doctor's office by their parents. It turned out that Mary had hemophilia while Ann didn't have any blood disease.",
                "Two women go into a doctor's office for a routine physical. As is usual for a physical, the doctor takes a blood sample from both women to analyze for any issues. Upon looking at the blood, the doctor notices that Jan's platelet count is low, but other than that her blood is fine. Marcia's platelet count is not low and she has no other issues."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A major use for petroleum products is fuel for cars, trucks, airplanes, trains, and other vehicles. The chemical used are usually a mixture of compounds containing several carbon atoms in a chain. When the material is ignited, a massive amount of gas is created almost instantaneously. This increase in volume will move the pistons in an internal combustion engine to provide power. A jet plane works on a similar principle. Air comes into the front of the engine and mixes with the jet fuel. This mixture is ignited and the gases formed create a lot of pressure to push the plane forward. The idea can be seen even more clearly in the case of a rocket launch. The ignition of the fuel (either solid-state or liquid) creates gases produced under great pressure that pushes the rocket up.",
            "output": [
                "Big town and Fair town both used petroleum products. Big town used them to make plastics and related materials, but didn't use it for gas, because they were environmentally conscious and used only electric vehicles for transportation. Fair town used petroleum for fuel mostly.",
                "Company A was a refinery and managed petroleum products. Another company, named H, produced and distributed electricity using wind power. Both companies strive to be more efficient and to pollute less.",
                "Company A was a refinery and managed petroleum products. Another company, named company H, produced and distributed electricity using wind power. Both companies strive to be more efficient and to pollute less.",
                "Gwen is driving on a highway in her old car. It's a pretty empty highway so you can hear her car engine pretty clearly. She forgot to fill up on fuel and eventually her car stops running. She has to walk to the nearest gas station and fill up a gas can to get going again.",
                "Two engineering students learned about petroleum products, While Dan learned more about plastics, Jim learned about fuels.",
                "Two sister cities used petroleum products in different ways. Sin city used it for fuel, while Hill city used it only for making plastic materials which would then recycle.",
                "Two sister countries used petroleum in different ways. Norway used it to make plastics, while Sweden used it for fuel."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: As time passes, the number of HIV copies keeps increasing, while the number of helper T cells keeps decreasing. The graph in Figure below shows how the number of T cells typically declines over a period of many years following the initial HIV infection. As the number of T cells decreases, so does the ability of the immune system to defend the body. As a result, an HIV-infected person develops frequent infections. Medicines can slow down the virus but not get rid of it, so there is no cure at present for HIV infections or AIDS. There also is no vaccine to immunize people against HIV infection, but scientists are working to develop one.",
            "output": [
                "A doctor tested two people for HIV. Tom had the virus in his blood, while Nick didn't have HIV, he was healthy. Tom has apparently had the virus for 20 years.",
                "Jacob recently contracted the HIV virus and is going to his first support meeting. While there, he meets Dan and strikes up a conversation with him. Dan says that he has had HIV for over a decade at this point and has learned ways to live with it. He is able to give Jacob some good advice on how to handle things and Jacob is very grateful to have someone to talk with.",
                "Mike is a physician who treats HIV-infected patients. Today, he is seeing two patients, patient A and patient B. Patient A is infected with HIV, but patient B is not infected with HIV. Mike is trying to figure out how HIV-infected patient is different from the patient who is not infected with HIV.",
                "Robert and Justin are both patients in the hospital who are suffering complications from their HIV infections. The doctor is trying to get information from both men about their diseases so he can create customized treatment plans for both men. After a few questions, the doctor discovers that Robert has been infected with HIV for many years, while Justin's infection is quite recent."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: A vapor light produces visible light by electroluminescence. The bulb contains a small amount of solid sodium or mercury as well as a mixture of neon and argon gases. When an electric current passes through the gases, it causes the solid sodium or mercury to change to a gas and emit visible light. Sodium vapor lights, like these streetlights, produce yellowish light. Mercury vapor lights produce bluish light. Vapor lights are very bright and energy efficient. The bulbs are also long lasting.",
            "output": [
                "James is driving down the street in his town. For some reason today hes very curious about the things that he sees. He looks around as hes driving and the street lights catch his attention. He realizes that he's never seen someone changing the bulbs in a street light. He also wonders if its a film on the light that makes them have that color or something inside."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Demographic stochasticity refers to variability in population growth arising from sampling random births and deaths in a population of finite size. In small populations, demographic stochasticity will decrease the population growth rate, causing an effect similar to the Allee effect, which will increase the risk of population extinction. Whether or not demographic stochasticity can be considered a part of Allee effect is somewhat contentious however. The most current definition of Allee effect considers the correlation between population density and mean individual fitness. Therefore, random variation resulting from birth and death events would not be considered part of Allee effect as the increased risk of extinction is not a consequence of the changing fates of individuals within the population.Meanwhile, when demographic stochasticity results in fluctuations of sex ratios, it arguably reduces the mean individual fitness as population declines. For example, a fluctuation in small population that causes a scarcity in one sex would in turn limit the access of mates for the opposite sex, decreasing the fitness of the individuals within the population. This type of Allee effect will likely be more prevalent in monogamous species than polygynous species.",
            "output": [
                "Two small cities of identical population are both having elections this year. Although they have the same small amount of people, the city of Kilmar is experiencing demographic stochasticity while the city of Plano is not. Every time an election arises, both cities become very active with citizens coming out in droves to listen to the candidates speak at town hall meetings through the months leading up to the election."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Common foodborne viruses include norovirus and hepatitis A virus. Norovirus, which causes inflammation of the stomach and intestines, has been a recent issue on cruise ships, infecting hundreds of passengers and crew on certain voyages. Hepatitis A causes inflammation of the liver, which is treated with rest and diet changes. Parasites are tiny organisms that live inside another organism. Giardia is a parasite spread through water contaminated with the stools of people or animals who are infected. Food preparers who are infected with parasites can also contaminate food if they do not thoroughly wash their hands after using the bathroom and before handling food. Trichinella is a type of roundworm parasite. People may be infected with this parasite by consuming raw or undercooked pork or wild game.",
            "output": [
                "Mark and Ken were taking a lunch break. Mark bought some fast-food from a major chain, while Ken ate an egg salad and pork he got from his aunt. Mark got norovirus and hepatitis A virus. Ken got sick because he got infected with Giardia and trichinella.",
                "Two brothers had very bad luck when they attended a wedding. Tom fell violently ill after eating some tainted food, and he was rushed to the hospital. His brother Rob felt sick later, after eating the main course. Tom was infected with norovirus and hepatitis A, while Rob was infected with Giardia and Trichinella.",
                "Two groups of tourists went on two different cruise ships Group J  had some members contract Norovirus and hepatitis A, while group K got many cases of giardia and trichinella infections.",
                "Two sisters attended a wedding. Ann got very sick early on, after eating the appetizer. She was infected with norovirus and with hepatitis A. Bianca danced for a while then ate the main course and fell ill. She found out she was infected with Giardia and trichinella."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Ski cross is a type of skiing competition. Despite its being a timed racing event, it is often considered part of freestyle skiing because it incorporates terrain features traditionally found in freestyle. Ski cross courses have both naturally occurring terrain and artificial features including big-air jumps and high-banked turns. What sets ski cross apart from other alpine skiing disciplines is that there's more than one skier racing down the course.[1] Any intentional contact with other competitors leads to disqualification.",
            "output": [
                "Greg is an avid skier. He competes in many skiing competitions. He won several medals in those competitions. This November he will compete in two competitions - competition A, which is ski cross and competition B, which is an alpine skiing competition. Greg's fellow skier Bob is also competing in the same competitions. They both are exited about it."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The earliest members of the human species evolved around 200,000 years ago in Africa. Early humans lived in small populations of nomadic hunters and gatherers. Human beings remained in Africa until about 40,000 years ago. After that, they spread throughout Europe, Asia, and Australia. By 10,000 years ago, the first human beings colonized the Americas. During this long period of time, the total number of human beings increased very slowly. Birth rates were fairly high but so were death rates, producing low rates of population growth.",
            "output": [
                "Archaeologists studied data about human settlements. One was 100,000 years old called village R, and the other one was about 9,000 years old called village N. The older settlement was located in Africa, the other one wasn't.",
                "Research team Alpha learned about early human activities, from 200000 years ago, while team Gamma learned about late human activities, 40000 years ago to present times.",
                "Two colleagues studied human evolution, Dan studied early humans, from around 200,000 years ago, while Bob studied human settlements from 10,000 years ago."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The first evidence of baking occurred when humans took wild grass grains, soaked them in water, and mixed everything together, mashing it into a kind of slippery and wet broth-like paste.[3] The paste was cooked by pouring it onto a flat, hot rock, resulting in a bread-like substance. Later, when humans mastered fire, the paste was roasted on hot embers, which made bread-making easier, as it could now be made any time fire was created. The world's oldest oven was discovered in Croatia in 2014 dating back 6500 years ago. The Ancient Egyptians baked bread using yeast, which they had previously been using to brew beer.[4] Bread baking began in Ancient Greece around 600 BC, leading to the invention of enclosed ovens.[4] \"Ovens and worktables have been discovered in archaeological digs from Turkey (Hacilar) to Palestine (Jericho) and date back to 5600 BC.\"[5].",
            "output": [
                "Students learned about bread making in school, and were fascinated by the history of bread. They learned ancient bread making techniques that they experimented with later on.Group A experimented with Egyptian and Greek techniques, while group B made it the Croatian and the Turkish way."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: You don\u2019t have to suffer through an infection to gain immunity to some diseases. Immunity can also come about by vaccination. Vaccination is the process of exposing a person to pathogens on purpose so the person will develop immunity to them. In vaccination, the pathogens are usually injected under the skin. Only part of the pathogens are injected, or else weakened or dead pathogens are used. This causes an immune response without causing the disease. Diseases you are likely to have been vaccinated against include measles, mumps, and chicken pox.",
            "output": [
                "In Colorado, everyone makes sure they get vaccinated for measles. However in Ontario they don't like to get vaccines so most of the population skips them. One year a major measles outbreak occurs.",
                "Two families had children that played together in the park. Jones family were anti-vaxxers, so they never vaccinated against any disease. Dean family did all the required vaccinations.",
                "Two families thought differently about vaccinations. Dean family vaccinated their children while Moore family didn't."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Current Situation : Currently the heating effect of extra greenhouse gases (since the start of the industrial revolution) is equal to about . Thus the recent period has recorded parallel increases in concentration of carbon dioxide and average global temperature. As more greenhouse gases are put into the atmosphere the temperature will increase further. There are certain effects of a warmer Earth (discussed more in optional section), which could accelerate the process, even if no more greenhouse gases are put into the atmosphere (an unlikely prospect for the foreseeable future).",
            "output": [
                "A group of researches studied the green house gas emissions and their effects on Earth and people during the eighties compared to the twenties.",
                "A group of researches studied the green house gas emissions and their effects on Earth and people during the eighties compared to the twenties. The eighties produced way more green house gasses than the twenties did.",
                "Due to an increase in the number of factories releasing carbon dioxide the concentration of it has increased. Recent reports show a correlation between increasing levels of carbon dioxide and the average global temperature increasing.",
                "Last week, an exact clone of Earth appeared next to our current Earth. Scientists have come to call this new planet, Terra. Terra has the exact same cities, civilizations and history as Earth. Scientists are completely baffled as to how this planet exists, but it undeniably does. The only difference between Earth and Terra is that the citizens of Terra output half as many greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as citizens of Earth do.",
                "Moon and Earth were two sister planets, both inhabited by humans. People of Earth released large quantities of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere over the last decades, while Moon people were taking good care of their planet and the environment.",
                "There is a local election in Troy's city and he is researching the two candidates running for mayor. Troy is a strong environmentalist who believes, above all else, that taking care of the Earth is the number one priority in anything. In his research he decides to read the environmental proposals of each candidate. Mark Hampton, one candidate, has a proposal that he says will strongly boost the city's economy by opening more industrial factories, but these will increase the carbon dioxide put into the atmosphere. Jeffrey Lindell, the other candidate, says that he wants to begin implementing solar panel farms to generate electricity to cut down on the carbon emissions the city produces."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: As new seafloor forms and spreads apart from the mid-ocean ridge it slowly cools over time. Older seafloor is, therefore, colder than new seafloor, and older oceanic basins deeper than new oceanic basins due to isostasy. If the diameter of the earth remains relatively constant despite the production of new crust, a mechanism must exist by which crust is also destroyed. The destruction of oceanic crust occurs at subduction zones where oceanic crust is forced under either continental crust or oceanic crust. Today, the Atlantic basin is actively spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Only a small portion of the oceanic crust produced in the Atlantic is subducted. However, the plates making up the Pacific Ocean are experiencing subduction along many of their boundaries which causes the volcanic activity in what has been termed the Ring of Fire of the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific is also home to one of the world's most active spreading centers (the East Pacific Rise) with spreading rates of up to 13  cm/yr. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a \"textbook\" slow-spreading center, while the East Pacific Rise is used as an example of fast spreading. Spreading centers at slow and intermediate rates exhibit a rift valley while at fast rates an axial high is found within the crustal accretion zone. The differences in spreading rates affect not only the geometries of the ridges but also the geochemistry of the basalts that are produced.Since the new oceanic basins are shallower than the old oceanic basins, the total capacity of the world's ocean basins decreases during times of active sea floor spreading. During the opening of the Atlantic Ocean, sea level was so high that a Western Interior Seaway formed across North America from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean.",
            "output": [
                "A scuba diver is currently exploring the ocean floor. During the day she happens upon two different ocean basins. For some reason, both have signs next to each basin indicating how old they are. According to the signs, basin D is significantly older than basin F. The scuba diver decides to explore basin F first and then will look around in basin D on her return trip.",
                "Barry and Will are two geologists. Barry is specialized in subduction zones and new seafloor. Will is specialized in montology."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The Table above includes the ideal mechanical advantage of each class of lever. The mechanical advantage is the factor by which a machine changes the input force. The ideal mechanical advantage is the increase or decrease in force that would occur if there were no friction to overcome in the use of the machine. Because all machines must overcome some friction, the ideal mechanical advantage is always somewhat greater than the actual mechanical advantage of the machine as it is used in the real world.",
            "output": [
                "James lives out on the country, He wants to gather some water from a well out from behind his house. When he gets there he realizes that the wheel on the lever that pulls up the bucket is rusted which adds more friction. He decides to oil the wheel to reduce the friction.",
                "John designed a hypothetical lever that would have ideal mechanical advantage. He labeled the lever as lever A. He then wanted to compare this lever with a real world lever, which he labeled as lever B. He intended to use these levers to increase force."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The primary role of red blood cells in the circulatory system is to transport oxygen to the tissues. The actual carrier of oxygen molecules is the protein hemoglobin, which binds to the oxygen and moves it throughout the body, releasing it in areas where the concentration of dissolved oxygen is low. A certain mutation in the gene for hemoglobin causes a slight change in the structure of this crucial protein, resulting in a disease called sickle-cell anemia. For people with this mutation, the hemoglobin produced by their red blood cells has a tendency to clump together, distorting the shape of the red blood cells and giving rise to the crescent-shaped cells seen above. By understanding the changes in structure that are the underlying cause of this disease, we have developed various ways to treat and manage this illness.",
            "output": [
                "Dan had two children: Karen which had sickle-cell anemia, and his son Bob, which was healthy.",
                "Doctor Jones studied two teams of workers. Team one had healthy people with normal red blood cell levels, but team two had people with sickle-cell anemia. the differences in health parameters were amazing and obvious.",
                "Doctors studied Dan, a normal patient, whit a normal number of red blood cells, and Jim, a patient that had sickle-cell anemia. The differences were remarkable in terms of overall well-being and health.",
                "Dr. Bill studies 2 groups of patients, group S composed of individuals with siclke-cell anemia, and group N with normal blood and no health issues."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Alpine tundra occurs at high enough altitude at any latitude. Portions of montane grasslands and shrublands ecoregions worldwide include alpine tundra. Large regions of alpine tundra occur in the North American Cordillera, the Alps and Pyrenees of Europe, the Himalaya and Karakoram of Asia, the Andes of South America, and the Eastern Rift mountains of Africa.Alpine tundra occupies high-mountain summits, slopes, and ridges above timberline. Aspect plays a role as well; the treeline often occurs at higher elevations on warmer equator-facing slopes. Because the alpine zone is present only on mountains, much of the landscape is rugged and broken, with rocky, snowcapped peaks, cliffs, and talus slopes, but also contains areas of gently rolling to almost flat topography.Averaging over many locations and local microclimates, the treeline rises 75 metres (245 ft) when moving 1 degree south from 70 to 50\u00b0N, and 130 metres (430 ft) per degree from 50 to 30\u00b0N. Between 30\u00b0N and 20\u00b0S, the treeline is roughly constant, between 3,500 and 4,000 metres (11,500 and 13,100 ft).",
            "output": [
                "Gill and Ann were two fellow botanists. Gill studied alpine tundras extensively, while Ann studied tropical forests. They both discovered very interesting facts about nature and plants.",
                "Pam and Alice studied Earth's climate and vegetation. Pam studied more about high latitudes (70 to 50\u00b0N), while Alice studied about lower latitudes (30\u00b0N to 20\u00b0S).",
                "Pete and Laura were learning about Earth's vegetation. Laura read about savannas and subtropical vegetation, while Pete read about alpine tundras.",
                "Redland and Brownland were two countries situated at different latitudes. Redland was located at 70 degrees N, while Brownland was much further south, at 30 degrees N. Brownland had no mountains, only a few hills under 1000 ft.",
                "Two countries from the same continent have very different climates. Icelandia, located at 70\u00b0N latitude, and Uganda, situated just south of 30\u00b0N, Icelandia was mostly flat, had a few mountains under 1,000 ft, but Uganda had a mountain range with peaks just under 3,000 ft."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Unfortunately, the layer of good ozone is being destroyed by air pollution. The chief culprits are chlorine and bromine gases. They are released in aerosol sprays, coolants, and other products. Loss of ozone has created an ozone hole over Antarctica. Ozone depletion results in higher levels of UV radiation reaching Earth. In humans, this increases skin cancers and eye cataracts. It also disturbs the nitrogen cycle, kills plankton, and disrupts ocean food webs. The total loss of the ozone layer would be devastating to most life. Its rate of loss has slowed with restrictions on pollutants, but it is still at risk.",
            "output": [
                "Keith is an environmental scientist. He was studying the loss of ozone layer and its effect on different species. His data showed that in the beginning or twentieth century there were hardly any loss of ozone layer. He categorized that time period as time A. Further inquiry revealed that things didn't go well at the end of twentieth century - when there were severe loss of ozone layer. He categorized that time as time B.",
                "Planet Y and planet X were two inhabited planets in a nearby solar system. People from Planet X were living in harmony with nature, and didn't hurt the environment in any way. People on planet Y generated lots of air pollution, and destroyed their ozone layer by using inappropriate substances.",
                "Russian research spent most of their time in Antarctica to study the loss of ozone in the atmosphere. The Canadian team went north of the Polar Circle, close to the North Pole to do the same thing. They spent several months there.",
                "Russian research spent most of their time in Antarctica to study the loss of ozone in the atmosphere. The Canadian team went north of the Polar Circle, close to the North Pole to do the same thing. They spent several months there. The Canadian team didn't find any ozone holes at the North Pole.",
                "Toronto is home to one of the leading manufacturers of aerosol sprays in the country. Because of this, homes in Toronto often spray high levels of aerosol on a regular basis. In Saskatchewan, meanwhile, the local government enacted a ban on aerosol sprays several years ago, so their level of aerosol use is now essentially zero.",
                "Two neighboring habitable planets from the same solar system, planet U and planet N, had Earth-like atmospheres. The inhabitants of planet U destroyed the ozone layer by their actions, while their neighboring planet N didn't.",
                "Two researchers studied air quality over the North Pole, and over Antarctica. Dan was more fond of the south pole, so he studied Antarctica, while Colt liked reading about the North Pole.",
                "Two teams of researchers studied the environment in Antarctica. Team Black studied air pollution and the ozone layer, Team Red studied the water."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Unfortunately, the layer of good ozone is being destroyed by air pollution. The chief culprits are chlorine and bromine gases. They are released in aerosol sprays, coolants, and other products. Loss of ozone has created an ozone hole over Antarctica. Ozone depletion results in higher levels of UV radiation reaching Earth. In humans, this increases skin cancers and eye cataracts. It also disturbs the nitrogen cycle, kills plankton, and disrupts ocean food webs. The total loss of the ozone layer would be devastating to most life. It\u2019s rate of loss has slowed with restrictions on pollutants, but it is still at risk.",
            "output": [
                "A new Earth like planet, recently named Moolton, has been discovered near the outer rim of our galaxy. Scientists have managed to send a rover there and are currently analyzing the planet. They have discovered that the atmospheres of the two planets are composed of the same things, and the surface of Moolton and the species on it are nearly identical to Earth. The only difference is that Moolton is not populated by intelligent life such as humans. So, it is a very natural planet with no industrialization which means there is less chlorine gas being secreted into the atmosphere.",
                "Bend city used a lot of fossil fuels to generate electricity. Hop city, another city from the same county, used only alternative sources of energy.",
                "Big continent used more air polluting substances, while Small continent was very protective towards the environment. Big continent got a hole in its ozone layer as a consequence of their actions.",
                "Planet Earth and planet Mars both had breathable atmospheres and were inhabited by humans. People of Earth destroyed the ozone layer, people of mars were more careful and protected it.",
                "The researches studied the atmosphere in Antarctica, and close to Greenland. They found out there's an ozone hole over Antarctica.",
                "Two neighboring planets identical to Earth in size and atmospheric conditions behaved differently towards their environments. Planet A emitted a lot of air pollution, destroying its ozone layer, while Planet B respected the environment and used ecological products.",
                "Two related native tribes live thousands of miles away from each other. Ana tribe lives near the South Pole in Antarctica, while Momu tribe lives in Northern Alaska near the North Pole."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: For example, if a solid pellet of NaOH is placed into a chamber of HCl gas, a relatively slow acid-base reaction will occur between gaseous HCl molecules and hydroxide ions on the surface of the pellet. If we were to grind the pellet into smaller pieces, it would greatly increase the total surface area, and therefore the overall reaction rate. Once ground up, many hydroxide ions that were on the interior of the pellet, where they were not exposed to any HCl molecules, will now be on the surface, where the necessary collisions can occur.",
            "output": [
                "In his chemistry lab David is experimenting with how NaOH and HCl gas reacts with each other. He conducted two experiments, experiment A and experiment B. In experiment A he used solid pellets of NaOH, but in experiment B he used ground NaOH. He was surprised to see the difference it made in his experiment."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Retinitis is inflammation of the retina in the eye, which can permanently damage the retina and lead to blindness. The retina is the part of your eye that is also known as the \"sensing tissue.\" Retinitis may be caused by a number of different infectious agents. Retinitis, also called Retinitis pigmentosa, has a prevalence of one in every 2,500-7,000 people. This condition is one of the leading causes that leads to blindness in patients in the age range of 20\u201360 years old.",
            "output": [
                "John is comparing his medical record with his father's and son's medical records. John is 40 years old; his father is 70 years old; and his son is 10 years old. It appears that both John and his father has Retinitis. But his son does not have Retinitis.",
                "Local hospital has launched a program to check if a patient has Retinitis. Resident ophthalmologist David is in charge of this program. In the first day of the program he checked two patients, patient A and patient B. The test result showed that patient A had Retinitis, but patient B did not have Retinitis. Then next day \nDavid checked two other patients, patient C and patient D. Patient C was 40 years old, but patient D was 80 years old. He found both patient C and D had Retinitis."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Active immunity can also result from immunization. Immunization is the deliberate exposure of a person to a pathogen in order to provoke an immune response and the formation of memory cells specific to that pathogen. The pathogen is often injected. However, only part of a pathogen, a weakened form of the pathogen, or a dead pathogen is typically used. This causes an immune response without making the immunized person sick. This is how you most likely became immune to measles, mumps, and chicken pox. You can watch an animation showing how immunization brings about immunity at this link: http://www.biosolutions.info/2009/05/vaccination.html .",
            "output": [
                "When Emily was 4 years old she came down with a case of the chicken pox. She is now 14 and her younger brother Victor has now caught the chicken pox from another child at school. Emily opts to stay home and take care of him."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The balls used in squash are small rubber balls that can differ in terms of diameter, weight and softness. These features determine the speed and bouncing amplitude of the ball, with softer balls being generally slower than the harder balls. The temperature of the ball also affects the amount of bounce: the warmer the ball, the more it bounces.[3] Because cold squash balls have little bounce, the squash balls are hit multiple times at the beginning of a game to warm them up. It also means that a game becomes gradually faster as it advances and that softer balls may be too slow to be used in colder climates.[4].",
            "output": [
                "Thomas and Joseph, two experienced squash players, are having a disagreement about which types of squash balls they should use in their match. Both have different preferences for the type of ball used. Joseph prefers a ball that bounces less and travels more slowly. Thomas, on the other hand, prefers a ball that travels more quickly and bounces more."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Parallel slowdown is a phenomenon in parallel computing where parallelization of a parallel algorithm beyond a certain point causes the program to run slower (take more time to run to completion).[1]\n\nParallel slowdown is typically the result of a communications bottleneck. As more processor nodes are added, each processing node spends progressively more time doing communication than useful processing. At some point, the communications overhead created by adding another processing node surpasses the increased processing power that node provides, and parallel slowdown occurs.",
            "output": [
                "John landed a job as an IT manager. His boss asked him to figure out problems in two similar programs, program A and program B. John found program A having parallel slowdown, but program B does not have parallel slowdown. He has to weigh the merits of using these programs."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: More than 170 million years ago, Antarctica was part of the supercontinent Gondwana. Over time, Gondwana gradually broke apart, and Antarctica as we know it today was formed around 25 million years ago. Antarctica was not always cold, dry, and covered in ice sheets. At a number of points in its long history, it was farther north, experienced a tropical or temperate climate, was covered in forests, and inhabited by various ancient life forms.",
            "output": [
                "John was reading about a fascinating story of a scientist in a science fiction book. In that novel the scientist met with a mysterious wormhole while visiting Antarctica. First, the wormhole started the time travel in present day, which was designated as point A. Then it sent the scientist to 170 million years in the past, which was designated as point B. The scientist had the rare experience of visiting Antarctica in two different time periods, 170 million years apart."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: HIV , or human immunodeficiency virus, causes AIDS. AIDS stands for \"acquired immune deficiency syndrome.\" It is a condition that causes death and does not have a known cure. AIDS usually develops 10 to 15 years after a person is first infected with HIV. The development of AIDS can be delayed with proper medicines. The delay can be well over 20 years with the right medicines. Today, individuals who acquire HIV after 50 years of age can expect to reach an average human life span.",
            "output": [
                "The police arrested two homeless people. James was 35 and had been HIV positive for 20 years, and Bill, who was 54 and was not HIV positive. They booked them and let them go.",
                "Tom and Andy are two old friends. Tom was infected with HIV 20 years ago, and Andy has been helping him ever since. Andy is as healthy as an ox.",
                "Two college buddies have known each other for 20 years. Tim was HIV positive while John was not and he didn't have a problem with it.",
                "Two college buddies have known each other for 20 years. Tim was HIV positive while John was not and he didn't have a problem with it. Both friends are 40 years old.",
                "Two college students both had unprotected sex with different partners. Ben got the HIV virus, while Nate was lucky and was not infected with any diseases."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Increased solar ultraviolet radiation resulting from the Antarctic ozone hole has reduced marine primary productivity (phytoplankton) by as much as 15% and has started damaging the DNA of some fish. Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, especially the landing of an estimated five to six times more Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery, likely affects the sustainability of the stock. Long-line fishing for toothfish causes a high incidence of seabird mortality.",
            "output": [
                "Bob was studying about Earth's atmosphere. He found that increased depletion of Earth's ozone layer is a relatively new phenomenon. Most scientists would blame the CFC gases for the depletion of ozone layer. In the early twentieth century ozone layer was relatively stable. Bob labeled that time as time A. But in the late twentieth century situation changed with seasonal depletion of ozone layer. He labeled that time as time B.",
                "Red fishery and Brown fishery were both fishing for Patagonian toothfish. Red fishery was fishing illegally, while Brown fishery was regulated and lawful."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: Animals and some bacteria and fungi carry out lactic acid fermentation. Lactic acid is a waste product of this process. Our muscles perform lactic acid fermentation during strenuous exercise, since oxygen cannot be delivered to the muscles quickly enough. The buildup of lactic acid is believed to make your muscles sore after exercise. Bacteria that produce lactic acid are used to make cheese and yogurt. The lactic acid causes the proteins in milk to thicken. Lactic acid also causes tooth decay, because bacteria use the sugars in your mouth for energy.",
            "output": [
                "A group of students in biology class studied fermentation. Team A studied alcoholic fermentation, while team B learned more about lactic fermentation. They later organised a trivia contest between teams.",
                "Ben and Jack both loved microorganisms. Jack decided to study more about lactic fermentation, while Ben decided to study more about protozoa.",
                "Mark and Jerry are brothers. Mark just got done working out and returned home to find his brother laying down on the couch eating a bag of potato chips. Mark comments that Jerry should really come and work out with him some time. Jerry brushes him aside.",
                "Tony and Greg are brothers. They are currently in the kitchen eating a snack together. Greg is eating a stalk of celery while Tony is eating out of a bowl of candy. Tony remarks that he doesn't know how Greg enjoys such a bland snack. Greg just gives Tony an angry glare before getting up to go into the living room. On the living room table, Greg finds a glass of milk and a bowl of milk. The glass of milk has started to get thick, but the bowl of milk appears to be still fresh. Greg rolls his eyes at the mess and walks away.",
                "Two groups of microbiology students studied about the fermentation process. Group A studied about alcoholic and acetic fermentation, while group B studied about lactic fermentation.",
                "Two students had to study fermentation processes for a school project. Ned studied lactic fermentation, while Kat studied alcoholic fermentation."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: River deltas form when a river carrying sediment reaches either (1) a body of water, such as a lake, ocean, or reservoir, (2) another river that cannot remove the sediment quickly enough to stop delta formation, or (3) an inland region where the water spreads out and deposits sediments. The tidal currents also cannot be too strong, as sediment would wash out into the water body faster than the river deposits it. The river must carry enough sediment to layer into deltas over time. The river's velocity decreases rapidly, causing it to deposit the majority, if not all, of its load. This alluvium builds up to form the river delta.[7] When the flow enters the standing water, it is no longer confined to its channel and expands in width. This flow expansion results in a decrease in the flow velocity, which diminishes the ability of the flow to transport sediment. As a result, sediment drops out of the flow and deposits. Over time, this single channel builds a deltaic lobe (such as the bird's-foot of the Mississippi or Ural river deltas), pushing its mouth into the standing water. As the deltaic lobe advances, the gradient of the river channel becomes lower because the river channel is longer but has the same change in elevation (see slope).",
            "output": [
                "The Danube and Volga rivers both form large deltas, but the Danube river delta is larger and grows faster every year."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: When soil is flooded, hypoxia develops, as soil microorganisms consume oxygen faster than diffusion occurs. The presence of hypoxic soils is one of the defining characteristics of wetlands. Many wetland plants possess aerenchyma, and in some, such as water-lilies, there is mass flow of atmospheric air through leaves and rhizomes. There are many other chemical consequences of hypoxia. For example, nitrification is inhibited as low oxygen occurs and toxic compounds are formed, as anaerobic bacteria use nitrate, manganese, and sulfate as alternative electron acceptors. The reduction-oxidation potential of the rhizhosphere decreases and metal ions such as iron and manganese precipitate. Aerenchyma is a modification of the parenchyma.",
            "output": [
                "John is a soil scientist. He has been studying the lands near Mississippi delta. He noticed cases of hypoxia in that are. He labeled that study as case A. To compare that to other areas he visited Arizona. There he didn't see any occurrence of hypoxia. He labeled that case as case B.",
                "Owen inherited two pieces of land. The Eastern land was covered in wetlands, not very good for building or farming on it, but the Western land had a good rich soil good for agriculture.",
                "Owen inherited two pieces of land. The Eastern land was in fact some wetlands, not very good for building or farming on it, but the Western land had a good rich soil good for agriculture.",
                "Two farmers are having a conversation at a bar about how their soil is doing. Jeff takes a sip of his beer and says that he just discovered that his soil is hypoxic. Brandon is trying to get the attention of the bartender so he can order another martini. Upon hearing Jeff's remark about his soil, Brandon states that the soil on his own farm is not hypoxic. Brandon is relieved when he notices the bartender is finally walking over to them.",
                "United States has varied geographical characteristics. Take for example, the Mississippi Delta. The delta has vast wetland that gets inundated every year. On the contrary, farther west, the Mojave Desert in Nevada sees very little precipitation or floodwater. Both places are beautiful in their own right, and attract many tourists every year."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The Figure below shows decibel levels of several different sounds. As decibel levels get higher, sound waves have greater intensity and sounds are louder. For every 10-decibel increase in the intensity of sound, loudness is 10 times greater. Therefore, a 30-decibel \u201cquiet\u201d room is 10 times louder than a 20-decibel whisper, and a 40-decibel light rainfall is 100 times louder than the whisper. High-decibel sounds are dangerous. They can damage the ears and cause loss of hearing.",
            "output": [
                "James is attending a concert. When he first walks in the concert hall there aren't that many people there and it is relatively quiet. As the room fills up it starts to get a bit louder. And when the concert starts its so loud that it is almost painful for him as he is sitting near the speakers.",
                "Jeremy works on a construction site operating a jackhammer and a large welding machine. Jeremy is frequently exposed to sounds with high decibel levels due to being around these machines so often. Jeremy's brother, Alexander, on the other hand works in a library. Unlike Jeremy, Alexander is frequently exposed to sounds with very low decibel levels during his work.",
                "Jonathan is attending a football game for his favorite team. Before the game, there will be a fireworks display and a fly over by some jet fighter planes. Jonathan has been looking forward to the fireworks for weeks because he has heard they are really great. The fireworks begin and their sound waves are of a high intensity. After the fireworks, the jets fly over and the sound waves for that has an even higher intensity than the fireworks did.",
                "Mark was attending the music festival in his city. First, he went to stage one, where the music was playing in high decibel. Then he went to stage two. There the music was playing in low decibel. He kind of liked the latter one.",
                "Scientists are performing an audio experiment on a volunteer. Chris is sat in a chair, and two different sounds will be played for him as the scientists observe his reactions. Sound X has a high decibel level and sound Y has a lower decibel level."
            ]
        },
        {
            "input": "Background Paragraph: The intentional cultivation of arthropods and other small animals for human food, referred to as minilivestock, is now emerging in animal husbandry as an ecologically sound concept. However, the greatest contribution of arthropods to human food supply is by pollination. Three-fourths of the world\u2019s flowering plants and about 35% of the world\u2019s food crops depend on animal pollinators to reproduce and increase crop yields. More than 3,500 species of native bees pollinate crops. Some scientists estimate that one out of every three bites of food we eat exists because of animal pollinators, including birds and bats and arthropods like bees, butterflies and moths, and beetles and other insects.",
            "output": [
                "Two neighboring villages practiced extensive agriculture for their food supply. Leaf village used the intentional cultivation of arthropods to help them get better harvests. Tree village didn't do that, they used conventional methods of growing their crops and got smaller harvests but used arthropods for food.",
                "Two neighboring villages practiced extensive agriculture for their food supply. Leaf village used the intentional cultivation of arthropods to help them get better harvests. Tree village didn't do that, they used conventional methods of growing their crops and got smaller harvests.",
                "Two villages had many inhabitants practicing horticulture. People from Valley village grew flowers and used arthropodes and other insects for pollination and crop protection. Granite village used arthropods and snails, they cultivated them for food.",
                "Two villages had many inhabitants practicing horticulture. People from Valley village grew flowers and used arthropods and other insects for pollination and crop protection. Granite village used arthropods and snails, they cultivated them for food."
            ]
        }
    ]
}